09博士英语卷doc
中南林业科技大学
招收2009年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题(A)
Paper One
Part I Reading Comprehension (30%)
Directions: In this part, there are six short passages. Read the passages carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the
four choices marked A, B, C or D, and mark the corresponding letter on
your Answer Sheet.
Passage One
How fast is your personal computer? When people ask this question, they are typically referring to the frequency of a minuscule inside the computer, a crystal oscillator (晶体振荡器) that sets the basic rhythm used throughout the machine. In a computer with a speed of one gigahertz (千兆赫), for example, the crystal “ticks”a billion times a second. Every action of the computer takes place in tiny steps, each a billionth of a second long. A simple transfer of data may take only one step; complex calculations may take many steps. All operations, however, must begin and according to the clock’s timing signals.
Because most modern computers use a single rhythm, we call them synchronous. Inside the computer’s microprocessor chip, a clock distribution system delivers the timing signals from the crystal oscillator to the various circuits, just as sound in air delivers the beat of drum to soldiers to set their marching pace. Because all parts of the chip share the same rhythm, the output of any circuit from one step can serve as the input to any other circuit for the next step. The synchronization provided by the clock helps chip designers plan sequences of actions for the computer.
The use of a central clock also creates problems. As speeds have increased, distributing the timing signals has become more and more difficult. Present-day transistors can process data so quickly that they can accomplish several steps in the time that it takes a wire to carry a signal from one side of the chip to the other. Keeping the rhythm identical in all parts of a large chip requires careful design and a great deal of electrical power. Wouldn’t it be nice to have an alternative?
Our research group at Sun Microsystems Laboratories seeks such alternatives. Along with several other groups worldwide, we are investigating ways to design computing systems in which each part can proceed at its own pace instead of depending on the rhythm of a central clock. We call such systems asynchronous. Each part of an asynchronous system may extent or shorten the timing of its steps when walking across rough terrain.
1.What determines the rhythm of the personal computer?
A. An alarming clock
B. A crystal oscillator
C. Complex calculations
D. The clock’s timing signals
2.Why does the author mention sound in air in the second paragraph?
A.To illustrate the timing signals are delivered in a similar way sound travels in
air.
B.To show us that timing signals’ speed can be as fast as that of sound.
C.Because the wave of timing signals is similar to the sound wave.
D.Because sound is delivered by timing signals.
3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a disadvantage of the use of a central clock?
A. Distributing the timing signals is more difficult when speeds are higher.
B. It has to take a wire to carry a signal from one side of the chip to the other.
C. Careful design is necessary to keep the rhythm identical in all parts of a large
chip.
D.A great deal of electrical power is required to a whole chip synchronous.
4. The word “alternative” means_________.
A. method
B. substitute
C. answer
D. machine
5. We can infer from the article that __________.
A.the structure of an asynchronous system is different from that of a
synchronous system
B.the central clock sets the rhythm of parts of an asynchronous system
C.each part of an asynchronous system can change the rhythm of the central
clock
D.searching for a better replacement for the synchronous system is an
international problem
Passage Two
Among the more colorful characters of Leadville’s golden age were H.A.W.Tabor and his second wife, Elizabeth McCourt, better known as “Baby Doe”. Their history is fast becoming one of the legends of the Old West. Horace Austin Warner Tabor was a school teacher in Vermont. With his first wife and two children he left Vermont by covered wagon in 1855 to homestead in Kansas. Perhaps he did not find farming to his liking, or perhaps he was lured by rumors of fortunes to be made in Colorado mines. At any rate, a few years later he moved west to the small Colorado mining camp known as California Gulch, which he later renamed Leadville when he became its leading citizen. “Great deposits of lead are sure to be found here.” he said.
As it turned out, it was silver, not lead, that was to make Leadville’s fortune and wealth. Tabor knew little about mining himself, so he opened a general store, which sold everything from boots to salt, flour, and tobacco. It was his custom to “grubstake” prospective miners,in other words, to supply them with food and supplies, or “grub”, while they looked for more, in return for which he would get a share in the mine if one was discovered. He did this for a number of years, but no one that he aided ever found anything of value.
Finally one day in the year 1878, so the story goes, two miners came in and asked for “grub”. Tabor had decided to quit supplying it because he had lost too much money that way. These were persistent, however, and Tabor was too busy to argue with them. “Oh help yourself.One more time won’t make any difference,” He said
and went on selling shoes and hats to other customers. The two miners took $17 worth of supplies, in return for which they gave Tabor a one-third interest in their findings. They picked a barren place on the mountainside and began to dig. After nine days they struck a rich vein of silver. Tabor bought the shares of the other two men, and so the mine belonged to him alone. This mine, known as the “Pittsburgh Mine,” made 1300 000 for Tabor in return for his $17 investment.
Later Tabor bought the Matchless Mine on another barren hillside just outside the town for $117 000.This turned out to be even more fabulous than the Pittsburgh, yielding $35 000 worth of silver per day at one time. Leadville grew. Tabor became its first mayor, and later became lieutenant governor of the state.
6. Leadville got its name for the following reasons EXCEPT .
A. because Tabor became its leading citizen
B. because great deposits of lead is expected to be found there
C. because it could bring good fortune to Tabor
D. because it was renamed
7. The word “grubstake” in paragraph 2 means .
A. to supply miners with food and supplies
B. to open a general store
C. to do one’s contribution to the development of the mine
D. to supply miners with food and supplies and in return get a share in the mine, if
one was discovered.
8. Tabor made his first fortune.
A. by supplying two prospective miners and getting in return a one-third interest in
the findings
B. because he was persuaded by the two miners to quit supplying
C. by buying the shares of the other
D. as a land speculator
9. The underlying reason for Tabor’s life career is____.
A. purely accidental
B. based on the analysis of miner’s being very poor and their possibility of
discovering profitable mining site
C. through the help from his second wife
D. he planned well and accomplished targets step by step
10.If this passage is the first part of an article,who might be introduced in the following part?
A. Tabor’s life.
B. Tabor’s second wife, Elizabeth McCourt.
C. Other colorful characters.
D. Tabor’s other careers.
Passage Three
Human cloning (克隆) technology could be used to reverse heart attacks. Scientists believe that they may be able to treat heart attack victims by cloning their healthy heart cells and injecting them into the areas of the heart that have been
damaged, and other problems may be solved if human cloning and its technology are not forbidden. With cloning, infertile couples could have children. Current treatments for infertility, in terms of percentages (百分比), are not very successful. Couples go through physically and emotionally painful procedures for a small chance of having children. Many couples run out of time and money without successfully having children. Human cloning could make it possible for more infertile couples to have children than ever before. We should be able to clone the bone marrow (骨髓) for children and adults suffering from leukemia (白血病). This is expected to be one of the first benefits to come from cloning technology. We may learn how to switch cells on and off through cloning and thus be able to cure cancer.
Cloning technology can be used to test for and perhaps cure gene-related diseases. The above is just a few examples of what human cloning technology can do for mankind. This new technology promises unprecedented advancement in medicine if people will release their fears and let the benefits begin.
11. Heart attacks can be treated with human cloning technology by ____.
A. removing the damaged part of the heart
B. replacing the old heart with a cloned one
C. repairing the heart with cells cloned from healthy ones
D. giving the patients injections of various medicines
12. The word “infertile” (Line 1, Para. 2) most probably means “____”.
A. unable to give birth to a child
B. with physical and emotional problems
C. short of time and money
D. separated from each other for long
13. According to the passage, one of the first expected benefits from cloning
technology may be in ____.
A. the treatment of heart attacks
B. the bearing of babies
C. the cure of blood diseases
D. the detection of gene-related diseases
14. Cancer may be cured with the cloning technology by ____.
A. attacking the diseased cells with healthy ones
B. controlling the growth of the cells
C. detecting disordered genes in the cancel cells
D. activating cancer cells by switching them on
15. According to the writer, the main problem with the development of human cloning
technology is that ____.
A. it may be out of human control
B. it has brought about few benefits so far
C. people still know little about it
D. people are afraid of such technology
Passage Four
Most of us grow up taking certain things for granted. We tend to assume that
experts and religious leaders tell us “the truth”. We tend to believe that things advertised on television or in newspapers can’t be bad for us.
However, encouragement of critical thinking in students is one of the goals of most colleges and universities. Few professors require students to share the professors’ own beliefs. In general, professors are more concerned that students learn to question and critically examine the arguments of others, including some of their own beliefs or values. This does not mean that professors insist that you change your beliefs, either. It does mean, however, that professors will usually ask you to support the views you express in class or in your writing.
If your premises (前提)are shaky, or if your arguments are not logical, professors personally point out the false reasoning in your arguments. Most professors want you to learn to recognize the premises of your arguments, to examine whether you really accept these premises, and to understand whether or not you draw logical conclusions. Put it this way: Professors don’t tell you what to think; they try to teach you how to think.
On the other hand, if you intend to disagree with your professors in class, you should be prepared to offer a strong argument in support of your ideas. Arguing just for the sake of arguing usually does not promote a critical examination of ideas. Many professors interpret it as rudeness.
16. In the first paragraph, the writer tries to tell us that people ____.
A. easily accept certain things without a second thought
B. grow up through learning certain things in life
C. are forming their views during their growth
D. have strong beliefs in authorities while getting old
17. Nowadays, most colleges and universities encourage students to ____.
A. criticize others
B. share professors’ beliefs
C. give their own ideas
D. change their own beliefs
18. The word “shaky” (Line l, Para.3) most probably means“____”.
A. creative
B. firm
C. false
D. weak
19. To help students develop their critical thinking, professors mainly teach them
____.
A. choice of their premises
B. the way to think independently
C. skills of drawing conclusions
D. different kinds of argument
20. According to the writer, the right way to argue is to ____.
A. argue mainly for the sake of arguing
B. prove it with a good conclusion
C. support your idea with sound reasoning
D. examine others’ ideas critically
Passage Five
Extinction has recently become a catchword（时髦话）. Every day entire species of plants and animal die out ,and for the first time in history this is due to the actions of just one species: humans. We already know about five mass extinctions ,and now a sixth seems to be under way. This one is different, because it is man-made. Deforestation（毁林）of the rain forests is just one aspect of the phenomenon. Most people may have heard about that, but few people know that most of the species existing in the rain forests have never been described by science. Often they die out before we ever know they existed. Nobody can tell what treasures we lose, perhaps a cure for cancer or other modern-day diseases.
World-famous Harvard professor Edward O. Wilson examines life on our planet in his book The Diversity（多样性）of Life. He doesn’t lecture his readers, but states in a mater-of-fact way what is known about the Earth’s past and the impact of mankind on its plant and animal life. Meanwhile, he suggests solutions for the present crisis.
If you are interested in the future of planet Earth and want to learn to see the bigger pictures, this is the book for you. This is no light bedtime reading and will probably leave you feeling uneasy. However, it’s important for people living in the 21st century to think about how we can pass at least part of this diversity on to our children. Recent research shows the Earth needs about 10 million years to restore the lost diversity of species after a great crisis. Ten million years are not much in terms of the life of a planet, bu t the period is way too long for mankind. Wilson’s book should help us to start a process of reconsideration.
21.Judging from the context,what does the word “extinction”(Line 1,Para 1)mean?
A. Death of many plants and animals
B. Deforestation of the rain forest
C. killing of will animals by man
D. Dying out of an entire species.
22. In what sense is the present mass extinction different from the five previous ones?
A. It is large in scale .
B. The lost diversity can never be restored.
C. It threatens the very existence of humans.
D. It is caused by man.
23. Why should people be concerned about extinction?
A. Because the dying species can cure cancer and other diseases.
B. Because the dying species may be of great value to humans.
C. Because it may lead to great climate changes on earth.
D. Because many existing species have not yet been studied.
24. It can be inferred from the passage that ___.
A. every plant or animal is described in the book The Diversity of Life
B. there are now more species on our planet than before
C. many species lived and died without ever being noticed by man
D. without man’s interference every species would have survived.
25. What is the chief purpose of Edward O. Wilson in writing the book The Diversity
of Life?
A. To aro use readers’ interest in the history of our planet.
B. To provide readers with some interesting bedtime reading.
C. To remind us of the urgency of preserving the diversity of life.
D. To help specialists do research on plant and animal life.
Passage Six
It was a cold, rainy and wholly miserable afternoon in Washington, and a hot muggy night in Miami. It was Sunday, and three games were played in the two cities. The people playing them and the people watching them tell us much about the ever changing ethnic structure of the United States.
Professional football in the United States is almost wholly played by native born American citizens, mostly very large and very strong, many of them black. It is a game of physical strength. Linemen routinely weigh more than 300 pounds. Players are valued for their weight and muscles, for how fast they can run, and how hard they can hit each other. Football draws the biggest crowds, but the teams play only once a week, because they get so battered.
The 67,204 fans were in Miami for the final game of the baseball World Series. Baseball was once America’s favorite game, but has lost that claim to basketball. Baseball is a game that requires strength, but not hugeness. Agility, quickness, perfect vision and quick reaction are more important than pure strength. Baseball was once a purely American game, but has spread around much of the New World. In that Sunday’s final, the final hit of the extra inning game was delivered by a native of Columbia. The Most Valuable Player in the game was a native of Cuba. The rosters of both teams were awash with Hispanic names, as is Miami, which now claims the World Championship is a game that may be losing popularity in America, but has gained it in much of the rest of the world. Baseball in America has taken on a strong Hispanic flavor, with a dash of Japanese added for seasoning.
Soccer, which many countries just call football, is the most widely enjoyed sport in the world, In soccer, which many countries just call football, the ethnic tide has been the reverse of baseball’s. Until recently, professional soccer in the United Stat es have largely been an import, played by South Americans and Europeans. Now, American citizens in large numbers are finally taking up the most popular game in the world.
Basketball, an American invention increasingly played around the world, these days draws large crowds back home. Likewise, hockey, a game largely imported to the United States from neighbouring. Canada. Lacrosse, a version of which was played by Native Americans before the Europeans arrived, is also gaining a keen national following. Sports of all kinds are winning support from American armchair enthusiasts from a variety of ethnic backgrounds.
26. Which of the following can reflect the ever changing ethnic structure of America?
A. Sportsman.
B. Audience.
C. Both of them.
D. None of them.
27. Who play professional football in the United States?
A. Native born American citizens.
B. Europeans.
C. South Americans.
D. Both B and C.
28. What is America’s favourite game?
A. Baseball.
B. Basketball.
C. Professional football.
D. Soccer.
29. Which of the following statements about soccer is true?
A. In soccer and basketball, the ethnic tide is different.
B. Until recently, soccer becomes an important game, so many native Americans
play it.
C. It is the most popular game in the world, so many American citizens take up it.
D. Although soccer is the most popular game in the world, American citizens in
large numbers do not like it first.
30. The author of the passage wants to tell that ____.
A. Americans like sports and sports reveal much about the changing ethnic
structure of the United States
B. in Washington, several games are played in one day
C. Americans like all kinds of games
D. the American games are watched by native Americans and played by people
from different countries
Part II Cohesion Recognition (10%)
Directions:There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has one word or a set of words underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases
marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in
meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter on your
Answer Sheet.
31.The intense competition between the different members of a plant community is at first difficult to credit.
A. accept
B. believe
C. think
D. imagine
32. Turbulent motions also disperse plant seeds, viruses, and other organisms throught
the troposphere.
A.scatter
B. spout
C. sow
D. strew
33. Juanita blinked as darkness gave way to a bright light directed into her eyes.
A. twinkled
B. glittered
C. flashed
D. winked
34.We are satisfied that no disease manifested itself during that long voyage.
A. showed
B. preserved
C. relaxed
D. verified
35. After all, his work was the important thing; besides it all else was trivial.
A. meaningless
B. weak
C. insignificant
D. unexpected
36.The children have just heaved a brick through my window while I am reading
nearby.
A. passed
B. m anipulated
C. laid
D. thrown
37. What is worse, he cloaked his evil purpose under friendly words.
A. concealed
B. revealed
C. substituted
D. proclaimed
38. I found that viewing the film was a tedious experience.
A. fractious
B. cautious
C. tiresome
D. dubious
39. The city center comes alive on Friday night.
A. comes live
B. comes lively
C. comes to live
D. comes alive
40. Early endeavours to predict cyclone development from synoptic charts relied
hevily upon the analysis of surface fronts.
A. reproaches
B. approaches
C. effects
D. attempts
Part III Vocabulary and Structure (20%)
Directions:In this section,each sentence has something omitted. Choose the word or phrase from the four choices given to best complete each sentence.
41. Here is one of the most interesting novels that _____ been published _____ the
war.
A. has ... after
B. have ... after
C. have ... since
D. has ... since
42. His extravagance reduced him _____ for his living.
A. to beg
B. from begging
C. to begging
D. into begging
43. How close parents are to their children _____ a strong influence on the character
of the children.
A. has
B. have
C. having
D. to have
44. I appreciate _____ to your home.
A. to be invited
B. to have invited
C. being invited
D. having invited
45. Mark does not take his school work seriously. _____,no one expects a
millionaire’s son to work hard.
A. However
B. Conversely
C. But then
D. Nevertheless
46.The _____ breakdowns of the computer has caused serious delays in our work.
A. continued
B. continual
C. continuous
D. continuing
47. In these remote villages, women are _____ the opportunity of having a career.
A. invaded
B. denied
C. reserved
D. disrupted
48.The Japanese are thought to be _____ the tribes from the north of China.
A. descended from
B. evolved from
C. descended
D. originated
49.Members of the club steer _____ of controversial issues such as religion.
A. out
B. clear
C. away
D. clean
50. I could fully understand the lecture, because the speaker made a number of ____
distinctions.
A. perceivable
B. subtle
C. sensational
D. sensual
51. If your job is stressful, it is good to do something in the evenings to ___ your
mind ___ your work.
A. take; off
B. take; away
C. take; off
D. take; up
52.The corporation has run into trouble and it seems to be ____ the edge of
bankruptcy.
A. at
B. by
C. on
D. along
53.How does the story _____ you?
A. struck
B. strike
C. stride
D. stress
54. Since he has got a sore throat, I will _____ to present the conference.
A. stand for
B. replace for
C. stand in for
D. place for
55.He is such smug, but in fact he is of no more than an _____ origin.
A. affluent
B. fluent
C. influential
D. ample
56.Could you please give us a brief historical ____ on suffering to be beautiful?
A. respective
B. aspect
C. perspective
D. prospect
57. They _____ such a big van _____ the price of gas would skyrocket.
A. would have bought; if they knew
B. wouldn’t have bought; had they known
C. wouldn’t have bought; if had they known
D. wouldn’t have bought; did they know
58. When workers are organized in the trade unions, employers find it hard to lay
them ______.
A. off
B. aside
C. out
D. down
59. They made a _______ report covering all the major problems in the project.
A. comprehensive
B. apprehensive
C. ridiculous
D. practical
60.They had a quarrel with my brother yesterday. ______ come?
A. why
B. where
C. what
D. how
Part IV Cloze (10%)
Directions:R ead the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for each blank in the passage. Market the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.
Scientists can determine someone’s favorite food from their body shape. They discovered that the arrangement of taste buds on the tongue 61 for different body types. The scientist team examined 1,000 British adults and divide them into three 62 recognized body types: ectomorphs, endomorphs and mesomorphs. They determined that a person’s body type indicated 63 they were likely to have the most taste buds— on the sweet, bitter or salty areas of their tongue.
The study showed that ectomorphs, who 64 one in three of the population, usually have a small delicate shape, have a sweet 65 but hate bitter foods. Mesomorphs, who make up 20 percent of the population, usually have a muscular shape and prefer salty or bitter foods but dislike sweet foods. Half the British population are endomorphs with soft, rounded bodies, and they like most foods. The findings showed that for two in three people food 66 was a physiological 67 a psychological choice.
Body shape expert Simon Bradshaw, who 68 charges of this team, said, “It appears that simply by looking at an individual’s body shape we can make 69 about their taste preferences.” But Catherine Collins, a member of the British Dietetic Association said, “It is different to say whether our body shape dictates the food we like, or the food we like dictates our body shape.”It 70 to reason people who prefer most types of foods will be fatter and people who are the endomorph shape tend to find it more difficult to lose weight.
61. A. changes B. alters C. varies D. converts
62. A. physiologically B. psychologically C. physiological D. psychological
63. A. whether B. that C. where D. how
64. A. are made up of B. are composed of C. constitute D. consist of
65.A. tip B. tooth C. tongue D. mouth
66. A. liking B. likeness C. preference D. interest
67. A. and also B. than C. or rather D. rather than
68. A. takes B. makes C. gives D. does
69. A. consumption B. resumption C. assumption D. assurance
70. A. makes B. stands C. sits D. works
Paper Two
Part V Translation (15%)
Directions:Put the following sentences into English. Write your English version in the proper space on Answer Sheet.
71.工业和车辆向大气排放大量的废气，造成了严重的空气污染。（2%）
72.我们研究所目前正在进行基础性的研究工作，但我们既不能忽视应用性的研
究，也不能忽视开发性的研究。（3%）
73.离婚现象对儿童的不良影响已成为美国社会普遍关注的问题。（3%）
74.这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批的人才。（2%）
75.中国科学院宣布了首批对国内外开放的17个研究实验室和研究所。我们认
为，这一措施对促进国内外科技人员和学术思想的交流，对于加强国内外科研机构和科学家之间的联系，都是十分必要的。（5%）
Part VI Writing (15%)
You should spend about 20minutes on this task.
You are due to start a new job next week but you will not be able to
because you have some problems.
Write a letter to your new employer. In your letter
●Explain your situation
●Describe your problems
●Tell him/her when you think you can start.
You should writr at least 120 words.
You do NOT need to write your own address.
Begin your letter as follows:
Dear……. ,
小学六年级英语毕业试卷及答案
小学六年级英语毕业试卷及答案听力部分(共30分) ( )1. A.wash B.washed C.washing D.washed ( )2. A. happy B.excited C. tired D.angry ( )3. A.tall B.taller C.short D.shorter ( )4. A.go B.went C.want D.goes ( )5. A.big B.biger C.bigger D.strong 二、听问句选答语：5分 ( ) 1. A.I’m fine. B.I’m nine. C.I’m 50kg. ( ) 2. A.The elephant. B. The cat. ( ) 3. A.I’m angry B.I have a headache. C. I feel sick. ( ) 4. A.Yes, I do. B.Yes, I did. C.No,I did. ( ) 5. A.It’s black. B.It’s a clock. C.It’s four o’clock. 三、听短文判断正误：10分 ( ) 1. Jenny’s family was very busy last weekend. ( ) 2. Jenny cleaned the floor yesterday. ( ) 3. Bob washed his clothes. ( ) 4. Father cooked supper. ( ) 5. Mother read a newspaper. 四.听短文补全对话：10分 Today was a fun day. I______my_________, then I _____to Amy’s home in the morning. we ______a story book, then we ______to a park by______. We __________some elephants and _______a_______, we took some________. We were__________. 笔试部分 一、按要求写词语：10分 one (序数词) longer (反义词) thin (比较级)
2019-2020年小学六年级毕业考试英语试卷
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医学博士英语作文模板
一般来说博士的英语作文一般都是给阐述或陈述问题的文章写摘要，如“吃早餐有利于身体健康”、“吸烟有害健康”、“中国大学生越来越能接受心理咨询”、或“医疗体制的现状”等等这样文章，可使用以下的模版： 陈述问题型文章，分三种类型： 一、正面陈述问题 “吃早餐有利于身体健康”就是只从正面陈述问题； 二、负面陈述问题 如“吸烟有害健康”这样的文章，就是一般只说明吸烟是有害的，只说负面影响。 三、客观的陈述问题（正负面都有的） 如“医疗体制的现状”等问题，因为这样的文章有好也有坏的方面，也就是有正面也有负面的问题。又如04年的博士论文，就是对医院问题的陈述，文章分别从洋医院、民营医院和公立医院几个方面来阐述，分别说明这几种医院各自的优点和缺点，所以这样的文章就是典型的客观陈述事实的文章。 首先看看是什么样的文章，再确定用什么模版来套用。（各个类型我都做一套模版） 但是不管是哪个类型的文章都不外乎这几个步骤，切记，不要觉得无所谓啊！！！！ 一般这个题目可以和中文标题的翻译一样，应该是陈述性的词组，用“of”、“and”或“N 词组加介词短语” (1) 如文章是陈述的一个事情或问题，那就用什么的什么（sth1of sth2） 如中国医疗体系的现状：The State of Arts of Chinese Medical Care System 或医疗制度的改革：Reform of Chinese Medical Care System (2) 讲到一个负面的问题，一般都是和健康有关系的，就可以说sth1and Health 如吸烟和健康，早餐和健康等等 （3）如果本文只讲到了一件事情，那么可以用介词短语 如A Blind Zone in Child-nutrition, (小孩营养问题的盲区) 等等 注意：1、第一个词和所有的实词大写，介词和冠词（The, a an）等虚词小写 2、最好要是陈述性的词组，除非原文的标题本来是疑问句 既然是写文章的总结（summary），那么首先需要浏览全文，我感觉这些文章都已经把条理给整理清楚了，那么基本可以确定大概的几条，在试卷上把重要的部分用笔划出来；还可以把序号打上，说明一共有几点。注意：1、不用划记细节描写的语句，而用文章中陈述性的语句。一般来说主题句都是陈述性的语句。如讲到公费医疗体系的问题，你不要去划记那些中国的公立医院有多少，增长了多少的句子，而应该着重看陈述性的主题句是怎么说的，如果说有了大幅度的增长你就要知道这句话是最重要的句子。(切记：除非本文就是讲数据，而且目的在于测试考生们数据增长、减少等句型的话，那么就要用数据说明问题了) 这个问题是最重要的，也就是文章讲了什么 文章的框架： 文章字数是200，那么大约是11-13句左右的样子。
英语专业本科毕业论文撰写规范
附件一： 英语专业毕业论文格式要求 一、论文组成 本科毕业论文（设计）（以下简称为毕业论文）由封面、成绩评定表、内容摘要、关键词、目录、正文、参考文献、附录等八部分组成。毕业论文装订按以下顺序进行：封面、成绩评定表、中文内容摘要、英文内容摘要、目录、正文、注释、参考文献、附录。（每位学生定稿论文，按统一要求装订1份）。 二、排版与字体 毕业论文的文字图形一律从左至右横写横排。文字一律通栏编辑。字迹必须清楚，忌用异体字、复合字及一切不规范的简化字。除非必要，不要使用繁体字。 毕业论文文字、标点必须符合出版要求。正文标题为小二号粗黑体；正文内第一级标题用三号黑体，居中上下空一行；第二级标题用小三号黑体，靠左空两个字符，上下空一行；第三级标题用四号黑体，靠左空两个字符，不空行；正文用小四号宋体，行距为固定值20磅；图题及图中文字原则上用五号宋体。 中文“内容摘要”标题四字用三号粗黑体，其正文用四号宋体。英文内容摘要即“Abstract”标题词用三号Times New Roman字体加粗，其正文用Times New Roman四号。中英文摘要正文均以空两格格式开始行文。中文的“关键词”和英文的“Key words”分别用黑体四号和Times New Roman四号，并加粗左对齐。正文分别用四号宋体和四号Times New Roman。中文“内容摘要”正文要求300个汉字以内。英文内容摘要（“Abstract”）正文要求300个英文词左右。 注释和参考文献标题用粗三号，居中上下空一行。中文注释和参考文献正文用五号宋体。英文注释和参考文献正文用Times New Roman五号。 毕业论文中的英文均采用Times New Roman字体，其字体号与其相应的部分（注：正文、注释等）一致。注意文中代表变量的英文