双语课程习题集
《国际金融学》（双语）课程习题集
目录
CHAPTER 12: NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING AND THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS . 3 CHAPTER 13: EXCHANGE RATES AND THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET: AN ASSET APPROACH (8)
CHAPTER 14: MONEY, INTEREST RATES, AND EXCHANGE RATES (16)
CHAPTER 15: PRICE LEVELS AND THE EXCHANGE RATE IN THE LONG RUN (20)
CHAPTER 16: OUTPUT AND THE EXCHANGE RATE IN THE SHORT RUN (26)
CHAPTER 17: FIXED EXCHANGE RATES AND FOREIGN EXCHANGE INTERVENTION (35)
CHAPTER 18: THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM, 1870 – 1973 (43)
CHAPTER 19: MACROECONOMIC POLICY AND COORDINATION UNDER FLOATING EXC HANGE RATES (49)
CHAPTER 20: OPTIMUM CURRENCY AREAS AND THE EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE (54)
Chapter 12: National Income Accounting and the Balance of Payments
Multiple Choice Questions
1. A country’s gross national product (GNP) is
A. the value of all final goods and services produced by its factors of production and
sold on the market in a given time period.
B. the value of all intermediate goods and services produced by its factors of
production and sold on the market in a given time period.
C. the value of all final goods produced by its factors of production and sold on the
market in a given time period.
D. the value of all final goods and services produced by its factors of production and
sold on the market.
E. the value of all final goods and services produced by its factors of production,
excluding land, and sold on the market in a given time period.
Answer: A
2. GDP is supposed to measure
A. the volume of production within a country’s borders.
B. the volume of services generated within a country’s borders.
C. the volume of production of a country’s output.
D. GNP plus depreciation.
E. None of the above.
Answer: A
3. GNP equals GDP
A. minus net receipts of factor income from the rest of the world.
B. plus receipts of factor income from the rest of the world.
C. minus receipts of factor income from the rest of the world.
D. plus net receipts of factor income from the rest of the world.
E. None of the above.
Answer: D
4. In open economies,
A. saving and investment are necessarily equal.
B. as in a closed economy, saving and investment are not necessarily equal.
C. saving and investment are not necessarily equal as they are in a closed economy.
D. saving and investment are necessarily equal contrary to the case of a closed economy.
E. None of the above.
Answer: C
5. Which one of the following expressions is the most accurate?
A. CA = EX – IM.
B. CA = IM – EX.
C. CA=EX=IM.
D. CA = EX + IM.
E. None of the above.
Answer: A
6. A country’s current account
A. balance equals the change in its net foreign wealth.
B. balance equals the change in its foreign wealth.
C. surplus equals the change in its foreign wealth.
D. deficit equals the change in its foreign wealth.
E. None of the above.
Answer: A
7. The CA is equal to
A. Y – (C-I+G).
B. Y + (C+I+G).
C. Y – (C+I+G).
D. Y – (C+I-G).
E. Y – (C+I+G) = -CA, (i.e., minus the CA).
Answer: C
8. For open economies,
A. S = I.
B. S = I +CA.
C. S = I – CA.
D. S > I + CA.
E. S < I + CA.
Answer: B
9. An open economy
A. can save only by building up its capital stock.
B. can save only by acquiring foreign wealth.
C. cannot save either by building up its capital stock or by acquiring foreign wealth.
D. can save either by building up its capital stock or by acquiring foreign wealth.
E. None of the above.
Answer: D
10. In an open economy, private saving, S p , is equal to
A. I - CA + (G - T).
B. I + CA - (G - T).
C. I + CA + (G - T).
D. I - CA - (G - T).
E. I + CA + (G + T).
Answer: C
11. Every international transaction automatically enters the balance of payments
A. once either as a credit or as a debit.
B. twice, once as a credit and once as a debit.
C. once as a credit.
D. twice, both times as debit.
E. None of the above.
Answer: B
Essay Questions
1. Discuss the effects of government deficits on the current account.
Answer:
A hard and difficult issue.
During the Reagan administration, the creation of twin deficits, whereby slashing taxes, government deficits increased, which was accompanied with increased current account deficits. Using the identity CA = Private Saving - I - (G – T), one can see that if private
savings and I are constants, an increase in the deficit, namely an increase in (G – T), necessarily increases the CA deficits by the same magnitude.However, government
budget deficit may change both private savings and investment, thus avoiding a creation
of the twin deficits.
An example is the European countries reducing their budget deficits just prior to the introduction of the euro in January 1999. Now, under the “twin deficits: theory,” one
would have expected the EU’s current account surpluses to increase. This has never happened. The main reason was sharp reduction in private saving rates.
A good answer should discuss Ricardian equivalence, which argues that when the government cut taxes and raises its deficit, consumers anticipate that they will face
higher taxes later to pay for the resulting government debt. In anticipation, they raise
their own private saving to offset the fall in government saving. In addition, one should mention wealth effect in anticipation of one Europe, assets prices increased, lowering
private saving rates.
2. “The balance of payments is always balanced.” Discuss.
Answer: True. Every international transaction automatically enters the balance of payments twice,
once as a credit and once as a debit.
Current account + financial account + capital account = 0
3. “The balance of payments accounts seldom balance in practice.” Discuss.
Answer: True. The main reasons are due to the fact that data collected or received from different sources may differ in coverage, accuracy, and timing. In addition, data on services are
not
as reliable as data from the financial account. Moreover, accurate measurements of international interest and dividend receipts are particularly difficult.
Quantitative/Graphing Problems
1. Assume
C = 40 + 0.8(Y – T) G =10
I = 20
T = 0, where T are taxes.
A. Calculate Y at equilibrium.
Answer: Y = C + I + G
Y = 350
B. Calculate C, I, and G at equilibrium.
Answer: C = 40 + 0.8 Y = 320
I = 20
G = 10
C. Now assume,
EX = 5 + 4EP*/P
IM = 10 + 0.1 (Y – T) – 3EP*/P E =3
P* = 1.5
P = 2
Find equilibrium Y
Answer: Y = 269.1667
2. What can one learn from the following figure?
Answer:
The figure shows the U.S. current account and net foreign wealth from 1977 until 1996.
It shows that a string of current account deficits in the 1980s reduced America’s net foreign wealth until, by the end 1996, the country had accumulated a substantial net foreign debt. In 1987 the country became a net debtor to foreigners for the first time since World War I.
Chapter 13: Exchange Rates and the Foreign Exchange Market: An AssetApproach
Multiple Choice Questions
1. How many British pounds would it cost to buy a pair of American designer jeans
costing $45 if the exchange rate is 1.60 dollars per British pound?
A. 38.125 British pounds
B. 28.125 British pounds
C. 48.125 British pounds
D. 58.125 British pounds
E. 18.125 British pounds
Answer: B
2. What is the exchange rate between the dollar and the British pound if a pair of
American jeans costs 50 dollars in New York and 100 pounds in London?
A. 1.5 dollars per British pound
B. 0.5 dollars per British pound
C. 2.5 dollars per British pound
D. 3.5 dollars per British pound
E. 2 dollars per British pound
Answer: B
3. When a country’s currency depreciates,
A. foreigners find that its exports are more expensive, and domestic residents find
that imports from abroad are more expensive.
B. foreigners find that its exports are more expensive, and domestic residents find
that imports from abroad are cheaper.
C. foreigners find that its exports are cheaper; however, domestic residents are not
affected.
D. foreigners are not affected, but domestic residents find that imports from abroad
are more expensive.
E. None of the above.
Answer: E
4. An appreciation of a country’s currency
A. decreases the relative price of its exports and lowers the relative price of its
imports.
B. raises the relative price of its exports and raises the relative price of its imports.
C. lowers the relative price of its exports and raises the relative price of its imports.
D. raises the relative price of its exports and lowers the relative price of its imports.
E. None of the above.
Answer: D
5. Which one of the following statements is the most accurate?
A. A depreciation of a country’s currency makes its goods cheaper for for eigners.
B. A depreciation of a country’s currency makes its goods more expensive for
foreigners.
C. A depreciation of a country’s currency makes its goods cheaper for its own residents.
D. A depreciation of a country’s currency makes its goods cheaper.
E. None of the above.
Answer: A
6. A foreign exchange swap
A. is a spot sale of a currency.
B. is a forward repurchase of the currency.
C. is a spot sale of a currency combined with a forward repurchase of the currency.
D. is a spot sale of a currency combined with a forward sale of the currency.
E. None of the above.
Answer: C
7. An American put option on foreign exchange
A. gives the buyer the right to sell the foreign currency at a known exchange rate at any time during the period of the option.
B. gives the seller the right to sell the foreign currency at a known exchange rate at any time during the period of the option.
C. gives the buyer the right to sell the foreign currency at a known exchange rate at a specific time in the future.
D. obligates the buyer to sell the foreign currency at a known exchange rate at any time during the period of the option.
E. None of the above.
Answer: A
8. An American call option on foreign exchange
A. obligates you to buy foreign currency at a known price at any time during the period of the option.
B. gives you the right to buy foreign currency at a known price at any time
during the period of the option.
C. gives you the right to buy foreign currency at a known price at a specific day in the future.
D. gives you the right to sell foreign currency at a known price at any time during the period of the option.
E. None of the above.
Answer: B
9. Which one of the following statements is the most accurate?
A. The dollar rate of return on euro deposits is the euro interest rate plus the rate
of depreciation of the dollar against the euro.
B. The dollar rate of return on euro deposits is approximately the euro interest
rate minus the rate of depreciation of the dollar against the euro.
C. The dollar rate of return on euro deposits is the euro interest rate minus the
rate of depreciation of the dollar against the euro.
D. The dollar rate of return on euro deposits is approximately the euro interest
rate plus the rate of appreciation of the dollar against the euro.
E. The dollar rate of return on euro deposits is approximately the euro interest
rate plus the rate of depreciation of the dollar against the euro.
Answer: E
10. If the dollar interest rate is 10 percent and the euro interest rate is 6 percent, then
A. an investor should invest only in dollars.
B. an investor should invest only in euros.
C. an investor should be indifferent between dollars and euros.
D. it is impossible to tell given the information.
E. All of the above.
Answer: D
11. If the dollar interest rate is 10 percent, the euro interest rate is 6 percent, and the expected return on dollar depreciation against the euro is zero percent, then
A. an investor should invest only in dollars.
B. an investor should invest only in euros.
C. an investor should be indifferent between dollars and euros.
D. It is impossible to tell given the information.
E. All of the above.
Answer: A
12. If the dollar interest rate is 10 percent, the euro interest rate is 6 percent, and the expected return on dollar depreciation against the euro is 4 percent, then
A. an investor should invest only in dollars.
B. an investor should invest only in euros.
C. an investor should be indifferent between dollars and euros.
D. It is impossible to tell given the information.
E. All of the above.
Answer: C
13. If the dollar interest rate is 10 percent and the euro interest rate is 6 percent, and the expected return on dollar depreciation against the euro is 8 percent, then
A. an investor should invest only in dollars.
B. an investor should invest only in euros.
C. an investor should be indifferent between dollars and euros.
D. It is impossible to tell given the information.
E. All of the above.
Answer: B
14. If the dollar interest rate is 10 percent, the euro interest rate is 12 percent, and the expected return on dollar depreciation against the euro is negative 4 percent, then
A. an investor should invest only in dollars.
B. an investor should invest only in euros.
C. an investor should be indifferent between dollars and euros.
D. It is impossible to tell given the information.
E. All of the above.
Answer: A
15. Which of the following statements is the most accurate?
A. A rise in the interest rate offered by dollar deposits causes the dollar to
appreciate.
B. A rise in the interest rate offered by dollar deposits causes the dollar to
depreciate.
C. A rise in the interest rate offered by dollar deposits does not affect the U.S.
dollar.
D. For a given euro interest rate and constant expected exchange rate, a rise in the
interest rate offered by dollar deposits causes the dollar to appreciate.
E. None of the above.
Answer: D
16. Which of the following statements is the most accurate?
A. For a given U.S. interest rate and a given expectation with regard to the future
exchange rate, a rise in the interest rate paid by euro deposits causes the dollar to depreciate.
B. For a given U.S. interest rate and a given expectation with regard to the future
exchange rate, a rise in the interest rate paid by euro deposits causes the dollar
to appreciate.
C. A rise in the interest rate paid by euro deposits does not affect the value of the
dollar.
D. A rise in the interest rate paid by euro deposits causes the dollar to depreciate.
E. None of the above.
Answer: A
17. Suppose that the one-year forward price of euros in terms of dollars is equal to $1.113 per euro. Further, assume that the spot exchange rate is $1.05 per euro, and the interest rate on dollar deposits is 10 percent and on euros it is 4 percent. What is the rate of return on a covered euro deposit?
A. 0.10
B. 0.101
C. 0.102
D. 0.103
E. 0.104
Answer: D
18. Suppose that the one-year forward price of euros in terms of dollars is equal to $1.113 per euro. Further, assume that the spot exchange rate is $1.05 per euro, and the interest rate on dollar deposits is 10 percent and on euros it is 4 percent. Under these assumptions,
A. covered interest parity does hold.
B. covered interest parity does not hold.
C. It is hard to tell whether covered interest parity does or does not hold.
D. Not enough information is given to answer the question.
E. None of the above.
Answer: B
Essay Questions
1. What are the factors affecting the demand for foreign currency?
Answer: Three factors affect the demand for foreign currency. They are expected return, risk, and liquidity.
2. What is the interest parity condition?
Answer: The condition that the expected returns on deposits of any two currencies are equal when measured in the same currency is called the interest parity condition. It implies that potential holders of foreign currency deposits view them as equally desirable assets, i.e. risk is assumed away.
In notational forms: R $ = R E + (E e $/E – E $/E ) / E $/E.
3. Discusses the effects of a rise in the dollar interest rate on the exchanger rate.
Answer: For a given euro interest rate and constant expected exchange rate, a rise in the interest rate offered by dollar deposits causes the dollar to appreciate.
Quantitative/Graphing Problems
1. Compute how many dollars it would cost to buy an Edinburgh Woolen Mill sweater costing 50 British pounds for the following exchange rates:
2. For the following 15 cases, compare the dollar rates of return on dollar and euro
3. Calculate the interest rate in the United States, if interest parity condition holds, for the following 15 cases:
4. Assume that the euro interest rate is constant at 5 percent, and that the expected exchange rate is 1.05 dollars per one euro. Find the expected dollar return on euro
deposits for the following cases:
Chapter 14: Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates Multiple Choice Questions
1. The aggregate money demand depends on
A. the interest rate.
B. the price level.
C. real national income.
D. All of the above.
E. Only A and C.
Answer: D
2. Which one of the following statements is the most accurate?
A. A decrease in the money supply lowers the interest rate, while an increase in
the money supply raises the interest rate, given the price level and output.
B. An increase in the money supply lowers the interest rate, while a fall in the money supply raises the interest rate, given the price level.
C. An increase in the money supply lowers the interest rate, while a fall in the money supply raises the interest rate, given the output level.
D. An increase in the money supply lowers the interest rate, while a fall in the money supply raises the interest rate, given the price level and output.
E. None of the above.
Answer: D
3. An increase in a country’s money supply
A. causes a more than proportional increase in its price level.
B. causes a less than proportional increase in its price level.
C. causes a proportional increase in its price level.
D. leaves its price level constant in long-run equilibrium.
E. None of the above.
Answer: C
4. Which one of the following statements is the most accurate?
A. A permanent increase in a country’s money supply causes a proportional long- run depreciation of its currency against foreign currencies.
B. A temporary increase in a country’s money supply causes a proportional long- run depreciation of its currency against foreign currencies.
C. A permanent increase in a country’s money supply causes a proportional long- run appreciation of its currency against foreign currencies.
D. A permanent increase in a country’s money supply causes a proportional
short-run depreciation of its currency against foreign currencies.
E. A permanent increase in a country’s money supply causes a proportional
short-run appreciation of its currency against foreign currencies.
Answer: A
5. After a permanent increase in the money supply,
A. the exchange rate overshoots in the short run.
B. the exchange rate overshoots in the long run.
C. the exchange rate smoothly depreciates in the short run.
D. the exchange rate smoothly appreciates in the short run.
E. None of the above.
Answer: A
Essay Questions
1. What are the main factors determining the aggregate money demand?
Answer: Three main factors: interest rate, the price level, and real national income. A rise in the interest rate causes each individual in the economy to reduce her demand for money. If the price level rises, individual households and firms will spend more money than before. When real national income (GNP) rises, the demand for money will rise.
2. Explain why one can write the demand for money as follows:
M d =P L (R, Y).
Answer: The aggregate money demand is proportional to the price level. Imagine that all prices in an economy doubled, but the interest rate and everyone’s real incomes remained unchanged. Then, the money value of eac h individual’s average daily transactions would then simply double, as would the amount of money each wishes to hold.
3. What will be the effects of an increase in real national income on the interest rate? Answer: An increase in real national income will increase the interest rate. If investment depends only on interest rate, this will cause investment to go down. The increases interest rate will cause an appreciation of the dollar.
4. Analyze the effects of an increase in the European money supply on the dollar/euro exchange rate.
Answer: The main points are: An increase in the European money supply will reduce the interest rate on the euro, and thus causes the euro to depreciates against the dollar. The U.S. money demand and money supply are not going to be affected, and thus the interest rate in the U.S. will remain the same.
5. Explain how the money markets of two countries are linked through the foreign exchange market.
Answer: The monetary policy actions by the Fed affect the U.S. interest rate, changing the dollar/euro exchange rate that clears the foreign exchange market. The European System of Central Banks (ESCB) can affect the exchange rate by changing the European money supply and interest rate.
重庆工商大学财政金融学院国际金融学双语课程习题集
6. “Although the price levels appear to display short-run stickiness in many countries, a change in the money supply creates immediate demand and cost pressures that eventually
lead to future increase in the price level.” Discuss.
Answer: (See pages 3479 – 380). The statement is true. The pressures come from three main sources: excess demand for output and labor; inflationary expectations; and raw material prices.
7. Explain the effects of a permanent increase in the U.S. money supply in the short run and
in the long run. Assume that the U.S. real national income is constant.
An increase in the nominal money supply raises the real money supply, lowering the interest rate in the short run. The money supply increase is considered to continue in the future; thus, it will affect the exchange rate expectations. This will make the expected return on the euro more
desirable and thus the dollar depreciates. In the case of a permanent increase in the
U.S. money supply, the dollar depreciates more than under a temporary increase in the
money supply.
Now, in the long run, prices will rise until the real money balances are the same as before the permanent increase in the money supply. Since the output level is given, the U.S. interest rate, which decreased before, will start to increase, until it will move back to its original
level. The equilibrium interest rate must be the same as its original long -run value. This increase in the interest rate must cause the dollar to appreciate against the euro after its sharp depreciation as a result of the permanent increase in the money supply. So a large depreciation is followed by an appreciation of the dollar. Eventually, the dollar depreciates
in proportion to the increase in the price level, which in turn increases by the same proportion as the permanent increase in the money supply. Thus, money is neutral, in the sense that it cannot
affect in the long run real variables, such as output, investment, etc.
8. Explain the following figure:
Answer:
The figure explains how the money markets of two countries are linked through the foreign exchange market. The monetary policy actions by the Fed affect the U.S. interest rate, changing the dollar/euro exchange rate that clears the foreign exchange market. The European System of Central Banks (ESCB) can affect the exchange rate by changing the European money supply and interest rate.
Chapter 15: Price Levels and the Exchange Rate in the Long Run Multiple Choice Questions
1. In order for the condition E$/HK$ = Pus/P HK to hold, what assumptions does the principle of purchasing power parity make?
A. No transportation costs and restrictions on trade; commodity baskets that are a reliable indication of price level.
B. Markets are perfectly competitive, i.e., P = M
C.
C. The factors of production are identical between countries.
D. No arbitrage exists.
E. All of the above.
Answer: E
2. Which of the following statements is the most accurate? The law of one price states:
A. In competitive markets free of transportation costs and official barriers to
trade, identical goods sold in different countries must sell for the same price
when their prices are expressed in terms of the same currency.
B. In competitive markets free of transportation costs and official barriers to trade, identical goods sold in the same country must sell for the same price
when their prices are expressed in terms of the same currency.
C. In competitive markets free of transportation costs and official barrier to trade, identical goods sold in different countries must sell for the same price.
D. Identical goods sold in different countries must sell for the same price when
their prices are expressed in terms of the same currency.
E. None of the above.
Answer: A
3. Under Purchasing Power Parity,
A. E $/E = P US / P E.
B. E $/E = P E / P ES.
C. E $/E = P US + P E.
D. E $/E = P US - P
E.
E. None of the above.
Answer: A
4. Which of the following statements is the most accurate? In general,
A. The monetary approach to the exchange rate is a long-run theory.
B. The monetary approach to the exchange rate is a short-run theory.
C. The monetary approach to the exchange rate is both a short- and long-run theory.
D. The monetary approach to the exchange rate neither long-run nor short-run theory.
E. None of the above statements is true.
Answer: A
5. The monetary approach makes the general prediction that
A. The exchange rate, which is the relative price of American and Europeanmoney, is fully determined in the long run by the relative supplies of thosemonies.
B. The exchange rate, which is the relative price of American and European money,
is fully determined in the short run by the relative supplies of thosemonies and the relative demands for them
C. The exchange rate, which is the relative price of American and Europeanmoney, is fully determined in the short- and long run by the relative supplies ofthose monies and the relative demands for them
D. The exchange rate, which is the relative price of American and European money,
is fully determined in the long run by the relative supplies of thosemonies and the relative demands for them
E. None of the above statements is true.
Answer: A
6. Under the monetary approach to the exchange rate theory, money supply growth at a constant rate
A. eventually results in ongoing price level deflation at the same rate, but
changes in this long-run deflation rate do not affect the full-employment
output level or the long-run relative prices of goods and services.
B. eventually results in ongoing price level inflation at the same rate, but changes in
this long-run inflation rate do affect the full-employment output level and
the long-run relative prices of goods and services.
C. eventually results in ongoing price level inflation at the same rate, but changes
in this long-run inflation rate do not affect the full-employment output level or the
long-run relative prices of goods and services.
D. eventually results in ongoing price level inflation at the same rate, but changes in
this long-run inflation rate do not affect the full-employment output level,
only the long-run relative prices of goods and services. E.
None of the above statements is true.
Answer: C
7. If people expect relative PPP to hold,
A. the difference between the interest rates offered by dollar and euro deposits
will equal the difference between the inflation rates expected, in the United
States and Europe, over the relevant horizon.
B. the difference between the interest rates offered by dollar and euro deposits will
equal the difference between the inflation rates expected in Europe and the
United States.
C. the difference between the interest rates offered by dollar and euro deposits
will equal the difference between the inflation rates expected, over the
relevant horizon, in the United States and Europe, in the short run.
D. the difference between the interest rates offered by dollar and euro deposits will
be above the difference between the inflation rates expected, over the
relevant horizon, in the United States and Europe. E.
None of the above statements is true.
Answer: A
8. Under PPP,
A. a rise in a country’s expected inflation rate will eventually cause a more-than
proportional rise in the interest rate that depositors of its currency offer in order to accommodate for the higher inflation.
B. a fall in a country’s expected inflation rate will eventually cause an equal rise
in the interest rate that depositors of its currency offer.
C. a rise in a country’s expected inflation rate will eventually cause an equal rise
in the interest rate that depositors of its currency offer.
D. a rise in a country’s expected inflation rate will eventually cause a less than
proportional rise in the interest rate that depositors of its currency offer to
accommodate the rise in expected inflation.
E. None of the above statements is true.
Answer: C
9. In the short run,
A. the interest rate can rise when the domestic money supply falls.
B. the interest rate can decrease when the domestic money supply falls.
C. the interest rate stays constant when the domestic money supply falls.
D. the interest rate rises in the same proportion as the domestic money supply falls.
E. None of the above statements is true.
Answer: A
10. Under sticky prices,
A. a fall in the money supply raises the interest rate to preserve money marketequilibrium.
B. a fall in the money supply reduces the interest rate to preserve money marketequilibrium.
C. a fall in the money supply keeps the interest rate intact to preserve moneymarket equilibrium.
D. a fall in the money supply does not affect the interest rate in the short run,only in the long run.
E. None of the above statements is true.
Answer: A
11. Which of the following statements is the most accurate?
A. Relative PPP is not a reasonable approximation to the data.
B. Relative PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data but usuallyperforms poorly.
C. Relative PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data.
D.PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data.
E. PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data but usually performspoorly. Answer: B
12. Which of the following statements is the most accurate?
A. PPP appears to be of limited use as a short-run explanation of exchange ratemovements.
B. PPP appears to be of limited use even as a short-run explanation of exchange ratemovements.
C. PPP appears to be of limited use even as a long-run explanation of exchange ratemovements.
D. Relative PPP appears to be of limited use even as a short-run explanation ofexchange rate movements.
E. None of the above statements is true.
Answer: C
13. The PPP theory fails in reality because
A. transport costs and restrictions on trade.
B. monopolistic or oligopolistic practices in goods markets.
C. the inflation data reported in different countries are based on different
commodity baskets.
D. A, B, and C.
E. A and B only.
Answer: D
Essay Questions
1. Explain Purchasing Power Parity.
Answer: PPP states that the exchange rate between two countries’ curre ncies equals the ratio of the countries’ price levels.
A fall in a currency’s domestic purchasing power (i.e. an increase in the domestic price
level) will be associated with a proportional currency depreciation in the foreign exchange market and vice versa.
E $/E = P US /P E where P is the price of a reference commodity basket.
Rearrange: P US = (E $/E ) x (P E )
Thus, PPP asserts that all countries’ price levels are equal when measured in terms of the
same currency.
2. Discuss the differences between Absolute PPP and Relative PPP.
Answer: Absolute PPP states that the exchange rate between two currencies equals the ratio of their price levels. Relative PPP states that the percentage change in the exchange rate between two currencies over a given period equals the difference between the inflation rates of those two currencies.
3. What are the predictions for the long run of the Monetary Approach?
Answer:
Money supplies: Given the equations,
E $/E = P US /P E
P US = M S US /L(R $ , Y US )
P E= M S E /L(R E , Y E )
one can show that an increase in the U.S. money supply, M S US, causes a proportional increase inthe U.S. price level, P US , which in turn causes a proportional increase in E $/€ . Thus, an increase inU.S. money supply causes a proportional long-run depreciation of the dollar against the euro andvice versa.
Interest rates: A rise in the interest rate R $ lowers U.S. money demand L(R $ , Y US ) thereby causing a rise in the U.S. price level and a proportional depreciation of the dollar against the euro.
Output levels: A rise in U.S. output Y US raises real U.S. money demand leading to a fall
in the long-run U.S. price level and an appreciation of the dollar against the euro.
4. What is the Fisher Effect? Provide an example.
Answer: All else equa l, a rise in a country’s expected inflation rate will eventually cause an
equal rise in the interest rate that deposits of its currency offer. Similarly, a fall in the expected inflation rate will eventually cause a fall in the interest rate.
5. What can explain the failure of relative PPP to hold in reality?
Answer: Government measures of the price level differ from country to country. One reason for these differences is that people living in different countries spend their income in different ways. Because of this inherent difference among countries, certain baskets will be affected more by price
changes given their consumptions basket. For example, consumers in country X eat more fish relative to consumers in another country. More than likely, the government, upon determining a commodity basket to reflect preference, will have an overwhelming representation of fish in their basket. Any price level change in the fish market will be felt particularly by country X, and their overall price level will reflect this. Thus, changes in the relative prices of basket components can cause relative PPP to become distorted.
Quantitative/Graphing Problems
1. Suppose Russia’s inflation rate is 200% over one year, but the inflation rate in Switzerland is only 2%. According to relative PPP, what should happen over the year to the Swiss franc’s exchange rate against the Russian ruble?
Answer: The exchange rate between the rubble and the franc at time (t – The same exchange rate at time t-1)/ the exchange rate between the rubble and the franc at time t = 2 – 0.02 =1.98.
So there will be a 198% depreciation of the ruble against the franc or, conversely, a
198% appreciation of the franc against the ruble.
Chapter 16: Output and the Exchange Rate in the Short Run
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The J-curve illustrates which of the following?
A. The effects of depreciation on the home country's economy
B. The immediate increase in the current account caused by a currencydepreciation
C. The gradual adjustment of home prices to a currency depreciation
D. The short-term effects of depreciation on the current account
E. The Keynesian view of international trade dynamics
Answer: D
2. The Marshall-Lerner Condition states that
A. depreciation always has a favorable effect on the current account.
B. import dependency reinforces the effects of depreciation on the currentaccount.
C. high elasticity of exports is sufficient for the favorable effects of depreciationon the current account to be observed.
D. depreciation has a favorable effect on the current account only if the sum ofexport and import elasticities is greater than one.
E. the sum of import and export elasticities must be equal to one in order fordepreciation to occur.
Answer: D
3. If the economy starts in long-run equilibrium, a permanent fiscal expansion will cause
A. an increase in exchange rate, E.
B. a decrease in exchange rate, E.
C. an increase in output, Y.
D. a decrease in output, Y.
E. shifting of the AA curve up and to the right.
Answer: B
4. In the long-run equilibrium, after a permanent money-supply increase there follows:
A. an increase in exchange rate, E.
B. a decrease in exchange rate, E.
C. an increase in output, Y.
D. a decrease in output, Y.
E. Both B and D.
Answer: A
5. Which of the following are true in terms of the current account balance?
A. Monetary expansion increases the current account balance.
B. Monetary expansion decreases the current account balance.
C. Fiscal expansion increases the current account balance.
D. Fiscal expansion decreases the current account balance.
E. Both A and D
Answer: E
6. In the short run, with prices fixed, how would an increase in government spending affect the DD-AA schedule?
A. It will increase output and appreciate the currency.
B. It will increase output and depreciate the currency.
C. It will decrease output and appreciate the currency.
D. It will decrease output and depreciate the currency.
E. None of the above.
Answer: A
7. How is the AA schedule derived?
A. The AA schedule has a positive slope because an increase in output leads to a depreciation of the currency.
B. The AA schedule has a negative slope because an increase in output leads to a decrease in the domestic interest rate.
C. The AA schedule has a negative slope because an increase in output leads to
an increase in the domestic interest rate.
D. The AA schedule has a positive slope because an increase in the money
supply leads to an increase in the domestic interest rate.
E. None of the above.
Answer: C
8. Imagine that the economy is at a point on the DD-AA schedule that is above both AA and DD, where both the output and asset markets are out of equilibrium. Which first action is true?
A. The economy will stay at this level in the short run.
B. The exchange rate will first drop to a point on the AA schedule.
C. The exchange rate will first move to a point on the DD schedule.
D. The AA-DD equilibrium will shift to the position of the economy.
E. None of the above.
Answer: B
9. Which one of the following statements is the most accurate?
A. An increase in disposable income improves the current account.
B. An increase in disposable income does not affect the current account.
C. An increase in disposable income worsens the current account.
D. An increase in income worsens the current account.
E. An increase in income improves the current account.
Answer: C
10. Which one of the following statements is the most accurate?
A. An increase in the real exchange rate and an increase in disposable income
improve the current account.
B. A decrease in the real exchange rate and a decrease in disposable income
improve the current account.
C. A decrease in the real exchange rate and a decrease in disposable income
improve the current account.
教学研究与教学改革
10.1、教学研究 在机械制造与自动化专业发展规划中，以就业为导向，以人才市场需求为中心，积极主动地研究人才需求的新特点，调整专业结构，调整课程设置和课程内容，通过合理的教学内容安排、科学的教学方法实践和先进的教学手段应用来培养高素质、能力强的机械制造与自动化专业人才。在教学内容上强调基础性与先进性的和谐统一；在教学方法上以调动学生学习积极性和参与性为目的，充分强调理论教学与实践教学并重，重视在实践教学中培养学生的实践能力和创新能力，力求具有鲜明的教学特点和显著的教学效果。要建设好融教学、培训、职业技能鉴定、技术研发和职业素质训导五位一体的数控实训中心，以高规格装配好数控实验实训室；深化课程改革，构建以任务为导向的模块化课程体系、以社会化考证行业认证为主的专业考评考核体系和以用人单位反馈为主的能力素质考评体系；不断改革教学方法和教学手段，加快教材和实践教学讲义及网络建设的一体化建设步伐，建立起共享型专业教学资源库公共服务平台和学生自主学习网络平台；进一步强化“双师型”队伍建设，提高师资水平。 根据专业培养目标的要求，构建包括基本素质平台、公共技术平台、专业方向平台、专业拓展平台和专业技能平台五大平台的理论教学体系和实践教学体系，两个体系交叉渗透，相辅相成，每一个体系又由若干模块组成。基本素质平台由文化素质基础模块和信息工具模块组成；公共技术平台由机械基础模块和相关知识模块组成；专业方向平台由机械制造工艺专业模块；专业拓展平台由专业拓宽模块和创新创业模块组成；专业技能平台由基本技能实训模块、专业技能实训模块、综合技能实训模块组成。每个模块包括若干必修课程和选修课程，这些课程能够涵盖相应职业资格证书要求的所有知识和技能。 根据培养目标和职业技能鉴定考核的要求，围绕“一专多能、一生多证”，建立以基本技能，专业技能、综合技能实训三大模块为主线的相对独立的实践教学体系。每个模块包括若干实训课程，并配有实训大纲，每门实训课程由若干独立的基本训练单元组成。系列实训课程主要包括机加工操作实训、电工电子实训、机械设计课程设计、现场综合实习、生产实习、毕业设计等。一年级主要进行基本技能实训，使学生掌握本专业的基本操作技能；二年级主要进行专业技能实训，使学生熟练掌握本专业要求的各项专业技能；三年级主要进行综合技能实训，让学生参加劳动部门组织的职业技能鉴定考核，获得相应的职业资格证书，并利用产学结合，让学生参与生产及就业环节，完成第一岗位职业技能和职业素质的培养，实现从学生到职业人的过渡，毕业后就能顶岗工作，缩短了磨合期。 在突出主干课程教学的前提下，设置了人文、社科等人文素质类以及专业拓宽和创新
课程与教学论的研究对象
课程与教学论的研究对象 一、课程与教学论的研究对象 课程是学生学习的内容、材料、范围、要求及其进度。教学是教师与学生围绕特定教学内容所展开的教育活动。一般认为，课程与教学论是一门研究课程与教学现象、揭示课程与教学规律、指导课程与教学实践的教育学分支学科。这种说法本身没错，但失之笼统。胡德海先生将教育现象划分为三个组成部分：教育活动、教育制度或称教育事业、教育思想。基于此种分析，我们认为，课程与教学论研究对象为普通中小学课程与教学现象，该现象亦可划分为：课程与教学活动、课程与教学制度、课程与教学思想。 （一）课程与教学活动的研究 课程与教学活动主要指课程的设计、实施与评价活动，以及教学的过程、方法与策略，它们是课程与教学设计者、实施者、评价者围绕课程与教学目标及其实现所开展的系列活动。课程与教学活动的研究主要包括对课程与教学活动事实、价值、方略的研究。 课程与教学事实是课程与教学设计、实施、评价的过程及其行为表现，是客观发生的课程与教学过程在人脑中的再现，它主要涉及课程与教学的性质、形态、关系、现状及其问题。课程与教学事实研究是对课程与教学实存状况进行“实然判断”，揭示课程与教学的实质、过程、关系。如课程是什么？教学是什么？知识传授与智能发展的关系是什么？
课程与教学价值指课程与教学的目标、意义与取向，课程与教学价值研究即对课程与教学活动的前提进行价值透析，澄清课程与教学活动隐含的价值观念，表达课程与教学的价值理想，做出有关课程与教学活动的“应然判断”。如，“什么知识最有价值？”“课堂教学是优先考虑全体儿童还是部分儿童？”“有效教学的标准是什么？” 课程与教学方略指开展、完善课程与教学活动的方法、策略、途径、手段与技术。课程与教学活动方略研究有关优化、改进、完善课程与教学活动的路径与策略，回答诸如怎样开发课程、怎样教、怎样学，如何进行课程规划、教学设计，如何组织学生的课程学习，如何指导学生有效阅读的问题，等等。 （二）课程与教学制度的研究 随着课程与教学活动日益丰富、复杂，个别的、简单的课程与教学活动逐渐制度化，形成了制度化的课程与教学事业。可以说，课程与教学制度是专门化、系统化课程与教学活动的产物。课程与教学活动发展到一定规模，便产生了对不同类型、不同层次课程与教学活动进行协调、控制和管理的需要，于是课程与教学制度应运而生。 课程与教学制度研究涉及课程与教学活动系统及其组织、管理与领导的问题，诸如课程的总体规划、三级课程管理、学校课程领导、课程改革实验，学期学年编制，学生学籍管理，选课考试管理，课堂行为规范，教学研究制度，等等。这些是一些较为宏观的问题，关系到整个课程与教学活动系统的运行及其效率与质量。课程与教学管理涉及学校、地方与国家各个层面。
大阅读课程实施方案
“大阅读”课程实施方案 诸城市龙源学校王素美 一、课程背景 1、认真贯彻《基础教育课程改革纲要》的精神，确立现代教育观、课程观、质量观，利用课程分级管理的体制，优化学校课程结构，充分发挥学校教育资源的功能，促进学生的发展，努力创建学校的教育特色。 2、大阅读课程是根据学校教育教学实际，针对学生学习和思想实际，采用实践—评估—开发的课程开发模式，以满足学生之间客观存在的差异性，因而具有一定的适应性和参与性。 3、大阅读课程的开发旨在通过对学生的需求进行科学地评估、以学校为基地，并与外部力量合作，充分利用学校内外的课程资源，开发出对学生、家长、学校都有积极促进作用的课程，大阅读课程集中体现“以学校为本”的理念，主要强调课程的开放性、民主性、参与性，强调交流与合作，尽可能地培养出有个性、有特色、学业有所长的未来人才。 二、课程目标 1、培养学生的读书兴趣、爱好，发展个性特长。 2、拓展学生的知识领域，开阔学生视野，培养学生创新精神和实践能力。 3、在开发加强学生的阅读理解能力和欣赏能力的基础上，提高学生的写作能力。 4、在学生记忆力发展迅速的阶段，通过背诵古典文化经典，开发起记忆潜能、陶冶其性情、健全其人格，培养聪明健康，知书明理，有着较高人文素养的下一代。 5、弘扬中华民族文化，增进下一代对中国悠久历史、文化等各方面的认识和了解，培养其强烈的民族自豪感。 6、发扬诚信、仁爱、正直宽容的中华民族精神，培养良好的学习、生活习惯，促成树立优良的社会责任感，以正风气，以提民心。 7、让学生在诵读高品位典范性的古今文学作品过程中，有机的展开科学
的朗诵、演讲等基本技能训练，从而引导学生进行丰富的文化积累。同时教学手段多样化，采取民乐欣赏，诗配画，表演等多种方法，提高学生的综合素质。 8、在家和父母一起读，或读给父母听，可促进亲子感情，是最好的亲子活动。 三、课程内容 语文是一门学科，但又决不仅仅是一门学科，近几年提出的大阅读教学更突现了语文教学的工具性、社会性和综合性，但也着实给语文教学提出了一个大大的难题。 语文知识就是一个无边际的海洋，以一本教科书打天下的语文教学思路注定要一去不复返。但语文教学虽然广阔无际，但必定目标明确，所以我们急需有一套切合学生和教学实际的阅读材料，大阅读课程就这样应运而生了。 此课程立足于学校教育环境和设施实际，立足于学生知识水平和思想状况实际，立足于中考考察方向实际，立足于为学生终身服务的实际，选编内容、分类指导、设置问题，力求使学生通过课程的学习，实现阅读、写作及各项语文能力的提高和发展。 根据学校和学生实际，本课程以兴趣小组的学习形式为主，结合阅读课、写作指导课、团队活动课等进行教学，并注重在各门学科教学中的适度渗透。课程的学习，应在向充分宣传的前提下，让学生自主自愿地报名参加学习，然后根据学生水平层次，分编学习小组。坚决杜绝任何形式的强迫性学习，要靠课程本身和组织者的水平形成的综合魅力吸引学生乐于参与学习，也只有这样才能达到预期目的，起到本课程应有的作用。 具体组织教学过程中，应注重在以下两个方面做出努力。 第一，放手让学生自主学习、探讨。此课程内容选择的都是文情兼美的典范作品，应让学生充分接触课文，充分阅读欣赏，教师不可做过多的讲解和分析，只可在方法上等进行必要的引导。提倡学生多进行合作探究，尽可能多地自己提出问题解决问题，自己探讨出文章的写作技巧和主旨所在，这样，就会
《酒店管理》教学大纲
《酒店管理》 教学大纲 《酒店管理》教学大纲一、课程基本信息： 课程名称：酒店管理 英文名称： 课程编号 课程类型：学科专业课 适用专业：旅游 开课学期： 学时：40
学分：2.5 前导课程： 二、课程的性质、目的与任务： 《酒店管理》是涉外旅游专业必修的学科专业课程。该课程是是依据旅游管理专业精品课程教学要求而编写，结合最新酒店发展动态，内容创新，除了酒店的日常运营与管理等以外，本书还包括酒店投资、设计、管理合同谈判、开业管理、酒店总经理的工作内容、素质要求以及酒店未来发展趋势等。 体例鲜活。在每章的开头，以“经理的困惑”专栏的形式引出与本章内容相关的热点问题，并在章末展示向全国高星级酒店职业经理人征集的答案，实用性较强。 本课程终紧贴酒店管理实践，介绍现代化酒店的管理方法，并充分融入了作者在五星级酒店的管理实践，使学生能够学以致用。介绍了当前国际酒店业最先进的管理理念和方法，先进性突出，并在“酒店市场营销”一章增加了最新的酒店网络营销、微博营销、微信营销等内容。配套酒店管理网站，通过本课程的学习，使学生了解酒店业的发展历时、了解酒店的类型，经营模式，以及国际酒店著名管理集团，掌握前厅、客房及餐饮运营与管理，了解酒店市场营销，掌握酒店客房的定价方法及策略，能应用新媒体进行酒店营销，了解酒店经营管理的发展趋势和管理新理念，课程内容结合案例与图片、视频资料，旨在调动学生的学习兴趣，拓宽学生的知识视野，使学生灵活掌握酒店管理的丰富知识，为后期的深入学习打下坚实的理论基础。 三、课程教学内容、基本要求和重点及难点： 第一章酒店概述 1、酒店业的发展历史 2、酒店的类型 3、酒店的等级 4、酒店组织架构 案例 本章要求学生掌握世界酒店业的发展史，从产生的时间、地理位置、背景（接待对象、交通工具）、组织形式、设施设备以及特点几个方面掌握，掌握不同酒店的类型、特点以及接待对象和地理位置，了解酒店的等级划分和组织架构的设置。 第二章酒店经营模式选择 1、酒店经营的基本模式 2、酒店管理公司的选择 3、委托管理中的合作意向书
初中数学课程与教学研究
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引导学生逐步学会演绎推理论证，从而有效地大面积提高了教学质量。在此基础上运用先进的、正确的教育教学理论，把在实践中取得的成果和经验上升成为理论，撰写了专著《平面几何入门教学》。张孝达先生在本书的“序”中写道“本书的出版，对大面积提高我国数学教学质量无疑会起到促进作用，对从事初中几何教学的教师来说，可以直接作为教学的参考；对其他从事数学教学和研究的人员来说，本书提供了可资借鉴和研究的真实材料。所以本书对数学教育的实践和理论的研究都是有价值的”。1993年，应中国电视师范学院约请，录制了20讲《初等几何教学》讲座，供中国教育电视台播出。“加强知识发生过程，渗透数学思想方法”研究，主要解决所谓“高分低能”的问题，其创新点是，设计融知识与数学思想方法于一体的教学流程，形成了可供教师教学参考使用的材料。这项研究有一定的前瞻性，与本世纪基础教育课程改革的理念和目标一致。在上述研究的基础上，开展了“思维与数学教学”研究，主要针对教学实践中把“思维降格为操作”、用“做”代替“想”的现象，其创新点是，提出了“思维场”的概念，即思维的相互作用应像“磁场”那样，不是直接接触而应是相互激活（教师的思维“启发”学生的思维）。“提高课堂教学质量”的研究，从跨学科听课、评课入手，提出了影响课堂教学质量的两个维度要素;一是构成性要素——主体地位、情感体验、教师行为、教材处理；二是过程性要素——教学目标的制定、教学活动的组织、教学方法的应用、教学结果及评价。在此基础上，制定相应的课堂教学评价表，切实有效地引导了课堂教学的改革。“义务教
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9、在充分讨论的基础上，会议主席杰罗姆·布鲁纳作了题为《教育过程》的总结报告。该报告确立了“学科结构运动”的理论基础与行动纲领，并从理论上理性地解决了存在与学科专家和教育专家之间的持久论战。P14 10、学术中心课程：是指专门的学术领域为核心开发的课程。学术中心课程三个基本特征：学术性、专门性、结构性。P14 11、学科结构两个基本含义： 1是一们学科特定的半概念、一般原理所构成的体系。 2是一门学科特定的套就方法与探究态度。学科结构是这两个基本骇异的统一。P15 12、实践性课程开发理论：施瓦布 “实践性课程”四要素：教师、学生、教材、环境。“实践性课程”开发的方法：审议；实践性课程开发理论的本质：“实践兴趣”的追求。P17-20 13、“概念重建注意课程范式“的本质：“解放兴趣”的追求。解放兴趣：亦称“解放理性”，是人类对解放和权利赋予的基本兴趣，这类兴趣使人们通过对人类社会之社会结构的可靠的、批判性洞察而从事自主的行动。P24 14、反思课程研究的整个进程，我们可以获得的基本结论是：课程研究的价值取向由对“技术兴趣”的追求逐渐转向“实践兴趣”，最终指向于“解放兴趣；课程研究的基本课题由”课程开发—探讨课程开发的规律、规则与程序，逐渐转向“课程开解”—把课程作为一种“文本”来解读其内涵的意义P24 15、启蒙时期教学论的确立：拉特克与夸美纽斯。P25 16、在教育史上第一个倡导教学论的是的国教育家拉特克。P25 17、夸美纽斯《大教学论》。标志理论化、系统化的教学论的确立.P26
本科课程建设规划
本科课程建设规划
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程建设标准，建成校级精品课程23门，省级精品课程10门，国家级精品课程1门，双语课程6门，对优先选用国家规划教材和优秀教材进行了规范。 3.推进课程教学改革。在教学内容方面，在“卓越计划专业”开发了校企合作课程，组织开设《中西文化十二讲》，引进优质网络课程资源，加强了人文素质教育；在教学方法方面，以课堂教学为重点，鼓励教师采用启发式、参与式、项目式、研讨式等教学法，立项支持探究式示范建设课程6门，启动了基于互联网络的以翻转课堂为特征的混合式教学模式探索，全面实施了通识基础课程教学改革，思想政治理论课进行了实践教学改革，大学英语和高等数学进行了分层分级教学，大学体育课程课内教学与课外指导相结合；在教学手段方面，鼓励教师采用现代教育技术和多媒体辅助教学。 当前，学院本科课程建设仍处于初期，在课程体系优化、课程资源建设、课程规范管理、课程教学及考核方法改革等方面进展缓慢。 二、指导思想 -2020年，学院课程建设以学院发展规划为依据，以落实教育部《全面提高高等教育质量的若干意见》文件精神和《普通高等学校本科教学工作合格评估指标体系》文件要求为出发点，以“规范管理、优化体系、加快改革、强化实践”为基本方针，进一步规划课程建设管理，优化课程体系结构，加快教学内容、方
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参加教育科研实践，并在教育科研实践中，运用所学的内容，结合工作，进行教育科研的选题、设计、实施和评价的实际操作，提高运用教育科研方法的能力。 3.要求学生从“教育要面向世界，面向未来，面向现代化”的高度，认识学习教育科研方法的重要性，逐步树立“作为一个好的教育工作者既要教书育人，又要开展教育科研”的意识，逐步树立科研治校的思想，提高科学管理水平。 4.课程内容应具有科学性、规范性和适当超前意识的先进性，同时根据学生在职的特点，以“必须、够用”为原则。知识范围选择适当，突出应用性和注意理论联系实际。 第二部分多媒体教材一体化总体设计初步方案 一、本课程学分为5分、课内学时数为90学时。 教学内容离职 进修 业余 进修 函授进 修 面自
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《酒店督导管理》课程标准
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课程与教学论专题研究
课程与教学论专题研究 王志扬 kechengjiaoxue@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5c13157366.html, 一、课程理论与教学理论 二、课程理论的历史发展 三、课程理论的基本问题 四、教学理论的历史发展 五、教学理论的基本问题 六、基础教育课程改革 七、教师专业化 一、课程理论与教学理论 （一）课程与课程理论 （二）教学与教学理论 （三）课程与教学的关系 （一）课程与课程理论 1.课程 课程涉及“教什么”的问题，是教育的一个永恒课题。 （1）词源分析 中国：“课程”一词，最早出现在唐代，但其意与现 代不同；宋代的朱熹提到，“宽着期限，紧着 课程”，“小立课程，大作工夫”，指功课及 进程。 外国：“currere”，名词“跑道”，动词“奔跑”； curriculum, 英国教育家斯宾塞《什么知识最有价值》（1859）。 （2）几种典型的定义 ①课程即教学科目（学科） 我国古代的课程有礼、乐、射、御、书、数六艺，欧洲中世纪初的课程有文法、修辞、辩证法、算术、几何、音乐、天文学七艺。 强调学科的知识体系，忽视了学生的个性培养、心智发展及师生的互动。 ②课程即有计划的教学活动 把教学的范围、序列和进程，纳入课程的定义，但何谓“有计划”，标准差异很大，并只能局限在可观察方面，而忽视的学生的体验。 ③课程即预期的学习结果 北美的理念：课程不应指向活动，而应直接关注结果和目标，即从手段转向目的；但课程目标由课程决策者制定，而教师是课程的实施者，二者不可能完全一致。 ④课程即学习经验 该定义试图把握学生实际学到些什么，关注的是学生在学习过程中体验到的意
义，而不是要学生再现的事实或要学生演示的行为； 定义过于宽泛，包含了学生的个人经验，使对课程的研究无从下手。 ⑤课程即社会文化的再生产 该定义依据的基本假设是：个体是社会的产物，教育就是要使个体社会化；课程应该反应各种社会需要，以便使学生能够适应社会。 但社会文化中存在大量的偏见、不公正等，课程如不加批判地再生产社会文化，就会使这些现象永久化。 ⑥课程即社会改造 激进的观点，认为课程不是要使学生适应或顺从社会文化，而是要帮助学生摆脱现存的社会制度的束缚，“学校要敢于建立一种新的社会秩序”；课程的重点应该放在当代的社会问题、社会弊端等方面，使学生具有批判的意识。 不同的社会制度，对社会改造的理解有本质的区别。 （3）本课程概念界定： ①课程即教学科目； ②课程即有计划的教学活动。 2.课程理论 （1）定义：教育学的一门分支学科，是研究课程的设计、编制和课程改革的理论。 ①课程设计理论包括研究课程系统的结构、地位、相互联系和自我更新等问题； ②课程编制理论包括研究课程编制的各种模式，如课程的目标、内容、实施与评价等方面的问题； ③课程改革理论包括研究课程改革的要求、意见，用教育学的观点分析其合理性和确切性，衡量对个人实践的影响，检验适应地方情况的程度等。 （2）《学记》中关于课程理论的论述： 比年入学，中年考校；一年视离经辨志，三年视敬业乐群，五年视博习亲师，七年视论学取友，谓之小成；九年知类通达，强立而不返，谓之大成。 （3）古希腊柏拉图、亚里斯多德等人的课程思想，对西方的学校教育产生了很大的影响。 （4）课程作为独立的研究领域，发端于美国课程理论专家博比特的《课程》一书的出版。 3.课程理论流派 （1）学科结构课程理论 ①盛行于20世纪60年代，被广泛运用于课程设计和课程实践中 ②代表人物：布鲁纳、施瓦布 ③学科结构组成：一是组织结构：指说明一门学科不同于其他学科的基本方式，同时也阐明该学科的边界；二是实质结构：指探究过程中要回答的各种问题，即基本概念、原理和理论；三是句法结构，指学科中收集数据、检验命题和对研究结构作出概括的方式。
经典阅读课程标准
《经典阅读》课程标准 一、课程基本信息 二、课程定位 《经典阅读》既是一门专业基础类课程也是一门人文素质教育课，不同于语文教育侧重于篇、章、词、句的语法掌握，《经典阅读》课程更注重中职阶段传媒专业学生人文修养上的培养和跨越。《经典阅读》是学生对文学基础把握的教育，其本质就是在教学过程中培养和强化学生的文艺审美性与人文性。审美性就是把文学作品作为载体，培养学生的阅读和理解能力、欣赏能力、为后期其他专业课程的创作提供审美和艺术基础。人文性就是把文学作品当作文化的载体，当作文化现象来审视，理解其中的人文意蕴和文化价值，让学生学会感悟人生、学会生活、完善人格。因此该门课程是应该在前期学习的重要课程，对于学生巩固文学常识和基础，培养学生综合的专业素养，都起着重要的作用。 （一）课程性质 《经典阅读》课程是传媒系播音主持专业、电视节目制作专业、旅游专业的基础课。本课程分为两大重要板块，以外国文学史及中国文学史为脉络，阅读和分析各个不同时代具有代表性的文学作品，让学生在掌握文学常识的同时利用有限的时间充分了解经典文学作品及作者，文学创作手法，作品文学成就及艺术价值，了解文学发展历史进程中不同时代的文学作品特点及思想。将阅读习惯与文艺欣赏兴趣养成的同时、进行智德启发。尤其在未来的其他专业学习中，学生以《经典阅读》课程为基础，可进行更深刻的创作，让学生在其他专业课程的学习中能受到启发，得以借鉴丰富的审美，培养文学及艺术上的修养。 （二）课程任务 《经典阅读》课程的主要任务是学习外国及中国文学发展历史，了解各时期不同的文学特点，掌握多部经典文学作品的作者生平、内容、文学成就和艺术价值，了解不同作家的文学主张，学会以专业的文化态度和审美的角度去分析文学作品。养成阅读习惯。 （三）课程衔接 在课程设置上，《经典阅读》为基础课程，后续学生在传媒专业诸多课程的学习和运用中都可以《经典阅读》中所学作为参考和启发，利用良好的文学审美，充分的文学常识，准确的
《酒店管理》课程考试试题A
《饭店管理原理》课程考试试题A 参考答案 考试形式闭卷时量120分钟总分100分 一、名词解释（每题2分，共16分） 1、饭店： 2、连锁饭店： 3、生产观念 4、饭店职业经理人： 5、饭店战略管理： 6因果分析法： 7、绿色饭店： 8、饭店激励： 二、填充题（每空1分，共15分） 1、饭店领导职能是饭店管理不可或缺的重要职能之一，其内容十分广泛，主要包含、、综合协调和统一指挥等四个方面。 2、饭店微观环境因素一般包括、、中介机构、竞争者和公众等五个方面。 3、我国首批三家白金五星级饭店有北京中国大饭店、广州花园酒店和上海。 4、饭店火灾发生的常见原因一般包括、和等三个方面。 5、影响饭店产品价格形成的因素主要有、和竞争等三个方面。 6、饭店劳务质量是饭店服务质量的根本内容，主要包括：、、和服务效率、礼节礼貌以及安全与卫生等六个方面。 7、饭店信息管理系统由和组成。 三、案例分析题（共12分） 荔园大酒店是一家开业2年由某国际酒店集团管理的五星级酒店，位于某旅游风景区交通干线，远离市区。酒店商务散客数量很少，主要依靠接待会议、旅游及其他大型活动团队。在开业期间，酒店的客房入住率平均只有20%左右。 由于刚开业，酒店采用低成本的人力资源战略，大量使用实习生和临时工，整个酒店的正式员工与实习生、临时工的比倒大致为1：1。在各部门的人员配备方面，也尽量压缩岗位和节约人员，如酒店客房部的人员数量按照40%的客房出租率水平配备；前厅部的接待和收银岗位进行合并；客房部夜班由PA 员工兼顾等等。这些措施对酒店的人力成本节约起到了一定的作用。
在开业1年后，酒店的经营状况有了一定改善，客房平均出租率达到了50%以上。但波动性还很大，有时连续多日达到100%，而有时却又跌回到10%的水平。 在这样的情况下，酒店的人员配备受到很大的挑战。特别是客房部，在出租率居高不下期间，人手不足造成员工的工作负荷非常大，经常是加班加点和三班连倒，使很多员工得不到正常的休息。而酒店对员工的加班通常是采用补休的方式来补给，员工从酒店的高出租率中并没有得到实惠。同时，在高出租率的日子里，员工多人共用一辆清洁车和一套清洁用具的事非常普遍，无形中又增加了员工的工作量，也造成了酒店清洁服务质量的下降。酒店在高峰时期还抽调了部分保安部的员工到楼层帮忙，但由于平日缺乏交叉培训，工作质量可想而知。 开业两年来，酒店的人员流动率非常高，年流失率超过60%。特别突出的一个问题是酒店的高层管理人员变动频繁，两年之内换了五任总经理，四任人力资源总监。此外，其他高层管理人员也变动频繁。主要原因是因为业主方同管理方出现意见分歧，力图提高酒店的经营业绩。然而高层管理者的频频更换，非但没有使利润提高，反而使得酒店凝聚力下降，也造成员工的大量流失。 由于酒店管理者的目标主要集中在提高酒店效益，对员工的培训发展和激励方面过于忽视，很多员工看不到自己的未来。酒店鼓励表现良好的实习生留下来，然而由于实习期间酒店更多的表现出把实习生当成纯粹的劳动力，这使得被酒店看中的实习生留下来的概率极小。同时由于地处郊区，繁重的工作和单调的业余生活常常让这些年轻的酒店员工感到无聊和压抑。 作为一家新开业的酒店，在人力资源管理上是需要一定磨合期的，而对于开业2年的荔园大酒店来说，这个磨合期却还一直没有结束。 针对案例回答以下问题： ①分析酒店大量使用实习生和临时工的优缺点。 ②荔园大酒店的人员配备和人工成本控制存在什么问题？原因是什么？ ③分析该酒店人员大量流失的根源是什么？你认为应该采取怎样的政策和措施来把人员流失率控制在一个合理范围？ 四、简答题（每题5分，共25分） 1、饭店在经营运作的过程中保障客人的安全应该体现怎样的状态？
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