JUNCACEAE(Flora of china)灯芯草科

Flora of China 24: 44–69. 2000.

JUNCACEAE

灯心草科 deng xin cao ke

Wu Guofang (吴国芳 Wu Kuo-fang)1; Steven E. Clemants2

Herbs, very rarely shrublike, perennial or annual, tufted or with erect or creeping rhizome. Stems erect, terete or laterally flat-tened. Leaves occasionally reduced to a bladeless or nearly bladeless sheath at base of stem (cataphyll); leaf sheath often shortly pro-longed on both sides into a pair of auricles at leaf blade juncture; leaf blade of basal and cauline leaves usually linear or filiform, grasslike and flat, or terete, glabrous except for pilose margin on some grasslike blades. Inflorescence a panicle, corymb, or 1-flow-ered. Flowers bisexual or unisexual and plants dioecious, mostly wind pollinated, regular, usually small, usually 1- or 2-bracteolate at base. Perianth segments (3 or)6, in (1 or)2 whorls, free, usually greenish to brownish or blackish, rarely white or yellowish, glume-like. Stamens 3 or 6, if 6 then 3 opposite outer perianth segments; filaments thin; anthers basifixed, 2-loculed, dehiscing by longitu-dinal slits; pollen grains in tetrads. Ovary superior, 1-loculed, or divided by 3 septa and 3-loculed, or incompletely septate; ovules 3 and inserted at base of ovary, or numerous and biseriate on 3 parietal placentas. Stigmas 3, papillose. Fruit a capsule, 1–3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds globose, ovoid, or fusiform, small, sometimes appendaged; appendage caudate; embryo straight, minute, enclosed by fleshy endosperm.

About eight genera and ca. 400 species: widely distributed in temperate and cold regions of both hemispheres, in tropical regions restricted to high elevations; two genera and 92 species (33 endemic) in China.

The two large genera, Juncus and Luzula, are widespread but best represented in the N hemisphere; the six small genera occur only in the S hemisphere.

Wu Kuo-fang. 1997. Juncaceae. In: Wu Kuo-fang, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 13(3): 146–253.

1a. Leaves glabrous, leaf sheaths open; capsule many seeded ................................................................................................... 1. Juncus 1b. Leaves long white ciliate at margin, leaf sheaths closed; capsule 3-seeded ........................................................................ 2. Luzula

1. JUNCUS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 325. 1753.

灯心草属 deng xin cao shu

Herbs perennial or annual. Rhizome shortly or long creeping. Stems often tufted. Leaves either all basal or also cauline; leaf sheath open on 1 side, apex often auriculate; leaf blade grasslike, terete, or scalelike. Inflorescences terminal, or pseudolateral when basal involucral bract seemingly a continuation of stem, usually many flowered; ultimate divisions dense heads, lax cymes, or 1-flowered. Bracteoles present or absent. Perianth segments 6, in 2 whorls, papery to hyaline. Stamens 3 or 6, attached to base of peri-anth segments; filaments filiform; anthers oblong or linear. Ovary 1- or 3-loculed; placentas 3, parietal, sometimes inconspicuously prominent but more frequently protruding and sometimes connate at middle; ovules numerous per locule. Style 1; stigmas twisted. Capsule 3-valved; valves usually bearing placentas at middle. Seeds ovoid or oblong, minute, sometimes appendaged; appendage caudate.

About 240 species: widely distributed in both hemispheres, most abundant in temperate and cold regions, rarely tropical; 76 species (27 endemic) in China.

Several species of Juncus reported from China are not treated in this account, either because the present authors have not seen any Chinese specimens, or because the species are not sufficiently well known to be properly placed. They include the following: Juncus beringensis Buchenau, J. brachyspathus Maximowicz var. brachyspathus,J. dulongjiongensis Novikov, J. grubovii Novikov, J. jaxarticus V. I. Kreczetowicz &Gontscharow, J. orchonicus Novikov, and J. soranthus Schrenk.

1a. Inflorescences pseudolateral, basal involucral bract erect, terete, seemingly a continuation of stem; bracteoles 2; leaves reduced to a sheath and closely embracing stem.

2a. Stamens 6.

3a. Stems 40–80 cm × 1.2–4 mm; stamens ca. 1/2 as long as perianth .......................................................................... 1. J. inflexus 3b. Stems 5–7 cm × ca. 1 mm; stamens ca. 2/3 as long as perianth ............................................................................. 2. J. filiformis 2b. Stamens 3 (sometimes 6 in J. effusus).

4a. Perianth segments unequal, outer ones slightly longer than inner; capsule oblong, 3-loculed ................................. 3. J. effusus 4b. Perianth segments equal; capsule ovoid, 1-loculed, incompletely 3-septate ...................................................... 4. J. setchuensis 1b. Inflorescences terminal (if sometimes seemingly pseudolateral, then erect involucral bract leaflike, somewhat flat or adaxially channeled), involucral bract leaflike or absent; bracteoles usually absent; leaves basal and

cauline or all basal.

1 Herbarium, Department of Biology, East China Normal University, 3663 Zhongshan North Road, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China (Wu Guofang died April 20, 1998).

2 Herbarium, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11225-1099, U.S.A.

5a. Herbs annual, without a rhizome.

6a. Flower solitary or occasionally paired.

7a. Plants 1.2–2.4 cm tall; leaves basal; perianth segments blackish purple, margin inconspicuously

scarious; style 1.9–2.1 mm; stigmas 1.8–3 mm ....................................................................................... 11. J. nigroviolaceus 7b. Plants 4–9 cm tall; leaves basal and cauline; perianth segments whitish, margin hyaline; style ca.

1 mm; stigmas short ......................................................................................................................................... 12. J. perparvus 6b. Flowers few to many.

8a. Capsule trigonous subglobose, ca. 2 mm .......................................................................................................... 16. J. amuricus 8b. Capsule trigonous ellipsoid, subellipsoid, or ovoid, 2.9–5 mm.

9a. Flowers secund, subsessile; anthers 0.9–1.1 mm; stigmas ca. 1.5 mm ....................................................... 13. J. aletaiensis 9b. Flowers in clusters or lax inflorescences, pedicellate; anthers 0.5–0.8 mm; stigmas 0.5–0.8 mm.

10a. Inflorescences usually lax; inner perianth segments acute at apex, longer than capsule; seeds usually apiculate at base and apex .......................................................................................................................... 14. J. bufonius 10b. Inflorescences capitate clusters or occasionally lax; inner perianth segments obtuse to rarely acute at apex, shorter than capsule; seeds obtuse at base and apex .................................................................... 15. J. ranarius 5b. Herbs perennial, usually with a conspicuous rhizome.

11a. Flowers inserted singly on branches of inflorescences or inflorescences 1- or 2-flowered.

12a. Involucral bract seemingly a continuation of stem; capsule 4–4.5 mm ...................................................... 5. J. kangpuensis 12b. Involucral bract not seemingly a continuation of stem; capsule 2–3.6(–4) mm.

13a. Filaments 0.3–0.5 mm; anthers 1.2–1.6 mm.

14a. Involucral bract shorter than inflorescence; perianth segments brownish yellow, apex acuminate ....... 7. J. libanoticus 14b. Involucral bract longer than inflorescence; perianth segments yellowish green, apex obtuse ....... 8. J. heptopotamicus 13b. Filaments 0.8–1.5 mm; anthers 0.5–1 mm.

15a. Involucral bract longer than inflorescence; perianth segments 1.8–2.6 mm; filaments 0.7–0.9 mm .... 6. J. gracillimus 15b. Involucral bract shorter than or equaling inflorescence; perianth segments 3.1–4 mm; filaments

1.2–1.5 mm.

16a. Stamens 6; leaves basal; perianth segments scarious at margin, apex tapered to a sharp point .................. 9. J. tenuis 16b. Stamens 3; leaves basal and cauline; perianth segments hyaline at margin, apex acute ................. 10. J. taonanensis 11b. Flowers few to many in capitate clusters or indistinct heads (rarely (1 or)2–7 flowers forming cymes in J. longistamineus and J. luzuliformis).

17a. Leaf blade distinctly but sometimes incompletely septate (septa inconspicuous in J. dongchuanensis and J. miyiensis).

18a. Seeds appendaged.

19a. Inflorescences with (2–)6–8 heads ....................................................................................................... 20. J. grisebachii 19b. Inflorescences with 1 or 2(or 3) heads.

20a. Stamens shorter than perianth; anthers longer than filaments; leaves basal.

21a. Stems borne singly; basal leaf sheaths orange to brownish yellow; leaves filiform, shorter

than stem ......................................................................................................................................... 60. J. sikkimensis 21b. Stems densely clumped; basal leaf sheaths brown to reddish brown; leaves stout, subequaling

stem .................................................................................................................................................. 61. J. longiflorus 20b. Stamens longer than perianth; anthers shorter than filaments; leaves basal and cauline.

22a. Heads 7–25-flowered; perianth segments 5–8 mm; seeds 0.8–1 mm ................................................ 18. J. allioides 22b. Heads 4–6-flowered; perianth segments 4.3–5 mm; seeds ca. 2.7 mm ..................................... 19. J. chrysocarpus 18b. Seeds not appendaged.

23a. Heads and cymes with flowers both fertile and sterile or all sterile.

24a. Outer perianth segments ovate, 2–2.5 mm, 1-veined, inner ones 4–4.5 mm; filaments 3–3.5 mm;

style 1.2–1.5 mm; perianth segments of sterile flowers broadly ovate ................................................. 34. J. miyiensis 24b. Outer perianth segments lanceolate, 3.9–4.5 mm, 3-veined, inner ones 6–6.4 mm; filaments

ca. 6.5 mm; style 2–2.3 mm; perianth segments of sterile flowers narrowly lanceolate .......... 35. J. dongchuanensis 23b. Heads with all flowers fertile.

25a. Leaf blade incompletely septate (completely so in J. prismatocarpus subsp. teretifolius).

26a. Stamens 6; stems laterally broadly winged ............................................................................................. 31. J. alatus 26b. Stamens 3; stems narrowly or inconspicuously winged.

27a. Perianth segments equal or inner ones somewhat shorter than outer; flower heads

globose to hemispheric; capsule narrowly prismatic ........................................................... 32. J. prismatocarpus 27b. Perianth segments unequal, inner ones longer than outer; flower heads globose and

starlike; capsule trigonous oblong ...................................................................................... 33. J. diastrophanthus 25b. Leaf blade completely septate.

28a. Stamens 6.

29a. Stems 2–4 mm in diam.; flower heads globose ................................................................................. 21. J. atratus

29b. Stems usually less than 2 mm in diam.; flower heads usually hemispheric, rarely subglobose.

30a. Perianth segments unequal, inner ones slightly longer than outer; anthers ovoid ........................ 24. J. krameri 30b. Perianth segments equal or inner ones slightly shorter than outer; anthers oblong or linear.

31a. Perianth segments 2–2.4 mm; anthers shorter than filaments; heads 2–7-flowered;

capsule 2.6–3 mm ............................................................................................................. 22. J. turczaninowii 31b. Perianth segments 2.5–3 mm; anthers usually subequaling filaments; heads

5–10(–15)-flowered; capsule 3–3.5 mm ............................................................................... 23. J. articulatus 28b. Stamens 3.

32a. Heads globose, 15–30-flowered; capsule shorter than perianth ............................................ 25. J. yanshanuensis 32b. Heads usually hemispheric or obconical, usually less than 10-flowered; capsule longer

than perianth.

33a. Capsule trigonous oblong, apex cuspidate or tapered into a short beak.

34a. Plants 25–40 cm tall; inflorescences usually with more than 25 heads; leaf sheath

auricles 0.6–1 mm; capsule apically tapered into a beak ................................................... 29. J. wallichianus 34b. Plants 6–11 cm tall; inflorescences with 3–7 heads; leaf sheath auricles 1.4–1.7 mm;

capsule apically tapered into a short beak ................................................................................... 30. J. auritus 33b. Capsule trigonous lanceolate or trigonous ellipsoid, apex acute or acuminate (or tapered

into a beak in J. leptospermus).

35a. Heads usually 2–4-flowered; perianth segments narrowly lanceolate; capsule 3–3.5 mm,

apex acuminate ....................................................................................................................... 26. J. papillosus 35b. Heads usually 4–9-flowered; perianth segments boatlike or lanceolate; capsule 3.5–4 mm,

apex acute or tapered into a beak.

36a. Plants 35–70 cm tall; capsule trigonous lanceolate, apex tapered into a beak; seeds

spindlelike, 0.5–0.7 mm ................................................................................................. 27. J. leptospermus 36b. Plants 14–25 cm tall; capsule trigonous ellipsoid, apex acute; seed obovoid, 0.6–1

mm ........................................................................................................................................ 28. J. ohwianus 17b. Leaf blade not septate or septa inconspicuous.

37a. Seeds usually not appendaged .................................................................................................................... 17. J. ochraceus 37b. Seeds usually appendaged.

38a. Inflorescence of few to many heads.

39a. Stamens longer than perianth.

40a. Leaf blade terete or V-shaped in cross section (flat to slightly convolute in J. lanpinguensis).

41a. Stems 0.5–1 mm in diam.; leaf blade V-shaped in cross section; filaments 4–5 mm ................. 63. J. concinnus 41b. Stems 1.7–2 mm in diam.; leaf blade flat to slightly convolute or terete in cross section;

filaments 5–7.5 mm.

42a. Leaf blade flat to slightly convolute in cross section, apex obtuse; leaf sheath auricles

absent; flower heads 5–11; anthers 1.2–2 mm; style ca. 2 mm .......................................... 64. J. lanpinguensis 42b. Leaf blade terete in cross section, apex acute to acuminate; leaf sheath auricles rounded;

flower heads 2; anthers 2.2–2.5 mm; style ca. 0.6 mm ............................................................ 65. J. meiguensis 40b. Leaf blade flat, grasslike.

43a. Anthers 0.7–1.2 mm; capsule blackish brown, 6–7 mm; plants to 60 cm tall .............................. 68. J. spumosus 43b. Anthers 1.5–2.5 mm; capsule yellowish to orange, 3.5–5.4 mm; plants 10–30 cm tall.

44a. Flower heads 1.2–2 cm in diam.; perianth segments 4.5–7 mm; anthers linear, 2–2.5 mm ......... 66. J. clarkei 44b. Flower heads 0.5–1 cm in diam.; perianth segments 2.8–4.5 mm; anthers oblong,

1.5–1.8 mm ............................................................................................................................ 67. J. gracilicaulis

39b. Stamens shorter than or nearly equaling perianth.

45a. Leaves all basal.

46a. Cataphylls absent; inflorescences terminal; anthers ca. 2 × as long as filaments .................. 62. J. milashanensis 46b. Cataphylls present; inflorescences seemingly pseudolateral; anthers 2–3 × as long as

filaments.

47a. Stems borne singly; basal leaf sheaths orange to brownish yellow; leaves filiform, shorter

than stem .................................................................................................................................. 60. J. sikkimensis 47b. Stems densely clumped; basal leaf sheaths brown to reddish brown; leaves stout,

subequaling stem ....................................................................................................................... 61. J. longiflorus 45b. Leaves basal and cauline.

48a. Leaf blade (6–)7–12 mm wide.

49a. Heads 15–19 per cyme, each head 0.7–1.2 cm in diam.; style 1–1.5 mm ................................. 71. J. giganteus 49b. Heads 4–10 per cyme, each head 1.2–1.8 cm in diam.; style 2.5–3 mm ................................ 72. J. crassistylus 48b. Leaf blade no more than 6 mm wide.

50a. Anthers longer than filaments.

51a. Cauline leaves 1–4; stamens shorter than perianth .............................................................. 69. J. amplifolius

51b. Cauline leaves absent or 1; stamens sometimes subequaling perianth ................................... 70. J. nepalicus

50b. Anthers shorter than filaments.

52a. Perianth segments 6.3–11 mm; capsule shorter than perianth ............................................ 76. J. sphacelatus 52b. Perianth segments 4–5(–6) mm; capsule longer than perianth.

53a. Filaments 2.5–3.5 mm ........................................................................................................ 75. J. himalensis

53b. Filaments ca. 2 mm.

54a. Perianth segments unequal, outer ones longer than inner; capsule 6–7 mm ................... 73. J. castaneus

54b. Perianth segments equal; capsule 7.5–8 mm ...................................................................... 74. J. tibeticus 38b. Inflorescence usually a solitary head, rarely of (1 or)2–5-flowered cymes.

55a. Leaf blade flattened, grasslike; leaf sheath auricles absent.

56a. Inflorescences 5–7 mm in diam., 2-flowered; basal leaf 1 ................................................................ 58. J. unifolius 56b. Inflorescences 7–14 mm in diam., (2 or)3–6-flowered; basal leaves more than 1 ............................ 59. J. minimus 55b. Leaf blade terete or somewhat flattened or linear; leaf sheath auricles usually present.

57a. Leaves all basal, rarely sub-basal.

58a. Plants 1.5–5 cm tall ...................................................................................................................... 42. J. perpusillus 58b. Plants 5–35 cm tall (rarely ca. 3 cm in J. brachystigma).

59a. Basal involucral bract distinctly longer than flower head (sometimes equaling head in J.

brachystigma).

60a. Stigmas very short ............................................................................................................ 41. J. brachystigma 60b. Stigmas 0.5–2.2 mm.

61a. Stems 0.5–0.9 mm in diam.; leaf blade flat, 1–8 cm × 0.6–1 mm; flower heads

0.6–1.5 cm in diam. ........................................................................................................... 39. J. leucomelas

61b. Stems 1–1.3 mm in diam.; leaf blade terete, 8–15 cm × 1.2–2 mm; flower heads

1.4–1.9 cm in diam. .................................................................................................................... 40. J. kingii

59b. Basal 1 or 2 involucral bracts shorter than or subequaling or occasionally slightly longer than flower head.

62a. Anthers 2.2–3.2 mm; style 2–3 mm.

63a. Heads 8–13-flowered; bracts yellowish; anthers 2.2–2.6 mm ........................................ 38. J. yunnanensis

63b. Heads (1 or)2(or 3)-flowered; bracts yellowish white; anthers 2.8–3.2 mm ............. 45. J. longistamineus 62b. Anthers 0.7–2 mm; style not more than 1 mm.

64a. Bracts closely encircling flowers; stamens nearly as long as perianth; anthers oblong,

0.7–1 mm ............................................................................................................................... 36. J. triglumis

64b. Bracts spreading outward; stamens longer than perianth; anthers linear, 1.6–2 mm ......... 37. J. thomsonii 57b. Leaves basal and cauline (rarely only basal in J. benghalensis).

65a. Cymes 2–7-flowered .................................................................................................................. 46. J. luzuliformis 65b. Heads 2–20-flowered.

66a. Basal 1(or 2) bracts equaling or much longer than flower head.

67a. Leaf blade inconspicuously septate; style short ............................................................. 48. J. membranaceus 67b. Leaf blade not septate; style long.

68a. Cauline leaves 2–3 cm; bracts usually 2 ............................................................................ 50. J. bracteatus

68b. Cauline leaves 3–12 cm; bracts 3 to several.

69a. Perianth segments 4–6 mm; filaments 5–6 mm; anthers 2.2–3.3 mm ....................... 49. J. benghalensis

69b. Perianth segments 3.1–4 mm; filaments 2.5–4.2 mm; anthers 0.8–1.5 mm.

70a. Capsule trigonous obovoid to trigonous oblong, 4.5–5 mm; seeds ca. 2 mm ....... 43. J. maximowiczii

70b. Capsule ovoid, 3.5–3.7 mm; seeds 0.5–0.7 mm ............................................................ 47. J. potaninii 66b. Bracts shorter than flower head or basal 1 or 2 bracts slightly longer than head.

71a. Stigma 1, capitate or subglobose ..................................................................................... 51. J. cephalostigma 71b. Stigmas 3, linear.

72a. Style 1.8–4 mm (rarely ca. 0.5 mm in J. przewalskii).

73a. Cauline leaves usually 2, cataphylls shiny ..................................................................... 55. J. leucanthus

73b. Cauline leaf usually 1, cataphylls dull and often withered.

74a. Filaments apically thinner and discolored; seeds ovoid, ca. 0.7 mm; appendages

0.5–0.8 mm ................................................................................................................... 56. J. tanguticus

74b. Filaments apically neither thinner nor discolored; seeds oblong, ca. 1 mm;

appendages 0.9–1 mm ................................................................................................ 57. J. przewalskii 72b. Style 0.8–1.7 mm.

75a. Perianth segments linear; capsule 5–6 mm ........................................................................44. J. triflorus

75b. Perianth segments lanceolate; capsule 2.2–4.5 mm.

76a. Cauline leaves usually 2; leaf sheath auricles developed ............................................... 52. J. modicus

76b. Cauline leaf 1; leaf sheath auricles absent.

77a. Plants 5.5–6.5 cm tall; basal leaves 1 or 2, leaf blade 5–14 cm; cauline leaves

not jointed; heads usually 3- or 4-flowered; perianth segments straw-colored

or reddish brown, 3–3.7 mm .............................................................................. 53. J. kangdingensis 77b. Plants 14.5–18.5(–25) cm tall; basal leaves absent or leaf blade reduced and

bristlelike; cauline leaves jointed near apex; heads usually 5–8-flowered;

perianth segments whitish, 3.9–5.8 mm ..................................................................... 54. J. concolor

1. Juncus inflexus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 326. 1753. 灯心草 deng xin cao

Plants perennial, densely tufted. Rhizome shortly creeping, thick. Stems terete, 25–90 cm or taller × 1–3(–4) mm, striate; pith continuous. Cataphylls closely embracing stem, reddish brown to chestnut brown, sheathlike, 2–22 cm. Inflorescences pseudolateral, densely to laxly many flowered; involucral bract erect, seemingly a continuation of stem, terete, 5–28 cm. Peri-anth segments usually pale brown, linear-lanceolate, 2–2.7 × ca. 0.8 mm, unequal with outer ones slightly longer than inner, apex acute. Stamens 3(or 6), ca. 2/3 as long as perianth; anthers 0.5–0.7 mm, slightly shorter than filaments. Ovary 3-loculed. Style very short. Capsule ovoid to oblong, slightly depressed or not, subequaling or slightly longer than perianth, 3-septate, apex ob-tuse. Seeds ovoid-oblong, 0.5–0.6 mm, reticulate. Fl. Apr–Jul, fr. May–Sep. 2n = 40, 42.

片髓灯心草 pian sui deng xin cao

Juncus brachytepalus Trautvetter ex V. I. Kreczetowicz &

Gontscharow; J. glaucus Ehrhart ex Sibthorp; J. inflexus subsp. austro-occidentalis K. F. Wu; J. inflexus subsp. brachytepalus (Trautvetter ex V. I. Kreczetowicz & Gontscharow) Novikov. Plants perennial, tufted. Stems terete, 40–80 cm × 1.2–4 mm; pith interrupted. Cataphylls closely embracing stem, red-dish brown to brown, shiny or not, sheathlike, 1–13 cm. Inflo-rescences pseudolateral, many flowered in small, dense pan-icles; involucral bract erect, seemingly a continuation of stem, long. Bracteoles 2, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate. Perianth yellowish green at center; segments narrowly lanceolate, 2.5–3.5 × ca. 1 mm, subequal or outer ones larger than inner, mar-gin thin, transparent, apex acute. Stamens 6, ca. 1/2 as long as perianth; filaments pale reddish brown; anthers ca. 0.7 mm. Ovary 3-loculed. Style shorter than ovary. Capsule yellowish green to chestnut brown, trigonous, ellipsoid, narrowly ovoid, or ovoid-oblong, 3–3.4 mm, subequaling or slightly longer than outer perianth segments, 3-septate, apex obtuse to acuminate, often mucronate. Seeds brown, obliquely ovoid to oblong, ca. 0.6 mm, reticulate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Sep. 2n = 38, 40, 42.

Forest margins, wet grasslands, pools, morasses, lake margins, river banks, fields, rice fields; 200–3400 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Sikkim, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; wide-spread in temperate and montane-tropical regions].

The pith is used as a wick for oil lamps and candles, and also medicinally as a diuretic and tranquilizer.

Flood plains, wet grasslands, marshes, river banks, ditch margins; 1100–2700 m. Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Jiangsu, Qinghai, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Xinjiang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Kashmir, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia (E Siberia), Sikkim, Sri Lanka; Africa, Europe, North America].

4. Juncus setchuensis Buchenau ex Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 238. 1900.

野灯心草 ye deng xin cao

Plants perennial, densely tufted. Rhizome thick. Stems ter-ete, 25–65 cm × 0.8–1.7 mm, striate; pith continuous. Cata-phylls closely embracing stem, reddish brown to brown, sheath-like, 1–9.5 cm; leaf blade absent. Inflorescences pseudolateral, densely to laxly many flowered; involucral bract erect, seem-ingly a continuation of stem, 5–15 cm. Bracteoles 2, triangular-ovate. Perianth segments greenish, ovate-lanceolate, 2–3 × ca. 0.9 mm, equal, apex acute. Stamens 3; filament longer than an-ther; anthers 0.8–0.9 mm. Ovary 1-loculed, incompletely 3-septate; placentation parietal, a semilunar valve. Capsule glo-bose to ovoid, often longer than perianth, 3-septate, apex retuse to obtuse. Seeds brown, obliquely ovoid, 0.5–0.7 mm, reticu-late. Fl. Apr–Jul, fr. Jun–Sep.

2. Juncus filiformis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 326. 175

3. 丝状灯心草 si zhuang deng xin cao

Plants perennial. Rhizome internodes short. Stems 7–15 cm × ca. 1 mm. Cataphylls usually 2, closely embracing stem, yellow, chestnut brown, or reddish brown, sheathlike, 1.5–5 cm; leaf blade reduced to an awnlike rudiment. Inflorescences pseu-dolateral, dense or lax, 3–6(–10)-flowered; involucral bract erect, seemingly a continuation of stem, terete, (0.3–)1–1.5 × as long as stem, apex sharply acute. Flowers pedicellate. Bracteoles 2, broadly ovate, apex obtuse. Perianth segments greenish, straw-colored with age, lanceolate, unequal to subequal; outer seg-ments 2.6–5 × ca. 1 mm; inner segments ca. 2.5 × 1 mm. Sta-mens 6, ca. 2/3 as long as inner perianth segments; filaments ca. 1.1 mm; anthers oblong, 0.5–0.6 mm. Ovary obliquely ovoid, 3-loculed. Style very short or inconspicuous. Capsule yellowish green to pale brown, trigonous ovoid to trigonous globose, sub-equaling or longer than perianth, 3-septate, apex obtuse to acu-minate, mucronate. Seeds pale chestnut brown, obliquely ovoid, ca. 0.5 mm. Fl. Aug, fr. Sep. 2n = 84.

Forests, wet land under forests, shaded and wet places on moun-tain slopes, near ravines, open hillsides, streamsides, trail sides, road-sides; 300–1800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Gui-zhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].

1a. Stems distinctly striate; capsule usually

ovoid .................................................... 4a. var. setchuensis 1b. Stems weakly striate; capsule usually

globose ................................................... 4b. var. effusoides River valleys, near water; ca. 2500 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liao-ning, Xinjiang [Japan; Europe, North America].

4a. Juncus setchuensis var. setchuensis

3. Juncus effusus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 326. 1753.

野灯心草(原变种) ye deng xin cao (yuan bian zhong) Juncus pauciflorus R. Brown.

Stems distinctly striate.Capsule usually ovoid,apex obtuse.

Wet land under forests, near ravines, open hillsides, streamsides, trail sides, roadsides; 300–1800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Si-chuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].

4b. Juncus setchuensis var. effusoides Buchenau, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36(Beibl. 82): 18. 1905.

假灯心草 jia deng xin cao

Stems often in arclike curves, weakly striate. Involucral bract often curved. Capsule usually globose, apex retuse.

Forests, shaded and wet places on mountain slopes, near ravines, trail sides; 500–1700 m. Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hu-nan, Jiangsu, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].

5. Juncus kangpuensis K. F. Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 32: 443. 1994.

康普灯心草 kang pu deng xin cao

Plants perennial. Rhizome short. Stems 7–30 cm, thin, stri-ate. Basal leaves 1 or 2; leaf sheath scarious at margin, auricles distinct; leaf blade linear, 4–9 × ca. 1 mm, apex obtuse. Inflo-rescences terminal,1-or 2-flowered; involucral bract seemingly a continuation of stem, 0.8–2.4 cm. Flowers shortly pedicel-late,often bracteate. Perianth segments chestnut brown, lanceo-late, veins 3, apex slightly obtuse to acute; outer segments 3–3.5 × ca. 1.2 mm; inner segments ca. 4 × 1 mm. Stamens 6; filaments 2.5–3 mm; anthers 1–1.2 mm. Ovary ellipsoid. Style 1.8–2 mm; stigmas ca. 1.6 mm. Capsule dark golden brown, trigonous oblong, 4–4.5 mm, 1-loculed, apex mucronate. Seeds grayish brown, ovoid-oblong, ca. 0.8 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.

? Grasslands on mountain slopes; ca. 3500 m. Yunnan.

6. Juncus gracillimus (Buchenau) V. I. Kreczetowicz & Gont-scharow in Komarov, Fl. URSS 3: 62

7. 1935.

扁茎灯心草 bian jing deng xin cao

Juncus compressus Jacquin var. gracillimus Buchenau in Engler, Pflanzenr. 25(IV. 36): 112. 1906.

Plants perennial, laxly tufted. Rhizome thick. Stems (8–) 15–80 cm, usually slightly compressed. Cataphylls absent to 3. Basal leaves 1–3; leaf blade linear, 3–15 cm × 0.5–1 mm. Distal cauline leaves 1 or 2; leaf sheath auricles rounded, ca. 1 mm; leaf blade flat,10–15(–20)mm.Inflorescences usually lax,many branched; branches unequal, longer ones 4–6 cm; involucral bract linear, often longer than inflorescence. Bracteoles present, broadly ovate, ca. 1 mm, margin scarious, apex obtuse. Perianth segments lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 1.8–2.6 × 0.9–1.1 mm, apex obtuse; outer segments slightly longer and narrower than inner ones, center greenish, margin broadly scarious. Sta-mens 6; filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers 0.8–1 mm. Ovary oblong. Style very short; stigmas ca. 1.5 mm. Capsule globose to ovoid, ca. 2.5 mm, apex obtuse and mucronate. Seeds obliquely ovoid, ca. 0.4 mm, striate. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jun–Aug.

River banks, pool margins, marshes, wet grasslands, ridges; 500–1500 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia; Europe].

Chinese records of Juncus compressus Jacquin (e.g., in FRPS) are referable to J. gracillimus.

7. Juncus libanoticus Thiébaut, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 95: 20. 1948.

玛纳斯灯心草 ma na si deng xin cao

Juncus manasiensis K. F. Wu.

Plants perennial, tufted. Rhizome thick. Stems terete, 8–18 cm × 0.6–1 mm, striate. Cataphylls few. Basal leaves 2–4; leaf sheath auricles obtuse; leaf blade flat, 2.5–7.5 cm, adaxially smooth, abaxially longitudinally striate, apex acute. Inflores-cences compound cymes, 2–5-branched; branches unequal; in-volucral bract shorter than inflorescence. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3. Bracteoles 2, broadly ovate, ca. 2 × 1.1 mm, apex obtuse. Perianth segments brownish yellow, oblong-lan-ceolate, 3–3.3 × 1–1.3 mm, subequal, margin narrowly scarious, apex acuminate. Stamens 6; filaments 0.3–0.5 mm; anthers 1.2–1.6 mm. Ovary oblong, 3-loculed. Style ca. 1 mm; stigmas ca.

1.2 mm. Capsule straw-colored, trigonous ellipsoid, 2–

2.8 mm, apex mucronate. Seeds reddish brown, obovoid to oblong, 0.6–0.7 mm, striate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.

Wet places near villages, reservoir margins. Xinjiang [Afghani-stan, Mongolia, S Russia; SW Asia].

8. Juncus heptopotamicus V. I. Kreczetowicz & Gontscharow in Komarov, Fl. URSS 3: 628. 1935.

七河灯心草 qi he deng xin cao

Plants perennial. Rhizome creeping. Stems terete, 10–30 cm × 0.9–1.2 mm. Basal leaves 2–4; leaf sheath 3–6 cm, occa-sionally closed or margin narrowly scarious, auricles rounded; leaf blade linear, slightly flattened or margin involute and seem-ingly narrower and channeled, apex acute. Inflorescences 1.5–3 cm, 2–5-branched; involucral bract often longer than inflores-cence. Flowers in clusters of 2–5; pedicel short. Bracteoles 2, chestnut brown to dark brown,1.5–1.8mm,margin hyaline, apex subrounded.Perianth segments yellowish green, oblong to el-liptic-lanceolate, 2.5–3.5 × 1–1.3 mm, subequal or outer ones somewhat longer than inner, abaxially thickened, margin dark brown, apex obtuse. Stamens 6; filaments ca. 0.5 mm; anthers 1.3–1.6 mm.Ovary oblong.Style ca. 1 mm; stigmas ca. 1.5 mm. Capsule trigonous ellipsoid to trigonous ovoid-oblong, 2.5–3.6 mm, 3-loculed, apex mucronate. Seeds rust- or straw-colored, obovoid, 0.6–0.7 mm, both ends very shortly appendaged. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.

Grasslands, grasslands near rivers, marshes, beside water, fields; 600–3100 m. Qinghai, Xinjiang [Mongolia, Russia].

1a. Perianth segments 3.1–3.5 mm; capsule

3.1–3.6 mm ................................... 8a. var. heptopotamicus 1b. Perianth segments 2.5–3 mm; capsule

2.5–3 mm ............................................. 8b. var. yiningensis 8a. Juncus heptopotamicus var. heptopotamicus

七河灯心草(原变种) qi he deng xin cao (yuan bian zhong)

Juncus bulbosus Linnaeus var. nigricans Regel; J. bulbo-sus var. salsuginosus (Turczaninow ex E. Meyer) Regel; J. gerardii Loisel var. salsuginosus (Turczaninow ex E. Meyer) Buchenau; J. salsuginosus Turczaninow ex E. Meyer.

Rhizome not elongate. Cauline leaf absent. Perianth seg-ments 3.1–3.5 × 1–1.3 mm. Capsule 3.1–3.6 mm.

Grasslands; 2400–3100 m. Xinjiang [Mongolia, Russia].

Some recent authors separate Juncus salsuginosus from J. hepto-potamicus.

8b. Juncus heptopotamicus var. yiningensis K. F. Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 32: 447. 1994.

伊宁灯心草 yi ning deng xin cao

Rhizome elongate. Cauline leaf sometimes present. Outer perianth segments ca. 3 mm; inner segments 2.5–2.8 mm. Cap-sule 2.5–3 mm.

? Grasslands near rivers, marshes, beside water, fields; 600–1700 m. Qinghai, Xinjiang.

9. Juncus tenuis Willdenow, Sp. Pl. 2: 214. 1799.

坚被灯心草 jian bei deng xin cao

Juncus leptocladus Hayata; J. macer Gray.

Plants perennial, tufted. Stems 10–40 cm × 0.6–1.2 mm, rigid to weak. Leaves basal; leaf sheath auricles obtuse, 2–4 mm, margin scarious to broadly so; leaf blade flat, 4–23 cm × 0.5–1.8 mm,margin often involute.Inflorescences terminal pan-icles, 3–7 cm, usually lax, 6–40-flowered, rarely flowers in a few clusters; involucral bracts 2, leaflike, 4–18 cm. Bracteoles 2. Perianth segments greenish, lanceolate,3.5–4×ca.1mm, sub-equal or outer ones somewhat longer than inner, margin white scarious, apex long tapered to a sharp point. Stamens 6; fila-ments ca. 1.2 mm; anthers ca. 0.8 mm. Style shorter than ovary; stigmas ca. 1.6 mm. Capsule trigonous ovoid, shorter than to rarely equaling perianth, apex truncate and shortly mucronate to obtuse.Seeds reddish brown,0.4–0.5 mm, appendaged; append-age white, short. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 30, 32, 84.

Riversides, streamsides, wet grasslands; ca. 400 m. Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangxi, Shandong, Taiwan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Korea; Eu-rope, North America].

10. Juncus taonanensis Satake & Kitagawa, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 48: 610. 1934.

洮南灯心草 tao nan deng xin cao

Plants perennial. Rhizome horizontal. Stems terete, 5–20 cm. Basal leaves 3 or 4, cauline leaves 1 or 2; leaf sheath auri-cles rounded; leaf blade flat, 0.6–2 cm × ca. 1 mm, apex needle-like. Inflorescences terminal, 3–26-flowered; involucral bract 2–7 cm, subequaling inflorescence. Flowers solitary. Bracteoles 2, ovate, 18–2.5 × 1–1.5 mm, apex obtuse. Perianth segments lanceolate-oblong, 3.1–4 × 1–1.2 mm, subequal or outer ones slightly longer than inner, margin broadly hyaline, apex acute. Stamens 3; filaments 1.2–1.5 mm; anthers 0.5–0.9 mm. Ovary oblong, 3-loculed. Style very short; stigmas brown, 0.5–1 mm. Capsule brownish, shiny, oblong-ovoid, ca. 3 mm. Seeds dark reddish, ellipsoid. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Jul–Oct.

? Riversides, pond margins, grassy marshlands, wet places; ca. 1100 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong.

11. Juncus nigroviolaceus K. F. Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 32: 448. 1994.

黑紫灯心草 hei zi deng xin cao

Plants annual. Stems terete, distinctly channeled, 1.2–2.4 cm × ca. 0.5 mm. Cataphylls early withered. Basal leaf 1; leaf sheath auricles absent; leaf blade linear, ca. 1.5 cm. Inflores-cences terminal,1-flowered;bracts 2,lanceolate;basal bract leaflike and usually conspicuously longer than flower;other one membranous and shorter than flower. Perianth segments black-ish purple, lanceolate, 3–4 mm, subequal, thickly papery, mar-gin inconspicuously scarious, apex somewhat obtuse to acumi-nate. Stamens 6, ca. 1/2 as long as perianth; filaments ca. 0.6 mm; anthers ca. 1.5 mm. Ovary broadly ovoid. Style 1.9–2.1 mm; stigmas 1.8–3 mm. Fruit not seen. Fl. Jul.

? Glacial moraines by lakes; ca. 4300 m. Xizang.

12. Juncus perparvus K. F. Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 32: 448. 1994.

单花灯心草 dan hua deng xin cao

Plants annual, 4–9 cm tall. Stems thin. Cataphylls few. Basal and cauline leaves 1–4. Basal leaf blade linear, short. Cauline leaves often 2; proximal leaf with sheath auricles well developed; leaf blade linear, 4–5.5 cm, apex acuminate; distal leaf 1–2 cm including sheath with auricles inconspicuous. In-florescences terminal, 1(or 2)-flowered. Bracteoles 2, ovate, 2–2.5 mm. Perianth segments whitish, ovate-lanceolate to lanceo-late, 2.5–3 × 1–1.2 mm, unequal with outer ones slightly shorter than inner, margin hyaline.Stamens 6,subequaling inner peri-anth segments; filaments 2.1–2.4 mm; anthers 0.8–0.9 mm. Ovary ca. 2 mm. Style ca. 1 mm; stigmas short, branches incon-spicuous. Capsule brown, trigonous oblong, ca. 3 mm, 1-loc-uled, apex mucronate. Seeds 0.5–0.6 mm; appendages 0.4–0.5 mm. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug.

? Valley forests, mountain grasslands, rocks; 1800–4100 m. Jilin, Qinghai, Yunnan.

13. Juncus aletaiensis K. F. Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 32: 450. 1994.

阿勒泰灯心草 a le tai deng xin cao

Plants annual, ca. 16 cm tall including inflorescences. Stems striate. Basal leaf 1,cauline leaves sometimes present and similar to basal one; leaf sheath auricles absent; leaf blade linear, 3–4 cm, margin narrowly scarious, apex acute. Inflorescences 2/3–4/5 × plant height; branches few, ascending, somewhat arcuate, usually weak; involucral bract 3–5 cm, shorter than inflorescence. Flowers usually many, secund, subsessile. Bracteoles 2, broadly ovate, 1.6–2 mm. Perianth segments yellowish green, lanceolate, unequal; outer segments ca. 5.5 × 1.5 mm, apex acute; inner segments ca. 4.8 × 1.1 mm, apex subobtuse. Stamens 6; filaments 1.2–1.4 mm; anthers 0.9–1.2 mm. Ovary 3-loculed. Style ca. 0.8 mm; stigmas ca. 1.5 mm. Capsule purplish red at maturity, trigonous ellipsoid, 3.8–4 mm, apex shortly mucronate.Seeds(immature)chestnut brown, ellipsoid. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.

? Sandy soil near small streams; ca. 600 m. Xinjiang.

This species is close to Juncus bufonius or possibly J. erythro-podus V. I. Kreczetowicz. Further study is needed to determine the re-lationships.

14. Juncus bufonius Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 328. 1753.

小灯心草 xiao deng xin cao

Plants annual, 4–20(–30) cm tall. Stems usually many, erect or ascending,usually weak, base often reddish brown. Leaves basal and cauline;leaf sheath often swollen basally,mar-gin hyaline; leaf blade flat, 1–13 cm × ca. 1 mm, margin often slightly convolute. Inflorescences usually lax, 1/4–4/5 × plant height; branches few, ascending, somewhat arcuate, usually weak, few flowered. Flowers subterminal, remote, appressed to subappressed; involucral bract leaflike. Bracteoles 2 or 3, 1.3–2.5 × 1.2–2.2 mm. Perianth segments lanceolate; outer seg-ments 4.25–5.5 × 1–1.8 mm, center green,margin broadly white membranous, apex sharply pointed; inner segments 4–5 mm, often mostly membranous, apex acute. Stamens 6, 1/3–1/2 as long as perianth; filaments 0.8–1.2 mm; anthers 0.5–0.8 mm. Style absent; stigmas ca. 0.5 mm. Capsule ovoid to subellipsoid, 3–4(–5) mm, 3-loculed, apex slightly obtuse. Seeds ellipsoid, 0.4–0.6 mm, striate, base and apex usually apiculate. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jun–Sep. 2n = 100, 110.

Wet grasslands, swamps, lakesides,river banks,streamsides; 100–3500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu,Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaan-xi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Japan, Kazakstan, Korea, Mon-golia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Sikkim, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; SW Asia, Europe, North and South America].

15. Juncus ranarius Songeon & E. P. Perrier in Billot, Annot. Fl. France Allemagne, 192. 1860.

簇花灯心草 cu hua deng xin cao

Plants annual, 4–12 cm tall. Stems usually many, erect or ascending, often weak. Leaves basal and cauline; leaf blade flat and margin convolute to subterete, 1.5–5 cm × 0.5–1 mm; leaves below inflorescence 1–4. Inflorescences of capitate clus-ters or occasionally lax; involucral bract leaflike. Bracteoles 2, broadly ovate, 1.5–2 × ca. 1.5 mm. Perianth segments whitish, lanceolate; outer segments 3–5 × 1–1.4 mm, center green and thick, margin membranous, apex acute; inner segments 2.8–3.3 × 0.3–1.2 mm, mostly scarious, apex obtuse to rarely acute. Sta-mens 6; filaments 0.8–1.3 mm; anthers 0.3–0.7 mm. Style ab-sent; stigmas ca. 0.5 mm. Capsule trigonous ellipsoid, 2.9–4 mm, slightly longer than inner perianth segments, apex obtuse. Seeds broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, 0.4–0.5 mm, base and apex obtuse. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep. 2n = 34.

Streamsides, near ditches and hot springs; 2300–4300 m. Gansu, Jiangsu, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Yunnan, Xinjiang [Mongolia; Europe].

The Chinese material placed here may in fact be the C Asian species Juncus turkestanicus V. I. Kreczetowicz & Gontscharow (J. bu-fonius Linnaeus subsp. turkestanicus V. I. Kreczetowicz & Gontscharow) Novikov).

16. Juncus amuricus (Maximowicz) V. I. Kreczetowicz & Gontscharow subsp. wui Novikov, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 103(4): 66. 1998.

圆果灯心草 yuan guo deng xin cao

Juncus subglobosus K.F.Wu,Acta Phytotax.Sin.32: 451. 1994, not Moss ex Adamson (1935).

Plants annual, ca. 13 cm tall including inflorescence. Stems 2.5–3.5 cm, thin. Basal leaves linear, sometimes sheath-like. Cauline leaves with sheath auricles absent or inconspicu-ous; leaf blade ca. 3.5 × 0.8 mm, margin involute. Inflores-cences 2/3–3/4 × plant height; branches few, ascending, usually weak; involucral bract 2.5–4.5 cm, often shorter than inflores-cence. Flowers many, basally 2-bracteolate. Perianth segments lanceolate; outer segments 2.4–2.9 × ca. 1 mm, center green and thick, margin hyaline, apex acute; inner segments 2–2.2 × ca. 1 mm, margin broadly hyaline, apex acuminate. Stamens 6, ca. 1/2 as long as perianth; filaments ca. 0.8 mm; anthers 0.5–0.6 mm. Capsule trigonous subglobose, subequaling inner perianth segments, ca. 1.9 mm in diam., apex obtuse and very shortly mucronate. Seeds ovoid, ca. 0.3 mm, striate, base and apex acute. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug.

? Wet places; ca. 500 m. Xinjiang.

Juncus amuricus subsp. amuricus occurs in the Far East region of Russia.

17. Juncus ochraceus Buchenau, Abh.Naturwiss. Vereine Bremen 3(2): 292. 1872.

羽序灯心草 yu xu deng xin cao

Juncus tratangensis Satake.

Plants perennial, tufted, 15–33 cm tall. Rhizome short. Stems terete, ca. 1 mm in diam., striate. Basal leaves few, cau-line leaves 2 or 3; leaf sheath auricles obtuse, membranous, free part ca. 0.3 mm; leaf blade linear (4–)7–17 cm, apex acute. In-florescences cymose, much branched, plumelike, to 12 cm; in-volucral bract leaflike, 2.7–3.5 cm. Perianth segments lanceo-late, center greenish, margin hyaline, apex acute or acuminate; outer segments 3–3.5 × ca. 1.2 mm; inner segments 3–3.2 × ca.

1.2 mm. Stamens 6; filaments 1–1.5 mm; anthers 1.3–

2.2 mm. Style 1.7–2.6 mm; stigmas 1.7–

3.2 mm. Capsule trigonous ob-long, ca. 2.4 mm; beak ca. 1.8 mm. Seeds (immature) appar-ently not appendaged at both ends. Fl. Sep–Oct, fr. Oct–Nov.

Valley forests, slopes, bare soil or earthy banks near rivers; 2500–4000 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sikkim].

This species is readily distinguished from others by its plumelike, vegetatively reproductive partial inflorescences and by the long style and stigmas of the fertile flowers.Juncus tratangensis was described for the fertile form that grows intermingled with the sterile form. Juncus fimbristyloides Noltie (Edinburgh J. Bot. 55: 39. 1998), recently described from Y unnan, resembles J. ochraceus in its plumelike partial inflorescences but differs in having a single stem leaf and smaller sterile partial inflorescences, with fewer, smaller, acute bracts.

18. Juncus allioides Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., sér. 2, 10: 99. 1887.

葱状灯心草 cong zhuang deng xin cao

Plants perennial, sparsely tufted. Rhizome short and knob-by or creeping. Stems terete, 9–55 cm × 0.8–2 mm, striate. Cataphylls few. Basal and cauline leaves 2 or 3. Cauline leaves

with sheath auricles well developed, obtuse, 0.5–3 mm; leaf blade terete, 1–10(–21) cm × 1–1.5 mm, perfectly and dis-tinctly septate. Inflorescences terminal; head 1, wrapped in basal bract while in bud, 10–25 mm in diam., 7–25-flowered; bracts 3–5, lanceolate, basal one or two 1.5–2.3 cm × 2–3(–5) mm, others ca. 1.2 cm × 3–4 mm. Flowers pedicellate, bracteo-late. Perianth segments spreading and reflexed, whitish yellow, lanceolate, 5–8 × 1.2–2 mm, subequal, membranous, veins us-ually 3. Stamens 6; filaments reddish at base in fruit, purple-black distally, 4–7 mm; anthers 2–4 mm. Style ca. 2 mm; stig-mas 0.7–1 mm. Capsule dark brown when mature, narrowly trigonous ellipsoid, 5–7 mm, 1-loculed, apex mucronate. Seeds 0.8–1 mm, oblong; appendages 2, white, 1–1.2 mm. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Jul–Sep.

Paths and wet places in forests, Salix thickets, slopes, grasslands; 1700–4700 m. Gansu,Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Sikkim].

19. Juncus chrysocarpus Buchenau, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 6: 201. 1885.

丝节灯心草 si jie deng xin cao

Plants perennial, 14–25(–30) cm tall. Stems ca. 1 mm in diam., striate. Basal leaves 2 or 3, cauline leaves usually 2; leaf sheath auricles developed; leaf blade linear, 3–8 cm, perfectly septate, apex acute. Inforescences terminal; heads 1 or 2, hemi-spheric, 11–15 mm in diam., 4–6-flowered; bracts 3–5, basal one slightly longer than proximal head, others lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate. Perianth segments yellowish white, narrowly lanceolate, 4.3–5 mm, unequal with inner ones slightly longer than outer, apex acute. Stamens 6; filaments 4–4.3 mm; anthers 2–2.2 mm. Ovary ovoid. Style 2–2.5 mm; stigmas 0.7–1 mm. Capsule golden yellow, shiny, longer than perianth, 1-loculed with incomplete septa, apex tapered into a short beak. Seeds sawdustlike, ca. 2.7 mm, white caudate. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. Oct.

Slopes, trail sides; ca. 3900 m. Xizang [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim]. 20.Juncus grisebachii Buchenau,Abh.Naturwiss.Vereine Bre-men 3(2): 295. 1873.

节叶灯心草 jie ye deng xin cao

Juncus phaeocarpus A. M. Lu & Z. Y. Zhang.

Plants perennial, 25–60 cm tall. Rhizome creeping. Stems terete, 1.5–4 mm in diam., striate. Basal leaves 1–3, cauline leaves 1(or 2); leaf sheath auricles well developed, obtuse, free part ca. 3 mm; leaf blade 7–40 cm, laterally compressed, sep-tate, apex acute. Inflorescences sparingly branched; involucral bract leaflike, 2–20 cm, septate; heads (2–)6–8, hemispheric, 1.2–1.7 cm in diam., 6–10(–12)-flowered; bracts 3–5, broadly ovate to lanceolate, apex acute. Pedicels 1.5–3 mm or some-times flowers subsessile. Perianth segments straw-colored, lan-ceolate to linear-lanceolate; outer segments 4.1–7.5 × 1–2 mm; inner segments 4.1–6.7 × ca. 1 mm, apex acuminate. Stamens 6; filaments chestnut brown, 3–4.5 mm; anthers 1–3 mm. Ovary 3-septate.Style ca. 3 mm.Capsule chestnut brown, shiny, broadly trigonous ovoid, apex beaked; beak ca. 2 mm. Seeds sawdustlike, ca. 1 mm, both ends appendaged; appendages 0.8–1 mm. Fl. Aug, fr. Sep.

Valley forest margins, grassy slopes, wet places near ravines and in mountainous regions; 2700–3700 m. Xizang [Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sikkim].

21. Juncus atratus Krocker, Fl. Siles. 1: 562. 1787.

黑头灯心草 hei tou deng xin cao

Plants perennial. Rhizome creeping, 40–70(–120) cm. Stems terete, 2–3.5 mm in diam., hollow. Basal leaves few, cauline leaves 3 or 4(or 5); leaf sheath auricles well developed; leaf blade terete, 8–23 cm × 1–2.5(–3) mm, ribbed, perfectly septate, apex acute. Inflorescences terminal, 3–5-branched; involucral bract leaflike, 7–10 cm, apex acute; heads 35–70, globose, ca. 6 mm in diam., 6–16-flowered; bracts broadly lanceolate, 1.5–2.2 mm, 1-veined. Perianth segments chestnut brown, lanceolate; inner segments 2.5–3 × ca. 0.8 mm, slightly longer than outer ones, veins 1–3, apex acute. Stamens 6, 1.5–2 mm; anthers 0.7–1 mm, equaling or slightly longer than fila-ments. Stigmas ca. 2 mm. Capsule trigonous ovoid, 2.2–2.6 mm, 1-loculed, apex abruptly contracted to a short beak. Seeds ovoid, 0.3–0.5 mm, reticulate. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.

Wet places by lakes; ca. 600 m. Xinjiang [Russia; Europe].

22. Juncus turczaninowii (Buchenau) V. I. Kreczetowicz in Komarov, Fl. URSS 3: 539. 1935.

尖被灯心草 jian bei deng xin cao

Plants perennial, densely tufted, 25–45 cm tall. Stems ter-ete, 1–1.5 mm in diam. Basal leaves 1 or 2, cauline leaves 2; leaf sheath 3–7 cm, auricles narrow; leaf blade terete or some-what laterally compressed, 5–15 cm × 1–2 mm, perfectly and distinctly septate, apex acute. Inflorescences with involucral bract leaflike, often shorter than inflorescence; heads usually many, hemispheric, 2–5 mm in diam., (2 or)3–6(or 7)-flowered. Perianth segments ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate or oblong-lan-ceolate, 2–2.4 mm, subequal or outer segments slightly longer than inner, margin scarious, apex obtuse or acute. Stamens 6; filaments 1–1.1 mm; anthers 0.8–0.9 mm. Capsule black-brown to brown, shiny, trigonous oblong to trigonous ellipsoid, 2.6–3 mm, apex mucronate. Seeds subovoid to ellipsoid, ca. 0.5 mm, reticulate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Sep.

Wet grasslands by rivers, swamps, wet places; 700–1400 m. He-bei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol [Mongolia, Russia].

1a. Perianth segments ovate-lanceolate to

lanceolate, apex acute .................... 22a. var. turczaninowii 1b. Perianth segments oblong-lanceolate,

apex obtuse .......................................... 22b. var. jeholensis 22a. Juncus turczaninowii var. turczaninowii

坚被灯心草(原变种) jian bei deng xin cao (yuan bian zhong) Juncus lampocarpus Ehrhart ex Hoffmann var. turczani-nowii Buchenau, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 12: 378. 1890.

Perianth segments ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, apex acute.

Wet grasslands by rivers, swamps; 700–1400 m. Hebei, Heilong-

jiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol [Mongolia, Russia].

22b. Juncus turczaninowii var. jeholensis (Satake) K. F. Wu & Ma, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Intramongol. 15: 114. 1984.

热河灯心草 re he deng xin cao

Juncus jeholensis Satake in Nakai et al., Rep. Exped. Man-choukuo Sect. 4, 4: 106. 1936.

Perianth segments oblong-lanceolate, usually unequal with outer ones slightly longer than inner, apex obtuse, especially so on inner segments.

? Swamps, wet places; ca. 700 m. Nei Mongol.

23. Juncus articulatus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 327. 1753.

小花灯心草 xiao hua deng xin cao

Juncus lampocarpus Ehrhart ex Hoffmann; J. lampocar-pus var. senescens Buchenau.

Plants perennial, tufted or rhizome creeping, (10–)15–40 (–60) cm tall. Stems terete, 0.8–1.5 mm in diam. Cataphylls absent to 2. Cauline leaves 2–6; leaf sheath auricles well devel-oped, acute,free part ca.2 mm,membranous;leaf blade terete or somewhat laterally compressed, 2.5–7.5(–10) cm × 0.8–1.4 mm, perfectly septate. Inflorescences usually broad; branches rigid, spreading; involucral bract erect to ascending, 0.7–3 cm; heads 5–30, hemispheric to toplike, 5–10(–15)-flowered.Peri-anth segments reddish brown with greenish midvein, lanceolate, 2.5–3 mm, subequal, apex acute. Stamens 6, 1/2–3/4 as long as perianth; filaments 0.7–0.9 mm; anthers oblong, 0.5–1 mm. Capsule dark brown, shiny, trigonous ovoid, 3–3.5 mm, apex sharply acute and tapered to a conspicuous tip. Seeds ovoid, 0.5–0.7 mm, reticulate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 80.

Wet meadows, sand, along rivers, edges of water along ditches; 1200–3700 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Kashmir, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia (E Siberia), Vietnam; Africa, Europe, North America].

24. Juncus krameri Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 99. 1876.

短喙灯心草 duan hui deng xin cao

Plants perennial, 4–35 cm tall. Rhizome short. Stems tuft-ed. Basal and cauline leaves several; leaf sheath auricles obtuse; leaf blade 2–9 cm, ± septate, apex acute. Inflorescences 2–11 cm; heads 3–26, 3–4 mm in diam., 2–4(–6)-flowered. Brac-teoles ca. 1.2 × 1 mm. Perianth segments green to straw-color-ed with age,lanceolate,ca. 2.5×1 mm,equal or inner ones somewhat longer than outer, margin scarious, apex acuminate. Stamens 6; filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers 0.5–0.6 mm. Capsule trigonous ellipsoid, ca. 3.1 mm, apex mucronate. Seeds obovoid, ca. 0.5 mm, reticulate. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.

Swampy meadows, along rivers, sandy slopes, trail sides on slopes; 100–1300 m. Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong [Japan, Korea].

25. Juncus yanshanuensis Novikov, Byull. Moskovsk. Ob-shch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 103(4): 67. 1998.

球头灯心草 qiu tou deng xin cao

Juncus sphaerocephalus K. F. Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 32: 453. 1994, not Salzmann ex Pouzolz (1826).

Plants perennial, tufted, 35–50 cm tall. Stems terete, 1–2 mm in diam. Cataphylls 1 or 2. Basal leaves 1 or 2, cauline leaves 1 or 2; leaf sheath auricles rounded; leaf blade 5–18 cm × 0.6–1.5 mm, shorter than stem, perfectly septate. Inflorescences terminal, much branched and compound; involucral bract leaflike, 2.5–5.2 cm; heads many, globose, 7–10 mm in diam., 15–30-flowered. Perianth segments lanceolate, 3–3.5 × less than 1 mm, equal, veins 3, center papery, margin hyaline, apex acute. Stamens 3; anthers ca. 0.5 mm, 1/3–1/2 as long as filaments. Capsule chestnut brown, shiny, trigonous ovoid, 2.5–3 mm, 1-loculed, apex mucronate. Seeds ellipsoid, ca. 0.4 mm, reticulate. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.

? Wet places; ca. 1200 m. Yunnan.

26. Juncus papillosus Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 98. 1876.

乳头灯心草 ru tou deng xin cao

Juncus nikkoensis Satake.

Plants perennial, 15–50 cm tall, usually papillose.Rhi-zome short. Stems terete, 1–2 mm in diam. Basal leaves 2 or 3, cauline leaves 2; leaf sheath auricles narrow; leaf blade terete, 3–10 cm × 1–2 mm, hollow, distinctly septate. Inflorescences terminal, compoundly branched; primary branches erect; invol-ucral bract leaflike, often shorter than inflorescence; heads many, usually obconical, 2–4-flowered. Perianth segments nar-rowly lanceolate, ca. 2 mm, unequal with inner ones somewhat longer than outer, apex acute.Stamens 3; filaments 1.4–1.6 mm; anthers 0.5–0.8 mm. Capsule trigonous lanceolate, 3–3.5 mm, apex acuminate. Seeds obovoid to narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 0.5 mm, reticulate. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Jun–Sep.

Swampy meadows; 800–2000 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong [Japan, Korea].

27. Juncus leptospermus Buchenau, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 6: 203. 1885.

细子灯心草 xi zi deng xin cao

Juncus mairei H. Léveillé.

Plants perennial, 35–70 cm tall, tufted. Rhizome thick. Stems terete or somewhat compressed. Basal and cauline leaves 2–5; leaf sheath auricles well developed, acute, 1–2 mm, mem-branous; leaf blade erect, terete, unitubular, to 25 cm (on prox-imal leaves), sturdy, distinctly and perfectly septate, apex acute. Inflorescences terminal, branched; involucral bract leaflike, shorter than inflorescence; heads 6–12, hemispheric to obcon-ical, 4–8-flowered. Perianth segments chestnut brown to yel-lowish green, center thickened, margin narrowly hyaline, apex acute; outer segments boatlike, 2.3–2.5 × ca. 0.8 mm; inner seg-ments 2.5–3 × 0.6–1 mm. Stamens 3, shorter than outer peri-anth segments; filaments 1.5–1.6 mm; anthers 0.6–0.7 mm. Style 0.2–0.4 mm. Capsule reddish brown, trigonous lanceolate, 3.8–4 mm, apex beaked; beak 0.2–0.3 mm. Seeds pale brown, spindlelike, 0.5–0.7 mm, reticulate. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Apr–Nov.

Swampy ground at pond margins; 100–3600 m. Guangdong,

Guangxi, Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi, Yunnan [Bhutan, India]. 28. Juncus ohwianus M. T. Kao in H. L. Li et al., Fl. Taiwan 5: 150. 1978.

台湾灯心草 tai wan deng xin cao

Plants perennial, 14–25 cm tall. Rhizome short, creeping. Stems terete, ca. 2 mm in diam. Basal and cauline leaves 2 or 3; leaf sheath auricles well developed; leaf blade terete, 2–27 cm, on cauline leaves tubular and distinctly septate. Inflorescences terminal, shorter than cauline leaves; involucral bract leaflike; heads many, hemispheric, many flowered. Bracteoles ovate, ca.

2 × 1 mm, apex mucronate. Perianth segments lanceolate, 2.5–

3 mm, margin scarious, apex acute to mucronate. Stamens 3, ca.

1.5 mm; anthers ovoid, shorter than filaments. Capsule trig-onous ellipsoid, 3.5–4 mm, apex acute. Seeds obovoid, 0.6–1 mm.

? Taiwan.

The above description is based on the protologue because no ma-terial has been examined by the present authors. This species is similar to the North American Juncus canadensis J. Gay, but the seeds lack ap-pendages at the ends.

29. Juncus wallichianus J. Gay ex Laharpe, Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 3: 139. 1827.

针灯心草 zhen deng xin cao

Juncus prismatocarpus R. Brown var. leschenaultii (J. Gay ex Laharpe) Buchenau subvar. unitubulosus Buchenau; J. pseudokrameri Satake.

Plants perennial, densely tufted, 25–40 cm tall. Stems ter-ete, 1–2 mm in diam. Basal leaves 1 or 2, cauline leaves 2; leaf sheath auricles obtuse, 0.6–1 mm; leaf blade terete, 3–15 cm × 1–2 mm, hollow, distinctly septate. Inflorescences terminal; in-volucral bract leaflike, usually shorter than inflorescence; heads usually more than 25, hemispheric, 2–5 mm in diam., (2–)4–6 (–10)-flowered. Perianth segments chestnut brown, lanceolate, 2–2.8 × ca. 0.8 mm, often unequal with inner ones larger than outer, margin scarious, apex mucronate to acuminate. Stamens 3; filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers ca. 0.7 mm. Capsule dark chest-nut brown, shiny, trigonous oblong, 2.8–3.5 mm, apex cuspi-date. Seeds reddish brown, ca. 0.5 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.

Riversides, swamps, meadows, moist roadsides; 800–2900 m. Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Hainan, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Russia (Siberia), Sikkim, Sri Lanka].

The stems and leaves are used for paper making and knitting. 30. Juncus auritus K. F. Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin.32:453. 1994. 长耳灯心草 chang er deng xin cao

Plants perennial, 6–11 cm tall. Rhizome short. Stems ter-ete, 0.8–1 mm in diam. Basal leaves 1–3, cauline leaves 2; leaf sheath auricles well developed, acuminate to slightly obtuse, 1.4–1.7 mm; leaf blade 1–5 cm × 0.5–0.7 mm, perfectly septate, striate. Inflorescences terminal, sparingly branched; involucral bract leaflike, shorter than inflorescence; heads 3–7, 4–7 mm in diam., 3–5(–7)-flowered; bracts 2.5–3 × 0.9–1.3 mm, apex acute. Perianth segments lanceolate, ca. 3 × 1 mm, subequal, veins 3, margin scarious, apex acute. Stamens 3; anthers ca. 0.9 mm, ca. 3/5 as long as filaments. Ovary trigonous oblong, 1-loculed. Stigmas usually curved, ca. 1.2 mm. Capsule chestnut brown, 3–3.5 mm including persistent style, apex tapered into a short beak. Seeds ca. 0.6 mm, longitudinally striate. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Aug.

? Trail sides on slopes; ca. 2500 m. Yunnan.

31. Juncus alatus Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 98. 1879.

翅茎灯心草 chi jing deng xin cao

Plants perennial, tufted, 11–50 cm tall. Rhizome short. Stems flat, 2–4 mm wide, laterally broadly winged. Basal leaves 2–4, cauline leaves 1 or 2; leaf sheath auricles small, rounded, membranous; leaf blade flat, 5–16 cm × 3–4 mm, us-ually incompletely septate. Inflorescences terminal, 3–12 cm, sparingly branched; heads (4–)7–27, 3–7-flowered; bracts 2 or 3, broadly ovate, 2–2.5 × ca. 1.5 mm, membranous, apex acute. Perianth segments greenish to chestnut brown, lanceolate, 3–3.5 × 1–1.3 mm, margin scarious, apex acuminate. Stamens 6; an-thers 0.5–0.8 mm, ca. 1/2 as long as filaments. Ovary ellipsoid, 1-loculed. Capsule chestnut brown, 3.5–5 mm. Seeds ellipsoid, 0.4–0.5 mm, longitudinally striate. Fl. Apr–Jul, fr. May–Oct.

Forests on mountain slopes, fields, swampy meadows, riversides, moist to wet streamsides, ditches; 100–2300 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan,Zhejiang [Japan, Korea]. 32. Juncus prismatocarpus R. Brown, Prodr. 259. 1810.

笄石菖 ji shi chang

Plants perennial, tufted, (8–)10–65 cm tall. Stems erect or ascending, terete or compressed, 0.7–3 mm in diam. Basal leaves few,cauline leaves 2–4;leaf sheath auricles obtuse, short; leaf blade linear, terete to compressed, 10–25 cm × (1–)2–4 mm, distinctly and perfectly to incompletely septate, apex obtuse, acute, or acuminate. Inflorescences terminal, sparingly or much branched; involucral bract leaflike, shorter than inflorescence; heads 5–10(–30), globose to hemispheric, 7–10 mm in diam., (3–)8–15(–20)-flowered; bracts 2–2.5 mm, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, thinly membranous. Perianth segments narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 3.5–4 mm, subequal, veins longitudinal, apex acute. Stamens 3, inserted opposite outer perianth segments; filaments 1.2–1.4 mm; anthers 0.9–1 mm. Stigmas very long, often recurved or sinuous. Capsule narrowly prismatic, 3.8–4.5 mm; angles prominent, acute; placentas not or only slightly intruded, hence fruit 1-loculed. Seeds wax yellow, oblong, 0.6–0.8 mm, regularly longitudi-nally ribbed; transverse veins faint, remote. Fl. (Jan–)Mar–Jun, fr. May–Nov.

Forests and trail sides on mountain slopes, wet grasslands in sparse forests, thickets, fields, marshy places, swampy river banks, streamsides,sink holes; near sea level to 3000m.Anhui,Fujian, Guang-dong,Guangxi, Guizhou,Hainan,Henan, Hubei, Hunan,Jiangsu,Jiangxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Sikkim, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam;

Australia, Pacific Islands (New Zealand)].

This is a widespread and polymorphic species.

1a. Leaf blade compressed, incompletely

septate ...................................... 32a. subsp. prismatocarpus 1b. Leaf blade terete, sometimes slightly

compressed when dry, distinctly and

perfectly septate ............................. 32b. subsp. teretifolius 32a. Juncus prismatocarpus subsp. prismatocarpus

笄石菖(原亚种) ji shi chang (yuan ya zhong)

Juncus leschenaultii J. Gay ex Laharpe; J. prismatocarpus var. leschenaultii (J. Gay ex Laharpe) Buchenau.

Leaf blade compressed, incompletely septate.

Wet grasslands in sparse forests, trail sides on mountain slopes, fields, marshy places, swampy river banks, streamsides, sink holes; near sea level to 1300 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Gui-zhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Si-chuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Sikkim, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia, Pacific Is-lands (New Zealand)].

32b. Juncus prismatocarpus subsp. teretifolius K. F. Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 32: 455. 1994.

圆柱叶灯心草 yuan zhu ye deng xin cao

Plants large, robust. Leaf blade terete, sometimes slightly compressed when dry, distinctly and perfectly septate.

? Forests on slopes, thickets, streamsides in valleys; 800–3000 m. Guangdong, Jiangsu, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

This subspecies is very close to Juncus wallichianus, and further study is needed to determine its relationship.

33. Juncus diastrophanthus Buchenau, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 12: 309. 1890.

星花灯心草 xing hua deng xin cao

Plants perennial, tufted, (5–)15–25(–35) cm tall. Rhizome short. Stems slightly compressed, 1–2.5 mm wide, very nar-rowly winged on both sides. Basal leaves few, cauline leaves 1–3; leaf sheath auricles somewhat obtuse, free portion ca. 0.5 mm; leaf blade linear, compressed, 3–10 cm × 1–4 mm, incom-pletely septate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal, usu-ally 2- or 3-branched, 7–8 cm; involucral bract leaflike, 1.7–4 cm; heads (3–)6–24, globose, starlike, 6–10 mm in diam., 5–14-flowered. Perianth segments narrowly lanceolate, 3–4 × 0.7–1 mm, unequal with inner ones longer than outer, margin scarious, apex with setaceous tip. Stamens 3, 1/2–2/3 as long as perianth; filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers oblong, ca. 0.8 mm. Ovary 1-loculed. Capsule yellowish green to chestnut brown, shiny, trigonous oblong, 4–5 mm, apex acute. Seeds obovate-ellipsoid, 0.5–0.7 mm, striate, both ends mucronate. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Apr–Oct.

Moist places in sparse forests, streamsides, fields; 600–1300 m. Anhui, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Korea]. 34. Juncus miyiensis K. F. Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 32: 456. 1994.

米易灯心草 mi yi deng xin cao

Plants perennial, 15–25 cm tall. Stems terete, 1–1.5 mm in diam., striate. Basal leaf absent or 1, cauline leaf 1; leaf sheath auricles present; leaf blade linear, flat,7–12(–17) cm × 2–3 mm, inconspicuously septate, apex with a callus. Inflorescences ter-minal; involucral bract leaflike,lanceolate;heads 2–4(or 5), with both fertile and sterile flowers, or sometimes heads small with only sterile flowers; bracts reddish brown, broadly ovate, shorter than flowers. Perianth of fertile flowers with outer segments ovate, 2–2.5 mm, vein 1, apex somewhat obtuse; inner segments yellowish white, lanceolate, 4–4.5 mm, apex acuminate. Stamens 6; filaments 3–3.5 mm; anthers 1.5–2 mm. Ovary ovoid. Style 1.2–1.5 mm; stigmas ca. 0.7 mm. Mature fruit not seen. Fl. Jul.

? Meadows; ca. 3200 m. Sichuan.

No mature fruits have been seen, and this species may be a sterile hybrid.

The rhizomes are used medicinally.

35. Juncus dongchuanensis K. F. Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 32: 457. 1994.

东川灯心草 dong chuan deng xin cao

Plants perennial,17–35 cm tall.Rhizomes clustered, densely branched, short. Stems terete, 1–1.4 mm in diam., striate. Cataphylls few. Basal and cauline leaves 1–3; leaf sheath auricles obtuse, sometimes inconspicuous; leaf blade terete to slightly compressed, 7–18 cm × 2–3 mm, inconspicuously septate, apex with a callus. Inflorescences terminal; involucral bract subulate, 1.1–1.8 cm; heads 2–7, subglobose, 6–13 mm in diam., with sterile flowers except for 1–3 fertile ones at base; bracts yellowish white, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2–5.5 × 1–1.5 mm. Pedicels short. Perianth of fertile flowers yellowish white, scarious; outer segments lanceolate, 3.9–4.5 × 1–1.2 mm, veins 3, apex somewhat obtuse; inner segments oblong-lanceolate, 6–6.4 × 1.2–1.4 mm. Stamens 6; filaments ca. 6.5 mm; anthers ca. 2 mm. Style 2–2.3 mm; stigmas ca. 1 mm. Capsule (immature) orange, trigonous oblong, 3–3.5 mm, shorter than inner perianth segments, 3-septate, apex beaked; beak ca. 1 mm. Seeds sterile. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug–Oct.

?Abies forests, trail sides on mountain slopes, grassy meadows, marshy areas; 2500–3500 m. C and W Yunnan.

This species is probably a sterile hybrid involving Juncus con-cinnus.

36. Juncus triglumis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 328. 1753.

贴苞灯心草 tie bao deng xin cao

Plants usually tufted, 7–20(–30) cm tall. Rhizome short. Stems terete, 0.7–1 mm in diam. Leaves all basal; leaf sheath auricles often purplish red, obtuse; leaf blade linear, 2–6 cm × ca. 0.7 mm. Inflorescences terminal; head solitary; flowers (2 or)3–5 in a horizontal row; bracts 3 or 4, erect-spreading, broadly ovate, 4–6 × 2.8–3.5 mm. Perianth segments yellowish white, lanceolate, 3–4 × 1.3–1.6 mm, unequal with outer ones slightly longer than inner, apex acuminate. Stamens 6; filaments ca. 3 mm; anthers oblong, 0.7–1 mm. Style ca. 0.8

mm; stigmas slightly longer than style. Capsule trigonous ellipsoid, ca. 4 mm, 3-septate, apex obtuse and mucronate. Seeds oblong, ca. 0.9 mm; appendages 2, whitish, subequal. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. 2n = 50.

Wet places mainly on mountain slopes; 600–4500 m. Hebei, Qinghai, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Japan, Kashmir, Korea, Mongolia, Russia, Sikkim; Europe].

37. Juncus thomsonii Buchenau, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin)25: 148. 1867.

展苞灯心草 zhan bao deng xin cao

Juncus thomsonii var. fulvus K. F. Wu.

Plants perennial, tufted in tussocks, (5–)10–20(–30) cm tall. Rhizome short. Stems terete, 0.6–1 mm in diam. Leaves all sub-basal, usually 2; leaf sheath reddish brown, margin scari-ous, auricles acute, membranous, free portion ca. 0.5 mm; leaf blade linear, 1–10 cm, apex with a callus. Inflorescences termi-nal; head solitary, 5–10 mm in diam., 2–8-flowered; bracts 3 or 4, spreading, ovate-lanceolate, 3–8 ×1–3 mm,shorter than head, apex obtuse. Perianth segments yellowish white, straw-colored, or chestnut brown, oblong-lanceolate, 4.5–5 × 1.2–1.6 mm, equal or inner ones slightly shorter than outer, apex obtuse. Sta-mens 6; filaments 4.3–6 mm; anthers linear, 1.6–2 mm. Style short; stigmas 1.1–2.2 mm. Capsule reddish brown to dark brown when mature, trigonous ellipsoid, 4–5 mm, 3-septate, apex beaked; beak 0.5–1.5 mm. Seeds oblong, 0.7–1 mm; ap-pendages 2, whitish, 0.8–1 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.

Wet places in forests, swamps, pond margins, alpine meadows; 2800–5000 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim; C Asia].

38. Juncus yunnanensis A. Camus in Lecomte, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 1: 275. 1910.

云南灯心草 yun nan deng xin cao

Plants perennial, 13–25 cm tall. Rhizome short. Stems ter-ete, 0.9–1.3 mm in diam., striate. Leaves all basal; leaf sheath auricles usually obtuse, free portion 0.5–1 mm; leaf blade linear, channeled, 5–16 cm, apex with a callus. Inflorescences terminal; head solitary, hemispheric, 8–13-flowered; bracts 5–7, broadly ovate to broadly lanceolate, 5–15 × 2.5–4 mm, basal one 0.9–1.5 cm, equal or slightly longer than head, apex acumi-nate, others shorter than head. Perianth segments yellowish white, lanceolate, 5.7–7.5 × 1.4–1.6 mm, subequal or inner ones slightly longer than outer, apex acuminate. Filaments 4.2–4.5 mm; anthers 2.2–2.6 mm. Style 2.2–2.5 mm; stigmas 1.4–1.6 mm. Capsule (immature) trigonous ovoid, 1-loculed. Fl. Apr–Jul.

? Boggy and/or stony pastures, mountainous regions; 2200–3000 m. Yunnan.

39. Juncus leucomelas Royle ex D. Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 18: 319. 1840.

长苞灯心草 chang bao deng xin cao

Plants perennial, tufted, 5–16(–25) cm tall.Rhizome creeping. Stems subterete, 0.5–0.9 mm in diam., striate. Cataphylls few. Basal leaves 1 or 2; leaf sheath auricles absent or obtuse, membranous, free portion ca. 0.5 mm; leaf blade flat, unitubular, channeled, 1–8 cm × 0.6–1 mm, margin convolute to subterete.Inflorescences terminal; head solitary, 6–15 mm in diam., 6–13-flowered; bracts 3–5, pale brown, broadly ovate to lanceolate, 1–2.5 cm; basal 1(or 2) bracts leaflike, 1.5–2.3 mm to 2 × head length. Perianth segments lanceolate, 5.2–6.5 × ca.

1.2 mm, subequal, membranous, center chestnut brown to reddish brown, margin yellowish, apex obtuse. Stamens 6; filaments 4–5 mm; anthers

2.2–2.5 mm, slightly smaller in basal flowers. Style 1.8–2.5 mm; stigmas 0.9–2.1 mm. Capsule ovoid-oblong, usually shorter than perianth, 3-septate, apex mucronate. Seeds sawdustlike; appendages 2. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.

Meadows on slopes; 3000–4500 m. Gansu, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim].

40. Juncus kingii Rendle, J. Bot. 44: 45. 1906.

金灯心草 jin deng xin cao

Juncus longibracteatus A. M. Lu & Z. Y. Zhang.

Plants perennial, stoloniferous, 15–35 cm tall. Rhizome deeply buried. Stems 1–1.3 mm in diam. Cataphylls 1 or 2. Basal leaf 1; leaf sheath auricles rounded, membranous, straw-like, free portion ca. 0.8 mm; leaf blade terete, 8–15 cm × 1.2–2 mm, apex tapered to a point. Inflorescences terminal; head soli-tary, subglobose, 1.4–1.9 cm in diam., 8–22-flowered; bracts several, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, vein 1, apex acute; basal bract leaflike, 1.5–4(–7) cm, longer than head; other bracts equaling or slightly longer than head. Perianth segments straw-colored, lanceolate, 4.8–6 × 1.2–1.5 mm, subequal or inner ones slightly longer than outer, membranous. Stamens 6; filaments 6–7 mm; anthers 2–2.5 mm. Style 2–2.5 mm; stigmas 1–2.2 mm. Capsule chestnut brown at maturity, trigonous ellipsoid, 3.2–4 mm, 3-septate, apex beaked; beak 1.2–2 mm. Seeds spindlelike, 0.5–0.8 mm; appendages 2, ca. 0.1 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.

Thickets, meadows, limestone screes, trail sides on slopes; 3600–5000 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim].

41. Juncus brachystigma Samuelsson in Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 1236. 1936.

短柱灯心草 duan zhu deng xin cao

Plants perennial, (3–)5–10(–18) cm tall. Rhizome very short. Stems terete. Cataphylls reddish brown, not shiny. Ba-sal leaves with sheath auricles very short, free portion ca. 0.1 mm; leaf blade slightly flat, sometimes subterete, 3–11 cm×0.2–1.2 mm.Inflorescences terminal;head solitary, hemispheric, 0.5–1.7 cm in diam., (3–)7–15(–20)-flowered; bracts several, whitish to chestnut brown, ovate to ovate-lanceolate; basal bract obliquely spreading, usually leaflike, 0.4–1(–3) cm, equal-ing head or sometimes with an aristate point to 3 cm; other bracts shorter than head. Perianth segments straw-colored, ovate-lanceolate, 4–5.5 × 1–1.3 mm, subequal, veins 3, apex obtuse. Stamens 6; filaments whitish to dark brown, ca. 5 mm; anthers 1.2–1.4 mm. Style 1.3–1.8 mm; stigmas subglobose or headlike, very short. Capsule brown, trigonous oblong, 2.5–3.5 mm, 1-loculed, apex obtuse, beaked; beak 1.8–2 mm. Seeds

This species is closely related to Juncus maximowiczii and J. modicus . The type of J. triflorus has not been seen by the present authors.

dark brown, subtrigonous ovoid, 0.6–0.7 mm; appendages 2, 0.2–0.8 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug.

45. Juncus longistamineus A. Camus in Lecomte, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 1: 277. 1910.

Mountainous regions, moist stony meadows; 3100–4600 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim].

42. Juncus perpusillus Samuelsson in Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 1237. 1936.

长蕊灯心草 chang rui deng xin cao

Plants perennial, tufted, 9–18 cm tall. Rhizome black-brown. Stems 0.3–0.6 mm in diam. Cataphylls 1–3. Basal leaves 1 or 2; leaf sheath auricles obtuse; leaf blade linear, 5–13 cm × 0.3–0.9 mm, apex acute. Inflorescences (1 or)2(or 3)-flowered; basal bract straw-colored, lanceolate, 5–9 mm, veins 3; other bracts yellowish white, broadly ovate, 1.5–3 mm, veins 1–3, apex acute. Flowers milk white. Perianth segments lanceolate; outer segments 4.5–5.5 × 1–1.5 mm, veins 3; inner segments 6–6.5 mm. Stamens 6, 7–8 mm; filaments 4–5 mm; anthers 2.8–3.2 mm. Style 2–3 mm; stigmas 1–1.5 mm. Capsule chestnut brown, ovoid, 4.5–5 mm, 1-loculed. Seeds rust-colored, broadly ellipsoid, crooked, ca. 1.5 mm, both ends appendaged; appendages caudate, short. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug.

短茎灯心草 duan jing deng xin cao

Plants perennial, 1.5–5 cm tall. Stems thin. Leaves basal; leaf sheath whitish to dark brownish, 5–8 mm, auricles well developed, obtuse; leaf blade linear, 0.6–2.5 cm × ca. 0.3 mm, apex obtuse. Inflorescences terminal; head solitary, hemispher-ic, (1 or)2-flowered; bracts 2 or 3, chestnut brown, membra-nous; basal bracts ovate-lanceolate, 4.5–5.5 × ca. 2 mm, apex elongate; other bracts ovate, shorter, apex obtuse. Perianth seg-ments chestnut brown, oblong-lanceolate, 3.5–4 × ca. 1 mm, subequal, apex obtuse. Stamens 6; filaments dark brown, 5.5–6.5 mm; anthers 1.5–2 mm. Ovary ovoid. Style ca. 1.2 mm; stigmas ca. 0.5 mm. Capsule (immature) dark brown, trigonous ovoid, ca. 3 mm, 1-loculed, apex obtuse and mucronate.

? Meadows on slopes; ca. 3600 m. Yunnan.

46. Juncus luzuliformis Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., sér. 2, 10: 99. 1887–1888. Mountainous and calcareous regions; 4400–4600 m. Sichuan, Xizang [Sikkim].

分枝灯心草 fen zhi deng xin cao

43. Juncus maximowiczii Buchenau, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 12: 394. 1890.

Juncus luzuliformis var. modestus (Buchenau) Buchenau; J. modestus Buchenau.

长白灯心草 chang bai deng xin cao

Plants perennial, densely tufted, 7–30 cm tall. Stems erect or obliquely ascending, ca. 0.3 mm in diam. Cataphylls few. Basal leaves 2(–4), sub-basal leaf 1; leaf sheath auricles sharp-ly pointed; leaf blade linear, proximal ones 10–12 cm, distal ones 1–2.5 cm. Bract subtending inflorescence leaflike, 0.5–0.7 cm. Inflorescences cymose, 2–7-flowered; bracts 2 at base of pedicels. Bracteoles 2 subtending each flower, chestnut brown, broadly ovate, ca. 3.5 mm, apex sharply pointed. Perianth seg-ments greenish white to straw-colored, lanceolate, apex acute; outer segments 4.3–5.5 mm; inner segments 5–7 mm. Stamens 6; filaments ca. 3.2 mm; anthers 1.5–2 mm. Style 2.5–3 mm; stigmas 0.8–1 mm. Capsule chestnut brown at maturity, trigon-ous ovoid, ca. 5 mm, 1-loculed, apex usually narrowed into a beak. Seeds oblong, ca. 0.8 mm; appendages 2, white, ca. 0.5 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.

Plants perennial, densely tufted, 6–15 cm tall. Rhizome short. Stems thin. Cataphylls 1 or 2. Basal and cauline leaves many; leaf sheath 1–1.3 cm, auricles conspicuous; leaf blade hairlike, 8–9 cm. Inflorescences terminal; head solitary, usually 2- or 3-flowered; bracts ovate, 2–3 × ca. 1.2 mm, membranous; basal bract longer than flowers. Perianth segments yellowish, lanceolate, 3.1–3.8 × 1–1.4 mm, subequal, margin scarious, apex obtuse. Stamens 6; filaments 3.5–4.2 mm; anthers 1.1–1.5 mm. Style ca. 0.7 mm; stigmas ca. 0.8 mm. Capsule brownish, trigonous obovoid to trigonous oblong, 4.5–5 mm, apex mucro-nate. Seeds ca. 2 mm, both ends appendaged; appendages cau-date. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug.

Wet meadows in mountains; ca. 2400 m. Jilin [Japan, Korea].

44. Juncus triflorus Ohwi, J. Jap. Bot. 13: 334. 1937. Wet places in forests, shady moist rocks; 2200–2600 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Shanxi, Sichuan [Japan, Korea].

三花灯心草 san hua deng xin cao

Juncus takasagomontanus Satake.

47. Juncus potaninii Buchenau, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 12: 394. 1890.

Plants perennial, tufted, 5–20 cm tall. Stems terete or an-gled, slender. Basal and cauline leaves 3 or 4; leaf blade fili-form, ± compressed, basal ones slightly shorter to longer than stem. Inflorescences terminal; head solitary, 2- or 3-flowered; bracts ovate; basal bract ca. 4 × 3 mm. Flowers sessile. Perianth segments greenish, linear, 4.5–6 mm, unequal with inner ones longer than outer, apex obtuse. Stamens 6; filaments 5–6 mm; anthers ca. 1.7 mm. Style very short; stigmas ca. 1.3 mm. Cap-sule yellowish to light brown, obovoid-ellipsoid, 5–6 mm, 1-loculed. Seeds ca. 0.5 mm, both ends appendaged; appendages white, caudate.

单枝灯心草 dan zhi deng xin cao

Juncus luzuliformis Franchet var. potaninii (Buchenau) Buchenau.

Plants perennial, tufted, 6–15 cm tall. Stems erect or obliquely ascending, ca. 0.3 mm in diam. Cataphylls 1–3; basal and cauline leaves 2(–4); leaf sheath auricles obtuse, 0.1–0.3 mm, membranous; leaf blade filiform, proximal one 5–11 cm × 0.3–0.5 mm, distal one 2–3 cm. Inflorescences terminal; head solitary, rarely paired, (1 or)2-flowered; bracts 2 or 3, broadly ovate, ca. 3 mm, apex acute. Perianth segments whitish to yel-

? Wet places in mountains. C Taiwan.

Plants perennial, 14–20 cm tall. Rhizome short. Stems 0.2–0.5 mm in diam. Cataphylls few. Basal and cauline leaves 2 or 3; leaf sheath reddish brown at base and margin, 1.5–2 cm, auricles obtuse, black-brown at margin; leaf blade linear, 2–3 cm, apex acute. Inflorescences terminal; head solitary, hemi-spheric, 1.1–1.3 cm in diam., usually 4- or 5-flowered; bracts usually 2, chestnut brown to dark brown; basal bract broadly ovate, ladlelike, much longer than head, apex tapered and elon-gate. Perianth segments whitish to yellowish, lanceolate, 5–6 mm, subequal, apex obtuse. Stamens 6, longer than perianth; fil-aments subequaling perianth; anthers shorter than filaments. Style long; stigmas short. Capsule chestnut brown, trigonous ovoid, 1-loculed, apex beaked. Seeds (immature) ovoid. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.

lowish but outer ones brownish with age, lanceolate, 3.8–4 mm, unequal with inner ones slightly longer than outer, apex sub-acute. Stamens 6, subequaling or slightly longer than perianth; filaments 2.5–3 mm; anthers 0.8–1 mm. Style 0.8–1 mm; stigmas capitate, ca. 0.5 mm. Capsule dark brown at maturity, ovoid-oblong, 3.5–3.7 mm, 1-loculed, apex beaked; beak ca. 0.3 mm. Seeds ovoid, 0.5–0.7 mm; appendages 0.2–0.3 mm, unequal. Fl. Jun–Sep, fr. Jul–Sep.

? Moist places on forested slopes, alpine meadows, streamsides, rock crevices, roadsides; 2300–4200 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hu-bei, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.

48. Juncus membranaceus Royle ex D. Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 18: 320. 1840. 膜耳灯心草 mo er deng xin cao

Moist meadows in high mountains, wet places in ravines; 3100–4000 m. Gansu, Xizang, Yunnan [Sikkim].

Plants perennial, 17–45 cm tall. Rhizome creeping. Stems terete, 0.8–1.5 mm in diam. Basal leaves 1 or 2, cauline leaf 1; leaf sheath auricles well developed or not, acute, ca. 1 mm; leaf blade terete, 7–14 cm, inconspicuously septate, apex acute. Inflo-rescences terminal; head solitary, 4–5 mm in diam., 5–20-flow-ered; bracts several; basal bract 6–14 mm, equaling or longer than head; others bracts yellowish, broadly ovate, shorter than head. Perianth segments yellowish white, lanceolate, ca. 6 mm, subequal or inner ones slightly longer than outer, apex obtuse or on outer segments subacute. Stamens 6; filaments slightly long-er than perianth; anthers ca. 2 mm. Capsule chestnut brown, shiny, trigonous ovoid, longer than perianth, apex mucronate. Seeds oblong, ca. 1 mm; appendages 2, white, caudate, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.

Some authors treat Juncus bracteatus as a synonym of J. benghal-ensis .

51. Juncus cephalostigma Samuelsson in Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 1233. 1936. 头柱灯心草 tou zhu deng xin cao

Plants perennial, 5–15(–18) cm tall. Rhizome short, thick. Stems terete, 0.3–0.5 mm in diam. Cataphylls 1–3, reddish to brownish, shiny, septate, apex aristate. Basal leaf blade flat, or tubelike when margin involute, 3–13 cm, apex acute. Cauline leaves ca. 0.8 cm; leaf sheath reddish brown, margin apically scarious, auricles present, inconspicuous, or absent; leaf blade linear. Inflorescences terminal; head solitary, hemispheric, 0.9–1.5 cm in diam., (2–)4–6(–9)-flowered; bracts 3–5, chestnut brown, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5–7 mm. Perianth segments yellowish, lanceolate, 3.5–7 × 1–1.5 mm, subequal, apex ob-tuse. Stamens 6; filaments usually 5–7 mm; anthers usually 2–2.6 mm. Style 2–3.5 mm; stigma 1, capitate to subglobose, 0.4–0.6 mm in diam. Capsule dark brown to chestnut brown, trig-onous ovoid, 2–3.3 mm, 1-loculed, apex obtuse, beaked; beak 1.2–1.5 mm. Seeds sawdustlike, 1–1.5 mm, usually append-aged. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.

Meadows on mountain slopes, by ravines, trail sides; 3000–4000 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Afghanistan, Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan].

49. Juncus benghalensis Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3: 360. 1841. 孟加拉灯心草 meng jia la deng xin cao

Juncus sphenostemon Buchenau.

Plants perennial, tufted, 6.5–25 cm tall. Rhizome filiform, short. Stems thin. Cataphylls absent to 2. Basal leaves 2 or 3, cauline leaf absent or 1; leaf sheath greenish to reddish, auricles well developed, purplish red, obtuse, 0.7–1.2 mm; leaf blade linear, 3–12 cm, apex acute. Inflorescences terminal; head soli-tary, 1–1.8 cm in diam., (2–)4–8(–11)-flowered; bracts 3–5, often purplish red, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, apex acute; basal bract erect, leaflike, longer than head, 1–4 cm; other bracts subequaling head. Perianth segments straw-colored, lan-ceolate, 4–6 × 1.5–2 mm, membranous, apex obtuse. Stamens 6; filaments 5–6 mm; anthers 2.2–3.3 mm. Style 1.5–2 mm; stigmas 0.8–1 mm. Capsule chestnut brown at maturity, ovoid, 2.6–3 mm, 1-loculed, base narrowed, apex beaked; beak 0.8–1.5 mm; style persistent. Seeds spindlelike, ca. 1 mm, append-aged; appendages 2, white. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.

Wet places mainly in high mountains, steep mountain slopes; 2100–4200 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Ne-pal, Sikkim].

1a. Leaf sheath auricles present or

inconspicuous ............................... 51a. var. cephalostigma 1b. Leaf sheath auricles absent ...................... 51b. dingjieensis 51a. Juncus cephalostigma var. cephalostigma

头柱灯心草(原变种) tou zhu deng xin cao (yuan bian zhong) Leaf sheath auricles present or inconspicuous. Filaments 5–7 mm; anthers 2–2.6 mm.

Wet places mainly in high mountains; 2100–4200 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim].

Rocky mountain slopes, wet meadows; 2200–4200 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Kashmir, Nepal, Sikkim].

51b. Juncus cephalostigma var. dingjieensis K. F . Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 32: 460. 1994. 50. Juncus bracteatus Buchenau, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 6: 220. 1885.

定结灯心草 ding jie deng xin cao

显苞灯心草 xian bao deng xin cao

Leaf sheath auricles absent. Filaments and anthers short. Fl. Jun.

? Steep mountain slopes; ca. 3600 m. Xizang.

52. Juncus modicus N. E. Brown, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 165. 1903.

多花灯心草 duo hua deng xin cao

Plants perennial, densely tufted, 4–15 cm tall. Stems 0.3–0.5 mm in diam. Cataphylls 1–3. Basal leaves 2 or 3, 3.5–10 cm; cauline leaves 1 or 2, 0.2–2 cm; leaf sheath auricles obtuse, ca.

0.5 × 0.5 mm, membranous; leaf blade linear, 1–5 cm. In-florescences terminal; head solitary, 6–9 mm in diam., 4–8-flowered; basal bracts 0.5–0.7 mm, slightly shorter than or sub-equaling inflorescence. Perianth segments milk white to yel-lowish, narrowly lanceolate, 3–4 × 0.7–1 mm, subequal, apex obtuse to acuminate. Stamens 6; filaments 3.2–4 mm; anthers 1.2–2.2 mm. Style 0.8–1.5 mm; stigmas 0.8–1.2 mm. Capsule chestnut brown at maturity, trigonous ovoid, 3.5–4.5 mm, 1-loculed, apex beaked; beak 0.8–1 mm. Seeds oblong, 0.5–0.7 mm; appendages 2, white, ca. 0.2 mm. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Sep.

? Wet places in forests, mountain valleys, rock crevices; 1700–2900 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang. 53. Juncus kangdingensis K. F. Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 32: 460. 1994.

康定灯心草 kang ding deng xin cao

Plants perennial, 5.5–6.5 cm tall. Rhizome short. Stems terete, 0.3–0.4 mm in diam., striate. Basal leaves 1 or 2, cauline leaf 1; leaf sheath auricles absent; leaf blade linear or flat, 5–14 cm including sheaths, margin usually involute, apex obtuse. In-florescences 3 or 4(or 5)-flowered; bracts 3 or 4, broadly ovate, shell-shaped, 3.2–4 mm, center swollen, apex obtuse-rounded. Perianth segments straw-colored to reddish brown, lanceolate, 3–3.7 × 1–1.6 mm, equal, veins 1–3, apex obtuse. Stamens 6; filaments black-purple, somewhat thick; anthers 1.1–1.6 mm. Style ca. 1.4 mm; stigmas 0.3–0.5 mm.Capsule (immature) pur-plish black, shiny, subglobose to broadly ovoid, 2.2–3 mm. Seeds (immature) ellipsoid, ca. 0.3 mm, both ends appendaged; appendages short. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug.

? Wet grasslands, mountain slopes, trail sides; ca. 3400 m. Si-chuan.

54. Juncus concolor Samuelsson in Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 1232. 1936.

同色灯心草 tong se deng xin cao

Plants perennial,15–20(–25)cm tall.Rhizome thick. Stems creeping, terete, 0.3–0.7 mm in diam. Cataphylls few. Cauline leaf 1; leaf sheath auricles absent;leaf blade terete, slightly compressed, shorter than stems, 1–1.5 mm in diam., jointed near apex, part above node soon withered. Inflorescences terminal; head solitary, hemispheric, 5–8-flowered; bracts 5 or 6; basal bract subequaling head; other bracts lanceolate, shorter than head, membranous, veins 1–3. Pedicels 1.5–1.8 mm. Bracteole 1 subtending each flower. Perianth segments whitish, lanceolate; outer segments 3.9–5.8 mm; inner segments 3.8–5.2 mm. Stamens 6;filaments brown,3.8–5mm;anthers 1.2–1.5(–2) mm. Ovary ovoid, ca. 2.6 mm. Style 1.2–1.7 mm; stigmas 0.5–0.7 mm. Capsule (immature) trigonous, 1-loculed. Fl. Jun–Jul.

? Mainly in mountains; 2600–3800 m. W Yunnan (Yangbi Xian).

55. Juncus leucanthus Royle ex D.Don,Trans.Linn.Soc. Lon-don 18: 318. 1840.

甘川灯心草 gan chuan deng xin cao

Plants perennial, 7–18(–25) cm tall. Rhizome creeping, thick. Stems arising singly, terete, ca. 1 mm in diam. Cataphylls several, brown, shiny, apex sometimes sharply pointed. Basal cauline leaves 2(or 3), terete, 5.5–15 cm × 0.6–1 mm; distal cauline leaves usually 2,terete, 1–3 cm; leaf sheath auricles well developed, obtuse, free part ca. 1.5 × 1 mm; leaf blade brownish. Inflorescences terminal; head solitary, 0.4–1.8 cm in diam., (2–)4–10-flowered; bracts 3–5, lanceolate, shorter than or subequaling flowers; basal bract sometimes slightly longer than flowers, 3.3–6 × ca. 3 mm, apex acuminate. Perianth segments dark purple, yellowish, or whitish, lanceolate, 4.5–5 × ca. 1.2 mm, subequal, veins 3,apex obtuse to acute. Stamens 6; filaments black-brown at maturity, 3–5 mm; anthers1.8–3 mm.Ovary1-loculed, imperfectly 3-septate. Style 1.8–2 mm; stigmas 0.8–1 mm. Capsule dark chestnut brown, trigonous ovoid, ca. 3 mm, apex beaked; beak ca.0.8 mm.Seeds obliquely ovoid, ca. 0.7 mm, both ends appendaged; appendages white, 0.1–0.2 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.

Abies forests, grasslands in high mountains, wet places; 3000–4200 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sikkim].

56. Juncus tanguticus Samuelsson in Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 1233. 1936.

陕甘灯心草 shan gan deng xin cao

Plants perennial, 8–25 cm tall. Rhizome brown. Stems terete, 0.6–0.9 mm in diam. Cataphylls few, gray-yellow to chestnut brown. Basal and cauline leaves 1–3; leaf sheath auri-cles well developed; leaf blade linear, 0.6–3 cm × 0.6–1 mm, apex obtuse to expanded into a callus. Inflorescences terminal; head solitary, hemispheric to obconical, 0.8–1.2 cm in diam., 4–8-flowered; bracts 4 or 5,chestnut brown, ovate-lanceolate, 5.5–7 × 1.2–2.5 mm, equaling or slightly longer than head, veins 3–5, center thickened, apex acuminate. Perianth segments whitish to chestnut brown,lanceolate, ca.5 × 1–1.5 mm, subequal; outer segments boat-shaped; inner segments flat, apex acuminate. Fil-aments blackish chestnut brown, ca. 6 mm, apex tapered to a whitish thread; anthers 2–2.5(–3) mm. Ovary ovoid. Style 2–3 mm; stigmas short. Capsule brown, trigonous ovoid, 3.2–4.5 mm, 1-loculed, apex mucronate. Seeds ovoid, ca. 0.7 mm; ap-pendages 2, 0.5–0.8 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.

? Mountains; 3400–4000 m. Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan.

57. Juncus przewalskii Buchenau, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 12: 401. 1890.

长柱灯心草 chang zhu deng xin cao

Plants perennial, tufted, 6–25 cm tall. Rhizome short. Stems terete, thin, striate. Cataphylls dark brown to chestnut

brown, often withered. Basal leaf 1; leaf sheath auricles chest-nut brown, obtuse, ca. 0.5 × 0.5 mm; leaf blade terete, 5–9 cm × 0.5–1 mm. Cauline leaf usually 1, borne distally on stem; leaf sheath auricles absent; leaf blade linear, 0.7–2 cm. Inflores-cences terminal; head solitary, 0.7–2.2 cm in diam., 4–10-flow-ered; bracts 3–5, ovate to obovate-oblanceolate; basal bract 9–12 × ca. 4 mm, slightly longer than head, apex acuminate. Peri-anth segments chestnut brown or whitish,lanceolate, 5–8.5 × 1–2.5 mm, subequal, center thickened, margin membranous, apex obtuse. Stamens 6, equaling or slightly longer than perianth; fil-aments purplish brown at maturity, 4.5–6 mm; anthers 2.2–2.6 mm.Style 0.5–4 mm;stigmas 0.5–2 mm.Capsule reddish brown, trigonous oblong, 3–3.3 mm, 3-septate, apex beaked; beak ca. 1.5 mm. Seeds oblong, 0.9–1 mm; appendages ca. 1 mm, unequal. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Oct.

? Wet grasslands in high mountains,limestone cliffs,moist ledges, roadsides on slopes;2000–4500m.Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.

1a. Heads 4–8-flowered; perianth segments

chestnut brown, 1–2 mm wide; style

2.5–4 mm ........................................... 57a. var. przewalskii 1b. Heads usually ca. 10-flowered; perianth

segments whitish, 2–2.5 mm wide;

style 0.5–2 mm ........................................ 57b. var. discolor 57a. Juncus przewalskii var. przewalskii

长柱灯心草(原变种) chang zhu deng xin cao (yuan bian

zhong)

Heads 4–8-flowered. Perianth segments chestnut brown, 1–2 mm wide. Style 2.5–4 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.

? Wet grasslands in high mountains, limestone cliffs, moist ledges; 2000–4000 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.

57b. Juncus przewalskii var. discolor Samuelsson in Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 1234. 1936.

苍白灯心草 cang bai deng xin cao

Heads usually ca. 10-flowered. Perianth segments whitish, 2–2.5 mm wide. Style 0.5–2 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep–Oct.

? Roadsides on slopes; 2900–4500 m. Xizang, Yunnan.

58. Juncus unifolius A. M. Lu & Z. Y. Zhang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(3): 125. 1979.

单叶灯心草 dan ye deng xin cao

Plants perennial, tufted, 4–5 cm tall. Rhizome short. Stems ca. 0.5 mm in diam., striate. Cataphylls chestnut brown. Leaf 1; leaf sheath auricles absent; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 1–3 cm × ca. 2 mm, apex obtuse. Inflorescences terminal; head solitary, 5–7 mm in diam., 2-flowered; bracts 1 or 2, chestnut brown; basal bract leaflike, lanceolate, 0.7–1.2 cm, longer than head. Perianth segments lanceolate, 3–4 mm, unequal with inner ones longer than outer, margin blackish chestnut brown, apex obtuse, membranous. Stamens 6, subequaling perianth; filaments 3–4 mm; anthers sulfur yellow, ca. 1 mm. Capsule blackish chest-nut brown, trigonous ovoid, distinctly longer than perianth, im-perfectly 3-septate, apex mucronate. Seeds whitish, sawdustlike, 1–1.2 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.

? Trail sides on limestone slopes; 4000–4300 m. Xizang, Yunnan.

59. Juncus minimus Buchenau, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 25: 145. 1867.

矮灯心草 ai deng xin cao

Plants perennial, tufted, 3–7 cm tall. Rhizome short. Stems terete, striate. Cataphylls 1 or 2, pale brown. Leaves basal, occasionally 1 cauline; leaf sheath open or sometimes closed, auricles absent; leaf blade broadly linear to narrowly lanceolate, flat, 1.5–6 cm × 1–3 mm, apex obtuse. Inflorescences terminal; head solitary, 0.7–1.4 cm in diam., (2 or)3–6-flowered; basal bract leaflike, 0.5–2 cm, often longer than head. Perianth segments brownish yellow to chestnut yellow,chestnut in fruit, lanceolate, 4–4.5 × 1.1–1.6 mm, equal or inner ones slightly longer than outer, apex acute. Stamens 6; filaments 2.5–3.5 mm; anthers 0.5–0.7 mm. Style 0.5–1.5 mm; stigmas 1.5–2 mm. Capsule chestnut brown, trigonous oblong to ellipsoid, 5–6 mm, imperfectly 3-septate, apex mucronate. Seeds oblong, 0.5 mm; appendages white, 1.1–1.5 mm including tails. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.

Moist sand on river banks, wet gravel; 4000–4700 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim].

60.Juncus sikkimensis J. D.Hooker,Fl.Brit.Ind. 6: 399. 1894. 锡金灯心草 xi jin deng xin cao

Juncus pseudocastaneus (Lingelsheim) Samuelsson; J. sikkimensis var. pseudocastaneus Lingelsheim.

Plants perennial, 10–25 cm tall. Rhizome creeping, dense-ly branched, tufted. Stems borne singly, terete, slightly com-pressed, striate. Cataphylls shortly aristate. Basal leaf 1, some-times with remnants of old leaves; leaf sheath auricles obtuse, free part ca. 0.3 × 0.7 mm; leaf blade subterete to slightly com-pressed, 7–14 cm × 1–3 mm, sometimes septate, apex obtuse to subacute. Inflorescences seemingly pseudolateral; involucral bract leaflike, ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–3.5 cm, base black-brown; heads usually 2(or 3), 2–5(–7)-flowered. Perianth segments blackish brown to chestnut brown, lanceolate; outer segments 4.5–8 × 1.8–3 mm, apex acuminate; inner segments slightly shorter than outer ones, margin broadly scarious, apex obtuse. Stamens 6; filaments 0.5–1.5 mm; anthers oblong, 2.2–4 mm. Style 2.5–3 mm; stigmas linear, 3–5.5 mm. Capsule chestnut brown at maturity, shiny, trigonous ovoid to trigonous ellipsoid, 4–5.9 mm, 3-septate, apex beaked; beak ca. 1 mm. Seeds ob-long, 0.5–1 mm, both ends appendaged; appendages white, 0.8–1 mm. Fl. Jun–Oct, fr. Jul–Oct.

Forests,Rhododendron forests, wet grasslands on slopes, swamps, bogs, wet places by streams; 4000–4600 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sikkim].

61. Juncus longiflorus (A. Camus) Noltie, Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 134. 1994.

德钦灯心草 de qin deng xin cao

Juncus sikkimensis J. D. Hooker var. longiflorus A. Camus in Lecomte, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 1:283. 1910; J. sikkimensis var.

helvolus K. F. Wu.

Plants perennial, 10–25 cm tall. Rhizome creeping, dense-ly branched, tufted.Stems densely clumped,terete,slightly com-pressed, striate. Cataphylls shortly aristate. Basal leaf 1, some-times with remnants of old leaves; leaf sheath auricles obtuse, free part ca. 0.3 × 0.7 mm; leaf blade subterete to slightly com-pressed, 7–14 cm × 1–3 mm, sometimes septate, apex obtuse to subacute. Inflorescences seemingly pseudolateral; involucral bract leaflike, ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–3.5 cm, base black-brown; head usually solitary, 2–5(–7)-flowered. Perianth segments blackish brown to chestnut brown, lanceolate; outer segments 4.5–8 × 1.8–3 mm apex acuminate; inner segments slightly shorter than outer ones, margin broadly scarious, apex obtuse. Stamens 6; filaments 0.5–1.5 mm; anthers oblong, 2.2–4 mm. Style 2.5–3 mm; stigmas linear, 3–5.5 mm. Capsule chestnut brown at maturity, shiny, trigonous ovoid to trigonous ellipsoid, 4–5.9 mm, 3-septate, apex beaked; beak ca. 1 mm. Seeds ob-long, 0.5–1 mm, both ends appendaged; appendages white, 0.8–1 mm. Fl. Jun–Oct, fr. Jul–Oct.

Wet grasslands; 3600–4000 m. ?Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan]. 62. Juncus milashanensis A. M. Lu & Z. Y. Zhang, Acta Phy-totax. Sin. 17(3): 127. 1979.

米拉山灯心草 mi la shan deng xin cao

Plants perennial, 5–15(–25) cm tall. Rhizome erect or creeping, ca. 2 mm in diam. Stems straw-colored, shiny, 1–2 mm in diam., rigid. Cataphylls absent. Basal leaves with sheath auricles inconspicuous; leaf blade lanceolate or involute mar-ginally and subterete,2–5(–15)cm,abaxially multigrooved,apex acuminate. Cauline leaf often present, borne ca. 2/3 from base of stem; leaf sheath somewhat inflated; leaf blade depauperate, 8–15 mm, apex obtuse. Inflorescences terminal; heads 1 or 2, 2–5-flowered; basal bract leaflike, 1–2 cm, longer than inflo-rescence; other bracts shorter than inflorescence. Perianth seg-ments blackish brown, lanceolate, 4–6 mm, subequal. Stamens 6; filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers1.5–2 mm.Style ca. 1.5 mm; stigmas red, 3–4 mm. Capsule chestnut brown, ovoid, ca. 3.2 mm, apex beaked; beak ca. 1 mm. Seeds 2.5–3 mm including 2 appendages; appendages white, caudate. Fl. Aug, fr. Sep.

? Mainly in high mountains; 4600–5300 m. Sichuan, Xizang. 63. Juncus concinnus D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 44. 1825.

雅灯心草 ya deng xin cao

Juncus elegans Royle ex D. Don; J. elegans Samuelsson (1936) not Royle ex D. Don (1840).

Plants perennial, tufted, 16–45 cm tall. Rhizome chestnut brown. Stems terete, 0.5–1 mm in diam., striate. Cataphylls 1 or 2, chestnut brown. Basal leaves 1 or 2, cauline leaves 1–3; leaf sheath auricles 0.5–1 mm, membranous; leaf blade linear, pluri-tubular, adaxially channeled, V-shaped in cross section, not septate, 2–16 cm × 0.3–2 mm, apex obtuse. Inflorescences ter-minal; involucral bract leaflike, lanceolate, 1.5–6 cm; heads 2–5(–7), hemispheric, 8–10 mm in diam., (3–)5–7(–14)-flowered. Perianth segments yellowish white, lanceolate to oblong; outer segments 3–3.5 mm, apex acute; inner segments 3.5–4 mm, apex obtuse. Stamens 6, distinctly longer than perianth; fila-ments chestnut brown, linear, 4–5 mm; anthers 1–1.5 mm. Style 1.2–1.8 mm; stigmas 0.7–1.1 mm. Capsule trigonous ovoid to ellipsoid, 2–3 mm, 3-septate, apex beaked; beak 0.5–1 mm; style persistent. Seeds chestnut brown, ovoid to oblong, 0.6–0.7 mm, both ends appendaged; appendages 0.1–0.2 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.

Forests on mountain slopes, wet grasslands, moist soil in ravines; 1500–3900 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Kashmir, Nepal, Sikkim].

64. Juncus lanpinguensis Novikov, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 103(4): 67. 1998.

密花灯心草 mi hua deng xin cao

Juncus glomeratus K. F. Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 32: 462. 1994, not Thunberg (1784).

Plants perennial, tufted, 20–50 cm tall. Rhizome chestnut brown, 1–2.5 in diam.Stems terete,straight, 1–2.5 mm in diam., striate. Cataphylls 1 or 2, brownish, 1–5 cm, apex mucronate. Basal leaves 2, cauline leaves 1 or 2; leaf sheath auricles absent; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, flat to slightly convolute, 7–22 cm × 2–5 mm, apex obtuse. Inflorescences with involucral bract linear-lanceolate 1.5–7 cm; heads 5–11, mostly crowded, 1–1.3 cm in diam., 6–15-flowered; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 3–4 mm, apex acute. Perianth segments yellowish white, lanceolate, 3.5–5 × 1–1.2 mm, subequal or outer ones somewhat shorter than inner, apex acuminate. Stamens 6, much longer than perianth at maturity; filaments 5–7.5 mm; anthers 1.2–2 mm. Style ca. 2 mm; stigmas 1.2–2 mm. Capsule (immature) yellowish, shiny, 1-loculed. Seeds (immature) appendaged at both ends. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.

? Wet grasslands on slopes, ravine margins; 2800–3600 m. Yun-nan.

65. Juncus meiguensis K. F. Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 32: 463. 1994.

美姑灯心草 mei gu deng xin cao

Plants perennial, 35–40 cm tall. Rhizome short. Stems ter-ete, 1.7–2 mm in diam., striate. Basal leaves 2, cauline leaves 2; leaf sheath 2.5–4 cm, auricles rounded; leaf blade terete, 1.5–10 cm, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences with involucral bract leaflike, shorter than inflorescence; heads 2, hemispheric, ca. 1.2 cm in diam., 10–15-flowered; bracts 3–5, straw-colored, ovate-lanceolate, 5–7 mm, veins 1–3 at middle, apex acuminate. Pedicels 1.6–2 mm. Bracteole usually 1 subtending each flower. Perianth segments straw-colored, lanceolate, apex acuminate; outer segments boatlike, 4.2–4.8 mm; inner segments 5.2–5.8 × ca. 1 mm. Stamens 6; filaments brown, 6.2–7.2 mm; anthers 2.2–2.5 mm. Ovary 1-loculed. Style brown, ca. 0.6 mm; stig-mas ca. 1.4 mm. Capsule (immature)trigonous ovoid, ca. 5 mm, apex usually narrowed into a ca. 1.3 mm beak. Seeds (immature) appendaged at both ends. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.

? Sunny areas in mountains. Sichuan.

66. Juncus clarkei Buchenau, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 6: 210. 1885.

印度灯心草 yin du deng xin cao

Plants perennial, 22–30 cm tall.Rhizome short. Stems sub-terete, 1–2 mm in diam. Basal leaves 2, cauline leaves 2; leaf sheath 3–7 cm, auricles absent; leaf blade linear to linear-lan-ceolate, flat, 8–25 cm × 3–6(–7) mm, margin not membranous, or narrowly membranous and serrulate or tasseled, apex acumi-nate. Inflorescences with involucral bracts usually 2 or 3, leaf-like, longer than inflorescence, basal one 2.5–15 cm; heads 1–6, 1.2–2 cm in diam., 4–12-flowered. Perianth segments yellowish white, lanceolate, 4.5–7 × ca. 1.2 mm, subequal, membranous, apex acute. Stamens 6; filaments 4–5 mm; anthers 2–2.5 mm. Style 1.5–4 mm; stigmas 0.3–1.5 mm. Capsule orange at maturity, shiny, ovoid to ellipsoid, 4.5–5.4 mm, 1-loculed, apex mucronate.Seeds ellipsoid,ca.1 mm;appendages 2,white,caud-ate, 1.5–2 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.

Open forest margins, moist meadows, grasslands on high moun-tains, rocky areas by ravines; 2100–4700 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Sikkim].

1a. Leaf blade margin not membranous;

heads (1–)3–6 per inflorescence; style

1.5–2 mm .................................................. 66a. var. clarkei 1b. Leaf blade margin narrowly membranous,

serrulate or tasseled; heads 1–3 per

inflorescence; style 2.5–4 mm .......... 66b. var. marginatus 66a. Juncus clarkei var. clarkei

印度灯心草(原变种) yin du deng xin cao (yuan bian zhong) Leaf blade margin not membranous. Heads (1–)3–6 per in-florescence. Style 1.5–2 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.

Open forest margins, moist meadows; 2100–2300 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Sikkim].

66b. Juncus clarkei var. marginatus A. Camus in Lecomte, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 1: 278. 1910.

膜边灯心草 mo bian deng xin cao

Leaf blade margin narrowly membranous, serrulate or tas-seled. Heads 1–3 per inflorescence. Style 2.5–4 mm. Fl. Aug, fr. Sep.

? Grasslands on high mountains, rocky areas by ravines; 3000–4700 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.

67. Juncus gracilicaulis A. Camus in Lecomte, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 1: 279. 1910.

细茎灯心草 xi jing deng xin cao

Juncus concinnus D. Don var. gracilicaulis (A. Camus) R.

C. Srivastava.

Plants perennial, 10–30 cm tall. Rhizome short.Stems 0.6–1 mm in diam. Cataphylls few, chestnut brown. Basal leaves 1 or 2, cauline leaf 1; leaf sheath auricles well developed; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, flat, 5–30 cm × 1–4 mm, veins numer-ous, apex acuminate. Inflorescences with involucral bract leaf-like, 3–15 cm, longer than inflorescence; heads 3 or 4, subglo-bose to hemispheric, 5–10 mm in diam., 3–7-flowered. Perianth segments lanceolate, apex acute; outer segments 2.8–3.5 mm; inner segments 3–4.5 mm. Stamens 6; filaments 6–7 mm; an-thers 1.5–1.8 mm. Style 1.5–2 mm; stigmas 1–1.5 mm. Capsule yellowish, somewhat shiny, inconspicuously trigonous ellip-soid, 3.5–5 mm, 1-loculed. Seeds brown, ovoid, 0.7–0.9 mm, both ends appendaged; appendages caudate, 0.2–0.5 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep.

Rocks in forests, streamsides, mountain summits, cut-over areas; 2700–3600 m. Sichuan, Yunnan [Bhutan, Sikkim].

68. Juncus spumosus Noltie, Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 139. 1994. 碧罗灯心草 bi luo deng xin cao

Juncus biluoshanensis K. F. Wu.

Plants perennial, tufted, ca. 60 cm tall.Rhizome robust. Stems terete, straight, ca. 2 mm in diam. (ca. 3 mm at base), striate. Cataphylls few. Basal leaves 2 or 3, cauline leaves 3 or 4; leaf sheath 4–7 cm, auricles absent; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, flat, 10–14 cm × 3–6 mm, thickly papery, margin very narrowly membranous and serrulate. Inflorescences with involucral bract leaflike, ca. 9.5 cm; heads 6–7, 1–1.5 cm in diam.,6–14-flowered; bracts yellowish white, lanceolate, shorter than flowers. Perianth segments yellowish white, linear-lanceolate, apex acute to obtuse; outer segments 2.8–3.2 × 0.6–0.8 mm, abaxially thickened at center; inner segments 3.2–3.5 × 0.5–0.8 mm, veins 1–3, inconspicuous. Stamens 6; filaments 3–4 mm; anthers 0.7–1.2 mm. Ovary ovoid. Style ca. 2 mm; stigmas ca.

0.9 mm. Capsule blackish brown, shiny, trigonous ovoid, (5–) 6–7 mm, 1-loculed,narrowly 3-septate,apex long beaked. Seeds ovoid, ca. 0.5 mm, both ends appendaged; appendages white, to 2.3 mm, subequal. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.

? Roadsides on mountain slopes; ca. 3900 m. Yunnan.

69. Juncus amplifolius A. Camus in Lecomte, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 1: 281. 1910.

走茎灯心草 zou jing deng xin cao

Plants perennial, 20–40(–50) cm tall. Rhizome creeping, knobby, stout. Stems terete to slightly flattened, 1–2 mm in diam. Cataphylls several, pinkish. Basal leaves 1–3, cauline leaves 1–4; leaf sheath auricles absent; leaf blade flat, 5–14 cm × 2–6 mm, apex obtuse to acute. Inflorescences with involucral bract erect, leaflike, 1–6 cm, shorter or slightly longer than in-florescence; heads 2–5, 8–15 mm in diam., 3–9-flowered; basal bract leaflike, lanceolate, ca. 1.5 × 0.1–0.2 cm. Perianth seg-ments reddish brown to purplish brown, lanceolate, 4.5–6 × ca.

1.2 mm, unequal with outer ones slightly shorter than inner, keeled, margin scarious, apex acute to acuminate. Stamens 6; filaments flat and wider at base, 1.5–2 mm; anthers 2–3 mm. Style 2–

2.5 mm; stigmas dark brown, linear, 3–5 mm. Capsule brown, ellipsoid, 5–6 mm, 3-septate, apex beaked; beak 2.5–3 × 2.5–3 mm. Seeds reddish brown, ovoid, ca. 0.8 mm, both ends appendaged; appendages white, 1–1.5 mm. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jun–Aug.

Rock crevices in forests, scrub on turfy soils, wet grasslands in high mountains, stony pastures, river banks, moist cliffs, steep and dripping roadside banks; 1700–4900 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Shanxi, Si-chuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Myanmar, E Nepal, Sikkim].

70. Juncus nepalicus Miyamoto & H. Ohba, J. Jap. Bot. 68: 28. 1993.

矮茎灯心草 ai jing deng xin cao

Juncus amplifolius A. Camus var. pumilus A. Camus.

Plants perennial, 5–10(–25) cm tall. Rhizome creeping, knobby, stout. Stems terete to slightly flattened, 1–2 mm in diam. Cataphylls several, pinkish. Basal leaves 1–3, cauline leaf absent or 1; leaf sheath auricles absent; leaf blade flat, 5–14 cm × 2–6 mm, apex obtuse to acute. Inflorescences with involucral bract erect, leaflike, 1–6 cm, shorter or slightly longer than in-florescence; heads 1 or 2, 8–15 mm in diam., 3–9-flowered; basal bract leaflike, lanceolate, ca. 1.5 × 0.1–0.2 cm. Perianth segments reddish brown to purplish brown, lanceolate, 3.3–4 × ca. 1.2 mm, unequal with outer ones slightly shorter than inner, keeled, margin scarious, apex acute to acuminate. Stamens 6; filaments flat and wider at base, 1.5–2 mm; anthers ca. 1.3 mm. Style 2–2.5 mm; stigmas dark brown, linear, 2–2.5 mm. Cap-sule brown, ellipsoid, 5–6 mm, 3-septate, apex beaked; beak 2.5–3 × 2.5–3 mm. Seeds reddish brown, ovoid, ca. 0.8 mm, both ends appendaged; appendages white, 1–1.5 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug.

Wet meadows on mountain slopes; ca. 3500 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim].

71. Juncus giganteus Samuelsson, Acta Horti Gothob. 3: 70. 1927.

巨灯心草 ju deng xin cao

Plants perennial, 50(–90) cm tall. Rhizome brownish yel-low, ca. 1.5 mm in diam. Stems terete, 2.5–3 mm in diam. Basal leaves 3, cauline leaf 1; leaf sheath to leaf blade transition not distinct, auricles absent; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, flat, 20–50(–70) cm × (6–)7–9 mm, with many minute spots abaxially and at margin, veins 16–22, apex acuminate. Inflorescences strict, usually branched; branches 3, erect or ascending; involucral bract leaflike, flat, to 26 cm × ca.

6 mm; heads 15–19, 5–12-flowered; bracts several subtending each head, lanceolate, 3-veined. Bracteole 1 subtending each flower, lanceolate, shorter than flower. Perianth segments yellowish green to sometimes pale purplish, lanceolate, veins 3, apex acute; outer segments 5–

7 mm; inner segments 4.5–6.5 mm. Stamens 6; filaments 1.5–2 mm; anthers 1.4–1.6 mm. Ovary ovoid. Style 1–1.5 mm; stigmas blackish brown, linear, 1.5–2.5 mm. Capsule dark brown, ovoid to oblong, subequaling perianth, apex tapered into a mucro. Seeds ca. 3.5 mm, sawdustlike. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.

? Trail sides on mountain slopes, ravine margins; ca. 3200 m. Sichuan.

72. Juncus crassistylus A. Camus in Lecomte, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 1: 278. 1910.

粗状灯心草 cu zhuang deng xin cao

Plants perennial,35–60(–70)cm tall.Rhizome horizontal, 2–3 mm in diam., robust. Stems terete, channeled, 3–5 mm in diam. from base to middle, usually hollow. Cataphylls few, ma-roon. Basal leaves 1 or 2, cauline leaves 1 or 2; leaf sheath auricles inconspicuous; leaf blade lanceolate or linear-lanceoate, 14–30 cm × 8–12 mm, shorter on basal leaves than on distal cauline ones, thickly papery to thinly leathery, margin undulate or serrulate, apex acute. Inflorescences arched to slightly pendulous, 4–7 cm; involucral bract linear-lanceolate, 9–14 cm × 2–5 mm, apex acuminate to apiculate; heads 4–10, subglobose, 1.2–1.8 cm in diam., 6–20-flowered. Perianth segments yellowish white, lanceolate, 6–7 × 1.5–2 mm, subequal, vein 1, apex obtuse or acute. Stamens 6; filaments 1.2–2 mm; anthers 1.5–2 mm. Style 2.5–3 mm; stigmas 0.8–1 mm. Capsule chestnut brown, shiny, trigonous ovoid, 4–5 mm, 3-septate, apex beaked; beak ca. 0.5 mm. Seeds ellipsoid, 0.7–0.8 mm, both ends appendaged; appendages 0.5–0.8 mm, striate, apex acute. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Oct.

? Thickets, grassy slopes, mountain summits;3000–4000 m.Yun-nan.

73. Juncus castaneus Smith, Fl. Brit. 1: 383. 1800.

栗花灯心草 li hua deng xin cao

Plants perennial, 15–40 cm tall. Rhizome of long, subter-ranean runners. Stem usually solitary, terete, 2–3.5 mm in diam. Cataphylls few. Basal leaves 2–4, cauline leaf absent or 1; leaf sheath auricles absent; leaf blade flat, 6–25 cm × 3–6 mm, mar-gin usually involute. Inflorescences with involucral bracts 1 or 2, leaflike, usually longer than inflorescence; heads 2–8, hemi-spheric,7–9 mm in diam.at anthesis,4–10-flowered; bracts 2 or 3, lanceolate, usually shorter than flowers. Pedicels ca. 2 mm. Perianth segments dark brown to chestnut brown,narrowly ovate to lanceolate, 4–5 mm, unequal with outer ones slightly longer than inner, apex acuminate. Stamens 6; filaments ca. 2 mm; anthers ca. 1 mm. Style 1–1.5 mm; stigmas 2–3 mm. Cap-sule trigonous ellipsoid, 6–7 mm, 3-septate, base lighter colored, apex reddish brown, tapered to an acute tip. Seeds ca. 1 mm, both ends appendaged; appendages white, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 40, 60.

Wet meadows or swamps in mountainous areas; 2100–3100 m. Gansu, Hebei, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Russia (Siberia); Europe, North America].

74.Juncus tibeticus T.V.Egorova,Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 3: 96. 1967.

西藏灯心草 xi zang deng xin cao

Plants perennial, 25–60 cm tall. Rhizome creeping. Basal leaves 2–4; leaf blade somewhat flat, 2–20 cm, basal one repre-sented only by leaf sheath. Distal cauline leaves 1 or 2; leaf blade channeled, 15–21 cm. Inflorescences branched; involu-cral bract leaflike, 9–10 cm, longer than inflorescence; heads 3–10, 1.5–2.5 cm in diam., 5–12-flowered. Perianth segments pale chestnut brown, lanceolate, 4.5–5 mm, equal, apex acute. Fila-ments ca. 2 mm; anthers 0.7–1.2 mm. Capsule long conical, 7.5–8 mm, 3-angled, faces convex, apex beaked; beak ca. 0.5 mm. Seeds ca. 1 mm, appendaged; appendages 1.2–1.5 mm.

? Forested mountain ridges, wet slopes, alpine meadows; 2700–4200 m. Gansu, Xizang.

Neither the type nor other material of Juncus tibeticus has been seen by the present authors. The above description is based on the pro-tologue.

75. Juncus himalensis Klotzsch in Klotzsch & Garcke, Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar, 60. 1862.

喜马灯心草 xi ma deng xin cao

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2、水肥管理 在向日葵的整个生长期需水量最大是在现蕾的时候，这时它的需水量能站到总水量的一半。还有就是这段时间千万不能缺水，否则向日葵的产量和质量都会严重受损。其次就是向日葵在开花到成熟的这段时间，对水分的需求也是比较大的，要保持土壤湿润。在向日葵的生长前期，我们主要是以氮肥为主，等到它开花之后，我们主要以钾肥为主，并且配合叶面肥进行使用。当然其中还需要配合硼肥、锌肥等微肥的使用，这样追肥的效果更佳。

3、枝叶整理 有些品种的向日葵在生长到一定程度的时候就会出现分叉，这样会增加向日葵对水分的需求以及养分的消耗，那么我们就需要及时的除掉。但要注意的一点就是要尽早，不能等它大了再打，这样会增加对植株的伤害。最后就是我们还需要将向日葵植株的底部老叶、枯叶、病叶摘除，这样可以改善田间的通透性，减少养分消耗还能避免病虫害。

4、辅助授粉 为了提高向日葵的结实率，提高向日葵的授粉成功率和产量，我们在必要的时候还需要进行人工辅助授粉。首先我们可以进行人工放蜂进行授粉，科学的安排好蜂群。其次就是采用划分收集，然后再进行接触法授粉。授粉的时候要注意，最好是在早上九点到上午十一点之前进行，如果种植面积过大，上午授粉没有完成的，就需等到下午三点以后再进行，中午的时间是不适合进行授粉的，成功率极低。

向日葵种植技术

向日葵种植技术 Company number：【0089WT-8898YT-W8CCB-BUUT-202108】

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四、种子处理 精选优种后要翻晒2—3天，种子纯度不低于97%，净度不低于98%，发芽率应在95%以上。 五、播前准备 播前应晒种2—3天，用40%锌硫磷150毫升，兑水5—，拌种25—30kg，以防地下害虫。用多菌灵500倍液浸种6小时，或用菌核净、甲基托布等拌种，用药量为种子量的—%，以防治菌核病。 六、播种时间及方法 1、适时早播。巴盟地区常规食用花葵最佳播期在4月15日—25日，dk119最佳 播期在5月下旬。 2、播种方法。采取穴播或耧开沟人工定距点播，粘土地播深，砂壤土地、砂质土 地播深可达4—150px。 3、密度配置。发挥边行优势，采取大小行种植，三道眉食葵大行尺，小行尺，株 距尺，亩留苗2630株；星火大行尺，小行尺，行距尺，亩留苗2000株；dk119大行尺，小行尺，株距尺，亩留苗2370株。 七、播种 向日葵播种期的确定一般是春播宜早，播种方式以人工穴播为主。穴播法可按要求的株距点籽，播深约5厘米左右。一般播种量穴播每亩用种1—公斤，每穴4—5粒，实行宽窄行播种，大行距100厘米，小行距50厘米，株距60厘米，每亩留苗1400株左右。 八、加强田间管理

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向日葵的栽培方法与注意事项

向日葵的栽培方法与注意事项向日葵又名太阳花、朝阳花，我们吃的葵花籽就是向日葵的种子，但由于向日葵是比较大型的花卉，所以很少有花友会在家中种植，而日常生活中，我们也并不常见到向日葵的身影。如果你家的庭院够大，又有兴趣种上属于自己的向日葵的话，可以参考一下小编为你整理的向日葵的栽培方法。 向日葵 1、种植上盆：若用苗盘移栽的方式繁育，播种时应播在深的苗盘上，种苗在播后两周即可移栽。移苗的最适土温为15℃。定植的密度最好为12×12cm。在冬季无霜的地区，可在田间周年生长，而在冬天寒冷的地区，需要在温室保护地栽培。土壤在灭菌和播种之前要翻耕和疏松，以改良土壤的结构和排水性。良好的土壤通透性对向日葵的生长是至关重要的。 2、光照调节：向日葵为短日照作物。但它对日照的反应并不十分敏感。向日葵喜欢充足的阳光，其幼苗、叶片和花盘都有很强的向光性。苗期日照充足，幼苗健壮；生育中期日照充足，能促进茎叶生长和花芽分化。 3、温度控制：向日葵原产热带，但对温度的适应性较强，是一种喜温又耐寒的植物。向日葵种子耐低温能力很强，当地温稳定，2℃以上种子就开始萌动；4～5℃时，种子能发芽生根；地温达8～10℃时，就能满足种子发芽出苗的需要。向日葵发芽的最适温度为31～37℃。其生长时最适的白天温度是18～30℃，夜温是

10～18℃。向日葵在整个生育过程中，只要温度不低于10℃，就能正常生长。在适宜温度范围内，温度越高，发育越快。防止中午温度25℃以上要进行通风换气，夜间温度防止13℃以下要进行保温加热。 4、水肥管理：向日葵播种和移栽时要求土壤湿润，之后要求土壤中等湿润。花朵成熟时，要减少浇水的次数和浇水量。观赏向日葵植株较之其他草花高大，叶多而密，是耗水较多的作物。向日葵不同生育阶段对水分的要求差异很大。从播种到现蕾，比较抗旱，需水不多。而且适当干旱有利于根系生长，增强抗旱性。现蕾到开花，是需水高峰。此期缺水，对产花量影响很大。如过于干旱，需灌水补充。向日葵喜氮肥，可采用肥水混合的滴溉系统施肥，肥料可交替着施用浓度为175～200ppm水溶态的硝酸钙和硝酸钾，氨态氮可用于促进茎干的生长。根据叶色使用液态肥料，保持底部叶片不是因为缺肥而枯黄即可。避免多肥，出蕾后控制液态肥料的使用。家庭盆栽或者园艺栽培的朋友，可以使用有机肥作为底肥，也可以使用冲施肥追肥。 5、栽培管理：向日葵对土壤要求不严格，在各类土壤上均能生长，从肥沃土壤到瘠薄的土壤、旱地、盐碱地均可种植，有较强的耐盐碱和抗旱能力。生长最适诶土壤pH值为5.8－6.5。在高温度的设施栽培中株高容易伸长的情况下可以使用矮壮素，子叶展开后至真叶的展开为止使用一回，株高20厘米左右再使用一回。家庭盆栽的朋友可以用泥炭土或者用育苗土与普通土按照随意比例混合，成为栽培用土。 在多风的季节，应立支柱拉网支撑以防植株到伏。有的品种

向日葵种植技术(多种指导)讲述

第一节葵花的种植技术 一、葵花的生长特性 葵花是一种耐盐碱、喜光、抗旱的作物。在国际上只有阿根廷、俄罗斯、乌克兰、中国等少数国家和地区生产，国内只有内蒙古、新疆和东北部分地区适宜种植。据统计，中国的葵花种植面积为118万公顷，葵花籽产量为172万吨。内蒙古自治区的葵花籽可占到全国葵花籽产量的36．9％。另外，内蒙古洁净的自然环境具备纯天然绿色食品的生产条件。 二、轮作选地备耕 （一）轮作 向日葵连作会使土壤养分特别是钾元素过度消耗，地力难以恢复。向日葵病害如菌核病、锈病、褐斑病、霜霉病、叶枯病，以及葵螟、蛴螬、小地老虎等，都会因连作而为害加剧。 （二）选地 葵花具有抗旱耐碱的特性，一般耕地及荒地均可种植，但盐碱过重的地块不宜种植。向日葵杂交种应种植于较好耕地上，产量、品质尤其明显，产出比大，收入颇丰，有条件的农户尽可能地利用好地种植为宜。 （三）整地 葵花为深根系作物，因此种植葵花的地应在秋季用大中型拖拉机深耕，深度

要达到30厘米左右，浇好秋水。 三、播种 (一) 品种 食用向日葵的主要品种有：常规种，三道眉、星火花葵、星火黑大片和美二花葵等；杂交种，进口迪卡牌DK119、国产DK119以及RH118、RH3148、RH3708、RH3138、美葵138等。油用向日葵的主要品种有：S33（澳33）、S47、G101、Kws303、kws203、康地102等。 （二）播种期 葵花一般在10厘米土层温度连续5天达到8—10摄氏度时即可播种。一般我区常规品种适宜播种期为4月下旬。杂交品种生育期大于105天一般播期为5月10日左右；生育期小于105天一般播期为5月下旬。 （三）播种方法 葵花种植以单种为好，最好集中连片种植，但也可以在地埂及沟沿上种植。播种一般采用玉米点播器点播，也可用锄头开沟或铲子点播，播种深度以3—5厘米为宜。 （四）种植密度 1、常规品种：采用大小行种植，覆膜种植大行3尺，小行2尺，株距1.2尺，亩留苗2000株；不覆膜大行距2.8尺，小行距1.4尺，株距1.3，亩留苗2198株。

winqsb使用方法

实验一WinQSB的基本操作 一、实验目的 了解WinQSB软件基本构成、运行界面和基本操作方法，使学生能基本掌握WinQSB 软件常用命令和功能。了解WinQSB软件在Windows环境下的文件管理操作。 二、实验平台和环境 WinQSB是QSB的Windows版本，可以在Windows9X/ME/NT/2000/XP平台下运行。WinQSB V1.0共有19个子系统，分别用于解决运筹学不同方面的问题，详见表１-１。 表1-1

三、实验内容和要求 １.学会WinQSB的安装和启动方法 ２.熟悉WinQSB的界面和各项基本操作 ３.能用WinQSB软件与office文档交换数据。 四、实验操作步骤 1.4.1安装 WinQSB的安装比较简单。双击Setup.exe，弹出窗口如图1-1所示： 图1-1 输入要安装到哪个目录，点Continue按钮，弹出窗口如图1-2所示：

图1-2 输入用户名和公司或组织名称，点Continue按钮进行文件的复制，完成后弹出窗口如图1-3： 图1-3 显示安装完成，点“确定”退出。 WinQSB软件安装完毕后，会在开始→程序→WinQSB中生成１９个菜单项，分别对应运筹学的１９个问题。如图1-4所示：

图1-4 具体功能见表1-1。 针对不同的问题，选择不同的子菜单项，运行相应的程序，然后使用File菜单下的New Problem菜单来输入所需数据。 1.4.2运行 WinQSB基本上有三种窗口：启动窗口、数据输入窗口、结果输出窗口。现以Linear and Integer Programming为例加以说明： １.启动窗口。在开始菜单中选择Linear and Integer Programming，运行后出现启动窗口如下图1-5所示： 图1-5 （１）标题栏：显示了程序的名称。 （２）菜单栏：共有两个菜单：File和Help。 File菜单只有三个子菜单：New Problem、Load Problem和Exit。 New Problem：创建新问题 Load Problem：装载问题 Exit：退出

向日葵实用技术100问

油葵实用技术手册 前言 油葵（即向日葵）是我国的主要油料作物。主要分布在我国的东北、华北和西北地区。油葵不仅具有耐盐碱、耐瘠薄、适应性强等生物学特性，向日葵油富含亚油酸和油酸，对人体健康非常有益。随着科学技术的不断发展和对向日葵综合加工利用的日益深入，对向日葵育种、栽培、病虫害防治等技术的研究也越来越受到有关专家和学者的重视。《油葵种植手册》就是在总结我国油葵研究中的成果和农业技术推广中的经验的基础上提 炼出来的。 该手册从油葵的重要性、形态生理和生长发育、选用优良品种等六个方面提出了相关问题进行了解答，通俗易懂，具有广泛的适用性和较强的实践指导性，非常适合农业战线广大干部、科技人员、农民朋友阅读。把这本手册献给广大的农民朋友，以便对您种植油葵产业的健康发展和提高农民种植油葵的收益有所 帮助和促进。在编集和整理过程中有不妥之处，恳请读者给以指正。 内蒙古金格勒食品有限公司基地物流部 2010年3月

目录 第一篇油葵的重要性 1 向日葵起源于什么地方？ 2 向日葵什么时候传入中国？ 3 向日葵在植物中属于什么科？ 4 向日葵分为几种类型？ 5 生产中应用的向日葵是什么类型？ 6 油用型向日葵（油葵）和食用型向日葵（食葵）的区别是什么？ 7 什么是向日葵杂交种？ 8 杂交种和常规品种有何不同？ 9 向日葵杂交种的丰产性主要表现在哪些方面？ 10 向日葵的综合效益有哪些？ 11 为什么说向日葵油是受人欢迎的保健油？ 12 为什么说食葵籽是人们喜欢的休闲食品？ 13 向日葵喜欢什么样的土壤生长？ 14 为什么说向日葵是改良盐碱地的先锋植物？ 15 为什么说向日葵全身都有药用价值？ 第二篇形态生理和生长发育 16什么是向日葵种子的休眠现象？ 17种子萌发的基本条件是什么？ 18影响向日葵生长发育的主要气象因素有哪些？

向日葵种植问答

向日葵种植问答 杂交种和常规品种有何不同？ 向日葵种子充分发挥了异交作物的杂种优势，具有很旺盛的生活力，生长势、结实率、抗逆性、产量和含油率等方面都超过了一般常规品种；增产效果显著，产量比常规品种提高20％～50％，而且油葵杂交种含油率很高（42％～52％）；比常规品种植株矮，整齐一致，没有分枝，适应性广，抗旱，抗病，耐盐碱，耐瘠薄。 常规品种植株较高大，成熟不一，产量没有杂交种高，但可以年年留种。 气温变化对开花结实有何影响？ 开花授粉过程顺利与否，与气温、湿度、水分等关系极大。如果遇上低温阴雨天，花期常来迟、小花开花量减少、雌雄蕊成熟时间推后。遇到高温、干旱、干燥天气则花期提前，花粉量减少，生活力变弱，受精过程不能正常进行，部分小花不能授粉。阴雨天花粉湿润或结成团块，蜜蜂停止活动，最终造成产量和品质降低。 花期要求风和日历，气温20～25℃，适当的雨量和空气湿度，微风徐拂不妨碍蜜蜂活动。温度过高对授粉同样不利，超过35℃就会发生不育。据河北省农林科学院沧州农科所观察，开花期每天上午8～12时平均气温为27.3℃时结实率为27%，25.5℃时结实率为19%，23℃时结实率为60%，20.4℃时结实率为75%。在一定温度范围内，气温降低则结实率增高，所以在生产中应适当调整播期以使花期避开高温阶段。 哪些条件影响食葵杂交种结实率的提高？ 干旱：向日葵是一种抗旱、耐盐碱的作物，但这并不说明向日葵生长发育不需要水份或只需要较少的水份，相反向日葵是需水较多的作物。向日葵从出苗到现蕾之前，是抗旱能力最强的阶段，但从现蕾到开花结束这一时期，向日葵需水量最大，约占全生育期需水量的60%，如这一时期缺水，会使授粉不良或授粉后败育，造成空秕粒增多，产量下降。 疏于管理：有些地区种植向日葵多以填闲作物或旁宅作物种植，农户只管种植和收获，而无其它诸如浇水、施肥、病虫害防治等基本农事操作，造成向日葵生育期间特别是关键生育时期缺水缺肥，生长发育受阻，空秕粒增加，产量下降。 缺少传媒：向日葵是异花授粉作物，主要靠昆虫传粉。如果缺乏传媒，就会影响授粉结实，造成空秕粒增加。近几年来，由于化学农药的大量使用，致使传媒昆虫数量减少，也是造成向日葵授粉率低，空秕粒增加的一个原因。 品种因素：据国外研究，向日葵结实率和茎秆粗细、花盘直径成负相关，即茎秆越粗，花盘越大，空秕粒也就越多。有些地区向日葵种植密度过低,茎秆粗大，也是造成空秕粒增多的原因。 气候因素：开花授粉过程如遇上低温阴雨天，花期常来迟、小花开花量减少、雌雄蕊成熟时间推后。遇到高温、干旱、干燥天气则花期提前，花粉量减少，生活力变弱，受精过程不能正常进行，部分小花不能授粉。 为什么向日葵要浇好现蕾、开花、灌浆期的三次水？ 根据试验，向日葵出苗至现蕾需水量占全生育期总量的21.94%，日均量0.51%；现蕾至开花需水量占总需水量45.41%，日均量1.82%；开花期至成熟需水量占总需水量32.65%，日均量0.84%。由此可知需水高峰期为现蕾至开花期（与需肥高峰期相吻合）。那么究竟灌几次水为好呢？据辽宁省金州友谊乡农科站试验：向日葵现蕾期浇水一次亩产105.5千克；现蕾、开花各浇一次亩产为130千克；现蕾、开花、灌浆各浇一水亩产为159千克，无浇水的亩产为70千克。灌三水比不灌增产127%；比灌两水增产22.3%，比灌一水增产50.7%。因此，灌好现蕾、开花、灌浆三次水是保证高产的关键。

运筹学在配料问题中的应用 C-2

运筹学在配料问题中的应用 罗启川（1015030003），徐立飞（1015030129），龙雪松（1015030065）【西昌学院 工程技术学院 10级水利水电1班，四川 西昌 615013】 【摘 要】本文是通过对运筹学在配料问题中的应用进行分析研究，解决配料 问题中最低成本的最优配料方案。通过对数据的分析与建模，经过软件WinQSB 的数据处理，得到最低成本的最优配料方案。本文运用运筹学对最低成本下最优配料的影响，掌握运筹学的基本概念、基本原理、基本方法和解题技巧，对于一些简单的问题可以根据实际问题建立运筹学模型及求解模型，最终通过WinQSB 软件得出结论。 【关键词】运筹学 配料问题 WinQSB 软件 灵敏度分析 通过对此次对运筹学的学习我掌握了运筹学的基本概念、基本原理、基本方 法和解题技巧，并掌握了WinQSB 软件，对于一些简单的问题可以根据实际问题建立运筹学模型及求解模型。运筹学对我们以后的生活也将有不小的影响，下面将运筹学运用到实际问题上学以致用。 一、问题描述 【案例C-2】配料问题 某饲料公司生产肉用种鸡配合饲料，每千克饲料所需营养质量要求如表C －4所示。 表C-4 ： 公司计划使用的原料有玉米，小麦， 麦麸，米糠，豆饼，菜子饼，鱼粉，槐叶粉，DL-蛋氨酸，骨粉，碳酸钙和食盐等12种原料。各原料的营养成分含量及价格见表C －5。 表C-5 ：

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