英语建筑学论文

Copyright ? 2004 by the author(s). Published here under license by CECI.

The following is the established format for referencing this article:

Miralles J. L. 2004. Land development: between logic and myth. City & Time 1 (2): 2. [online] URL:

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LAND DEVELOPMENT: BETWEEN LOGIC AND MYTH.

José Luis Miralles i Garcia?

Abstract

Urban planning already has a long history as a technical and administrative

instrument for intervention in cities. But there has existed a permanent dialectical

conflict between technical rationality and social protagonist, in the creation and

development of these same cities. Whenever planning and intervention processes have

centred on technical rationality, planning has been accused of being excessively

technocratic and of ignoring the inhabitants of the city. When technical rigor in

planning has been relaxed and the plan has been produced from an aggregation of

different ideas and wishes, it has paradoxically turned out to be a document that does

not describe a coherent will or reality. Poetry in interventions in the country, and in the

city can be understood as the artistic knowledge of those who know how to combine

elements and materials (both territorial and urban) to generate a product of high esthetic

quality. It can also be understood, however, as a feeling generated in observers when

they perceive an urban or non urban landscape which has been planned. This is a

reflection on the relation between these different aspects, and the advances in ideas and

realities that are, methodologically, taking place, both in the search for a balance

between art and technology in planning, and the intervention in cities by local

administration as can be seen in such real cases as the Olivia General Plan, the

QUATER project, which concerns the implementation of a system of local quality

certification, or the social movement, PER L`HORTA, the aim of which is to defend local,

natural and historical heritage.

We can advance, creating significant methodologies, proposals and methods of

intervention with which we can integrate technical methods, sometimes with a high

level of complexity, that contain social aspirations and a social understanding of

interventions developed in cities as well as in the country. This is examined

considering the urban or territorial landscape generated by a project or plan as a

synthesis of the dialectical conflict between specialisation and signification.

Specialisation represents a form of technological intervention that is continuously

becoming more rigorous, complex, efficient, and with a higher capacity to produce

changes. Signification represents a clear perception by the public of interventions made

in cities, and the technological forms of which they are not aware , or are unable to

understand.

Key words: Urban planning, public participation, social issues

? Universitat Politècnica de València

1. The Logic of Urban Planning: its origins (beginnings) in the Expansion Projects.

The history of Urban planning is already a long one. This is particularly true in the case of Spain where it can be said that this history has its beginnings in the middle of the

19th century. It is certainly true that the way of understanding planning, both technically and methodologically, has evolved following different modes of logic.

In the case of Spain, the first technical and methodological plans for ways to intervene in a city, similar to urban planning, date from the first half of the 19th century, in parallel with the consolidation of property rights.

The progressive implementation and consolidation of property rights brings, at the same time, the implementation of the system that declares state construction projects and initiatives are of public benefit. This is the means by which public projects that need to make use of hitherto private land can be developed and carried out. In other words, this is the mechanism for expropriation.

It was based on this idea there arose expansion projects or projects to open up the city, by carrying out urbanization schemes (roads and gardens) in order to generate buildable plots of land. These projects are understood as civil projects.

Ildefonso Cerdá, see Arturo Soria y Puig, was a civil engineer of roads, channels, and ports who, around 1850, developed a theory of urbanization based on a rigorous analysis of a model city: the city of the expansion. A city generated as a consequence of the extension of its infrastructure network.

The city is understood as a definite logical consequence of a rigorous systematic Cartesian analysis. The population only forms a part of the process of the definition of the city, as an object of analysis, but never as a protagonist. The city of expansion was “the city”, the only desirable city, the best city, the model of a city that solved the problems that had been analysed. The definitive city is always the result of a systematic and implacable logic, a purely rationalistic way of understanding it; where the population is no more than standardised objects with standardised needs, which are solved with standard actions and models.

Perhaps this result of the standard model, as a final product, is not very similar to the standard models of medieval cities, for example, or to the many standard models of archaeological cities, or to surviving cities that represent the innumerable cultures of our world. In this last case we are not dealing with cities that have been planned, but cities that are the result of the continued addition of houses and buildings, constructed using homogenous methods, through a number of individual initiatives. These models were realised not as part of a collective vision but as the sum of many initiatives. The final product is one that is homogeneous and reflects a particular typology and style. But there is a difference, Cerda′s model is the product of a conscious and verifiable logic, whereas the medieval city is the result of the addition of individual initiatives that reproduces the same building typology.

2. The Logic of static planning.

In Spain, the logic of the expansion projects lasted from 1850 until approximately 1920, at which time the movement of Modernist Architecture and the CIAM, see Fernando de Terán (a), began to develop. Also in Spain, the development of a modernist architectural movement ended dramatically with the Civil War, (1936-39) when the victorious fascist faction rejected and forbade this movement. Some years later, in 1956, the first land law was approved, which consecrated a new planning logic. This, understood as static planning, fixed urban organization for indefinite amounts of time, and would also define the content of property rights.

A new logic substituted the old, a new logic where the citizens continued to be ignored. They were spectators in the design of their environment. Often spectators that accepted their role as such, because on one hand, it was difficult for them to understand the technical contents of the plans, and on the other hand, they were not sufficiently motivated to participate, that is to say, to put effort into something that was seen as very distant, barely intelligible, and difficult to adjust or modify within a process of public participation. Furthermore this process was in no way facilitated by the administration. It was another technical logic.

3. The Logic of systemic planning.

In 1975, the year of the dictator Franco’s death, a new law was approved in Spain, the first reform of the Land Law. A year later in 1976, a revised text was approved which implemented definitively, a new planning logic, systemic planning, or scientific planning as it would be called by Fernando Terán (b). The technique was purified, refined, and defined in more detail. The typology of planning was defined in a very structured way following the new systemic theories applied to urban and territorial planning. Initially, it was scientific planning that was aspired to.

This planning logic anticipates a system of public participation by accepting the need for one i.e. the need to include the public as participants in the elaboration of plans which the self same public would experience in their final form. However, the reality is very different. The real situation being that a large part of the population does not understand the technical or conceptual contents of the documents; it is also difficult to demand that people participate at the times that the promoters consider convenient. Presentations often take place during office hours, when people are normally ar work. Participation often consists of the checking of the status of the individual plots of land that belong to each owner affected. Very few people have the capacity to criticize proposals based on a global vision and are even less capable of putting forward viable alternatives rather than wishes closer to their dreams. A lot of people are demotivated by this and therefore simply give up, partly because they do not understand, partly because they do not care, and partly because they have faith in their social, and political leaders. People often complain with good reason about non-participative planning, but they do not participate when the possibility to do so exists. This is why the logic of a

necessary rationality imprints itself against a social dynamic that has its own logic, its own ‘tempus’, and its own moments of action and mobilisation; which is for the most part independent or unrelated to the ‘tempus’ or rhythms of the planning process.

4. The Myth as a motor of behaviour.

Ruben Pesci in his methodology of environmental projection has taken advantage of the mythical value of projects that are important to the public as a tool to promote the social process in other projects, be they urban, territorial or of a different type. It is certainly true that it is the myth that moves people, mobilising them towards taking the initiative. It is for example the myth of Europe that has served the Spanish people as the justification for the great effort that was made in terms of social and economic progress between 1980 and 2000. The myth of being like all other Europeans, and of generating in Spain, similarities in daily life to those of the more advanced European states, has made it possible to justify various decisions, initiatives, and laws that would have been very difficult to bring about in the absence of this myth.

The myth of the strategic plan for Barcelona in the 92 Olympic Games created an example to follow. The myth of The City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia, created an image of the city, and created an identification with that image that was a justification for initiatives and actions.

In Valencia, in the year 2001, the myth of safeguarding the historical, cultural, and natural heritage of the fertile irrigated region of Valencia, see José Luis Miralles, generated a popular movement backed by 118,000 signatures. The Valencian countryside is a peripheral urban space that represents the unbridled knowledge of many generations of simple country people. This wild knowledge shows itself in an agricultural landscape greatly marked by special characteristics. A landscape of smells, colours, and textures that vary throughout the year, scattered throughout with farmhouses and buildings dating back to medieval times. A space which the people feel is their own. A popular movement generated a popular legislative initiative, a law protecting this heritage, to be presented to the Valencian legislature. This initiative achieved 118,000 signatures of support, approximately 10% of the electoral roll of the Valencian metropolitan area. This initiative dramatised and consolidated a myth: the safeguarding of the Valencian countryside. This myth caught the imagination of many people. But the initiative was rejected by the Valencian legislature and this myth remained in the hearts of the people without any real, notable, or visible consequences.

A wasted myth that would have justified the taking of logical and rational measures to safeguard this heritage. A myth without planned actions, but with a logic to substantiate it.

This is how the ‘tempus’ of movements and social uprisings follows its own rhythms, with its own dynamics, and which, in general, does not adjust itself to the ‘tempus’ of the logical processes of planning.

5. The dark side of the myth

But if a rational logic is not synonymous with efficiency, if logic is not synonymous with quality, or necessarily with acceptance and social recognition, or with social cohesion, the myth is not synonymous with these concepts either. Myths can end in scandal, deception, social infighting and backbiting. An example is a large leisure project promoted by the Generalitat Valenciana, a huge theme park with an especially significant name given the context, ‘Terra Mítica’ (‘Mythical Land’ in English) . This project is facing bankruptcy. At the moment all payments have been suspended and serious doubts exist as to the possibility of its continued existence. A myth such as the ‘Terra Mítica’ project has managed to encourage the people, to motivate business people, to excite many others, and has succeeded in attracting investment only for it to be discovered in the end, that everything was more the expression of a desire than an investment with guarantees of a better economic future. Some people, as some people always do, have benefited from the project as it stands, but in order for it to continue we will all have to pay a heavy price. An economic activity, essentially private, indirectly promoted and guaranteed with public funds, but without direct public control.

The myth can mobilise, justify, excite, create synergies, unite labour and business forces in the pursuit of commonly agreed objectives. The myth can affect a positive transformation of a city, of important territorial spaces and of important urban spaces. But the myth also hides deception, demagogic populism, the absence of rigor, effort generated and frustrated, mistrust,…

If logic, rationality, and rigor are necessary for, but not synonymous with, efficiency and quality in the positive transformation of territory, the myth is necessary because the people can make sense of the why and wherefore of their efforts. However it is not synonymous with success, it is not synonymous with rigorous planning, it is not synonymous with honest intentions, it is not synonymous with genuinely viable proposals.

6. The birth of new forms of intervention in the city and in the territory

I share with Pesci the idea that conflict is the engine of initiative and, in the end, also a source of myths. Conflict mobilises people and makes them take part in one or more initiatives that arise. Complete security, complete satisfaction of all necessities, generates, in general, comfort, apathy, the absence of interest, non–mobilisation, a lack of participation, inactivity,…

The logic of planning sometimes becomes a routine administrative action. When it stops being a surprise, when it stops being a new instrument, when it stops being innovative, the plan becomes almost like a task for a civil servant, who draws up the plan as if he were filling out the structured and systematised parts of a highly regulated test.

And this is when the plan ceases to be an obligation, assumed and considered as a

strange instrument, something that is not one′s own. It is then when other more participative forms of intervention are sought, which better involve both the people,

and the administrative personnel.

Out of this arise systems of quality control among which we can cite as examples ISO

900 and ISO 14001 the International Organization for Standardization or EMAS (Eco-Management & Audit Scheme) among the systems for environmental quality. Our

teaching and research unit F. Eiximenis has participated in the European project

QUATER within INTERREG IIIB, which has as its common objective the development

of standards of this type: a certified quality standard of territorial risk management for

local administration, drawn up on the basis of the standard OHSAS 18001 (Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series of the British Standards Institution). These types of standards tend to be applied in the private sector. Compliance with the standard on the part of the company, externally verified by an expressly authorised

firm of auditors, using a standardised process, allows the company to obtain quality certification that complies with a specific quality standard. These standards enforce a process of continual improvement, as well as resulting in an increase in knowledge and training for the company’s staff with regard to their responsibilities in complying with

the quality standard. Audits are performed periodically in order to renew the

certificate.

In Europe, these standards have had notable success in the private sector. The

availability of a seal of quality, obtained through a process of certification is a way of distinguishing a brand and this can influence the preferences of the consumer.

Project QUATER is involved with the transferring of these standards to the public

sector. Should this kind of quality certification be extended to local administration, it

could become a system whereby it is possible to identify which local authorities deviate

from a particular quality standard, and to identify those which do not. This distinction

could be used as a criterion in the process of resource allocation by the regional or

national administration.

This is not the only method of intervention in cities or territories that has appeared in

recent years. The Local 21 Agendas are also a system of public participation in the definition of local policies and actions, leading to sustainability. What they propose, in

many cases affect urban policies, and the organising of territory in terms of heritage conservation.

7. The search for balance between the plan and the myth

Now, more than searching for other methods of intervention, and without disregarding anything of value, I would like to look for the balance between the planned action as

the result of a rigorous analysis, and logic as the only possible guarantee of the viability

of an action, and the myth as an absolutely necessary reality to motivate affected communities, people, or groups of citizens.

An urban plan or an urban intervention that is perfectly defined and justified, rationalised to the extreme, can be seen by the public as something alien, made by specialists with a level of knowledge very much above the normal level of the people. On the other hand, an urban plan or intervention that is developed to aid the success of an important event becomes something necessary and awakens expectations because the success of the event will depend on the good design of the plan, its timely approval and the punctual execution of the work, which intuitively and instinctively, everyone has turned into myth.

The myth of the event, gives the plan its relevance. The myth of the event profiles and sets out the role of the plan. The logic of the plan acquires its value in service of the myth.

This conclusion brings me to the introduction of myths of reference in the composition of urban plans. In the current composition of an urban plan by the local authority in Olivia on the coast of Valencia, the conclusion of the logic, the analysis and the organisational proposal were redefined in the form of urban projects that aspired to become myths for the locally affected population. The rationally defined urban plan is transformed after analysis into several projects that form a meaningful whole, easily understood by the people and also easy to adopt: the Coastal Tram, the Valleys of the Fountains, the Historic City, Industrial Oliva,….

Every one of these brings together a number of different operations in the city with a meaningful element that gives sense to the whole. For example the Coastal Tram brings together a number of actions on the coastline in a nexus that leaves open the possibility of a future tram line. The whole is designed and interpreted globally.

Equally, the Valley of the Fountains is a project connecting the old town with the coast, a distance of about a kilometre. The nexus is the river, ‘the valley’, which begins next to the old city and runs for a distance of a kilometre before arriving at the sea. This valley is used to define a linear park that utilises the water of the valley itself in its design, and serves as a central point for the urbanisation that surrounds it between the old city and the sea.

The logic of the plan is explained as a myth. This logic establishes the rationality behind the operation while the myth explains the operation.

Conclusions

Unlike other countries of Europe, land planning experiences in Spain have a long tradition. However, it must be said that since the moment Ildefonso Cerdá developed his Theory on Land Urbanization (“Teoría General de la Urbanización”), by the middle of 19th century, the way in which we understand land development, both in a

methodological and a technical way, has changed following different forms of logic, all of a rational character.

First, with a rationality that searches for the form of an ideal city of universal character.

Afterwards, with a rational systemic process of a cyclic character in order to match up land planning in a continuous and dynamic way to the always changing necessities both of the city and its citizens.

Due to the same rationality of its forms and processes and to its own technical character the land planning process has driven a certain distance between society itself, to which paradoxically land planning proposals are directed, and the plan considered as a product. Therefore, society feels the plan to be an alien and technical document and does not consider it as something it owns.

In fact, social movements, nowadays widespread in Spain, where land-planning practice is also frequent and much extended, very often show up this real divorce.

In other words, engineers, technicians, specialists who draw up or contribute to elaborate plans, studies or technical proposals develop a role that, without nullifying their own contributions or discussing their necessity, is manifestly too distant from society and the population′s feelings and perceptions.

In a parallel way, myth serves to give a reason or to justify social initiatives of any kind. Myth serves as a way to put in movement, justify, illuminate, and generate synergies, and to unify efforts, both of social, trade unions, and company collectives, all of them channelled towards achieving some commonly accepted objectives.

Myth serves for the positive transformation of land and cities, of especially significant portions of land and cities, of land and urban heritage. However, this is not always true because sometimes myth fixes aspirations impossible to reach, thus generating frustration if they are not achieved.

These are the reasons that justify the neeed to search for new types of plans resulting from a balance between rationally planned actions and the use of myth. Rational actions due to analytical rigour and logic will be the only possible warranty of the viability of intervention. Otherwise, myth will be the reality necessary to give significance to planned projects, thus encouraging behaviour and initiatives of affected communities, population or citizens.

As an example, in drawing up the development plan for the municipality of Oliva on the Valencian coast, conclusions on the logic of the analysis and the proposals for land planning are re-defined by means of projects that have a significant and comprehensive character for the population; projects that tend to transform themselves into myths for the local population affected.

Thus, the logic of the plan is explained as a myth. Logic fixes the rationality of intervention and myth explains intervention. Technicians analyse and fix prospective

coherence, and poets rewrite the proposals in the form of projects that have a

significant interest for the population involved.

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建筑专业常用英语词汇

建筑专业常用英语词汇

建筑专业常用英语词汇 A design basis 设计依据 计划建议书planning proposals 设计任务书design order 标准规范standards and codes 条件图information drawing 设计基础资料basic data for design 工艺流程图process flowchart 工程地质资料engineering geological data 原始资料original data 设计进度schedule of design B stage of design 设计阶段 方案scheme, draft 草图sketch 会谈纪要summary of discussion 谈判negotiation 可行性研究feasibility study 初步设计preliminary design 基础设计basic design 详细设计detail design 询价图enquiry drawing 施工图working drawing, construction drawing 竣工图as built drawing C climate condition 气象条件 日照sunshine 风玫瑰wind rose 主导风向prevailing wind direction 最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity 风荷载wind load 最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall 雷击及闪电thunder and lightning

建筑学专业英语翻译

建筑学专业英语翻译 1.1 新建筑时代的文化融合 Since the 1990s, China has obviously speeded up its steps to open the architectural field to the outside world. That is fully testified by its extensive adoption of the competition mechanism,introducing intern ati onal bidd ing for some importa nt con structi ons. As a result, visi ons of domestic architects have been expanded, t heir mentality updated, and a number of prominent masterworks created.The successful biddi ng for quite a few major projects by foreig n architects marks the begi nning of Chin a's accession into the international community in the architectural sector. 自20 世纪90 年代开始，中国明显力口快了向世界开放建筑领域的步伐，此事通过中国广泛采纳竞争机制，为一些重要建筑引入国际招标可以得到充分证 实。由此，国建筑师的眼见得以被扩充，心态得到升华，大量的知名建筑被创造。大量的重要建筑项目被国外的建筑师成功中标，标志着在建筑面中国融入国际社会的开始。 Just like the country's accession into the World Trade Organization, which originally provoked controversies among some Chinese people who worried aboutabout the fate of the domestic enterprises, only a temporary sacrifice of domestic architectural sectors can create cha nces for theirfuture success in ever- in creas ing intern ati onal competiti ons. 正如中国加入世界贸易组织一样，一些中国人担心国企 业的命运，只是暂时牺牲国建筑行业，在不断增加的国际竞争中创造未来的成功几会。 We still remember the words sighed out by a participating Chinese group of architects after the first round of review of the desig ning biddi ng for the Nati onal Cen ter for the Perform ing Arts. "We admit our in feriority to foreign competitors," they said. 我们还记得一个参与表演艺术中心投标的中国团队的建筑师们在 第一轮审查之后的叹气。我们承认相比外国竞争对手我们的劣势，“他们说。

建筑学常见英语词汇

建筑学常用英文词汇 a. design basis 设计依据 计划建议书 planning proposals [pr? 'p? ? z(?川 设计任务书 design order 标准规范 standards and codes 条件图 information drawing 设计基础资料 basic data for desig n 工艺流程图 process flowchart 工程地质资料 engineering geological data 原始资料 original [? 'r? d? ? nl] data 设计进度 schedule ['sk? d? ul] of design b. stage of desig n 设计阶段 方案 scheme [ski? m], draft 草图sketch 会谈纪要 summary of discussion 谈判 negotiation [n ? , g o? ? 'e? ? n] 可行性研究 feasibility [fi ? z? 'b? l? t? ] study

初步设计 preliminary [pr? 'l? m? n(? )r? ] design 基础设计 basic design 详纟田设计 detail design 询价图 enquiry [? n'kwa? r? ] drawing 施工图 work ing draw ing, con struct ion draw ing 竣工图 as-built draw ing c. climate con diti on 气象条件 日照 sunshine 风玫瑰 wind rose 主导风向 prevailing [pr? 've? I? ?] wind direction 最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity [v? 'I? s? t?] 风荷载wind load 最大(平均)降雨量 maximum (mean) rainfall 雷击及闪电 thunder and lightning 飓风 hurricane [h? r? ? ken] 台风 typhoon [ta? 'fu? n] 旋风 cyclone ['sa? klon] 降雨强度 rainfall intensity 年降雨量 annual ['? nju? l] rainfall 湿球温度 wet bulb temperature 干球温度 dry bulb temperature 冰冻期 frost [fr? st] period 冰冻线frost line 冰冻区frost zone

建筑学专业英语词汇

a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据 b. DESIGN STAGE 设计阶段 c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件 d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称 e. ROOFING & CEILING 屋面及天棚 f. WALL(CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板) g. FLOOR & TRENCH 地面及地沟 h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY(HARDWARE)门、玻璃、窗及五金件I. STAIRCASE、LANDING & LIFT(ELEVATOR)楼梯、休息平台及电梯 j. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语 【Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦】 【Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石】 【Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土】 【Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料】 【Asphalt (Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉】 【Timber 木材】 【Metallic Materials 金属材料】 【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】 【Anti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料】 【Building Hardware 建筑五金】 【Paint 油漆】 k. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语 【Discipline 专业】 【Conventional Terms 一般通用名词】 【Architectural Physics 建筑物理】 【Name Of Professional role 职务名称】 【Drafting 制图】 a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据 计划建议书planning proposals 设计任务书design order 标准规范standards and codes 条件图information drawing 设计基础资料basic data for design 工艺流程图process flowchart 工程地质资料engineering geological data 原始资料original data 设计进度schedule of design b. STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段

常用英语建筑学专业词汇

英语建筑专业词汇 a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据 b. DESIGN STAGE 设计阶段 c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件 d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称 e. ROOFING & CEILING 屋面及天棚 f. WALL(CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板) g. FLOOR & TRENCH 地面及地沟 h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY(HARDW ARE)门、玻璃、窗及五金件 I. STAIRCASE、LANDING & LIFT(ELEVATOR)楼梯、休息平台及电梯j. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语 【Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦】 【Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石】【Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土】 【Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料】 【Asphalt (Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉】 【Timber 木材】 【Metallic Materials 金属材料】 【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】 【Anti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料】【Building Hardware 建筑五金】 【Paint 油漆】 k. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语 【Discipline 专业】 【Conventional Terms 一般通用名词】【Architectural Physics 建筑物理】【Name Of Professional role 职务名称】【Drafting 制图】 a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据 计划建议书planning proposals 设计任务书design order 标准规范standards and codes 条件图information drawing 设计基础资料basic data for design 工艺流程图process flowchart 工程地质资料engineering geological data 原始资料original data 设计进度schedule of design b. STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段 方案scheme, draft 草图sketch 会谈纪要summary of discussion 谈判negotiation 可行性研究feasibility study 初步设计preliminary design 基础设计basic design 详细设计detail design 询价图enquiry drawing 施工图working drawing, construction drawing 竣工图as built drawing c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件 日照sunshine 风玫瑰wind rose 主导风向prevailing wind direction 最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity 风荷载wind load 最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall 雷击及闪电thunder and lightning 飓风hurricane 台风typhoon 旋风cyclone 降雨强度rainfall intensity 年降雨量annual rainfall 湿球温度wet bulb temperature 干球温度dry bulb temperature 冰冻期frost period 冰冻线frost line 冰冻区frost zone 室外计算温度calculating outdoor temperature 采暖地区region with heating provision 不采暖地区region without heating provision 绝对大气压absolute atmospheric pressure 相对湿度relative humidity d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称办公室office

中英对照建筑学经典词汇

外立面：facade 跨度：Span 坡道：ramp 砍墙：Hom wall 墙面：Metope 铝合金：aluminium alloy 透明中空玻璃：transparent insulating glass 隔墙：partition 檩条；purlin 库板：panel, board 加气砼砌块: aerated concrete block 矿棉：mineral wool 水泥砂浆：cement mortar 抹灰/粉刷：plastering 轻钢龙骨：lightgage steel joist 石膏板：Plasterboard 托盘架: pallet rack 台阶坡道散水工程Steps ramp apron work 零星工程：Piecemetal works Drumming line 灌装站 Isotainer yard 标准槽灌堆场 Eurotint building 胶衣配色间 防火分区：fire compartment 石砌块墙体：masonry wall 内外：interior exterior 液压卸货平台：hydraulic dock leveler 地勘报告：geology survey 土层分布：soil layer distribution 预应力砼管桩：pre-stressed concrete tubular pile 岩土：geotechnical/rock soil 荷载：load 电缆桥架：Cable tray 沉降：sedimentation 密度：density 防爆荧光灯：anti-blast fluorescent lamp 插座：outlet 探测器：detector/sensor 配电盘，开关板; switch board 管架：pipe bridge 开工：commencement 开办费：Preliminary cost 维护：maintenance 建立：setup 主体：main body

建筑专业英语词汇(A)

建筑专业英语词汇(A) a block 空心块 a frame a 型框架 a line 支座反力影响线abaciscus 嵌饰 abacus 栏杆小柱顶 abamurus 扶壁 abat jour 灯罩 abat vent 遮阳帘 abbrasive wheel 磨盘 aberration 偏差 ability 能力 ablation 磨蚀酌 abode 住宅 above ground structure 地面建筑物abrasion 磨耗 abrasion concrete 磨蚀性混凝土abrasion hardness 耐磨硬度abrasion proof 耐磨的 abrasion resistance 耐磨性abrasion test 磨耗试验 abrasion tester 磨耗试验机abrasion value 磨耗值 abrasive 磨料 abrasive aggregates 耐磨骨料abrasive disk 磨盘 abrasive paper 研磨纸 abrasive tile 粗面瓷砖 abridged notation 简化符号 abs plastic abs塑料 absolute deformation 绝对变形absolute displacement 绝对位移absolute error 绝对误差 absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute pressure 绝对压力absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute value 绝对值 absolute viscosity 绝对粘度absolute weight 绝对重量absorbed water 吸附水absorbent 吸收剂 absorbent filter 吸收剂滤器absorber 吸收器 absorbing ability 吸收能力

建筑学专业英语1.2

1.对任何住宅设计进行讨论时，必须包括美的概念，以及如何来评价美。因为 美是一个难以捉摸的想法，尽管我们都不愿意承认这一点。关于美的某些方面和设计只能主观地处理，但是，最是容易理解的也可以客观地来审查。2.美不是抽象的，它是真实的。美是在旁观者的眼睛中是没有必要的,它主要是 客观的、可量化的。这儿有三个准则是亨利爵士沃顿在十七世纪转述的，来自于公元前一世纪维特鲁威的著作，至今仍然适用，是关于住宅设计的基本测量模块的三个标准。这些标准分别是：便利实用性、稳固性、愉悦舒适性。 3.什么是便利实用性，是构建适合它的用途？还是让它看起来像什么一样。我 们正在谈论住房的时候可以扪心自问一下，希望它是像加拿大的房子？而不像瑞士别墅或者是詹姆斯一世的庄园或者是加州灰姑娘平房？是材料占有的位置并安排他们，所以才让他们尊重现有的环境？诚实的使用建材不等于住房只能用木材和石材，玻璃和铝可能更合适，事实上，可能在某些情况下会更自然。是否适用会影响平面图，这是在小房子尤为关键。它的循环利用工作是否能做好？房子的分区可以提供生活和安静的区域吗?有足够的空间,来做饭、打扫卫生,和所有的与从事家庭相关的活动吗？ 4.稳固性和是否充足的建设有关。是否都是采用优质的材料？是否正确使用技 术？是否还有具有良好的工艺？天气会不会影响墙壁和屋顶？有没有不必要的维护？一个住房差到极点是因为，它的不充足建设使它不能成为美的对象。 5.愉悦的舒适性是一个奇妙的词，它意味着给旁观者以开心和高兴。同样，我 们现在谈的不是抽象的概念，而是可以量化的现实。 6.规模涉及的是：人与建筑物或人与场所的大小关系。当我们看一个建筑时， 我们希望找到线索如何解释它的大小。我们的眼睛寻找我们所知道的东西。 我们所熟悉的大小尺寸的砖和普通门的尺寸，当那些尺寸是我们所期待的时候，我们会感到舒服自在。规模的另一个方面涉及我们作为个体的重要性的感觉。如果我们周围出现大量，我们认为我们可以应付环境的元素。 7.比例是一些事情，或之间的一个事件的尺寸大小之间的比较关系。窗口有宽 度与高度尺寸的关系。一个房间有一个宽度长度,高度的关系。房子的大小有关的窗户或门的大小,它可能包含其中。在大规模,处理一个开放空间的大小比例,比如游戏场,可以与周围的建筑物的高度进行比较。一些比例相比其它会显得更令人顺眼。也有过很多尝试，如制定规则来达到令人满意的大小关系。人体的比例通常是密集的美感的来源。 8.和谐来源于以这样的方式把东西放在一起：即建筑的个体相互一致、相互和 谐。建筑式样的混合或随机混合材料，这是不恰当的。举个例子来说，如果主体外墙材料是砖，同时也有大面积的石头，或者石头和木头，那样是不和谐的。一群建筑应该呈现出一致性的形状、表面材料,颜色,等等。这并不意味着一刀切，但表明应该保持在一个有限的范围内变化。 9.节奏是我们生命过程的一个基础部分。我们的心脏跳动，到我们呼吸的方式 都遵循相同的一个节奏。睡眠和清醒之间的变化节奏都是我们的生活中是一个基本因素。因此节奏呼吁我们存在的最深根源，引起强烈的情绪反应。在音乐中最简单的节奏形式是鼓掌，在舞蹈中最简单的节奏形式是踏步。鼓掌必须处理好时间间隔，在建筑中也是如此，模式通过元素之间的距离来创建。 10.整体和谐就是合一。显然，将会有很多部分来组成一个设计，但我们应当能 够认识到它们是如何被放在一起的，来发挥整体的功能。一个建筑必须和观察者所知道的事实相关。这并不意味着一刀切，但表明应该保持在一个有限

常用工程英语词汇

常用工程英语词汇 Construction Site 建筑工地 Apologize for any inconvenience caused during building operation 对施工期间带来的不便表示歉意。 Danger of death. Keep out. 生命危险，严禁入内。 Danger，building site, keep out 工地危险，禁止入内。 Danger，evacuation 危险,请走开 Dangerous structure, this bridge is unsafe 危险结构，该桥不安全。 Hot work in progress 正在施工 No persons allowed beyond this point 任何人不许越过此处。 Safety footwear.穿安全靴 Safety helmets must be worn on this site 此工地必须戴安全帽。 Site entrance, dangerous 工地入口，危险 Slow, site entrance 工地入口请慢行 This button has been moved for remedial work 该按钮已卸下拿去修理。 This is just for construction personnel 仅供施工人员使用。 This lift is only for construction personal 此电梯仅供施工人员使用。 This work will be completed by the end of this year. Thank you fo r your patience during the inevitable disruption 此工程于年底完工，感谢你施工期间的宽容大度。 We apologize for any inconvenience caused during this works 对施工期间引起的不便表示歉意。 Working overhead 上面在施工

建筑专业词汇中英对照(精心整理版)

1DESIGN BASIS 设计依据 计划建议书planning proposals 设计任务书design order 标准规范standards and codes 条件图information drawing 设计基础资料basic data for design 工艺流程图process flowchart 工程地质资料engineering geological data 原始资料original data 设计进度schedule of design 2STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段 方案scheme, draft 草图sketch 会谈纪要summary of discussion 谈判negotiation 可行性研究feasibility study 初步设计preliminary design 基础设计basic design 详细设计detail design 询价图enquiry drawing 施工图working drawing, construction drawing 竣工图as built drawing 3CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件 日照sunshine 风玫瑰wind rose 主导风向prevailing wind direction 最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity 风荷载wind load 最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall 雷击及闪电thunder and lightning 飓风hurricane 台风typhoon 旋风cyclone 降雨强度rainfall intensity 年降雨量annual rainfall 湿球温度wet bulb temperature 干球温度dry bulb temperature 冰冻期frost period

建筑专业词汇中英文对照

建筑专业词汇《中英文对照》~~ 建筑专业词汇 建设,建筑，修建to build, to con struct 建筑学architecture 修筑,建筑物building 房子house 摩天大楼skyscraper 公寓楼block of flats ( 美作:apartment block) 纪念碑monument 宫殿palace 庙宇temple 皇宫,教堂basilica 大教堂cathedral 教堂church 塔,塔楼tower 十层办公大楼ten-storey office block 柱colum n 柱列colonn ade 拱arch 市政town planning ( 美作:city planning) 营建许可证，建筑开工许可证building permission 绿地gree nbelt

建筑物的三面图elevati on 设计图plan 比例尺scale 预制to prefabricate 挖土,掘土excavation 基foun dati ons, base, subgrade 打地基to lay the foundations 砌好的砖歹U course of bricks 脚手架scaffold, scaffolding 质量合格证书certificatio n of fitn ess 原材料raw material 底板bottom plate 垫层cushi on 侧壁sidewall 中心线center line 条形基础strip footing 附件accessories 型辛钢profile steel 钢板steel plate 熔渣slag 飞溅weldi ng spatter 定位焊tacking 弓I弧gen erati ng of arc 熄弧que nching of arc 焊道weldi ng bead 坡口beveled edges 夕卜观检查visual inspection 重皮double-sk in 水平方向弧度radia n in horiz on tai direct ion 成型moldi ng 直线度straightness accuracy 焊缝角变形welding line angular distortion 水平度levelness 铅垂度verticality

常用的建筑学常见英语词汇

a. design basis 设计依据 计划建议书planning proposals 设计任务书design order 标准规范standards and codes 条件图information drawing 设计基础资料basic data for design 工艺流程图process flowchart 工程地质资料engineering geological data 原始资料original data 设计进度schedule of design b. stage of design 设计阶段 方案scheme, draft 草图sketch 会谈纪要summary of discussion 谈判negotiation 可行性研究feasibility study 初步设计preliminary design 基础设计basic design 详细设计detail design 询价图enquiry drawing 施工图working drawing, construction drawing 竣工图as built drawing c. climate condition 气象条件 日照sunshine 风玫瑰wind rose 主导风向prevailing wind direction 最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity 风荷载wind load 最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall 雷击及闪电thunder and lightning 飓风hurricane 台风typhoon 旋风cyclone 降雨强度rainfall intensity 年降雨量annual rainfall 湿球温度wet bulb temperature 干球温度dry bulb temperature 冰冻期frost period 冰冻线frost line

建筑学专业英语

1 转型和解型 Architecture and construction, by their nature, undergo a constant process of physical transformation, from concept to drawings, and from drawings to buildings. 建筑和建筑,从本质上说,接受一个物质转换的连续过程,从概念到图纸,从建筑图纸。Further, architects themselves are constantly under a process of transformation; they unavoidably exist between the multiple poles of reality and abstraction, of the man-made and the natural, of present and future. 进一步,建筑师本身是不断在转型过程中,他们难免之间存在着多极化的现实和抽象、人造和自然,对现在和未来。 John Hejduk noted that a painter starts from the real world, and works towards abstraction; an architect works the opposite way. 约翰·斯指出,一个画家开始从真实的世界,努力抽象的概念,一个建筑设计师的作品相反的方向。 However, “a significant architect is one who, when finished with a work, is as close to that original abstraction as he could possibly be...” 然而,“重大的建筑师是这样的人:当完成工作,尽量接近原始抽象化,他可能是…”Transformation is moulded by three major factors: 转换所塑造的三大因素: 1 External Constraints 外部约束 This refers to natural, environmental constraints imposed on a building, such as wind, topography, view, exposure, orientation, etc. 这是指自然、环境限制一栋建筑,如风能、地形地貌、视图、曝光、取向等。 2 Internal Requirements 内部需求 This refers to conditions applied to a building, such as building code, planning issues, program requirements, budget, etc. 这是指条件应用于建筑,比如构建代码,规划问题、项目的要求,预算等。 3 Artistic Response 艺术响应 This refers to the ability, attitude and will of the architect in developing and manipulating built forms based on the above factors. 这是指能力、态度和将架构师的开发和操作形式兴建基于上述因素。 Throughout the 20th century, building form and configuration typically evolved out of a direct response at least the first two of these factors, based solely on programmatic conditions which could be quite restrictive, predictable and utilitarian. 在整个20世纪,建筑形式和配置通常进化出来的直接反应至少是前两个这些因素,依靠编程条件可相当严格的、可预测的和实用的。 The overall transformation of an initially imagined solid “mass”, given a permitted number of incremental transformations which respond to optimum combinations of constraints, will generally yield mechanical results.

建筑类英语常用词汇大全

建筑专业常用英语词汇 A design basis 设计依据 计划建议书planning proposals 设计任务书design order 标准规范standards and codes 、 条件图information drawing 设计基础资料basic data for design 工艺流程图process flowchart 工程地质资料engineering geological data 原始资料original data 设计进度schedule of design B … stage of design 设计阶段 方案scheme, draft 草图sketch 会谈纪要summary of discussion 谈判negotiation 可行性研究feasibility study [ 初步设计preliminary design 基础设计basic design 详细设计detail design 询价图enquiry drawing 施工图working drawing, construction drawing 竣工图as built drawing C # climate condition 气象条件 日照sunshine 风玫瑰wind rose 主导风向prevailing wind direction 最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity

风荷载wind load % 最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall 雷击及闪电thunder and lightning 飓风hurricane 台风typhoon 旋风cyclone 降雨强度rainfall intensity 年降雨量annual rainfall 湿球温度wet bulb temperature # 干球温度dry bulb temperature 冰冻期frost period 冰冻线frost line 冰冻区frost zone 室外计算温度calculating outdoor temperature 采暖地区region with heating provision 不采暖地区region without heating provision 绝对大气压absolute atmospheric pressure ! 相对湿度relative humidity D general room name 常用房间名称 办公室office 服务用房service room ` 换班室shift room 休息室rest room (break room) 起居室living room 浴室bathroom 淋浴间shower 更衣室locker room 厕所lavatory 门厅lobby | 诊室clinic 工作间workshop 电气开关室switchroom 走廊corridor 档案室archive 电梯机房lift motor room

建筑学专业英语课文翻译

Unit1 textA 建筑学是一门人类必须的，与建筑材料联系的建造艺术。以便提供实用性和艺术欣赏性。这不同于工程建造的纯粹实用性。 建筑学可以是一个结构，一座房舍，一座桥，一个教堂和一处建筑群落。 建筑学作为一门艺术 作为一门艺术，建筑学本质上是抽象的和非写实的，囊括了空间、体量、平面、聚集和空隙之间的处理。 一些建筑太美太有趣以至于它们成了著名的艺术品。 建筑师利用形态，结构，颜色和其他艺术元素及手法来设计建筑。建筑师们建造不同形态的建筑。通过识别建筑的外形你能认出许多建筑。 1，椭圆，圆形和其他形状装饰了穹顶的天花板。 2，线条在一座意大利教堂的屋顶构成了图案。 3，用来建造这处建筑的建材创造了有意思的质感。 建筑学里的时间 时间也是建筑学中的一个主要因素，因为一处建筑通常被理解成一段长时间的经验而非一时之快。对于绝大多数建筑，是找不到一个能理解整体结构的有利位置的。光与影的应用，还有表皮装饰，都能极大地加强结构的展现。 对于建筑形式的分析为洞悉过去的文明提供了方便。每处伟大形态的背后都不是一个偶然的走向或是流行趋势，但是一系列严肃且紧急的试验直接解答了人们对于生活方式的特殊需求。气候，工种，可得的建材和经济都限制了他们的指示。每处大的设计式样都是在新建筑思想的启发下完成的。一旦形成了，一种思想会流传下来且难以改变，只有当社会动荡或是新的建造技术出现时，他才会逐渐衰退。这种演变的过程在现代建筑风格这段历史上印证了，从十九世纪中期对于刚和铁结构的应用发展而来。 直到二十世纪建筑结构发生的三个巨大的提升：柱子与梁，或为有横梁的体系；拱券体系，而不是粘合性，使可塑材料变硬成为均质体，或是嵌入式，这样荷载就能在确切的地方被吸收和平衡；还有现代钢骨体系系统。 古代的建筑风格 在埃及建筑风格中，一些仍现存的最早的结构（三千年前埃及人建造的）也属于建筑式样。柱子和横梁体系是唯一被使用的，从而诞生了历史上最早的带圆柱的建筑。同一个时代的西亚建筑风格也使用同样的体系。然而，带拱券的结构也被熟知和运用。迦勒底人和亚述人，依靠泥土砖为主要建材，建造以泥砖依附于外壳的拱形屋顶。 基督教时代外形的演变

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