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非谓语动词(大学英语四级版)

非谓语动词(大学英语四级版)
非谓语动词(大学英语四级版)

非谓语动词(一)

概述

在大学英语四六级考试的词汇和语法部分中,年年必考的一项语法就是非谓语动词(Non-finite Verb)。

非谓语动词分为三类:不定式(infinitive)、动名词(gerund)和分词(participle)。其特点是:1.不定式、动名词和分词可以做很多句子成分,但就是不能单独做谓语,这也是它们被称为"非谓语动词"的原因。

2.它们具有各种形态:原形、主动态、被动态、进行态和完成态。

3.不定式和动名词可以做主语、宾语、表语、补语等。但不管起什么作用,它们都具有动词的功能,但无语法上的动词性质,这一点可以通过它们不受主语的人称和数的限制体现出来。

4.分词起形容词和副词作用,可做表语、定语、状语和复合结构中的复合宾语,但不能做主语和宾语。它也不受主语人称和数的限制。

不定式

1.结构

不定式的主动态是to do,其否定式是not to do,被动态是to be done,进行态是to be doing,完成态是to have done。

例:1996年6月四级第24题

Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection ______ to the nation.

A) has left B) is to leave C) leaves D) is to be left

结合选项来看,全句的意思:“78岁的丹尼斯爵士已经向众人宣布他的许多收藏品将留给国家"。收藏品是"被留给国家”,因此需要一个被动式做宾语,所以答案是D) is to be left。

2.不定式做主语

例:1995年1月四级第55题

It is not unusual for workers in that region _________.

A) to be paid more than a month later B) to be paid later than more a month

C) to pay later than a month more D) to pay later more than a month

it 在句中作形式主语。而不定式to be paid more than a month是句子的逻辑主语。结合选项全句的意思是:“那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事”,答案是A)。

3. 不定式做补足语的用法

不定式做补足语时,如果和主语是主谓关系,就用不定式的主动式,如果是动宾关系,就用被动式;如果动作时间和谓语动词同时发生,就用不定式的一般式。如果动作时间发生在谓语动作之前,就用不定式的完成式。

1) 不定式做主语补足语

例:1996年6月四级第37题

The ancient Egyptians are supposed _________ rockets to the moon.

A) to send B) to be sending

C) to have sent D) to have been sending

在本句中,send 为短暂性动词,不能用进行时态。所以B和D两项错。A和C的区别在于不定式的时态,句首表示时间概念的ancient表明不定式动作在句子谓语动作之前,不定式要用完成式,因而答案是C)。

2) 不定式做宾语补足语

有些动词和短语可用不定式做宾语补足语,构成句型:主语+谓语动词+宾语+不定式。

这样的动词有:advice, allow, announce, ask, assist, authorize, bear, beg, bribe, cause, command, compel, condemn, deserve, direct, drive, enable, encourage, entitle, entreat, exhort, forbid, force, get, hate, help, implore, induce, inspire, instruct, intend, invite, lead, leave, like, mean, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade, pray, prefer, press, prompt, pronounce, recommend, remind, report, request, require, summon, teach, tell, tempt, urge, want, warn, wish。

这样的短语有:call on(请求), care for(关心), count on(依靠,指望), depend on(依赖、依靠), keep on at(困扰,追问), long for(渴望), make out(分辨), vote for(选举), prevail on (说服), rely on(信赖), wait for(等待)。

还有一些动词和词组用不定式做宾语补足语时不带to,但在被动形式时,其宾语补足语不定式必须带to。这样的动词和词组有:feel, have, hear, let, make, notice, observe, overhear, see, watch, listen to, look at。

例:1998年1月四级第44题

They are going to have the serviceman __________ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.

A) install B) to install C) to be installed D) installed

全句的意思是:“他们准备让服务人员明天在办公室里装一台电

扇”。这里是"have sb. do sth."的句型,是主动语态,因此,have 后接不带to的不定式做宾与补足语,所以答案是A) install。

8. 不定式做宾语

大部分动词可加不定式做宾语。一些动词,特别是系动词,如appear, chance, come, fail, get, happen, manage, prove, seem, tend, turn out等,后面接不定式,形式上是宾语,实际是一种复合结构句型,除人、物做主语外,还可用it做主语,所跟to be可省略。

例:1997年1月四级第25题

There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _________ trouble.

A) making B) to make C) to have made D) having made

全句的意思是:“服务台那里有一个人,看上去很气愤,我想他是存心要找麻烦。”动词mean 在本句中的意思是“打算”,相当于intend to do something,后面只能接动词不定式做宾语。所以答案是B) to make。动词mean后面接名词和动名词时,意思是“表示……的意思、意味着”,所

以选项A 和D错误。另外不定式的完成式表示该动作应在谓语动作之前发生,这和本句的意思不符合,所以选项C也不正确。

例:1997年1月四级第42题

I'd rather read than watch television; the programs seem __________ all the time.

A) to get worse C) to have got worse

B) to be getting worse D) getting worse

动词seem后应接不定式做宾语;词组all the time的意思是“始终、一直”,相当于continuously,因此句中相应的动词一般要用进行式。全句的意思是“我宁愿看书也不愿意看电视,电视节目好象越来越差了。”可见,答案是B) to be getting worse。

9. 不定式做定语

不定式做定语时,与中心词之间在逻辑上有多种关系,其中可能是互相修饰关系。也就是:不定式修饰中心词;不定式短语末的介词与中心词组成介词短语,修饰不定式。这些动词不定式可能是及物的(带宾语),也可能是不及物的,要特别注意不要漏掉不定式短语末的介词。很多名词后可接不定式做定语,如ability, ambition, anxiety, attempt, campaign, chance, courage, decision, determination, drive(动力), effort, force, inclination, intention, method, motive, movement, need, opportunity, pressure, reason, right(权力), struggle, tendency, wish, anything, anyone, everything, everyone, nothing, no one, something, some one等。这类名词

通常表示抽象概念,后面用动词不定式做定语,表示该名词的具体内容。在这种结构中,不能用分词形式。还要注意,如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则不定式后要加介词,因为此时不定式与其修饰的名词实质上有动宾关系。

例:1994年1月第63题

Could you find someone________?

A) for me to play tennis with B) for me to play tennis C) play tennis with D) playing tennis

请你找个人来和我打网球。答案是A。

做定语的不定式也可能解释中心词的内容。请看下例:

例:1997年6月四级第47题

The pressure________causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.

A) to compete C) to be competed B) competing D) having competed

结合选项看,全句的意思是:“竞争的压力使美国人精力充沛,但也使他们的精神始终处于紧张状态。”名词pressure后应加不定式做定语,说明"pressure"的内容。因此本题答案是A) to compete。选项B) competing是现在分词;D) having competed现在分词的完成式,都不符合语法规定。选项C) to be competed中的Compete是不及物动词,不能用被动语态,所以这三个选项都不正确。

介词+关系代词+不定式可以做定语用,这种用法是一种正式的表达法。我们看下面这个例子:

例:1995年6月四级第50题

You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _____ to suspend your tent.

A) there B) them C) which D) where

全句的意思是:“你将需要两棵相距约10英尺的树来挂你的帐篷”。

本句中只有which是关系代词,因此答案是C。

10. 不定式做状语

例:1995年1月四级第48题

________ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree.

A) To become B) Become C) One becomes D) On becoming

答案是A) To become。

11. 介词后的不定式

介词后接不定式只见于少数场合:but后面通常接带to的不定式,包括do nothing but,can not but,can not help but,have no choice but等等。

例:1996年1月四级第24题

That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but ____ the police.

A) called in B) calling in C) call in D) to call in

在本句中have no choice but要后接带to的不定式,意思是“只能……别无选择”。全句意思:“那件事事关重大,我别无选择,只好请警察来”。答案是D) to call in。

第二十一讲非谓语动词(二)

动名词

1. 动名词,顾名思义,具有双重作用:它既有动词的作用(后面可加自己的宾语),又有名词的作用(可以做句子的主语、宾语等)。

2. 动名词做宾语

1) 有些动词只能接动名词做宾语,而不能接不定式。这是考试中常见的考点。请大家务必多练多用多读多说,尽量培养语感,这比单纯死记硬背这些枯燥的词汇要容易得多。

这些动词是:acknowledge, advice, admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, allow, bear, can't help, cease, commence, complete, confess, delay, deny, discourage, detest, dread, endure, enjoy, envy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, figure, finish, imagine, involve, justify, keep, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, quit, recall, repent, require, resent, resume, risk, save等等。

例:1995年6月四级第42题

Mark often attempts to escape _______ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.

A) having been fined B) to have been fined C) to be fined D) being fined

动词escape后接动名词,不能接不定式,所以先排除了B和C。全句的意思是:“每当马克违反交通规则式,他常常企图逃避罚款”。fine是及物动词,在这里要用被动语态;而且,句子讲的是经常性动作,应当用一般时态,因此,答案是D。

例:1998年6月四级第49题(同1997年12月四级第37题)

People appreciate with him because he has a good sense of humor.

A) to work B) to have worked C) working D) having working

全句的意思是:因为他很有幽默感,所以大家喜欢和他一起工作。根据句意,动名词动作与句子谓语动作并无时间上的先后,必须用动名词一般时态。答案是C。

2) 凡是动词+介词、名词+介词或形容词+介词形成的词组,都要求接动名词做宾语,因为所有介词后的动词都要使用动名词形式。

例:1998年6月四级第46题

He gives people the impression ____________ all his life abroad.

A) of having spend B) to have spent

C) of being spent D) to spent

全句的意思是“他给人的印象是他的一生都在国外度过”。这是名词+介词+动名词(短语)的形式。答案是A。也就是说,“名词+ of +动名词”结构表示特指的、具体的、单一的、所属的机会或习惯,而名词接不定式形式只表示有某种机会或习惯,指客观现实。

3) 满足句型“it is +名词或形容词+动名词”和句型“动词+ it +形容词或名词+动名词”的形容词和名词有:good, no good, nuisance, no use, senseless, use, useless, waste, worthwhile。

例:Do you think it worthwhile investing a large sum of money in this project?(你认为向该项目大量投资值得吗?)

4) 有些动词后既可加不定式,也可加动名词,但用法不同,意义也不同。注意remember, forget, stop, regret, go on, afford, attempt, try, 等单词的用法。

例如:afford(a) can (not) afford / be (not) able to afford + to do:经受得/不起,负担得/不起。后面一般加表示时间、金钱方面的内容。

例:We can't afford to buy this house because we won't make the ends meet.(我们买不起这房子,因为我们将入不敷出。)

b) afford + doing:提供

例:The bill is a measure necessary to afford protecting labor.(这条法案是提供劳工保护的必要措施。)

deserve, need, require, want

这几个词的共同特点是:它们后面既可加不定式,也可加动名词,意义相同。但是,表示被动时,动名词依然使用主动形式,不定式则变成被动形式。其中,这几个词后面加动名词的格式是常考项目之一。

例:1997年6月四级第48题

Your hair wants _________. You'd better have it done tomorrow.

A) cut B) to cut C) cutting D) being cut

本题的want等于need,是一种口语习惯用法,后面接动名词主动形式表被动。此时,动名词和主语之间是动宾关系。本句的意思是:“你

的头发该理了,最好明天就去理。”因此,本题答案是C) cutting。选项A) 的cut是过去分词,可以用在want后面,但只能做宾语补足语。选项B) to cut是动词不定式的主动形式,与want连用时表示谓语动词主体的一种愿望,放在本句中显然意思不通。头发怎么会有什么愿望呢?D) being cut与语法规定不相符,因为使用动名词时要求用主动形式。所以这三个选项都不是正确答案。

注意

bear的用法与这几个词类似,但表示被动时,它后面加动名词时的形式与上述几个词不同。

例:She can't bear being looked down upon by others.(她无法容忍被人瞧不起。)

She can't bear to be looked down upon by others.(她无法容忍被人瞧不起。)

She can't bear looking down upon others.(她无法容忍瞧不起别人(的行为)。)

此时,例句一被动形式中的动名词要用being looked down,以免与例句三的主动表示相混淆。

dislike, dread, hate, like, love, prefer

这些词加动名词时,表示喜欢或讨厌一般性、习惯性或发生过的某事、某物;加不定式时,表示喜欢或讨厌的、偶然一次的、打算做的某事、某物。

prefer的用法稍微复杂一点,它后面加不定式还是加动名词通常是由它的固定结构或习惯用法决定的。常见的结构是:would prefer + to do(更想做某事); prefer doing A to doing B(比起做B来说,更喜欢做A。特别注意:这里的比较使用的不是than,而是to)。

forget, neglect, regret, remember

这几个词的共同特点是:它们后面加不定式时,表示记得、忘记、遗憾、忽略要做或应该做的事,总之是还没有做的事;而加动名词时,表示记得、忘记、遗憾、忽略所做的事,也就是已经发生了、已经做了的事。

例:1996年1月四级第40题

If I had remembered ________ the window, the thief would not have got in.

A) to close B) closing C) to have closed D) having closed

本句的意思是:"我要是记得把窗子关起来的话,小偷就进不来了。"remember后接动名词表示记得过去曾做过某事,接不定式则表示记得

要做某事。本句说的是:"记得把窗子关起来"。因此A)to close是答案。有些考生误选了C) to have closed。注意remember后面不能用动词不定式的完成式。至于选项B) closing,因为这里"关窗子"这件事"我"并没有做,所以是不对的。

例:1993年6月四级第61题

Mr. Johnson preferred _____ heavier work to do.

A) to be given B) to be giving

C) to have given D) having given

prefer后面的动名词或动词不定式的动作主体就是句子的主语。动词give一般要有双宾语,而句子里并无give的间接宾语(给谁),因此全句意思应是:“约翰逊先生宁可有(被给予)更重的活干”。可见,答案是A) to be given。

stop stop to do表示停止前文说的那件事,去做另一件事。

stop doing表示停止做正在做的一件事。

例:The professor asked us to stop to discuss.(教授让我们停下来,开始讨论。言外之意是,我们正在做的事不是讨论,而是,例如阅读一篇材料,然后教授让我们停止阅读,开始讨论。)The professor asked us to stop discussing.(教授让我们停止讨论。言外之意是我们正在做的事是讨论。)

从某种程度上说,stop 和continue的用法很相似。

3. 动词出现在介词后面是大多是情况下是以动名词而不是以不定式的形式出现,要特别注意:admit to(承认),approach to(方法),contribute to(起作用),confess to(承认),resort to(求助于),reconcile to(顺从于),revert to(重新开始),submit to(忍受),swear to(断言),take to (开始从事),be used to(习惯于),look forward to(盼望),oppose to (反对),中的to都是介词而不是不定式符号。

例:1991年6月四级第48题

The match was cancelled because most of the members ______ a match without a standard court.

A) objected to having B) were objected to have C) objected to have D) were objected to having

结合选项克制,全句意思是:"比赛取消了,因为大多数人反对在没有一个标准球场的情况下举行比赛"。object在这里是不及物动词,后面的to是介词,在接名词或动名词做宾语。因此,答案是A。object 也可以做及物动词,但后接宾语从句,表示"提出……作为反对的理由"。

例:1996年6月四级第33题

The traditional approach _______with complex problem is to break

them down into smaller, more easily managed problems.

A) to dealing B) in dealing C) dealing D) to deal

解决复杂问题的传统方法是把他们分解为更小的、更容易处理的问题。答案是A。

4. 动名词做主语、表语、补语等

由于不定式也可以做主语、表语、补语,那么,什么时候用动名词,什么时候用不定式呢?是不是也有什么规律可遵循呢?答案是,没有。如果说有,也只不过是一些习惯用法。例如:Seeing is believing.(眼见为实)人们习惯上就用动名词来做主语和表语,而不是因为什么语法限制和规定。

5. 惯用句型

be busy doing sth., be no good doing sth., spend some time/money doing sth., have difficulty (in) doing sth., have a hard time (in) doing sth., have trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth.都是惯用句型,其中动名词不能换成to不定式。

例:1992年6月四级第41题

Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _______ for her examination.

A) to prepare B) to be prepared C) preparing D) being prepared

结合选项来看,全句的意思是:“琼做完没有时间去听音乐会,因为她忙于准备考试。”,所以答案是D) being prepared。

6. 动名词短语之前可以有一个物主代词或名词所有格来表示它的逻辑主语。

例:1999年1月四级第45题

__________ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.

A) The girl was educated B) The girl educated

C) The girl's being educated D) The girl to be educated

全句意思是:让孩子在简朴的生活环境中接受教育中她父母所希望的。答案是C。

例:1998年1月四级第31题

Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used ______ late for his lecture.

A) to have students B) for students' being

C) for students to be D) to student's being

尽管教授很准时,但他对学生迟到已经习惯了。答案是D。

当这一结构不处于句首时,逻辑主语用名词的普通格式或代词宾语更自然些。

第二十二讲非谓语动词(三)

现在分词(present participle)和过去分词(past participle)。

1. 结构和用法

1) 现在分词的结构就是在它的后面加词尾ing,过去分词的词尾是ed。

2) 两种分词都具有形容词和副词的作用,在句中可以做定语、表语、补语和独立结构(状语)等。

a) 分词作表语

例:1997年1月四级第44题

When I caught him ____________ I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.

A) cheating B) cheat C) to cheat D) to be cheating

Catch做“发觉”讲的时候,后面应该接“名词+分词”,表示“发觉某人正在做某”。因此答案是A) cheating。全句的意思是:“当我发觉他欺骗我时,我不再在他那里买东西,而开始和另一家商店打交道。”

b) 分词做定语

例:1998年1月四级第36题

As early as 1647, Ohio made a decision that free, tax supported schools must be established in every town ______ 50 households or more.

A) having B) to have C) to have had D) having had

全句的意思是:“早在1647年Ohio州就做出决定,拥有50或50户以上家庭的每一个镇,都必须建立免费的由税收维持的学校。”句中in every town having 50 households or more 相当于in every town which has 50 households or more。答案是A。

c) 分词作补语

例:1997年1月四级第26题

After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys ____________ to go to school.

A) to be encouraged C) being encouraged

B) been encouraged D) be encouraged

全句的意思是:“阿拉伯国家赢得独立后,特别重视扩大教育,不但鼓励男孩子入学,也鼓励女孩入学。”介词with可引出分词独立结构,表示一种陪衬性动作或补充说明。所以,答案是C) being encouraged。选项A) to be encouraged是动词不定式,for her to do是动词不定式短语,常做目的状语,不能引出陪衬性动作。选项B) been encouraged和D) be encouraged这两种形式都不能与with构成分词独立结构做补语。

d) 分词作状语

现在分词作状语表示主动,过去分词(短语)作状语表示被动,要注意这两者的区别。例:1996年6月四级第22题

_____ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall of the edge of the earth.

A) Having believed B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed

结合选项看,全句的意思是:“许多人认为地球是扁的,因此害怕哥伦布会从地球的边缘掉下”。相信这是一个主动行为,因此,需要一个表示主动的分词。所以选项C) Believed和D) Being believed被排除。而A) Having believed强调分词所表示的主动动作是从过去开始的,一直延续到现在,至于完成了没有,并不关心。也就是说,该主动动作与过去和现在都有联系,因此也不合题意。所以答案是B。

例:1996年6月四级第28题

If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one

________.

A) to correct B) correcting

C) having corrected D) being corrected

结合选项来看,全句的意思是:“如果我去更正别人的看法,我会尽可能用幽默和自我克制的态度去做,就象是我被别人更正一样”。这里,要求填入一个表示“正在被人更正”的意思的选项,答案是D)。

having been done和having done的道理是一样的,只不过前者的分词动作是主动动作,后者的分词动作是被动动作。即,如果要表达的被动动作是从过去开始的,一直延续到现在,则必须用完成式表示,而过去分词没有完成形式,所以使用Having been done。

例:There seemed little hope that the explorer, ________ in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.

A) to be deserted B) having deserted

C) to have been deserted D) having been deserted

答案是D) having been deserted。这是现在分词的完成式(被动态)在句中做状语,具有原因和时间意义。

2. 注意事项

1) 不及物动词的过去分词有两种形式:

A) 单独使用时没有被动意义,只表示完成的或静态的动作和状态。做定语时,一般位于所修饰的词前面。

例:departed friends 分离的朋友faded flowers 凋零的花

B) 与介词连用时,可以表示被动,做后置定语。因为在主动语态里,不及物动词与介词连用时意味着可以接宾语。同样道理,在分词表达形式中,不及物动词分词所修饰的词就是刚才我们谈到的宾语,对于宾语来说,这个动作就是一个被动动作了。

2) 有一些可以做表语的现在分词和过去分词的用法是固定的。

例如:amazing, amazed, amusing, amused, convincing, confusing, confused, disappointing, disappointed, encouraging, encouraged, exciting, excited, contented, inviting, missing, misunderstanding, inexperienced等。

这些分词没有严格意义上的被动、静态、动态、已完成或正在进行这样的含义。它们源自动词,有动词的用法。以最常见的interesting和interested为例。若对某事/某人感兴趣,就用be interested in Seth./sib.的结构,主语一般都是人;如果某事或某人本让别人感到有意思,让人感兴趣的话,就用sth./sb. is interesting的结构。

主谓一致(一)

主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语一致。下面让我们看看不同类型的主谓一致。

1. 名词做主语

1)单复数主谓一致

A) 一般词汇:有些词汇的复数形式是固定不变的,如:crossroads (十字路口;聚焦点), barracks (兵营), headquarters (总部), means (方法,手段), species (种类,品种), series (系列), works (工厂)等,但其动词的单复数取决于两点:

a) 取决于限定词:

例:Every means has been tried but without much result.(各种方法都试过,可没有多大效果。)These works have been closed since the beginning of this year due to the strike of the workers.(由于工人罢工,这些工厂从今年年初起就一直停工。)

b) 取决于上下文内容、作者所要表达的意思、特指还是泛指:

例:Are/ Is there any other means of solving the problem?(还有什么其它解题的方法吗?注意:这里可以用are表示其它方法,也可以用is表示和现在所用的方法相对比的另一种方法。)My favorite book is The Old Man and the Sea.(我喜爱的书是《老人与海》。注意:本句是特指。)Our TV series are much better than those of Japan.(我国的电视剧比日本的好得多。注意:本句是泛指。)

注意:a series of

这是一个短语,表示“一系列”,后面跟复数名词。但其动词谓语用单数还是用复数,取决于本短语表示的是一系列“同一种类”的事物还是“不同种类”的事物。前者用单数谓语;后者用复数谓语。

例:A series of wet days spoils our holiday.(阴雨连绵破坏了我们的假期。)

There are a series of strange objects in his suitcase.(他的提箱里有一些奇怪的东西。)

c) 从句做主语

例:1991年6月四级第69题

How close parents are to their children _______ a strong influence on the character of the children.

A) have B) has C) having D) to have

本题中how引导的从句做主语,为单数,所以答案是B) has。全句的意思是:“孩子与父母的接近程度会对孩子的性格有很大影响。”

d) 学科名词一般用单数谓语动词。但如果这个词还可表示相关活动、具体或个别事实或事件时,则可用复数谓语。这样的词有:economics(经济学), electronics(电子学), mathematics (数学), politics(政治学)等等。

例:Politics is a good topic for discussion.(政治是谈论的好题目。)

Economics has fascinated me.(我迷上了经济学。)

汇量和经验的积累。例如:chaos - chaoses(琐事,杂乱), campus - campuses(校园), chorus - choruses (合唱队), status - statuses(身份、地位), virus - viruses(病毒), analysis - analyses(分析), basis - bases(基础), crisis - crises(危机), hypothesis - hypotheses(假设),等。

例:There was chaos everywhere in the town after the earthquake.(地震后,城内一片混乱。)

f) 有些表示成双成对的词,常常只用复数形式,动词一律用复数,也不能用不定冠词。比如要表示“一……”,要使用量词,通常使用"a pair of"。这样的词有:eyeglasses(眼镜), pants (裤子), scissors(剪刀), shoes(鞋), shorts(短裤), socks(短袜), stockings(长统袜), trousers (裤子)等。

B) 无复数形式的名词

a) 有些名词,特别是一些表示动物的名词,其单复数形式是固定不变的,但其动词的单复数取决于其限定词和上下文内容。

例:Much of this data is conclusive.(这数据中有许多都是决定性的。)

Many of these data are conclusive. (这些数据中有许多都是决定性的。)

That Japanese has been to China for twenty times.(这位日本人已来过中国20次了。)

Those Japanese are visitors to our university.(那些日本人是到我们大学来参观的客人。)

注意:Chinese, Japanese这样的词不仅可做名词,还可和定冠词一起连用,表示“……一类人”,是种集合名词的表达形式。因此,用于后者时,其动词的单复数不能取决于内容,而是一定要用复数。

b) 集合名词:大部分集合名词都可使用单数或复数动词,这主要取决于作者的强调点:强调整体时,用单数谓语;强调这个集体里的成员时,用复数谓语。这样的集合名词有:army(军队), audience(观众、听众), board(委员会), committee(委员会), crew(全体队员、船员、机组人员等), crowd(人群), firm(公司), government(政府), group(组、群), majority(多数人), minority(少数人), public(公众), staff(全体工作人员), union(联盟)等。

例:The audience was excited by the excellent show.(精彩的演出使全体观众情绪激昂。)The public is/are requested not to leave litter in the public places.(公众不能在公共场所乱扔垃圾。)

注意:

1) 后一个例句中,The public指的是在公共场所的人,谓语可用单数或复数。

2) 还有一些集合名词也没有复数形式,但只能做复数名词使用,谓语动词应该用复数。这样的man(人类), police(警察)等。

c) 专有名词和不可数名词的谓语一律用单数谓语。前者指人名、地名、国家名、城市名、书名、机构名或重大事件。后者又可分为物质和抽象名词两大类。

例:The Tales of Ancient China was written by that old professor.(《古代中国神话》是由那位老教授编写的。)

The United Nations is trying to find a better way to bring the two

parties together.(联合国正在寻求更有效的方法来调停双方。)

注意:在具体应用中,有些不可数名词可加复数词尾,这时其意义稍有变化,动词的单复数则根据具体句子意思而定。有时甚至可加不定冠词。

例:There were bright lights in that mansion all the night.(那栋大厦整夜都亮着灯光。) She was a beauty even after she had three children.(她生了三个孩子以后还是个美人。)

C) 另外,还有特殊复数形式的名词也需要你的特殊注意。这些词的复数形式可能并不明显,所以常导致谓语单复数错误。

特殊复数形式的名词:phenomenon - phenomena(现象), goose - geese(鹅), mouse - mice(老鼠)等

2)不定代词和带限定词的名词做主语

A) 不定代词或every加名词做主语:every, each, either, neither, one, no one, somebody, anybody, nobody, everyone, someone, anyone, everyone, something, anything, nothing, everything在

句中做主语,或做限定词限定一个名词时,后面的谓语一律用单数。

例:Each family was forced to send one labor to the army.(每家都被迫送一个劳动力到军队去。)Either of them isn't going to give up their chance of education.(他们两个都不想放弃受教育的权利。)

注意:上述词语做限定词加of时,后面的名词或代词都应该用复数,但谓语却用单数。即使有定语从句,其主句、从句谓语仍用单数。

例:Each one of us who is now living is destined to witness remarkable scientific discoveries.(现在活着的人一定会见到伟大的科学发现。)

B) 限定词加名词做主语:all, any, many, more, most, some的谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所修饰的名词。

a) all, any, many, more, most, some修饰单数名词时,谓语为单数;当修饰复数名词谓语为复数。

例:All of the world is against wars.(全世界都反对战争。)

There is some girl at the telephone who wants to speak to you.(有个女孩打电话来,找你。)

b) all, any, many, more, most, some加复数名词时,谓语用复数动词。

例:All roads lead to Rome.(条条大路通罗马。)

There are scarcely any flies left.(几乎没有什么苍蝇了。)

c) all, any, many, more, most, some修饰不可数名词时,谓语用单数动词。

例:If there is any trouble, please don't hesitate to turn to me.(如果有什么困难,请立刻来找我。)More experience is essential for getting a higher position.(要得到更高的职位,重要的是要有更多的经验。)

d) 注意:many不能修饰不可数名词。Many a person/ thing, more than one person / thing这样的短语是固定搭配,名词为单数;most不能和单数名词连用来表示单数。

第二十四讲主谓一致(二)

2. 含有of的短语和介宾短语做主语

1) half of, all of, any of, a lot of, most of, … percent of, some of, five sevenths of等短语的动词单复数取决于of后面所跟的名词或代词,即:单数名词或代词要求用单数动词;复数名词或代词用复数动词,不可数名词或代词用单数动词。

例:In our country, more than 70 percent of population is farmers.(我国人口的70%以上是农民。)Half of my spare time is spent on my hobby.(我一半的业余时间都花在我的爱好上了。)

2) a number of后面要求加复数名词或代词,其动词用复数形式;但the number of后面加复数名词或代词时,其谓语用单数。因为前者的意思是“大量、许多、若干”,等于numbers of;后者的意思是“总数、合计”,强调的是一个数字,所以应该看成单数主语。

例:A number of criminals have been caught by the brave policewoman.(这位勇敢的女警察已经抓获了许多罪犯。)

The number of criminals caught by this brave policewoman has risen up to 1200.(被这位勇敢的女警察抓获的罪犯总数已经达到1200人。)

3) a / the majority (of), a / the minority (of)这两个短语有两个特点:

a) 它们后面可接单数、复数和不可数名词,相应的谓语动词的单复数取决于of后面所跟的名词。

b) 在具体应用中,应看作者的意图而定,如果作者要强调整体,动词用单数;作者要强调单个的个体时,谓语动词用复数,这种用法有点类似集合名词。注意:后面接的是表示选票数的名词或代词时,谓语常用单数。

例:The nation wants peace; only a minority want the war to continue.(全国都要和平,只有少数人希望战争延续。)

A majority of votes was in its favor, to show its confidence in its policy.(多数票对它有利,表示对其政策的信任。)

4) the rest(of)表示“剩余、其余”,其用法也有二:

a) of后面可接单数、复数及不可数名词,相应的谓语动词的单复数取决于of后面所跟的名词。

b) 如果the rest表示的是剩下的东西,则谓语动词用单数;如果表示的是其余的,特别指人时,其谓语动词应该用复数。

例:The majority of students went to the lab, the rest are staying in the classroom.(多数学生去了实验室,其余的人留在教室。)

5) 当主语不止一个,且主语间由介词with, together with, along with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than, not to mention, including, like, but, except等连接时,其谓语动词取决于前一个主语,即上述介词前的名词或代词。

例:Television, along with other means of communication, helps us to keep informed about contemporary affairs.(电视以及其它一些通讯工具帮助我们不断地知道当地发生的事情。)Our generation, more than any other generations, views the adult world with great interest.(是我们这一代人,而不是其它任何一代,怀着极大的兴趣,观察成人世界。)

人教版英语非谓语动词形式讲解及答案推荐精选

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人教版英语非谓语动词的用法大全含解析百度文库

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(完整word版)非谓语动词思维导图

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