文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › Probing the Galactic Bulge with deep Adaptive Optics imaging the age of NGC 6440

Probing the Galactic Bulge with deep Adaptive Optics imaging the age of NGC 6440

Probing the Galactic Bulge with deep Adaptive Optics imaging the age of NGC 6440
Probing the Galactic Bulge with deep Adaptive Optics imaging the age of NGC 6440

a r

X

i

v

:08

9

.

3

9

3

9

v

1

[

a

s

t

r

o

-

p

h

]

2

3

S

e p

2

8

Probing the Galactic Bulge with deep Adaptive Optics imaging:the age of NGC 64401L.Origlia 2,S.Lena 3,E.Diolaiti 2,F.R.Ferraro 3,E.Valenti 4,S.Fabbri 3,G.Beccari 3ABSTRACT We present ?rst results of a pilot project aimed at exploiting the potential-ity of ground based adaptive optics imaging in the near infrared to determine the age of stellar clusters in the Galactic Bulge.We have used a combination of high resolution adaptive optics (ESO-VLT NAOS-CONICA)and wide-?eld (ESO-NTT-SOFI)photometry of the metal rich globular cluster NGC 6440lo-cated towards the inner Bulge,to compute a deep color magnitude diagram from the tip of the Red Giant Branch down to J ~22,two magnitudes below the Main Sequence Turn O?(TO).The magnitude di?erence between the TO level and the red Horizontal Branch has been used as an age indicator.It is the ?rst time that such a measurement for a bulge globular cluster has been obtained with a ground based telescope.From a direct comparison with 47Tuc and with a set of theoretical isochrones,we concluded that NGC 6440is old and likely coeval to 47Tuc.This result adds a new evidence that the Galactic Bulge is ≈2Gyr younger at most than the pristine,metal poor population of the Galactic Halo.Subject headings:Globular clusters:individual (NGC 6440);stars:evolution –1.Introduction

Galactic globular clusters (GCs)are known since a long time to be the oldest stellar population of our Galaxy,hence their accurate age determination is crucial to settle the

epoch of the Galaxy formation and a lower limit to the age of the Universe.A major e?ort has been devoted to obtain reliable ages for the Halo GC system(Rosenberg et al.1999; Rosenberg2000;Salaris&Weiss2002;De Angeli et al.2005).

With the growing awareness that the Bulge GCs are a distinct sub-system,has come a new urgency to properly characterize their evolutionary sequences and to determine their ages and chemical composition.Moreover,Bulge GCs are key templates of simple stel-lar populations to study the stellar and chemical evolution in the high metallicity domain (McWilliam1997;Matteucci et al.1999;Wyse et al.2000;Ballero et al.2007)and for pop-ulation synthesis of giant elliptical galaxies.Hence,a proper characterization of the main chemical and evolutionary properties of the Galactic Bulge and its comparison with the other components of the Galaxy is a fundamental step to unveiling the process of Galaxy formation and evolution(Dutra et al.2002;Wyse et al.2000).

Despite its importance,the Galactic Bulge GC system remained mostly unexplored, because of the huge foreground extinction,which severely prevents the usage of optical ob-servations.Also,the limited photometric and spectroscopic performances of the previous generations of infrared(IR)arrays,prevented any deep,high resolution imaging and spec-troscopy to properly survey the Bulge?eld and GC population.

Over the last decade a few optical and near IR ground-based photometric studies of bulge GCs have been performed(Ortolani et al.1996;Guarnieri et al.1998;Frogel et al. 1995;Davidge2000).Recently,Valenti et al.(2007)presented homogeneous and accurate IR color-magnitude diagrams(CMDs)of the evolved sequences of a sample of24GCs in the Bulge direction.

However,only a few attempts exist so far to estimate the age of Bulge GCs from the direct measurement of the Main Sequence(MS)TO,by using the WFPC2and NICMOS onboard HST(Ortolani et al.1995;Heasley et al.2000;Ortolani et al.2001;Zoccali et al. 2001;Cohn et al.2002;Feltzing&Johnson2002).

The recent advent of adaptive optics(AO)capabilities on8m-class telescopes allows un-precedent deep ground-based IR photometry down to the TO level in clusters as distant as ≈10kpc with potential better spatial sampling and coverage than NICMOS onboard HST. We performed a pilot project aimed at measuring the age of the Bulge GCs,by taking ad-vantage of the ESO-VLT NAOS-CONICA(NACO)imaging facility with AO and wavefront sensing in the IR,which is crucial to?nd natural guide stars bright enough in such a red-dened environment.In this Letter,we present the?rst results of such a project,namely the age determination of the GC NGC6440.This cluster has an iron abundance[Fe/H]=-0.56 (Origlia,Valenti&Rich2008)and a global metallicity[M/H]=-0.4(Valenti et al.2007)and

it is located in the inner Bulge at(l,b)=(7.7,3.8)and8.2kpc from the Sun.The high redden-ing(E(B-V)=1.15,Valenti et al.2007)along the line of sight yields an extinction of≈3.5 mag in the visible,and makes this cluster an ideal target to be investigated in the near IR.

2.Observations and Data Reduction

The observations have been performed in service mode between August2005and Septem-ber2006as part of the programmes075.D-0359(A)and077.D-0316(A)(PI:Origlia),by using NACO mounted at the ESO-VLT.We used the S54camera which o?ers a relatively large 55′′×55′′FoV with su?cient(0.′′054pix?1)spatial resolution to resolve the stars.We selected an appropriate?eld located at≈110”South-West from the cluster center,where crowding is not too severe but the star density is still large enough to sample a reasonable number of stars along the evolved sequences of the CMD(like the Sub Giant Branch).A series of24 exposures each one90sec-long(DIT=18sec and NDIT=5and DIT=10sec and NDIT=9, in the J and H bands,respectively)have been secured.Fig.1shows the NACO J and H mosaiced images,with marked the natural guide star used to perform the AO correction.

We used the?nal mosaiced images obtained from the reduction pipeline and computed PSF-?tting photometry by using STARFINDER(Diolaiti et al.2000)speci?cally developed and optimized to obtain accurate photometry in AO-corrected crowded?elds.Indeed, STARFINDER allows the modeling of the PSF as a function of the distance from the refer-ence star with a combination of Gaussian/Mo?at functions to simultaneously account for the stellar peak and the di?use seeing halo.More speci?cally,the complex NACO-PSF in the NGC6440images has been modeled with a combination of three Gaussians.Two Gaussians have been used to properly model the central peak of the PSF(their parameters strongly depending on the e?ciency of the AO correction),while the third Gaussian parametrizes the PSF halo,and depends on the seeing.Since the AO corrections degrade with the distance from the reference star,STARFINDER has been optimized to allow the parameters of the two Gaussians modeling the central peak to vary as a function of the distance from the ref-erence star.All the parameters of the Gaussians have been?ne-tuned by properly modeling a number of high signal-to-noise ratio,unsaturated stars over the entire science image.Once the PSF has been determined,an automatic search of the stars has been performed and the PSF?tting procedure executed for all the detected objects.At the end of this procedure, a?nal list of instrumental magnitudes and coordinates for more than2000stars has been obtained.

Complementary to the NACO observations of the TO region,we have also acquired shallower(≈1min exposures)J,H,Ks images over a wider(5’×5’)?eld of view at the ESO-

NTT using SOFI(programme081.D-0371(A),PI Valenti)to sample the brightest portion of the CMD,namely the Red Giant Branch(RGB)and the Helium clump.The SOFI J and H images have been reduced by using ROMAFOT(Buonanno et al.1983)and the instrumental magnitudes have been calibrated and placed on the absolute astrometric system of2MASS. The brightest,unsaturated stars in the NACO?eld which are in common with the SOFI dataset have thus been used to transform the NACO J and H instrumental magnitudes to the SOFI/2MASS photometric system.The average photometric uncertainty turns out to be a few hundreths mag along the RGB and≈0.1mag in the TO region.From a direct comparison of our SOFI photometry of the cluster with a control?eld from2MASS we ?nd that?eld contamination along the RGB is below20%in the NACO?eld of view.By performing a number of simulations with the Robin et al.(2003)model of stellar population synthesis of the Galaxy,we also estimate a similar degree of?eld contamination in the TO region.Hence we conclude that such a degree of?eld contamination should not appreciably a?ect our estimates of the Horizontal Branch(HB)and TO levels.

As a template of an old,metal rich GC we took47Tuc([Fe/H]=-0.67)(Carretta et al. 2000),for which an accurate absolute age estimate(11.2±1.1Gyr)has been recently ob-tained by Gratton et al.(2003).As was done in the case of NGC6440,we use SOFI shallow photometry of the cluster center to sample the RGB(Origlia et al.2007)and deep pho-tometry of the TO region as obtained from archival SOFI J,H images of a?eld located at ≈2’from the cluster center(see also Salaris et al.2007).The photometric analysis of this dataset was performed by using ROMAFOT(Buonanno et al.1983).The sample has been astrometrized and photometrically calibrated by using the stars in common with the2MASS catalog.

3.Results

Fig.2shows the NACO-SOFI J,J?H and H,J?H combined CMDs for NGC6440. Only stars with J<16.5in the SOFI sample and within30”from the reference star in the NACO sample are plotted.All the evolutionary sequences from the RGB tip down to the MS are sampled.In particular,the CMDs reach two magnitudes below the cluster TO and o?er one of the cleanest insights of the MS TO region ever published for a cluster in the inner Galactic Bulge.These observations show that an AO capability at an8m class telescope is crucial to obtain samples of stars i)≈1mag fainter and ii)poorly a?ected by incompleteness due to crowding with respect to those obtained from average seeing limited observations.These samples allow us to properly measure the TO region even in severely obscured star clusters in the Galactic Bulge.

The mean ridge line of the RGB/SGB/MS sequence has been determined by applying an iterative3σ-clipping procedure to the observed points and it is overplotted on the CMDs.

The obtained CMDs can be used to measure the age of NGC6440.As has been well known for many years(Iben1974;Sandage1986)the di?erence in magnitude between the HB and the TO is a sensitive function of the cluster age for any stellar population older than 2Gyr.In fact in this age range the luminosity of the HB remains nearly constant while the MS-TO becomes fainter and fainter with increasing age.The?HB?MST O parameter, de?ned in di?erent photometric bands,has been successfully used in the past to derive relative ages of Halo(Buonanno et al.1989;Rosenberg et al.1999;Chaboyer et al.1996) and Bulge(Ortolani et al.2001)GCs.

In the following we compute this parameter for NGC6440and the reference cluster47 Tuc,in order to derive the relative ages of these two stellar systems.

The HB levels in NGC6440turn out to be J(HB)=14.70and H(HB)=13.85,respectively; for comparison,47Tuc shows J(HB)=12.5and H(HB)=12.05.They have been computed by determining the peak of the HB Luminosity Function for stars with J<15and(J?H)<0.95.Such a selection allows a safe determination within±0.05mag of the mean level of the HB red clump by reducing any possible contamination of RGB stars.The MS TO points,de?ned as the bluest point along the mean ridge line of the RGB,SGB,MS are located at J(TO)=18.8and H(TO)=18.1;for comparison,47Tuc shows J(TO)=16.55and H(TO)=16.20.In order to estimate the errors in the TO level determination we follow Meissner&Weiss(2006).We?tted the ridge line with a?fth-order(J-H)=f(J)polynomial and compute theσ(J TO)=σ(f(J))/

However,inspection of the theoretical isochrones suggests that aδ[Fe/H]≈0.1translates into aδJ(HB?TO)≈0.03,only,which is well within the errors.Hence,from this analysis we conclude that NGC6440is consistent with being coeval to47Tuc,that is≈11Gyr old.

In order to evaluate the overall uncertainty of the?J(HB?T O)method in deriving absolute ages,we use theoretical isochrones of di?erent ages.Two sets ofα-enhanced mod-els at[M/H]=-0.65and[M/H]=-0.35,respectively,to encompass the metallicity of47Tuc and NGC6440,and ages ranging from2to13Gyr,have been retrieved from the BASTI database(Pietrinferni et al.2004)and transformed into the observational2MASS(J,J-H) plane following the prescriptions by Origlia&Leitherer(2000).The di?erence between the mean value of the HB and the TO level was computed for each isochrone1.We?nd that in the metallicity range under consideration,a≈0.1mag error in the?J(HB?TO)value translates into a2Gyr uncertainty in the8-11Gyr age range and≥3Gyr between10and 13Gyr,since?J(HB?TO)becomes progressively less and less sensitive to age above11 Gyr.Hence we can conclude that NGC-6440is11+3?2Gyr,similar to47Tuc and other metal rich GCs of the Galaxy.

4.Discussion and Conclusions

In this letter we have presented the age determination for NGC6440:it is the?rst time that ground based AO imaging in the near infrared has been used to successfully measure the TO region and derive the age of a Bulge GC.The few previous studies have been all based on space observations.In fact,since the pioneering work by Ortolani et al.(1995)who?rst measured the TO region of NGC6553and NGC6528by using HST-WFC2and suggested a near-coeval age for the Galactic bulge and Halo,a number of subsequent works using HST and the WFPC2and NICMOS imagers(Ortolani et al.2001;Feltzing&Johnson2002)re?ned techniques and procedures to measure the age of these two globular clusters,by also applying proper motion decontamination to the CMDs(Zoccali et al.2001;Feltzing&Johnson2002). Only one other cluster in the inner Bulge,namely Terzan5(Ortolani et al.2001;Cohn et al. 2002)has been studied with HST-NICMOS,while Heasley et al.(2000)analyzed two other GCs observed with HST-WFPC2in the outer Bulge,namely NGC6624an NGC6637.All

these studies suggest that these clusters are old(>10Gyr)and likely coeval with47Tuc.

While our and previous studies agree on the fact that Bulge GCs are likely coeval to 47Tuc,absolute age estimates range between11and14Gyr,depending on the adopted theoretical isochrones and/or the absolute age for47Tuc itself.In this respect,a signi?-cant step forward in setting the absolute age of reference clusters has been performed by Gratton et al.(2003)who provided accurate distances and absolute ages for three pillar GCs, namely NGC6397,NGC6752and47Tuc,by using the MS Fitting Method and the Hip-parcos distance scale.Their age estimate for47Tuc turns out to be11.2±1Gyr,≈2.6Gyr younger than the other more metal poor Halo clusters.A somewhat younger age(by1-2 Gyr)was previously suggested by Rosenberg et al.(1999),who also found slightly younger ages for other two metal rich clusters in their sample,namely NGC6352and NGC6838, which possibly belong to the thick disk population,like47Tuc(see also Figure2in Ferraro 2004).

These?rst set of age determinations seem to suggest a common epoch of formation of the tick disk and Bulge and an overall GC formation process in our Galaxy starting≈13.5 Gyr ago(Gratton et al.2003)with the formation of the oldest Halo GCs and ending≈11 Gyr ago with the formation of the metal rich objects in the thick disk and Bulge.In this scenario,the few younger GCs found in the Halo(like for example Pal12,Arp2,Terzan8 etc.)could not have formed in situ.In fact,a number of recursive accretions of satellites and their GC systems(as e.g.the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal,Ibata,Gilmore&Irwin 1994)could have signi?cantly contributed to form the present Halo stellar populations (Bellazzini,Ferraro&Ibata2003;Ferraro2004).

However,a larger sample of both Bulge and thick disk GCs urgently need to be observed with the purpose of determining their relative and absolute ages,before drawing?rm con-clusions.This is something that is well within the capabilities of the current generation of instruments,such as the refurbished HST and the improving performances of ground based AO imagers.

This research was supported by the Ministero dell’Istruzione,dell’Universit′a e della Ricerca and by the Progetti Strategici2006granted by the University of Bologna.We thank the anonymous Referee for his/her helpful comments.

REFERENCES

Ballero,S.K.,Matteucci,F.,Origlia,L.,&Rich,R.M.2007,A&A,467,123

Bellazzini,M.,Ferraro,F.R.,&Ibata,R.2003,AJ,125,188

Buonanno,R.,Buscema,G.,Corsi,C.E.,Ferraro,I.,&Iannicola,G.1983,A&A,126,278 Buonanno,R.,Corsi,C.E.,&Fusi Pecci,F.1989,A&A,216,80

Carretta,E.Gratton,R.G.,Clementini,G.,&Fusi Pecci,F.2000,ApJ,533,215 Chaboyer,B.,Demarque,P.,Kernan,P.J.,Krauss,L.M.,&Sarajedini,A.1996,MNRAS, 283,683

Cohn,H.N.,Lugger,P.M.,Grindlay,J.E.,&Edmonds,P.D.2002,ApJ,571,818 Davidge,T.J.2000,ApJS,126,105

De Angeli,F.,Piotto,G.,Cassisi,S.,Busso,G.,Recio-Blanco,A.,Salaris,M.,Aparicio,A., &Rosenberg,A.2005,AJ,130,116

Diolaiti,E.,Bendinelli,O.,Bonaccini,D.,Close,L.,Currie,D.,&Parmeggiani,G.2000, A&AS,147,335

Dutra,C.M.,Santiago,B.X.,&Bica,E.2002,A&A,381,219

Feltzing,s.,&Johnson,R.A.2002,A&A,385,67

Ferraro,F.R.2004,in How does the Galaxy Work?,E.J.Alfaro,E.Perez and J.Franco eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers,241

Ferraro,F.R.,Valenti,E.,&Origlia,L.2006,ApJ,649,243

Frogel,J.A.,Kuchinski,L.E.,&Tiede,G.P.1995,AJ,109,1154

Gratton,R.G.,Bragaglia,A.,Carretta,E.,Clementini,G.,Desidera,S.,Grundahl,F.,& Lucatello,S.2003,A&A,408,529

Guarnieri,M.D.,Ortolani,S.,Montegri?o,P.,Renzini,A.,Barbuy,B.,Bica,E.,&Moneti,

A.1998,A&A,331,70

Ibata,R.A.,Gilmore,G.,&Irwin,M.J.1994,Nature,370,194

Heasley,J.N.,Janes,K.A.,Zinn,R.,Demarque,P.,Da Costa,G.S.,&Christian,C.A.

2000,AJ,120,879

Iben,I.1974,Late Stages of Stellar Evolution,66,237

Matteucci,F.,Romano,D.,&Molaro,P.1999,A&A,341,458

McWilliam,A.1997,ARA&A,35,503

Meissner,F.,&Weiss,A.2006,A&A,456,1085

Origlia,L.,&Leitherer,C.2000,AJ,119,2018

Origlia,L.,Rood,R.T.,Fabbri,S.,Ferraro,F.R.,Fusi Pecci,F.,&Rich,R.M.2007,ApJ, 667,85

Origlia,L.,Valenti,E.,&Rich,R.M.2008,MNRAS,in press(astro-ph/0805-3442) Ortolani,S.,Renzini,A.,Gilmozzi,R.,Marconi,G.,Barbuy,B.,Bica,E.,&Rich,R.M.

1995,Nature,377,701

Ortolani,S.,Barbuy,B.,&Bica,E.1996,A&A,308,733

Ortolani,S.,Barbuy,B.,Bica,E.,Renzini,A.,Zoccali,M.,Rich,R.M.,&Cassisi,S.2001, A&A,376,878

Pietrinferni,A,Cassisi,S.,Salaris,M.,&Castelli F.2004,AJ,612,168

Robin,A.C.,Reyle,C.,Derriere,S.,&Picaud,S.2003,A&A,409,523

Rosenberg,A.,Saviane,I.,Piotto,G.,&Aparicio,A.1999,AJ,118,2306

Rosenberg,A.2000,PASP,112,575

Salaris,&Weiss,A.2002,A&A,388,492

Salaris,M.,Held,E.V.,Ortolani,S.,Gullieuszik,M.,&Momany,Y.2007,A&A,476,243 Sandage,A.1986,ARA&A,24,421

Valenti,E.,Ferraro,F.R.,&Origlia,L.2007,AJ,133,1287

Wyse,R.F.G.1999,Ap&SS,267,145

Wyse,R.F.G.,Gilmore,G.,Norris,J.E.,&Freeman,K.C.2000,Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society,197,424

Zoccali,M.,Renzini,A.,Ortolani,S.,Bica,E.,&Barbuy,B.2001,AJ,121,2638

NGC 6440 - J band

NGC 6440 - H band

Fig. 1.—NACO J and H band images of the observed?eld(≈50”×50”)located≈110”South-West from the NGC6440center.North is up,East is left.The circled star is the natural guide star used for AO correction.

Fig. 2.—Combined NACO-SOFI (J,J–H)and (H,J–H)CMDs for NGC 6440.Only stars with J <16.5from the SOFI sample and with r <30”from the reference star in the NACO sample are plotted.The RGB-SGB-MS mean ridge lines are overplotted to the data.The HB and TO levels are also marked for reference.

Fig.3.—Distribution of the TO level determinations as obtained from≈400?tting models of the TO region for NGC6440(left panel)and47Tuc(right panel).The Gaussian best?t

and the correspondingσvalue for each distribution is also reported.

Fig. 4.—The(J,J?H)CMDs for NGC6440(left panel)and47Tuc(right panel),as shifted in color and magnitude,accordingly to the reddening and distance modulus of NGC

6440.The horizontal dashed lines mark the HB and TO level of NGC6440.

with的复合结构和独立主格结构

1. with+宾语+形容词。比如:. The boy wore a shirt with the neck open, showing his bare chest. 那男孩儿穿着一件衬衫,颈部敞开,露出光光的胸膛。Don’t talk with your mouth full. 嘴里有食物时不要讲话。 2. with+宾语+副词。比如:She followed the guide with her head down. 她低着头,跟在导游之后。 What a lonely world it will be with you away. 你不在,多没劲儿呀! 3. with+宾语+过去分词。比如:He was listening to the music with his eyes half closed. 他眼睛半闭着听音乐。She sat with her head bent. 她低着头坐着。 4. with+宾语+现在分词。比如:With winter coming, it’s time to buy warm clothes. 冬天到了,该买些保暖的衣服了。 He soon fell asleep with the light still burning. 他很快就睡着了,(可)灯还亮着。 5. with+宾语+介词短语。比如:He was asleep with his head on his arms. 他的头枕在臂膀上睡着了。 The young lady came in, with her two- year-old son in her arms. 那位年轻的女士进来了,怀里抱着两岁的孩子。 6. with+宾语+动词不定式。比如: With nothing to do in the afternoon, I went to see a film. 下午无事可做,我就去看了场电影。Sorry, I can’t go out with all these dishes to wash. 很抱歉,有这么多盘子要洗,我不能出去。 7. with+宾语+名词。比如: He died with his daughter yet a school-girl.他去逝时,女儿还是个小学生。 He lived a luxurious life, with his old father a beggar . 他过着奢侈的生活,而他的老父亲却沿街乞讨。(8)With so much work to do ,I can't go swimming with you. (9)She stood at the door,with her back towards us. (10)He entered the room,with his nose red with cold. with复合结构与分词做状语有啥区别 [ 标签:with, 复合结构, 分词状语] Ciro Ferrara 2009-10-18 16:17 主要是分词形式与主语的关系 满意答案好评率:100%

精神分裂症的病因及发病机理

精神分裂症的病因及发病机理 精神分裂症病因:尚未明,近百年来的研究结果也仅发现一些可能的致病因素。(一)生物学因素1.遗传遗传因素是精神分裂症最可能的一种素质因素。国内家系调查资料表明:精神分裂症患者亲属中的患病率比一般居民高6.2倍,血缘关系愈近,患病率也愈高。双生子研究表明:遗传信息几乎相同的单卵双生子的同病率远较遗传信息不完全相同 的双卵双生子为高,综合近年来11项研究资料:单卵双生子同病率(56.7%),是双卵双生子同病率(12.7%)的4.5倍,是一般人口患难与共病率的35-60倍。说明遗传因素在本病发生中具有重要作用,寄养子研究也证明遗传因素是本症发病的主要因素,而环境因素的重要性较小。以往的研究证明疾病并不按类型进行遗传,目前认为多基因遗传方式的可能性最大,也有人认为是常染色体单基因遗传或多源性遗传。Shields发现病情愈轻,病因愈复杂,愈属多源性遗传。高发家系的前瞻性研究与分子遗传的研究相结合,可能阐明一些问题。国内有报道用人类原癌基因Ha-ras-1为探针,对精神病患者基因组进行限止性片段长度多态性的分析,结果提示11号染色体上可能存在着精神分裂症与双相情感性精神病有关的DNA序列。2.性格特征:约40%患者的病前性格具有孤僻、冷淡、敏感、多疑、富于幻想等特征,即内向

型性格。3.其它:精神分裂症发病与年龄有一定关系,多发生于青壮年,约1/2患者于20~30岁发病。发病年龄与临床类型有关,偏执型发病较晚,有资料提示偏执型平均发病年龄为35岁,其它型为23岁。80年代国内12地区调查资料:女性总患病率(7.07%。)与时点患病率(5.91%。)明显高于男性(4.33%。与3.68%。)。Kretschmer在描述性格与精神分裂症关系时指出:61%患者为瘦长型和运动家型,12.8%为肥胖型,11.3%发育不良型。在躯体疾病或分娩之后发生精神分裂症是很常见的现象,可能是心理性生理性应激的非特异性影响。部分患者在脑外伤后或感染性疾病后发病;有报告在精神分裂症患者的脑脊液中发现病毒性物质;月经期内病情加重等躯体因素都可能是诱发因素,但在精神分裂症发病机理中的价值有待进一步证实。(二)心理社会因素1.环境因素①家庭中父母的性格,言行、举止和教育方式(如放纵、溺爱、过严)等都会影响子女的心身健康或导致个性偏离常态。②家庭成员间的关系及其精神交流的紊乱。③生活不安定、居住拥挤、职业不固定、人际关系不良、噪音干扰、环境污染等均对发病有一定作用。农村精神分裂症发病率明显低于城市。2.心理因素一般认为生活事件可发诱发精神分裂症。诸如失学、失恋、学习紧张、家庭纠纷、夫妻不和、意处事故等均对发病有一定影响,但这些事件的性质均无特殊性。因此,心理因素也仅属诱发因

高中英语独立主格结构、with的复合结构专项练习测试40题(有答案)

一、选择题 1、With time ____ by , they got to know each other better. A. passes B. passing C. passed D. to be passed 2、 the economic crisis getting more and more serious, the government is searching for ways to improve people’s life. A. As B. With C. When D. If 3John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ____, he gladly accepted it. A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished 4、With all flights___, they had to come by bus. A. had canceled B.canceled C.have been canceled D. having canceled 5、With a large number of people _______ camping, it has now become one of the most popular activities in the UK. A. take part in B. took part in C. taking part in D. to be taking part in 6、None of us had expected that the middle﹣aged engineer died with his design _________() A..to uncomplete B..uncompleted C.uncompleting.D..uncomplete 7、______,we managed to get out of the forest.() A.The guide led the way B.The guide leading the way C.With the guide to lead the way D.Having led the way 8、Will all his work ,he could have a good rest. A.to do B.doing C.did D.done 9、 ______, her suggestion is of greater value than yours. A. All things considering B. All things considered C. All things were considered D. With all things were considered 10、With the kind boy ________ the way, we found the park soon. A. leads B. to lead C. led D. leading 11、 She stood there, ______ from her cheeks. A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down 12、 While watching television, __________. A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings 13、The murderer was brought in, with his hands______ behind his back. A. be tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 14、 With a lot of difficult problem _____, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.

5种基本句型和独立主格结构讲解

英语中的五种基本句型结构 一、句型1:Subject (主语) +Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词,所谓不及物动词,就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如:work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如: 1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。 2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。 3)Spring is coming. 4) We have lived in the city for ten years. 二、句型2:Subject (主语) +Link. V(系动词) +Predicate(表语) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类: (1)表示状态。这样的词有:be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如: 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。 (2)表示变化。这类系动词有:become, turn, get, grow, go等。如: 1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了,天气变得越来越暖和。 2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。 三、句型3:Subject(主语) +V erb (谓语) +Object (宾语) 这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词,就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语,其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例: 1) He took his bag and left.(名词)他拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时,李雷总能给我帮助。 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.(不定式)她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。 4) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。 注意:英语中的许多动词既是及物动词,又是不及物动词。 四、句型4:Subject(主语)+Verb(谓语)+Indirect object(间接宾语)+Direct object (直接宾语) 这种句型中,直接宾语为主要宾语,表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的,在句中不可或缺,常常由表示“物”的名词来充当;间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语,去掉之后,对整个句子的影响不大,多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有:buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如: 1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。 2)The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子还可以表达为: 1)Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present. 2)The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March. 五、句型5:Subject(主语)+Verb (动词)+Object (宾语)+Complement(补语) 这种句型中的“宾语+补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等;或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如: 1)You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。(形容词) 2) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。 3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。

with独立主格结构

with独立主格结构(即with复合结构) with独立主格结构是英语中一种重要的句法现象,在句子结构方面具有相对独立的特点。多年来也一直是命题的热点、重点,因此应该引起我们的高度重视。众所周知,with引导的独立主格结构非常活跃,虽然它在句子中只作状语,但是可以表示伴随、方式、原因、结果等各种复杂的情况。 现将with引导的独立主格结构总结如下。 一、句法结构 【结构一】 with +名词(代词)+介词短语 例1 He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand. 他手托下巴,坐在那儿沉思。 【结构二】 with +名词(代词)+形容词 例2 He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open. 他张大嘴巴凝视着他的朋友。 【结构三】with +名词(代词)+副词 例3 With production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. 产量上升了60%, 公司又是一个好年景。 【结构四】 with +名词(代词)+名词 例4 She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion. 她从前总爱在晚上坐着看书,她的宠物狗便是她唯一的伙伴。 【结构五】with +名词(代词)+现在分词 例5 She stood there chatting with her friend, with her child playing beside her. 她站在那儿跟朋友闲聊,孩子在旁边玩。 【结构六】with +名词(代词)+过去分词

独立主格结构练习题及解析

独立主格结构练习题及解析 1. I have a lot of books, half of ___ novels. A. which B. that C. whom D. them 2. __ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing thedanger of dying out. A. because B. as C. With D. Since 3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of __ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they hadbought there. A. them B. who C. whom D. which 4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silverpennies, all of ___ over 600 years old. A. which B. that C. them

D. it 5. The cave __ very dark, he lit some candles ___ light. A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give 6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand __ a gun and his face ____ with sweat.A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering 7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair ___ . A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze 8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons ____ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished 9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, ___ parents seated together joking.

精神分裂症的发病原因是什么

精神分裂症的发病原因是什么 精神分裂症是一种精神病,对于我们的影响是很大的,如果不幸患上就要及时做好治疗,不然后果会很严重,无法进行正常的工作和生活,是一件很尴尬的事情。因此为了避免患上这样的疾病,我们就要做好预防,今天我们就请广州协佳的专家张可斌来介绍一下精神分裂症的发病原因。 精神分裂症是严重影响人们身体健康的一种疾病,这种疾病会让我们整体看起来不正常,会出现胡言乱语的情况,甚至还会出现幻想幻听,可见精神分裂症这种病的危害程度。 (1)精神刺激:人的心理与社会因素密切相关,个人与社会环境不相适应,就产生了精神刺激,精神刺激导致大脑功能紊乱,出现精神障碍。不管是令人愉快的良性刺激,还是使人痛苦的恶性刺激,超过一定的限度都会对人的心理造成影响。 (2)遗传因素:精神病中如精神分裂症、情感性精神障碍,家族中精神病的患病率明显高于一般普通人群,而且血缘关系愈近,发病机会愈高。此外,精神发育迟滞、癫痫性精神障碍的遗传性在发病因素中也占相当的比重。这也是精神病的病因之一。 (3)自身:在同样的环境中,承受同样的精神刺激,那些心理素质差、对精神刺激耐受力低的人易发病。通常情况下,性格内向、心胸狭窄、过分自尊的人,不与人交往、孤僻懒散的人受挫折后容易出现精神异常。 (4)躯体因素:感染、中毒、颅脑外伤、肿瘤、内分泌、代谢及营养障碍等均可导致精神障碍,。但应注意,精神障碍伴有的躯体因素,并不完全与精神症状直接相关,有些是由躯体因素直接引起的,有些则是以躯体因素只作为一种诱因而存在。 孕期感染。如果在怀孕期间,孕妇感染了某种病毒,病毒也传染给了胎儿的话,那么,胎儿出生长大后患上精神分裂症的可能性是极其的大。所以怀孕中的女性朋友要注意卫生,尽量不要接触病毒源。 上述就是关于精神分裂症的发病原因,想必大家都已经知道了吧。患上精神分裂症之后,大家也不必过于伤心,现在我国的医疗水平是足以让大家快速恢复过来的,所以说一定要保持良好的情绪。

独立主格with用法小全

独立主格篇 独立主格,首先它是一个“格”,而不是一个“句子”。在英语中任何一个句子都要有主谓结构,而在这个结构中,没有真正的主语和谓语动词,但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。除名词/代词+名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词及介词短语外,另有with或without短语可做独立主格,其中with可省略而without不可以。*注:独立主格结构一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。 一、独立主格结构: 1. 名词/代词+形容词 He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky. 靠近岸时,我看见几汪深池塘,池水碧似蓝天。 2. 名词/代词+现在分词 Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk.

The question having been settled, we wound up the meeting. 也可以The question settled, we wound up the meeting. 但含义稍有差异。前者强调了动作的先后。 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力,一个人干两个人的活。 3. 名词/代词+过去分词 The job finished, we went home. More time given, we should have done the job much better. *当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,不及物动词用现在分词,及物动词用过去分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿,牙关紧闭,双拳紧握,两眼直视上方。 4. 名词/代词+不定式 We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor.

独立主格结构图表解析

独立主格结构 一、概念 “独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词(副)词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子,也不是从句,所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化,它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接,也不能由从句阴道词引导,通常用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式,但很多时候不能转化为分词形式,因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。 二、独立主格的特点

1.当独立主格结构中的being done表示“正在被做时”,being不可以被省略。 2.当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it, there时,being不可以省略。 三、独立主格结构的用法。 一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。

四、非谓语动词独立主格结构。 “名词或代词+非谓语动词”结构构成的独立主格结构称为非谓语动词的独立主格结构。名词或代词和非谓语动词具有逻辑上的主谓关系。 1.不定式构成的独立主格结构 不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的行为或状态,在句中常 作原因状语,有时做条件状语。 Lots of homework to do, I have to stay home all day. 由于很多作业要做,我只好待在家里。 So many children to look after, the mother has to quit her job. 如此多的孩子要照顾,这个妈妈不得不辞掉她的工作。 2.动词+ing形式的独立主格结构 动词-ing形式的句中作状语时,其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语,否则就 是不正确的。动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时,就应在 动词的-ing形式前加上逻辑主语,构成动词-ing 形式的独立主格结构,逻辑主语与动词间为主谓关系,是分词的动作执行者,分词表示的动作 时逻辑主语发出的动作。 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力,每个人就像在干两个人的活。 The governor considering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path. 总督思考这个问题时,更多的罢工工人聚集到他要通过的路上。 The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest. 在向导的带领下,我们轻松地走出了森林。 3.过去分词形式的独立主格 过去分词形式的独立主格结构是由“逻辑主语+过去分词”构成。逻辑主 语与动词之间为动宾关系,它是分词的动作承受者,这一结构在句中作 时间状语,原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语等。 This done, we went home.做完这个,我们就回家了。 All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄用完后,我们都开始找工作。 More time and money given, we can finish the work in advance. 如果给予更多的时间和金钱,我们能提前完成这个工作。 五、其他形式的独立主格结构

精神分裂症的病因是什么

精神分裂症的病因是什么 精神分裂症是一种精神方面的疾病,青壮年发生的概率高,一般 在16~40岁间,没有正常器官的疾病出现,为一种功能性精神病。 精神分裂症大部分的患者是由于在日常的生活和工作当中受到的压力 过大,而患者没有一个良好的疏导的方式所导致。患者在出现该情况 不仅影响本人的正常社会生活,且对家庭和社会也造成很严重的影响。 精神分裂症常见的致病因素: 1、环境因素:工作环境比如经济水平低低收入人群、无职业的人群中,精神分裂症的患病率明显高于经济水平高的职业人群的患病率。还有实际的生活环境生活中的不如意不开心也会诱发该病。 2、心理因素:生活工作中的不开心不满意,导致情绪上的失控,心里长期受到压抑没有办法和没有正确的途径去发泄,如恋爱失败, 婚姻破裂,学习、工作中不愉快都会成为本病的原因。 3、遗传因素:家族中长辈或者亲属中曾经有过这样的病人,后代会出现精神分裂症的机会比正常人要高。 4、精神影响:人的心里与社会要各个方面都有着不可缺少的联系,对社会环境不适应,自己无法融入到社会中去,自己与社会环境不相

适应,精神和心情就会受到一定的影响,大脑控制着人的精神世界, 有可能促发精神分裂症。 5、身体方面:细菌感染、出现中毒情况、大脑外伤、肿瘤、身体的代谢及营养不良等均可能导致使精神分裂症,身体受到外界环境的 影响受到一定程度的伤害,心里受到打击,无法承受伤害造成的痛苦,可能会出现精神的问题。 对于精神分裂症一定要配合治疗,接受全面正确的治疗,最好的 疗法就是中医疗法加心理疗法。早发现并及时治疗并且科学合理的治疗,不要相信迷信,要去正规的医院接受合理的治疗,接受正确的治 疗按照医生的要求对症下药,配合医生和家人,给病人创造一个良好 的治疗环境,对于该病的康复和痊愈会起到意想不到的效果。

With 引导的独立主格结构

教学参考:With引导的独立主格结构 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5515037834.html, 2005/03/14 09:41 英语辅导报 with独立主格结构是英语的一种重要的句法现象,在句子结构方面具有相对独立的特点。多年 来也一直是命题的热点、重点,因此应该引起我们的高度重视。众所周知,with引导的独立主格结 构非常活跃,虽然它在句子中只作状语,但是可以表示伴随、方式、原因、结果等各种复杂的情况。现将with引导的独立主格结构加以小结。 一、句法结构 【结构一】with+名词(代词)+介词短语 【例句】He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand. 他手托下巴,坐在那儿沉思。 The old man stood there, with his back against the wall. 那位老人背倚着墙站在那里。 Mary was sitting near the fire, with her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着,背对着门。 【结构二】with+名词(代词)+形容词 【例句】He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open. 他张大嘴巴凝视着他的朋友。 The man raised his head with eyes full of wonder and mystery. 这人抬起头来,眼里充满了好奇。 He stood there trembling, with his face red with cold. 他站在那儿瑟瑟发抖,脸都冻红了。 【结构三】with+名词(代词)+副词 【例句】With production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. 产量上升了60%, 公司又是一个好年景。 The stupid Emperor walked in the procession with nothing on. 这位愚蠢的皇帝一丝不挂地行进在 游行队伍中。 The naughty boy stood before his teacher with his head down. 这个淘气的男孩低着头站在老师面前。 He put on his socks with the wrong side out. 他把袜子穿反了。 【结构四】with+名词(代词)+名词 【例句】She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion. 她从前总爱在 晚上坐着看书,她的宠物狗便是她惟一的伙伴。

with独立主格结构

with独立主格结构是英语的一种重要的句法现象,在句子结构方面具有相对独立的特点。多年来也一直是命题的热点、重点,因此应该引起我们的高度重视。众所周知,with 引导的独立主格结构非常活跃,虽然它在句子中只作状语,但是可以表示伴随、方式、原因、结果等各种复杂的情况。现将with引导的独立主格结构加以小结。 一、句法结构 【结构一】with +名词(代词)+介词短语 【例句】He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand. 他手托下巴,坐在那儿沉思。 The old man stood there, with his back against the wall. 那位老人背倚着墙站在那里。 Mary was sitting near the fire, with her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着,背对着门。 【结构二】with +名词(代词)+形容词 【例句】He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open. 他张大嘴巴凝视着他的朋友。 The man raised his head with eyes full of wonder and mystery. 这人抬起头来,眼里充满了好奇。 He stood there trembling, with his face red with cold. 他站在那儿瑟瑟发抖,脸都冻红了。 【结构三】with +名词(代词)+副词 【例句】With production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. 产量上升了60%, 公司又是一个好年景。 The stupid Emperor walked in the procession with nothing on. 这位愚蠢的皇帝一丝不挂地行进在游行队伍中。 The naughty boy stood before his teacher with his head down. 这个淘气的男孩低着头站在老师面前。 He put on his socks with the wrong side out. 他把袜子穿反了。 【结构四】with +名词(代词)+名词 【例句】She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion. 她从前总爱在晚上坐着看书,她的宠物狗便是她惟一的伙伴。

(完整版)独立主格结构完整讲解

一、独立主格结构的概念 独立主格结构(Absolute Structure )是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立 结构,用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系,它的位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常由逗号将其与主句分开。在句中作状语,相当于一个状语从句。 需特别注意的是,独 二、独立主格结构基本构成形式 名词(代词)+现在分词;过去分词;形容词;副词;不定式;名词;介词短语) 1. 名词(代词)+现在分词 例句:The storm drawing near ,the navvy decided to call it a day The storm drawi ng n ear 在句中作:原因状语 =Si nee the storm was draw ing n ear , the n avvy decided to call it a day 由于暴风雨即将来临,那个挖土小工决定收工。(call it a day 今天到此为止) 例句:Win ter comin g, it gets colder and colder. Win ter comi ng 在句中作:伴随状语 =The win ter comes, and it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了,天气越来越冷了。 造句:时间允许的话,我就和你一起走。 Time permitti ng, I will go with you. 独立主格作:条件状语 =改写:f time permits, I will go with you. ___________ 造句:那个姑娘望着他,他不知道说什么好。 The girl staring at him, he didn ' t know what to say. 独立主格作:时间状语 =改写:As the girl stared at him, he didn ' t know what to say. 2.名词(代词)+过去分词 例句:He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。 例句:The meeti ng gone over, every one tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。 造句:工作完成后,他回家了。 The work done, he went back home.

精神分裂症应该怎么治疗

精神分裂症应该怎么治疗 1、坚持服药治疗 服药治疗是最有效的预防复发措施临床大量统计资料表明,大多数精神分裂症的复发与自行停药有关。坚持维持量服药的病人复发率为40%。而没坚持维持量服药者复发率高达80%。因此,病人和家属要高度重视维持治疗。 2、及时发现复发的先兆,及时处理 精神分裂症的复发是有先兆的,只要及时发现,及时调整药物和剂量,一般都能防止复发,常见的复发先兆为:病人无原因出现睡眠不好、懒散、不愿起床、发呆发愣、情绪不稳、无故发脾气、烦躁易怒、胡思乱想、说话离谱,或病中的想法又露头等。这时就应该及时就医,调整治疗病情波动时的及时处理可免于疾病的复发。 3、坚持定期门诊复查 一定要坚持定期到门诊复查,使医生连续地、动态地了解病情,使病人经常处于精神科医生的医疗监护之下,及时根据病情变化调整药量。通过复查也可使端正人及时得到咨询和心理治疗解除病人在生活、工作和药物治疗中的各种困惑,这对预防精神分裂症的复发也起着重要作用。 4、减少诱发因素 家属及周围人要充分认识到精神分裂症病人病后精神状态的薄弱性,帮助安排好日常的生活、工作、学习。经常与病人谈心,帮助病人正确对待疾病,正确对待现实生活,帮助病人提高心理承受能力,学会对待应激事件的方法,鼓励病人增强信心,指导病人充实生活,使病人在没有心理压力和精神困扰的环境中生活。 首先是性格上的改变,塬本活泼开朗爱玩的人,突然变得沉默寡言,独自发呆,不与人交往,爱干净的人也变的不注意卫生、生活

懒散、纪律松弛、做事注意力不集中,总是和患病之前的性格完全 相悖。 再者就是语言表达异常,在谈话中说一些无关的谈话内容,使人无法理解。连最简单的话语都无法准确称述,与之谈话完全感觉不 到重心。 第三个就是行为的异常,行为怪异让人无法理解,喜欢独处、不适意的追逐异性,不知廉耻,自语自笑、生活懒散、时常发呆、蒙 头大睡、四处乱跑,夜不归宿等。 还有情感上的变化,失去了以往的热情,开始变的冷淡、对亲人不关心、和友人疏远,对周围事情不感兴趣,一点消失都可大动干戈。 最后就是敏感多疑,对任何事情比较敏感,精神分裂症患者,总认为有人针对自己。甚至有时认为有人要害自己,从而不吃不喝。 但是也有的会出现难以入眠、容易被惊醒或睡眠不深,整晚做恶梦或者长睡不醒的现象。这些都有可能是患上了精神分裂症。 1.加强心理护理 心理护理是家庭护理中的重要方面,由于社会上普遍存在对精神病人的歧视和偏见,给病人造成很大的精神压力,常表现为自卑、 抑郁、绝望等,有的病人会因无法承受压力而自杀。家属应多给予 些爱心和理解,满足其心理需求,尽力消除病人的悲观情绪。病人 生活在家庭中,与亲人朝夕相处,接触密切,家属便于对病人的情感、行为进行细致的观察,病人的思想活动也易于向家属暴露。家 属应掌握适当的心理护理方法,随时对病人进行启发与帮助,启发 病人对病态的认识,帮助他们树立自信,以积极的心态好地回归社会。 2.重视服药的依从性 精神分裂症病人家庭护理的关键就在于要让病人按时按量吃药维持治疗。如果不按时服药,精神病尤其是精神分裂症的复发率很高。精神病人在医院经过一系统的治疗痊愈后,一般需要维持2~3年的

with复合结构和独立主格结构

独立主格结构和with / without复合结构 1.概念: 独立主格结构不是一个独立的句子,有逗号,在句中充当状语、可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。 2.结构: 名词/代词+ 非谓语(doing & todo & done 形容词&副词介词短语 Taking your age into consideration, y ou’d better not go hiking. Your age taken into consideration, you’d better not go hik ing. (Ⅰ) 名词/代词+分词(过去分词done & 现在分词doing 当分词作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,分词应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词的独立结构。一般位于句首,也可放在句尾;作伴随状语时,常放在句首。 1.________________, they left the meeting– room.(问题解决了)(settle) 2.____________ , we`ll go there on foot.(时间允许的话)(permit) 3.He was lying on the grass, __________________________(他的手交叉在手下) (cross) (Ⅱ)名词/代词+ (being) 形容词 1._________________, he had to stay home to look after her.(他妈妈生病了) 2. He entered the house, ___________________(red)(他的鼻子冻得通红) (Ⅲ)名词/代词+(being) 副词 He put on his socks,_____________.(反的一面在外面)(out (Ⅳ)名词/代词+不定式 1.I send you 100 dollars today, the rest __ in a year. (2005湖南) A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed 2.__________________________ (最后一个人的到来),our party will start.(arrive) (Ⅴ)名词/代词+介词短语在这一结构中,如果逻辑主语与介词短语中的名词都是单数名词,这些名词前习惯不用冠词。 1.Our teacher came into the classroom, ____________.(手上一本书) 2._______________ , the soldier rushed to the top of the mountain.(肩上一面旗帜) (Ⅵ)有些独立主格结构中没有分词,仅在名词或代词之后直接跟作表语或状语 的词或词组,省去的分词一般是being 或having been,这是为了简练。但在 “being+过去分词”或“there being+过去分词”结构中,being不可省。 1.___________________, he went to school.(早餐结束后)(over) 2.____________________________, she went back to her room. (没有闹钟的原因) 3._________________________, we can‘t go there. (房间正在被油漆) 二.With和without复合结构 with和without复合结构是:with/without+名词/代词+分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语。在句子中可以作状语或定语。 (Ⅰ)with/without+名词/代词+现在分词。用现在分词表示主动、正在进行或发生的动作。(Ⅱ) with/without 名词/代词+ 过去分词。用过去分词表示被动或已完成的动作。 (Ⅲ) with/without+名词/代词+不定式。用不定式表示将要发生的动作。 (Ⅳ)with/without+名词/代词+形容词。 1. She sleeps with the window ____________. 2. I couldn`t finish my work with those children __. A. playing around B. plays around C. played around D. to play around

相关文档