语法概括串讲

语法概括串讲

语法这部分主要涉及名词代词、形容词和副词、不定式、动名词、分词、反意疑问句、从句、时态和语态、前后呼应、倒装等内容。

名词与代词

名词可分为专有名词和普通名词两类。而普通名词又可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。其中，个体名词和集体名词为可数名词，而物质名词和抽象名词为不可数名词。名词的复数构成通常是在其后加-s ，但以-s ，-x ，-ch ，-sh 和大部分以o 结尾的名词后加-es; 以“ 辅音字母+y” 结尾的名词把“y” 变成“i” ，再加-es 。有些名词的复数构成是不规则的，有其特殊形式。有些名词在不同的情况下，属不同的名词词类，因此有时为可数，有时则为不可数。名词的格可分为主格( 作主语) ，宾格( 作宾语) 和所有格( 表示所有关系) 。

代词可分为人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，相互代词，不定代词，指示代词，关系代词，连接代词和疑问代词等九类。

1. 名词的用法

可数名词除非前面有冠词或表示单数的限定词，否则要用其复数形式。例如:

lf a boy disobeys the order, he will be punished severely.

The teacher firstly divided his students into four groups.

These courses are especially designed for senior students.

有些名词的复数构成是不规则的，如:child-children ，foot-feet ，goose-geese ，mouse-mice ，man-men ，ox-oxen ，tooth-teeth ，woman-women 等。例如: Every fall geese fly over the house.

The dentist told him that several teeth of his need to be filled.

Mrs Smith has three children ，and Tonny is the youngest one.

I think we've got mice in the kitchen.

有些名词的单复数形式是一样的, 如:Chinese ，Japanese, Spanish( 西班牙) ，Lebanese( 黎巴嫩) ，Portuguese( 葡萄牙) ，Swiss( 瑞士) ，sheep ，deer ，swine( 猪) ，fish ，carp( 鲤鱼) ，salmon( 鲑) ，means ，series ，species ，aircraft ，spacecraft 等。例如:

The best fish are near the bottom.

When they got to the New World, Spanish constructed their houses with Moorish architectural features.

I saw a white sheep running down the road.

Judging by his language ，he must be a Japanese.

在表示一类事物时，介词of 后的名词要用复数形式。例如，

Beethoven is one of the greatest musicians in the world.

The Animal Art Festival is being held at Shanghai Zoo ，which is one of the mo

st welcome festivals in the city.

She is one of the three martyrs who were killed in NATO 's bombing on the Chi nese Embassy in Yugoslavia.

大多数集体名词可作单数，也可作复数，如：army ，audience ，class ，commi ttee ，crew ( 全体船员，乘务员) ，crowd ，faculty ，family ，government ，group ，orchestra ，public ，team ，union 等。但有些虽然是单数形式，却用作复数，如:cattle( 牲畜) ，mankind( 人类) ，militia( 民兵) ，people ，police ，poultry( 家畜) ，staff( 全体职员) 等。例如:

The president said the Chinese Government is paying close attention to developmen ts in this matter ，and continues to reserve the right to take further action.

The cattle were grazing on the meadow near the farm.

The audience were amused by his humorous stories.

My family is far away from the school.

有些名词只有复数形式，而且也只用作复数，如:clothes ，glasses, spectacles ，pant s ，arms( 武器) ，belongings( 所有物) ，customs( 海关) ，goods( 货物) ，suburbs( 郊区) ，papers( 文件) 等; 而有些名词形式为复数，却用作单数，如:elect ronics( 电子学) ，mathematics( 数学) ，optics( 光学) ，politics ，statistics( 统计学) 等。例如:

The shorts he wears are made of leather.

Linguistics is a difficult subject to study.

He used to study electronics which isn't his favorite subject.

I love to live in the suburbs that are conclusive.

有些名词一般情况下以单数形式出现，表示总体。但如果表示若干、多次或几种时，则要用其复数。这类词有:hair ，fruit ，pollution ，rain ，difficulty ，success ，w ind ，failure 等。例如:

The barber had been cutting human hair for two years before he came to Los A ngeles.

Mother bought oranges ，bananas and other fruits.

These caves collapse easily in heavy rains and great winds.

He's having financial difficulties.

有些名词一般只有单数形式，它们通常是表示物质和抽象概念的不可数名词，像:advi ce ，baggage ，bread ，corn ，clothing ，equipment ，education ，fun ，f urniture ，fruit ，garbage ，grass ，happiness ，homework ，housework ，h umanity ，information ，knowledge ，landscape ，laughter ，machinery ，man kind ，merchandise ，money ，music ，nonsense ，nature ，population ，pr ogress ，scenery ，smoke ，sweat ，strength ，traffic ，thunder ，ink ，je wellery ，damage ，mail ，work ，soap ，sugar ，gold ，chalk ，cloth ，

anger ，applause ，cake ，chocolate ，poverty 等。例如:

I must seek the advice of a specialist in the matter of the transfer of property r ights.

Headache is the most common disease of human.

I really get a lot of fun from reading in leisure time.

The population of Shanghai is very big.

有些名词单复数的含义不同，使用时要根据上下文的意思进行选择。这类词包括:com munication( 通讯)-communications( 通讯系统，通讯工具) ，cloth( 布)-clothes( 衣服) ，content( 内容)-contents( 目录) ，convenience( 便利)-conveniences( 便利设备) ，humanity( 人类)-humanities( 人文科学) ，necessity( 需要)-necessities( 必需品) ，wood( 木材)-woods( 树林) ，pain( 疼痛)-pains( 辛劳) ，ruin( 毁灭)-ruins( 废墟，遗迹) ，sand( 沙子)-sands( 沙滩) ，work( 工作)-works( 工厂，著作) 等。例如: “Hometown” is one of Lu Xun's most famous works.

The insurance company paid $121 ，700 in damages for the accident.

My child enjoys pIaying on the sands.

No pains ，no gains.

有些名词一般只有复数形式。如:fundamentals( 基本原则) ，goods( 货物) ，m eans( 方法) ，shorts( 短裤) ，sweets( 欢乐) ，valuables( 贵重物品) 等。

The fundamentals are made to guarantee the social stability.

Don't take any valuables there for the sake of safety.

The goods we purchased from him aren't expensive.

I think our problem can solved by means of negotiation.

名词做定语时，不能用作复数。例如:

Please check your examination paper carefully after finishing it.

The China's Central Television station supplies weather report everyday.

You'd better infom my family members before leaving for Beijing.

The United States and Germany are two member states of NATO .

复合名词的复数只把其中所包含的主体名词变成复数。如:looker(s)-on ，runner(s)-up ，

son(s)-in-law ，editor(s)-in-chief ，passer(s)-by ，grand-child(ren) ，armyman(a rmymen) ，

room-number(s) ，shoe lace(s) ，dinner plate(s) ，blood type(s) 等。如果没有主体名词，就在最后一个词上加复数词尾。如:go-between(s) ，drawback(s) 等。注意以man ，woman 构成的复合名词，全部变成复数。如:man-servant---men-servants ，woman-soldier---women-soldiers 。例如:

Would you bring me some dinner plates?

We had a wonderful talk with some women-soldiers.

Don't regard yourselves as passers-by under such circumstances.

We are of different blood types.

名词的所有格一般在词尾加's ，已有复数词尾-s 的，只加' 。例如:

We must work hard to fulfil the country's plans.

The school is within a stone's throw .

Nearby are her relative' houses.

Could you tell me the Smith's address?

名词所有格有时还可以和of 构成短语，有以下两种情况:

1) 它所修饰的词前面有一个表示数量的词，如:a ，two ，several ，some ，an y ，no ，few 等。

2) 它所修饰的词前面有一个指示代词，便句子表示某种情绪。例如:

Several students of Lao Yang's acted in the play.

We saw a play of Guo Moro's

At birth ，the head of a baby is extremely large in relation to the rest of the b ody.

I have some records of Na Ying's. 以上是名词的用法。

2. 代词的用法

1) 人称代词有主格人称代词，在句中充当主语:I ，you ，he ，she ，it ，we ，you ，they ，和宾格人称代词，在句中充当宾语:me ，you ，him ，her ，it ，us ，you ，them 。例如:

We haven't seen each other for a long time since he went abroad.

Let you and me have an appointment for the next weekend.

Have you got any idea about this issue?

Tell us whatever you've heard.

2) 物主代词可在句中作定语，有指人的:my ，our ，your ，his ，her 和their; 有指物的:its ，his 或her( 指国家或轮船) 。名词性物主代词作表语、主语、宾语，与of 连用可作定语:yours ，ours ，theirs ，mine ，her ，his ，its 。例如: Tonny is an old friend of mine.

My dormitory is next to yours, and Mary's is on the third floor.

Titanic sank with her several thousand passengers.

Next time it's on my treat.

3) 反身代词亦称自身代词，可作宾语、表语，作主语或宾语的同位语，还与某些动词连用，与介词连用构成成语。有:myself ，yourself ，himself ，herself ，itself ，ou rselves ，yourselves ，themselves 。例如:

These Children are too young to take care of themselves.

Don't worry ，he will be himself again soon.

Although Uncle George is a bad-tempered man, I think he is a kind man in him self.

You should be responsible for yourself.

4) 相互代词表示相互关系，有:each other( 两者之间) 和one another( 多者之间)。例如:

I met Miss Scott this morning ，and We greeted each other.

We should learn from One another and make progress together.

5) 指示代词在句中充当主语、宾语和定语，有:this ，that ，these ，those 。S uch 也是指示代词，可作定语、主语和表语，修饰可数名词时要与a 连用。例如: Nowadays TV programs are much more colorful than those of the past.

The money spent on entertainment ，according to some authorities ，has exce eded that spent on public health.

I want to know this: are you talking about the accident I enountered yesterday?

His future is closely bound with that of the company.

You shouldn't trust on such a person who never keeps his promise.

6) 疑问代词有who ，whom ，whose ，what ，which 。who 可作主语和表语，whom 作宾语，whose ，what ，which 可作主语、表语、宾语和定语，其中作主语时，要看所代表的人或物是单数还是复数，如果不清楚，则动词一般用单数。

Who will see to this matter?

Whom have you chosen to be responsible for the work?

It is hard to decide whose is better.

What's on your schedule?

Which university did he enter at last?

7) 关系代词有who ，whom ，whose ，that ，which 。which 代表事物，th at 代表人或物；在非限制性定语从句中，不能用that ，而用who(m ) 代表人，用whic h 代表物，或代表主句所说的全部内容。在带有all ，something ，nothing ，anythi ng ，much 等的句子中不能用which ，而用that 。例如:

Our football team was defeated again ，which shows our players need much mo re effort.

The factory now has over l,000 workers ，half of whom are women.

He promised to tell us all that he knew .

Whose turn to make presentation is beyond me.

8 连接代词有:what ，who ，whom ，whose ，which ，用来连接主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。Whoever ，whomever ，whichever ，whatever 为复合代词。例如:

I didn't know what to do at that very moment.

The government sells public houses to whoever provides enough amount of mon ey.

Whomever I worry about is none of your business.

Take whichever you like ，please.

形容词与副词

形容词与副词在语法结构上都有比较级和最高级，它们的构成方法基本上一样，都与音节多少有关，有些形容词相副词有特殊的比较级和最高级形式。二者基本分为同级比较、比较级和最高级三种形式。

1. 形容词与副词的用法

l 形容词中有词形相近的，应注意区别。如:

considerate( 周到的，体贴的)--considerable( 应考虑的) 例如: We did enjoy our staying in Beijing ，and Mrs. Yan is really considerate Profess or. It's a considerable success for him. eminent( 闻名的)--imminent( 紧迫的) ，gracious( 亲切的)--graceful( 优雅的) ，live( 有生命的)--aIive( 活的) ，industrious ( 勤劳的)--industriaI( 工业的) ，like( 同样的)--alike( 同样的，仅作表语) ，oppos ite( 相对的)--opposing( 反对的) ，perspective( 透视的)--respective( 各自的) ，s ensitive( 伤感的)--sensible( 明显的) ，etc 。

2) 形容词中有的词义相近的，也要注意。如

elemental( 初步的)--fundamental( 基本的),eligible( 合格的)--capable( 能干的) ，flexible( 灵活的)--changeable( 可改变的) ，initial( 最初的)--preliminary( 初步的，预备的) ，slack( 松弛的)--lazy( 懒惰的) ，vaIueless( 无价值的)--priceless( 无价的)，vivid( 生动的)--living( 活的) ，etc 。

例如:

Henry's speech was so vivid that his audience applauded again and again.

It is easier adapt to new situation if one has a flexible attitude. We have finishe d the preliminary exam .

Your suggestion is priceless ，and I will consider it carefully.

3) 有些词尾为-ly 的并非副词，而是形容词, 如:lovely ，likey ，deadly ，eart hly( 现世的) ，leisudy( 空闲的) ，weekly ，yearly ，manly( 丈夫气概的) ，b rotherly ，friendly 等。例如:

What a lovely girl! Jenny is always ready to help others.

China Daily is of course a daily newspaper but not a weekly one. He is a very f riendly young man. As he didn't have any experience ，he was likely to have probl ems.

以下情况形容词常用于后置:1) 形容词短语，即形容词十副词，介词短语或不定式。

2) 一些表语性形容词要后置，如:present ，available ，involved ，concerned ，et

c 。3) 形容词修饰不定代词something ，anything ，everything 时要后置。例如:

There was something nice about my feeling that she knew all.

I came across another question hard to answer then .

I wondered if there was a room available.

副词的位置为: 修饰哪个词就放在哪个词前面; 放在系动词和助动词之后，行为动

词和分词之前。例如I had a only five-dollar bill with me when I boarded the town ward train.

The old law was instituted to protect the long neglected rights of children.

I can hardly believe that he is the murderer.

Although he has advantages ，it is still too early to say that he is sure to win.

2. 比较级与最高级的基本形式和用法

形容词的比较级和最高级的构成为: 单音节词一般在词尾加-er 和-est 。如果以-e 结尾，仅加-r 和-st; 如末尾仅有一个辅音字母，须双写词尾再加-er 和-est; 如果以y 结尾的，把y 变i ，加-er ，-est; 多音节单词和双音节词( 其中包括由分词和分词演变而来的形容词，如:known ，worn ，wounded ，shocking ，striking ，i nteresting ，e.ct. 则在其前加more 和most; 有些形容词的比较级和最高级是不规则的，如:good(well)-better-best ，bad(ill)-worse-worst ，many(much)-more-most ，l ittle-less-least ，far-farther(further)-farthest(furthest) 。

有些形容词没有比较级形式，如:absolute ，chief ，entire ，eternal ，excellent ，fatal ，final ，foremost ，inevitable ，infinite ，main ，naked ，perfect ，possible ，primary ，right ，sufficient ，supreme ，universal ，utter ，vital ，whole ，wooden ，ect. 例如:

Mary is the best student in the class.

Further negotiation will be conducted next month.

The food we have is sufficient .

Needless to say ，he is stronger than his opponent.

一般副词的比较级和最高级与形容词一样，单音节的以在词尾加-er 和-est 构成，多音节的以加more 和most 的方法构成; 有些比较特殊, 如：well-better-best ，badl y-worse-worst ，much-more-most ，little-less-least 。以-ly 结尾的副词，在其前面加more ，most 。例如:

Tonny runs more beautiful than any other students in the class.

Which do you like best ，Thorn Birds ，Gone With the wind or great expectati on?

I prefer less sugar in the milk.

She get more income every month than her husband.

形容词和副词的原级比较由“as + 形容词或副词( 或后跟名词或短语)+as” 构成，“as-as“ 前可加not ，just ，almost ，nearly ，quite ，twice ，several times 等词修饰。否定式中not 后面的as 可改为so 。例如:”

Running for fifteen minutes will burn as much calories as walking for thirty minu tes.

Henan Province is several times as large as shanghai.

Jimmy has as nervous a way of speaking as his father.

Getting rid of a bad habit isn't so simple as taking it up.

形容词与副词的比较级形式为:“ 形容词( 副词) 比较级+than+-” ，应注意than 前后相比较的人或物要一致。比较级前可以跟even ，much ，stilI 等副词修饰比较级，表示强调。例如:

Mother worried much more about my younger brother than she did about me.

Sound travels faster through water than through air.

The economic development in south China is faster than that in North China .

My books are much more than Li ping's.

形容词与副词的最高级的形式分别为:“the+ 形容词最高级+ 名词十范围表达” 和“ 副词最高级十名词+ 范围表达” ，副词的比较级和最高级不需要加the 。例如: Our foreign exchange reserve didn't decline despite the worst flood in sixty years.

I finished the work more successfully than he had expected.

应注意以下表达式的含义:the same as( 和…… 一样) ，no less than( 不少于)，not less than( 只有) ，had better( 最好) ，less than( 不到) ，more or les s( 或多或少) ，other than( 除了) ，rather than( 而不是) ，the more…the mor e/less( 越…… 就越……)

例如:I am sure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed.

You had better finish your homework today for the teacher will collect it tomorro w .

We have received ten dozen of personal computers which are less than the amo unt we ordered.

The visitors to the exhibition were not less than three hundred, which disappoint ed them very much.

时态与语态

1. 时态

现在完成时表示过去某时开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到现在，表示现刻以前发生的动作或情况。常用状语just, since, for, already, yet, ever, never, often, several times, lately, recently, during the last week, so far, up to now(the present) 等，由since 引起短语（或从句）的句子里，主句的谓语应用完成时；若since 引起一个从句，从句谓语可用过去时（表示行为的起点）。只有在“it is ……since” 的句型中，主句才可用也可不用完成时。例如：

Japanese is certainly difficult for me as I have never learned it before.

We are living a hard life because Father has been unemployed for half a year.

I have planted thirty trees since I moved here.

现在完成时与过去时的比较：现在完成时表示某一动作一直延续到现在或已经完成，强调结果；而过去时表示发生在过去的动作，强调过去的动作。例如：

He has read the book for two hours.( 强调动作的持续)

He has read the book.（强调动作的完成）

He read the book last night. （强调过去的动作，有过去时间状语）

过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已完成的动作。例如：

I still remember last summer vacation spent in Paris. That was the first time I had ever been to Europe.

Since he had eaten before he came to the party, he refused the hostess ' s of fer of a cake.

将来完成时表示将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作，分为一般将来完成时和过去将来完成时。常用by the time, at the end of 来引起。例如：

The debate will have begun by the time our English teacher arrives.

Tonny bad thought the train would have left by the time he got to the station.

At the end of next month, I will have finished this work.

现在完成进行时强调过去发生的动作一直延续到说话时刚结束，或动作仍在进行中。过去完成进行时表示动作延续到某一时间刚结束，或仍在进行。例如：

Eventually, I received the letter that I had been expecting for a long time.

When she retires, Mrs.Jones will have been teaching here for over thirty years, but her classes are never dull.

2. 语态

英语分为主动词态和被动词态。主动语态是指句中的主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。英语中只有及物动词、动词短词和某些成语才能构成被动语态。被动语态的构成形式为“be+ 动词的-ed 分词” 。另外，“be+get+ 动词-ed 分词” 是特殊形式。

1 ）动词的被动语态有以下几种时态的变化（以find 为例：）

现在时：is (are)found 将来时：shall (will)be found 现在进行时：is (ar e)being found

现在完成时：have (has)been found 将来完成时：shall (will)have been foun d 过去时：was (were)found

过去将来时：should (would)be found 过去进行时：was (were)being found 过去完成时：had been found 过去将来完成时：should (would)have been found 例：Mineral water has been regarded by all people as a healthy drink.

The program bad been conducted in both the United States and Europe well bef ore 1900.

2 ）能作及物动词的短语动词也可用被动态，应注意其固定搭配。例如：

The problem will be taken care of as soon as possible.

Although the mission was to be kept a secret, it was revealed to the press.

3 ）表示状态或特征的及物动词，如:contain, cost, fit, have, lack, suit 等；不及物

动词及动词短语，如：result from, belong to, consist of 等，不能用被动态。例如：The magazine that I bought the day before yesterday costs me twenty and a ha lf yuan.

Some critics maintain that when a work of literature lacks reference to the gener al experience of mankind, it fails as art.

从句

从句分为定语从句，状语从句和名词从句三大类。定语从句又分为限定性和非限定性从句两种，由关系代词或关系副词引导，修饰主句的某个成分。状语从句分为时间、结果、让步原因、条件及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句及ther

e be 句型。

1. 定语从句

限定性定语从句中that 可代表人和事，而which 只代表事；二者在从句中作主语或宾语。that 作宾语时常可省略，which 则不能，而且其后的“ 不及物动词+ 介词”

中的介词不能省略。which 作宾语时，先行词与which 之间的介词不能省。例如：The first doll that could say “mama”was invent ed in 1830.

The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part, during （不能省）which he sailed round the Cape Horn.

代表all, anything, something, nothing, much 等词时，用that 而不用which ，t hat 作宾语可省略。例如：

You'd better do something he prefers to do to please him.

That is the last time we met each other.

I came across the woman you told me about yesterday.

who 和whom 引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句的主语和宾语。where 是关系副词，用于表示地点的定语从句，而when 用来表示时间。whose 是关系代词，修饰名词作定语。例如：

Henrey Ford is the person who is most responsible for developing the idea of m ass production.

The knee is the joint where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower l eg.

The next morning when she came down to breakfast, Mary was beaming with th e pleasure ( 眉飞色舞, 笑逐颜开)of a new, great discovery.

The visiting professor is a famous scientist whose son studies in my department.

在下列情况，限定性定语从句的关系代词可以省略；1 ）当关系代词在从句中作宾语或表语；或它们在从句中作介词的宾词，而该介词又在句末时；2 ）当先行词是that, all, only, everything, something, nothing 等代词时，或先行词前有一个最高级形容词修饰时；

3 ）当先行词前有only, any, all, first, no, last 等修饰时，或先行词就是time, momen

t, way(any-way) direction, distance 等名词时，关系代词即可省略。例如：The delegation we has been waiting for finally arrived

I met the woman you told me about.

She gave me all she could afford.

With TV we can see things happen almost at the exact moment they are happe ning.

非限定性定语从句，其作用为：对所修饰的成分作进一步的说明，它与主句用逗号隔开。此类从句省略后其余部分仍可成立。在非限定性定语从句中，which 可代表前面的整个句子；代表人时只能用who, whom, 而不能用that; as 也可用作关系代词。例如：The telephone, as we know, was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell.

The Little White House in Warm Springs was the Georgia home of President Fra nklin D.Roosevelt, who died there on April 12,1945.

Living in a damp house for a long time is harmful to one's health, which is kno wn to everyone.

2. 状语从句

状语从句可分为：时间状语从句（主要由when, whenever, after, before, as, since, once, as soon as, until, while ）so……that such……that though, although, no matt er, even if however, whatever as, because, since for is, whether, as long as, prov ided that where as

The small greenish flowers of the elm tree appear in the spring, long before the leaves grow.

Qiong Yao's novels used to be so popular that her books appeared on best selle r lists.

Gas balloon is less safe than hot balloon because it may catch fire.

Uniform acceleration( 同样的加速)occurs if the rate of change remains the same over successive equal intervals of time.

Thousands of Chinese college students went to the US Consulate in Shanghai, w here they protested NATO's bombing at China's Embassy in Yugoslavia.

状语从句的中“ 主语+be” 可以省略，前提是，从句主语和主句主语一致，且从句谓语“be” 省略后的结构为“ 连词+ 现在分词/ 过去分词/ 介词短词/ 形容词/ 名词短语” 。例如：

When well fitted ，glasses can correct most sight defects in healthy eyes.

If necessary, I would like to see you in your office.

Although seriously wounded, he never complained

3. 名词从句

名词从名包括主语从句、宾语从句，其中有介词与形容词的宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

1 ）主语从句

主语从句常出现在“it is + 名词、形容词、分词+ 主语从句” 的形式中。例如：It is reported that Taiwanese pop singer Meng Tingwei will hold a solo concert i n Shanghai someday this month.

It must be pointed out that you have failed to meet the deadline.

It usually happened that I was late because of traffic jams.

主语从句还可用when, where, how, why, whether 等连接副词，和who ，whom ，whose ，what ，which ，whoever ，whatever ，whichever 等连接代词来引起。例如：

How to arrange the meeting is not your task.

Whose candidate will win the election is the question both political parties are as king.

When I leave is my own decision.

Whoever will go to the party won't change my mind of staying at home.

2 ）宾语从句

宾语从句可由that, 疑问代词或副词how, why 和where 等引出。例如：

To postpone the conference until next month indicated that they were unprepare d.

Nearly all the staff agreed with what I said.

Everyone worried about her because no one was aware of where she had gone.

Could you offer more details except that it happened at night?

由what, whether, how 引导的宾语从句可用在介词后，而由that 引导的从句只跟b ut, besides, except, in, save 之后。例如：

I can hardly believe in what they have done.

He doesn't know my phone number except that the city code is 021.

一些表语性的形容词，如：alarmed, amazed, annoyed, astonished, certain, confid ent, disappointed, glad, pleased, proud, sad, shocked, sure, surprised, worried, ect. 作表语时，后面可跟由that, how 等引导的宾语从句。例如：

I was amazed how he could pass the exam without attending the lectures.

He is confident that he will pass the Band 6 examination.

She was surprised how simple his problem was.

We are all pleased that he will be able to pass the final examination.

3 ）表语从句

表语从句对主语的内容起解释和阐述的作用；若表语从句用that 引起，that 起连接作用，不能省略。表语从句也可用连接词how, when, where, why, what 引起。由bec ause 引起的表语从句通常只用在“this/that/it is because” 结构中。例如：On thing I admire most about them is that they are hospitable.

She works too hard. That is why she is exhausted.

I must point out that where you intend to build a super-market is where the eld erly do exercise everyday.

4 ）同位语从句

同位语从句是由两个或两上以上同一层次语言单位组成的结构，其中前项与后项所指相同，句法功能相同。同位词从句由that 引导，也可由whether, how, why, where, whe n 等来引导。例如：

She ignored the teacher's instruction that she must study hard.

The question whether or not I should help him in such a case troubled me grea tly.

动词不定式

1. 不定式的基本形式与结构

动词不定式指通常由to 加上动词原形（如ro write ）所构成的一种非限定性动词形式，但在有些情况下to 可以省略。动词不定式有进行体和完成体（如to be writing, to have written ）也有被动态（如to be write ），所有的主动词，不论是及物动词还是不及物动词，也不论是动作动词还是状态动词，都有不定式形态。助动词除be 和have 外，没有不定式形式。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。

2. 不定式的用法

1 ）不定式结构作主语

To get contact with family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they sep arated more than 40 years ago.

To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge.

在上述情况下，如果不定式较长，显得头重脚轻，则可由代词it 作形式主语（形式主语it 不可由that 或this 等其他代词代替），而将不定式放在后面。如：It made him extremaly happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since the y separated more than 40 years ago.

John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time.

不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的，即不定式的逻辑主语，通常可以通过for sb.to do sth. 结构表达。

It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review.

It is not difficult f or those talented students to pass the exam.

在某些形容词（如：careless, clever, considerate, foolish, good, impolite, kind, na ughty, nice, silly, stupid 等）作表语时，不定式后可以加of 来引导出其逻辑主语：It is very kind of you to tell me the truth.

It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing.

2 ）不定式作宾语

不定式作宾语有两种：一种是及物动词后直接跟带to 的不定式，另一种是“ 及物动词+ 疑问句+ 带to 的不定式” 。

及物动词+ 带to 的不定式结构：只能跟动词不定式的动词，常见的有：afford, agree, aim, appear, ask, believe,?care, claim, ecide, demand,desire, determin e, expect, fail, happen, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, pretend,pr omise, prepare, refuse,seek, sweat,

undertake,want,wish 等。（须记住）He managed to solve the complicated problem

The stranger offered to show me the way.

Mr.Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.

动词+ 疑问代（副）词+ 不定式：这类动词常见的有：advise, decide, discuss, fi nd out, forget, inquire ,know, learn, regard, remember, see, teach, tell, understand, wonder 等。常用的疑问代（副）词有what, when, where, which, how, whether 等，但不包括why 。

He does not know when to start.

You can decide whether to continue or to stop.

I will show you how to deal with it.

有时，不定式可由it 代替，而把不定式放到后面去。这可以用这一结构表达：动词（如find, think, consider, feel 等）+it+ 形容词+ 不定式。

She considers it necessary to make friends with them.

We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 o'clock.

3 ）不定式作表语

一般情况为主语是不定式（表示条件），表词也是不定式（表示结果）：

To see is to believe. To work means to earn a living.

另一种情况为主语是aim, duty, hope, idea, job, plan, problem, purpose, thing, w ish 等名词为中心的短语，或以what 引导的名词性从句，不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用：

His aim is to study abroad in the near future.

The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the problem.

What I want to say is to forget all the unhappy experience.

4 ）不定式作定语

不定式结构作名词词组修饰语主要有三种类型：

第一种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语。例如：

There was really nothing to fear. He gave me an interesting book to read.

如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就得加相应的介词。例如：

Mary needs a friend to play with. That girl has nothing to worry about.

They have a strict teacher to listen to .

Although the film had been on for ten minutes, I still was not able to find a ch air to sit on.

第二种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语。例如：

Have you got a key to unlock door?

The action to be taken is correct.

There is nothing to be gained by pretending.

第三种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的同位结构。这类名词通常是表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、打算、能力、意向等意义的名词，如ability, attempt, effort, impulse, i nclination, wish 等。例如：

Her daughter will make an even bigger effort to please her.

I have no wish to quarrel with you.

Neither of them had any inclination to do business with Mary.

（5 ）不定式作状语

不定式结构在句中作状语通常都能转换为限制性状语从句。例如作原因状语：

They are quite surprised to see the great changes taking place in the area.

=They are quite surprised because they see the great changes taking place in th e area.

He was lucky to arrive before dark.

作目的状语：

She raised her voice to be heard better. =She raised her voice so that she cou ld be heard better.

We went via Heidelberg to miss the traffic jam.

=We went via Heidelberg so that we could miss the fraffic jam.

作结果状语：

The French football team played so successfully that they even defeated the Bra zilians.

He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.

=He got to the station and was told that the train had gone.

3. 不带to 的不定式的使用

动词不定式通常带to ，但有些搭配中不带to ，在另一些搭配中可带to 可不带to 。归纳起来，以下情况下使用不带to 不定式：

1 ）在can/could, may/might, will/would, shall/should, must, need, dare 等情态动词之后，动词不定式不带to 。

2 ）在表示感觉意义的动词，如see, feel, watch, notice, smell, hear, observe 等后，或是表示“ 致使” 意义的动词，如have, let, make 等后，动词不定式不带to 。例如：I often heard him say that he would study hard.

I must have him see his own mistakes.

但是，当这类结构转移为被动语态时，后面的不带to 不定式一般转换为带to 不定式。

例如：He was often heard to say that be would study hard.

After he had finished the speaking, he was made to answer innumerable questio ns.

3 ）在动词help 之后可用不带to 和不定式，也可用带to 的不定式。例如：

help the old lady(to)carry the heavy box.

4 ）在had better, would rather, may/might as well, rather than, cannot but 等搭配之后，动词不定式也不带to 。例如：

Unless you feel too ill to go out, I would rather not stay at home tonight.

She could not but criticize his foolish behaviour.

5 ）在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go off, hear, say, hear tell, leave go of 等固定搭配中，用不带to 的动词不定式。例如：They let go off the rope 。他们松开了绳子。

John let fly a torrent of abuse at me 。约翰朝我痛骂了一顿。

I've heard tell of him 。我听说过他。

Some of the faculty were let go for lack of the students. 由于生源不足，一些教职员工被解雇了。

6 ）在介词but, except 之后，如果其前有动词do 的某种形式，其后不定式一般不带to ，反之则必须带to ，表示“ 不得不，只能” 。例如：

He will do anything except work on the farm.

There was nothing left for the enemy to do but surrender.

The spy was both hungry and cold; there was nothing left for him but to give i n.

I had no choice but to wait till it stopped raining.

下面一些短语是固定搭配，不带to ：

can not help but, can not choose but, can not but, do nothing but, have nothin g to do but 。例如：

I can not but admire his courage.

如果上述句中有do ，to 省略：

I did nothing but watch TV last night.

如果是下面一个固定搭配，就带to ：

I have no choice but to give up my idea.

7 ）紧跟在why 或why not 之后的动词不定式总是不带to 。但是，紧跟who, what,

which, whether 等连接词后的不定式带to 。例如：

Why stand up if you can sit down?

Why not ask your teacher when you don't understand the meaning?

You needn ' t decide yet whether to study arts or science.

4 不定式的完成式和进行式

1 ）构成

完成式：to+have done

进行式：to+be doing

2 ）用法

完成式：如果不定式所表示的动作（状态）发生在主要谓语动作之前，那么不定式就要用其完成式。

进行式：如果主要谓语动作（情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在发生，那么不定式就要用其进行式。例如：She feels relaxed to have finished writing her thesis be fore the deadline.

The Vikings are believed to have discovered America.

When you called me last night, I happened to be working on the computer.

5. 不定式的被动形式

当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动形式，包括它的一般式和完成式。例如：

The snow was supposed to have blown off the mountain.

6. 不定式的否定形式

否定形式是在不定式的标志to 前加not 。例如：

I decided not to ask him again.

Please remember not to leave the lights on when are out.

动名词

1. 动名词的形式

动名词是由动词原形+-ing 构成（如writing) ，有完成时态和被动语态（如having written, being written) 。

2. 动名词的用法

动名词通常在句中作主语和宾语。

1 ）动名词作主语

Going to the college is the little boy's dream.

Keeping studying hard will make you pass the exam.

2 ）动名词作宾语

有些动词后面只能带动名词作宾语，不能带不定式作宾语。此类动词常见的有：admi t, acknowledge, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider ,contemplate, defer, delay, d eny, detest, dislike ,ensure, enjoy, escape, excuse, evade, facilitate, fancy, favour, fi nish, forbid, imagine, include, keep, mind, miss, postpone, practise, resent, resist, ri sk, suggest, quit, worth 等。例如：

John was considering buying a new car.

I hope you didn't contemplate coming with us on this trip.

The witness denied having seen the accused man.

I would appreciate your keeping it a secret.

3) 某些短语后面只能接动名词，不能接不定式。

此类短语常见的有：be(get)used to be accustomed to, be dedicated to, be devot ed to, be busy, be committed to, be subject to, cannot help, cannot resist, cannot stand, confess to, feel like, give up, have trouble(in), have difficulty(in), have a goo d/have time(in), have fun(in), have an objection to, it is no good/use, keep on, insi st on, look forward to, object to , pay attention to, put off, resort to, succeed in 等。例如：

I cannot stand getting up early in the morning.

I have no difficulty(in) reaching the top of the mountain.

There is no use staying on.

I cannot resist (his)bargaining.

Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used to students' being late f or his lecture.

4 ）动词或短语后面也可以接动名词的被动形式。用主动形式还是被动形式，要根据包子的意思而定。例如：

Carlos just missed being caught.

That person wore dark glasses to avoid being recognized.

I object to being treated like a child.

3. 另一类动词后面可以带动名词作宾语，也可以带不定式作宾语。这类动词又可以分为两种：

1 ）带动名词作宾语与带不定式作宾语而意义无多大区别的动词

a ）在begin, cannot bear, cease, continue, dread, like, love, neglect, omit, propo se 等动词之后，如表示一般的行为，用动名词作宾语为多；如表示特定的或具体的动作，则不定式结构作宾语为多。例如：

I don't like swimming.

I don't like to swim this afternoon.

John prefers doing it his way.

John prefers to go outing tomorrow.

b ）在begin, start 等动词之后，如表示有意的动作，用动名词结构为多；如表示特定的或具体的动作，则用不定式结构作宾语为多。例如：

After some hesitation, he began speaking out his own opinion.

It has already begun to rain.

c ）在attempt, intend, plan 等动词之后，用不定式结构与动名词结构意义相同，但以用不定式较为常见。例如：

He intended to buy a new car.

He intended travelling abroad next summer.

d ）在encourage, permit, allow, recommend, advise, authoris

e 等动词之后，一般用动名词作宾语，或者用不定式作宾语补足语。即：

encourage/permit/allow/recommend/advise/

authorise+doing,encourage/permit/allow/recommend/

advise/authorise+somebody+to do

例如：

He advised going out for a walk.

He advised us to go out for a walk.

e ）在agree, decide 等动词之后，可以直接跟不定式结构，但如果跟动名词，则动词后必须加适当的介词。例如：

In the end the manager decided to double the advertising budget.

=In the end the manager decided on doubling the advertising budget.

f ）在need, want, require, deserve 等动词之后，可以用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义，这相当于不定式的被动形式。例如：

The house needs repairing.

=The house needs to be erpaired.

The disabled deserve respecting.

=The disabled decerve to be respected.

2 ）带动名词作宾语与带不定式作宾语而意义不同的动词

a ）动词remember, forget 后可以跟不定式或动名词，但意义有明显区别：跟动名词，其动作发生在“ 记得” 或“ 忘记” 的动作之前；跟不定式，其动作发生在“ 记得” 或“ 忘记” 的动作之后。试比较：

I remember posting this letter. 我记得这封信已寄出了。

I remember to post this letter in the afternoon. 我记得下午要将这封信寄走。

b ）动词regret 后可以跟不定式或动名词，但意义有明显区别：

regret doing: 为做过的事感到抱歉

regret to do ：为即将要做的事感到抱歉

试比较：I regret to say that I can not go with you after school.

I regret having criticised you seriously in class.

c ）动词try, mean, cannot help, use

d to 后跟不定式还是动名词，取决于这些词本身的含义。例如：

You should try to answer the questions by yourself.(Try to d 试着做某事)

We try using this new method.(Try doing ：试着做某事)

I meant to go to the exhibition but I forgot(mean to do ：打算做某事)

Success means working very hard.(mean doing: 意味着做某事)

I can't help apologizing.(cannot help doing: 忍不住做某事)

I can't help to apologize for him.(cannot help to d 不能帮助做某事)

Mr.Smith used to jog in the morning, but now he has stopped.(used to d 过去经常或总是干某事)

Inland canals are used to ship farm and factory goods to nearby towns.(be used to d 被用来干某事)

I am not used to getting up early in the morning.(be/get used to doing: 惯于干某事)

d ）动词stop, continue, go on, leav

e of

f 之后，通常用动名词结构作宾语，如果用不定式结构，则不是宾语而是目的状语，相当于in order to 。试比较：They stopped workin

g 。他们停止工作（来做其他事）。

They stopped to work 。他们停止（帮其他事）来工作。

The students went on reciting the text. 学生们继续背诵课文。

The students went on to recite the text. 学生们停下其他事，继续背诵课文。

She left off doing the housework. 她停止做家务（去干其他事）。

She left off to do the housework. 她停止（干其他事）来做家务。

4. 动名词的逻辑主语问题

动名词，顾名思义，具有名词的特点，即可以加物主代词和名词的属格来表示其逻辑主语（这时动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致）。如果动名词的逻辑主语就是句子主语，则前面不用加物主代词或名词的属格。例如：The watchman reported finding the door open.

=The watchman reported that he had found the door open.

此外，finding 的主语与主句主语一致，都是the watchman ，所以finding 前不加物主代词。

I appreciated very much your helping me through the tough period.

此处，helping 的主语是you ，而主语是I ，两者不一致，所以helping 前的物主代词your 不能省略。

一般说来，能带动名词作宾语的动词都可以根据语义意图在动名词之前加上或略去逻辑主语。但有些动词，如excuse, forgive, pardon 等，其后的动名词结构总是带有逻辑主语的。这些逻辑主语通常由名词或代词宾格表示，也可由名词属格或形容词性物主代词表示。例如：

I do mind people smoking in public places. （名词宾格作逻辑主语）

We don't understand him needing so much money. （代词宾格作逻辑主语）

I will never forgive his betraying me by breaking his promise. （物主代词作逻辑主语）

Mary excused the boy's upsetting the ink. （名词属格作逻辑主语）

前后呼应

1. 主谓一致的基本原则：

主谓一致有以下三条原则：

1) 语法一致原则，即在语法形式上取得一致。例如，主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。

The students are very young. This picture looks beautiful.

2) 意义一致原则，即从意义着眼处理一致关系。例如，主语形式虽是单数但意义是复数，

高考英语语法真题串讲课程讲义

高考英语语法题复习指导 目录 高考英语语法题复习指导 (3) 关于我 (3) 高考语法考题中最核心的6个语法考点 (3) 高考语法考题中的其他考点 (3) 第一节动词的时态语态 (3) “9+3”时态总结 (3) 9种核心时态的被动语态 (4) 被动语态举例 (5) 动词的时态语态解题步骤 (6) 现在完成时中常见时间副词 (6) 两个重要的完成时“信号” (6) 三组高考易混时态的对比 (6) 主动形式表示被动 (7) 不能用完成时的常见点动词： (8) 高考真题讲解（动词的时态语态） (8) 第二节非谓语动词 (21) 非谓语动词(不是谓语的动词)分类： (21) 中文与英语在句子上最大的差别： (21) 非谓语动词解题步骤： (21) 高考真题讲解（非谓语动词） (24) 第三节情态动词和虚拟语气 (34) 情态动词的四种情况总结 (34) 虚拟语气 (36) 三大从句高考考点串讲 (42) 句子的分类 (42) 第四节定语从句 (42) 定语从句解题步骤 (42) 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别 (44) 高考真题讲解（定语从句） (44) 第五节名词性从句 (49) 主语从句 (49) 宾语从句 (49) 同位语从句 (50)

高考真题讲解（名词性从句） (50) 第六节状语从句 (54) 表示时间的状语从句 (55) 表示地点的状语从句 (56) 表示原因的状语从句 (56) 表示条件的状语从句 (57) 表示目的、结果的状语从句 (58) 表示让步的状语从句 (58) 高考真题讲解（状语从句） (58) 第六节高考语法考题中的其他考点 (64) 形容词副词，比较级/最高级 (64) 介词 (66) 代词用法 (67) 冠词 (69) 词义辨析 (71) 特殊句型 (72) 交际用语 (74)

初中英语语法大全知识点总结

英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词 或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间 接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如： He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：

初中英语语法知识点总结

英语语法大全 初中英语语法学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .

10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。 如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)

六年级英语语法知识点汇总

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自考英语语法串讲

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二、题型分析 《现代英语语法》的考试题型包括五种：单项选择题、填空题、改错题、改写句子、简答题。 根据对近5年的试题进行分析，可以发现题型有变化，但总的题量没变，仍然是74个题目。 09年4月前（含09年4月）共7大题型： 一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 二、选择填空题（本大题共8小题，每小题2分，共16分） 如：21. were, was, had, animal, animals Small amounts of land ________ used for keeping ________. （该例选自0904） 三、填空题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） A. Fill in the blank with assertive, non-assertive or negative words: 29. I think I’ve lost that green scarf of mine; I can’t find it ________. B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verb or verb phrase given: 34. It is time we ________ (think) about drawing up a detailed plan for the project. 四、改错题(本大题共8小题，每小题1分，共8分) 五、改句（本大题共13小题，每小题2分，共26分）Rewrite the following sentences as required. 六、名词解释（本大题共2小题，每小题2分，共4分）Define the following terms with examples. 七、简答题（本大题共3小题，每小题2分，共6分）Answer the following questions. 10年4月开始（含1004）共五大题型： 一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 二、填空题(本大题共28小题，共36分) Section A. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words given in the group.（共8小题，每小题2分，共16分） Section B. Fill in the blanks with the words given in brackets. Make changes where necessary. （共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 三、改错题（本大题共l 2小题，每小题1分,共12分） 四、改句题（本大题共1 2小题，每小题2分，共24分） 五、简答题（本大题共2小题，每小题4分，共8分） 从以上题型变化分析，我们可以看出1004把09年4月（前）的第二、三题合成了一个大题，并且少了名词解释的题型，因此总的题型少了两个。 学员答题时要注意以下两点：

(语法专攻)高考英语 高频语法串讲 介词

一.概念: 介词表示它后面的名词或相当于名词的其他结构与句中其他成分的关系. 二.相关知识点精讲 1.表示地点位置的介词 1)at ,in, on, to at (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示“在……附近，旁边” in (1)表示在大地方; (2)表示“在…范围之内”。 on 表示毗邻，接壤 to 表示在……范围外，不强调是否接壤 He arrived at the station at ten. He is sitting at the desk. He arrived in Shanghai yesterday. Jiangsu lies in t he east of China. Russia lies on the north of China. Fujian is to the south of Jiangsu Provinc e. 2)above, over, on 在……上 above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直，与 below相对； over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。on表示某物体上面并与之接触。 The bird is flying above my head. There is a bridge over the river. He put his watch on the desk. 3)below, under 在……下面 under表示在…正下方

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