英语词汇学笔记
English Lexicology(英语词汇学)
Lexicology: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.
The Nature and Scope of English lexicology：
English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.
The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to：
English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论） and lexicography(词典学)
The reason for a student to study English lexicology：
According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English.
A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study.
Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary
Word: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
(1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence
sound and meaning: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”
sound and form: the sound should be similar to the form
Vocabulary: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary
The 3 Stages of Development of E Vocabulary: Old English vocabulary, Middle EV, Modern EV
Classification of English Words According to Different Criteria
The basic word stock: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language.
Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary.
The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock:
1)All-National character（全民通用性most important） 2)Stability（相对稳定性）
3)Productivity（多产性） 4)Polysemy（多义性） 5)Collocability（可搭配性）
words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话） (3)slang（俚语） (4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语） (7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email)
Content words (cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words (on, of, and, be, but)
Native Words and Loan Words
Native words: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks)
Loan words: words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)
4 Types of loan words:
1) denizens(同化词) (shirt from skyrta(ON))
2) aliens（外来词）:are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling (kowtow
Chapter 2 the development of the English Vocabulary
The Indo-European Language Family
The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages
The Balto-slavic Group（波罗的-斯拉夫语族）：Latvian,Russian,Bugarian,Polish,Czech etc.
The Indo-Iranian Group（印度-伊朗语族）：Sanskrit,Hindi,Urdu,Bengali,Persian etc.
The Armenian Group（亚美尼亚语族）：Armenian.
The Albanian Group（阿尔巴尼亚语族）：Albanian.
The Hellenic Group（古希腊语族）：Greek.
The Italian Group（意大利语族）：
Latin,Romance languages(French,Italian,Spanish, portuguess,Romanian) etc.
The Celtic Group（凯尔特语族）：Gaelic,Welsh,Breton etc.
The Germanic Group（日耳曼语族）：
Englsih,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian, Swedish,Danish,Icelandic) etc.
The Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary@
1 Old English Period or The Anglo-Saxon Period (450-1100) (vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000)
2 Middle English Period (1150-1500)
3 Modern English Period (1500-now): in fact more than 25% of modern E words come almost directly from classical languages. In Modern E, words endings were mostly lost
Modes of V Development(Modern E): 1)creation 2)semantic change 3) borrowing
Chapter 3 Word Formation I
Morpheme(语素):the minimal meaningful unit(the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words) Allomorph(语素变体): is a different variant form of a morpheme，differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaning
Type of Morpheme
Free Morpheme: A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. (independent)
Bound Morpheme(粘着语素): A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself.
Bound Morpheme includes two types: (1) bound root (2)Affix(词缀)
1)Inflectional affixes (屈折词缀)(inflectional morphemes):
affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional
2)Derivational affixes(派生词缀) A) prefix: A prefix comes before words. B)suffix
An adjective suffix（形容词后缀） that is added to the stem, whatever classis belongs to , the result will be an adjective.
free=free root（自由词根）
Morpheme(词素)
Bound root prefix
bound derivational
affix suffix
inflectional
Root and stem（词根和词干）
1) Root 2) Stem
The differences between root and stem:
A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.
A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root.
Individualistic Undesirables
Individualist (stem) undesirable (stem)
Individual (stem) desirable (stem)
dividual (stem) desire (root, stem)
Chapter 4 Word-Formation II
Affixation词缀法（Derivation派生法）：adding word-formation or derivational affixes to stem. Prefixation前缀@：It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems.
1)'表示否定'nagative prefixes: un-,non,in-,dis,a- etc.
2)''reversative or privative prefixes: un-,de-dis etc.
3)'表示贬义'pejorative prefixes: mis-, mal-, pseudo- etc.
4)'表示程度'degree or size prefixes: arch-, super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini- etc.
5)'表示方向、态度'orientation & attitude prefixes:counter-,contra-,anti-,pro- etc.
6)locative prefixes:super-,sub-,inter-,trans- etc.
7)'表示时间、次序'time and order prefixes:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc.
8)'表示数量'number prefixes:uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri-,multi-/poly- etc.
9)'混杂'miscellaneous prefixes：auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-
Suffixation后缀@: It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems.
1)noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes 3)Adverb suffixes 4)verb suffixes
Compounding复合法（also called composition）
Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems
Compounds are written in three ways: solid(airmail) hyphenated(air-conditioning) open(air force, air raid) Formation of compounds
noun compounds e.g. : air + plane = airplane,flower + pot = flower pot
adjective compounds e.g. acid + head = acid-head
verb compounds e.g. house + keep = housekeep
Conversion转类法
Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.
Blending混成法
Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word e.g: motor + hotel = motel, smoke + fog = smog, formula + translation = FORTRAN
Clipping截缩法
Clipping: to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.
e.g. plane from airplane, phone from telephone.
1).Front clippings (phone from telephone) 2).Back clippings (dorm from dormitory)
3).Front and back clippings (flu from influenza) 4).Phrase clippings (pop from popular music)
Acronymy首字母缩写法
Acronymy:is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.
Initialism首字母缩写词法: initialisms are pronounced letter by letter. e.g.: BBC(for British Broadcasting corporation)
Acronym首字母拼读词法:Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.
Back-formation（逆生法，逆构词）
Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.(greed from greedy)
Words From Proper Name专有名词转成法
Names of people, places, book, and trade names (e.g.: sir watt siemens(人名) -- watt（瓦特，电功率单位）
Chapter 5 Word Meaning
The meanings of “Meaning”
Reference(所指):
It is the relationship between language and the word. It is the arbitrary and conventional. It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.
Concept（概念）:It is beyond language is the result of human cognition(认识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind.
Sense（意义）:It denotes the relationship inside the language. ‘The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.’
Motivation(理据)：It accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.
1) Onomatopoeic motivation（拟声理据） 2)Morphological motivation （形态理据）
3)Semantic motivation（词义理据） 4)Etymological motivation （词源理据）
Types of meaning
Grammatical Meaning（语法意义）:indicate the grammatical concept(become important only in actual context) Lexical Meaning （词汇意义）
Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning
Lexical meaning has 2 components: Conceptual meaning(概念意义) and associative meaning(关联意义) Conceptual meaning(概念意义): also known as denotative meaning(外延意义)
Associative meaning(关联意义):[connotative隐含意义,Stylistic风格意义,Affective感情意义, Collocative搭配意义]
Chapter 6 --Sense relation and semantic field（语义关系和语义场）
Polysemy（多义关系）
Two approached to polysemy: diachronic approach(历时方法) synchronic approach (共时方法)
Two processed of development: radiation （辐射型）and concatenation （连锁型）
Homonymy（同形/同音异义关系）
It refers words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.
Types of homonyms
1）Perfect homonyms（完全同音同形异义词）2）Homophones（同音异义词）3)Homographs（同形异义词）
Origins of homonyms
1）change in sound and spelling 2）borrowing 3）Shortening(缩略)
The differences between polysemes（多义词） and homonyms（同音同形异义词） ).
1)Homonymy refer to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemy are the one and same word which has sevral distinguishable meaning.
2)Homonymy are from different sources. Polysemy are from the same source.
3)The various meanings of polysemy are correlated and connected to one central meaning.Meanings of different homonymy have nothing to do with one another.
values: Polysemic and homonymous word are stlyistically useful to achieve humour or irony（反话，讽刺）,or to heighten（提高） dramatic effect.
Synonymy (同义关系):one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning : absolute synonyms and relative synonyms
Sources of synonyms(同义词) are :
1)Borrowing 2)Dialects and regional English 3)Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4)Coincidence with idiomatic expressions
Antonymy (反义关系)
It is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.
1)contradictory terms (矛盾反义词):these antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning, such antonyms are non-gradable. They cannot be used in comparative degrees. (single/married)
2)contrary terms （对立反义词）:antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes.(old/young)
3)relative terms（关系反义词）：（parent/child）sell/buy
Some of the characteristics of antonyms反义关系的特点
1)antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition
2)a word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym
3)antonyms differ in semantic inclusion
4)contrary terms are gradable antonyms
The uses of antonyms
To express economically the opposite of a particular thought for the sake of contrast.(idiom:now and never) To form anithesis(对比法) to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting idea together.(proverbs and sayings:easy come , easy go)
Hyponymy(上下义关系)
Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. For example, a cat is hyponym of animal
Superordinate and Subordinate (118)
Semantic Field(词义场)
Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory
e.g.(apple, pear, peach,date,mango,orange,lemon, etc. make up the semantic field of ‘fruits’)
The semantic field of the same concept may not have the same members in different language.
e.g.(aunt in English, may means “父亲的姐姐，妈妈的姐姐，父亲哥哥的妻子” in Chinese.(122)
Chapter 6 Changes in Word Meaning词义的演变
Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. Comparatively the content is even more unstable than the form.
Types of Changes 词义变化的种类（extension,narrowing,degradation,elevation and transfer）
Extension or generalization词义的扩大:is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo.[companion (old)one who shares bread (ex)a company]
Narrowing or specialization词义的缩小：is the opposite of widening meaning. When a common words is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed. [meat (old)food (na)flesh of animals]
Elevation or amelioration of meaning词义的升华: the process by which words rise from humble（粗陋的）beginnings to positions of importance. [knight (old)servant (el)rank below baronet从男爵] Degeneration or pejoration词义的贬降:A process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or no-affective words come to used in derogatory sense.[silly (old)happy (de)foolish]
Transfer词义的转移:Words which were used to designate指明 one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.（140）
Causes of Semantic Change词义变化的原因
Extra-linguistic factors 141
1 Historical reason
2 Class reason (elevation or degradation)
3 Psychological reason
Linguistic factors：the change of meaning may be caused by internal factors with in the language system.
Chapter 8 Meaning and Context 意义和语境
Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given word. Modern linguists have broadened its scope to include both linguistic and extra-linguistic contexts.
Two types of context
Linguistic context：It refers to the words,clauses,sentences in which a word appears. It may cover a paragraph,a whole chapter and even the entire book.
1) Lexical context：It refers to the word that occurs together with the word in question.
2) Grammatical context：It refers the situation when the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs.
Extra-linguistic context：In a broad sense,it includes the physical situaion as well.it embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background.
The role of context语境的作用
Elimination of ambiguity消除歧义
1）Ambiguity due to polysemy or homonymy.
2）Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity
Indication of referents限定所指
Provision of clues for inferring word meaning 提供线索以猜测词义
Chapter 9 English Idioms 英语习语
Idioms: are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements. In a broad sense, idiom may include colloquialisms（俗语）, Catchphrases（标语）,slang expressions （俚语）,proverbs（谚语）,etc.They form an important part of the English vocabulary.
Characteristics of Idioms
Semantic unity 语意的整体性 words in the idiom they have lost their individual identity
Structural stability结构的稳定性: the constituents要素of idioms cannot be replaced, inverted or changed, deleted or added to, not even an article.
The fixity of idiom depends on the idiomaticity.习语性表达习惯
Classification of Idioms
1 idioms nominal in nature 名词性习语 (white elephant累赘物)
2 idioms adjectival in nature形容词性习语（as poor as a church mouse）
3 idioms verbal in nature 动词性习语（look into）
4 idioms adverbial in nature副词性习语（tooth and nail 拼命）
5 sentence idioms 句式习语（never do things by halves）
Use of idioms:习语的使用（stylistic features, rhetoric features and their occasional variations）Stylistic features 文体色彩〔colloquialisms（俗语）, slang 俚语,literary expressions〕
The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned（指派）different meaning
Rhetorical features 修辞色彩(phonetic manipulation 语音处理，lexical manipulation and figures of speech) phonetic manipulation 语音处理 : alliteration头韵、 rhyme押韵
lexical manipulation：reiteration（duplication of synonyms同义字重复） [scream and shout]
repetition [out and out]、juxtaposition (of antonyms)反义词并列 [here and there]
figures of speech : Simile（明喻）、Metaphor（隐喻）、Metonymy（换喻）、synecdoche(提喻)、Personification
Chapter 10 English Dictionaries 英语字典
Dictionary: presents in alphabetical order the words of English, with information as to their spelling ,pronunciation, meaning, usage , rules and grammar, and in some, their etymology（语源）
Types of dictionaries:
Monolingual & bilingual dictionaries
Monolingual dictionary: is written in one language (LDCE,CCELD). The headword or entries are defined & illustrated in the same language.
Bilingual dictionary: involve two languages (A New English-Chinese D, A Chinese-English D)
Linguistic and Encyclopedic dictionaries
Linguistic dictionary: aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the language (spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammatical, function, usage and etymology etc.)可以是单语或是双语的Encyclopedic dictionary:
encyclopedia (百科全书):is not concerned with the language per se（本身）but provides encyclopedic information. Concerning each headword (not pronunciation, meanings, or usages) but only information.
Encyclopedic Dictionary: have the characteristics of both linguistic D and encyclopedia (
Unabridged, desk and pocket dictionaries
Unabridged D: basic information about a word: its origin, meaning, pronunciation, cognates(同词源的),usage, grammatical, function, spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, derived forms, synonyms and homonyms(同音异意)
Desk D: medium-sized [50,000-150,000]
Pocket D: about 50,000 entries or fewer
Specialized dictionaries:
concentrate on a particular area of language or knowledge, treating such diverse topics as etymology, synonyms, idioms, pronunciation, usage in language, and computer, engineering, literature and a variety of other subjects.
Use of the dictionary
1 read the contents page to find out quickly what information is included in the dictionary
2 read the guide to the use of the dictionary
Three good general dictionaries 3本常用字典
Longman dictionary of contemporary English (LDCE) new edition(1987)朗文当代英语词典新版
Collins COBUILD English language dictionary (CCELD) (1987)科林斯合作英语词典
A Chinese-English dictionary (revised edition) (CED)(1995)汉英字典修订版
( 增加：English dictionaries can be divided into 11 types according to different specialized purposes. General Dictionaries for Current English通用现代词典,Dictionaries Complied on History Principles按照历史原则编纂的词典,Etymological Dictionaries词源词典,Pronouncing Dictionaries发音词典,Dictionaries of Synonyms同义词词典,Dictionaries of Idioms and Proverbs习语和谚语词典,Dictionaries of Slang俚语词典, Classified and Illustrated Dictionaries分类词典,Encyclopedic Dictionaries百科全书性质的词典, Dictionaries of Dialects方言词典, Dictionaries of Place Names地名词典 )
Supplementaries for terms:
1. word equivalent（等同词）:denotes an idiom or set phrase representing a semantic unit and funtioning as a single word in a sentence.
2. register（语域）: It's one of the main factors that has led to the growth of sociolinguistic reaserch has been the recognition of fact that language is very variable phenomenon,and that this variability is not haphazard(偶然性，任意性)
3. dismembering（肢解）:It is what I mean by breaking up the idioms into pieces,an unusual case of use of idioms particularly in literature or popular press to achieve special effect.
(完整word版)英语词汇学复习大纲整理
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.
(完整版)英语词汇学英语词汇学习题3及答案
试题三 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( ) A. perfect homonyms B. homonyms C. homophones D. all the above 2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( ) A. ad for “advertisement” B. dish for “food" C. fond for “affectionate” D. an editorial for “an editorial article" 3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( ) A. the reader’s interpretation B. the neighbouring words C. the writer's intention D. the etymology of the word 4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order? A. extra- B. pro- C. re- D. semi- 5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary? A. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology B. Chamber's Encyclopedic English Dictionary C. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs D. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms 6.Which of the following statements is Not true? A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary. C. Concept is universal to all men alike. D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language. 7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( ) A. physical context B. grammatical context C. lexical context D. linguistic context 8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( ) A. definition B. explanation C. example D. hyponym 9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( ) A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field 10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( ) A. simile B. metaphor
初中英语词汇辨析的知识点总复习含解析(5)
一、选择题 1．I’d like to________the mall because it’s crowded and noisy. A．visit B．hang out C．walk D．go off 2．It’s ________ of the soldiers to rush into the fire to save people. A．stupid B．proud C．honest D．brave 3．In modern life, shopping online is________ used by many people, especially for teenagers. A．exactly B．badly C．heavily D．widely 4．—Oh, my God! I have ________ five pounds after the Spring Festival. —All of the girls want to lose weight, but easier said than done. A．given up B．put on C．got on D．grown up 5．— Sorry, I can't afford to go abroad. — What about having a country travel with a little________ price? A．cheaper B．higher C．lower D．less 6．My sister Nancy often gets lost because of her bad _____ of direction. A．sense B．feeling C．experience D．information 7．—Help yourselves! The drinks are ________ me. —Thank you. You’re always so generous. A．above B．in C．on D．over 8．Her only problem, ________ you can call it a problem, is that she expects to be successful all the time. A．if B．because C．though D．since 9．We should learn_______ each other. A．to B．from C．for D．of 10．We loved the food so much, ________the fish dishes. A．special B．especial C．specially D．especially 11．— Is your home close to the school, Tom? — No, it's a long way, but I am________ late for school because I get up early daily. A．always B．usually C．never D．sometimes 12．Remember to return the book to the school library in time, ________ you will be fined(罚款). A．or B．and C．but D．so 13．—Billy, you are very confident all the time, how do you make it? —I think confidence is more than just an attitude, it comes from a strong ________ to take responsibility rather than just let life happen. A．present B．care C．promise D．protect 14．—Does she have a ________? — Yes, she ________ in a food shop. A．job; work B．job; works C．work; job
(完整版)全国英语词汇学(00832)高等教育自学考试试题与答案
全国高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（30%）1．According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.（） A．meaning B．Sound C．combination of sounds D．Group 2．The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.（） A．more slowly than B．As quickly as C．more rapidly than D．Not so quickly as 3．Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.（）A．use frequency B．notion C．origin D．sound 4．Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.（） A．green revolution B．fast food C．moon walk D．space shuttle 5．Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need. （）A．form B．meaning C．look D．pronunciation 6．Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall” means ______ in British English.（） A．four B．fell C．for D．autumn 7．The plural morpheme “-s” is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______. （）A．/t/ B．/g/ C．/p/ D．/k/ 英语词汇学试卷第 1 页共9 页
自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 English Lexicology(英语词汇学) 1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。 2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary 1.Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence 词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。 2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”词语是一个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人，事，地方，特性，过程，行动，当然是在语言系统之外。这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的，并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系” 3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母，罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音，因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。 （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years另一个原因是发音比拼写的变化快，在一些时候还拉开了距离。在最近五百年里，尽管口语发音已经出现了显著的变化，却没有相应的拼写变化。 （3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes第三个原因是一些早期的书写员发明了一些不同。（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary最后借词来了，这是丰富英语词汇的重要途径。 （5）printing印刷已经变得非常普及。它有助于固定单词的拼写、standardization标准化使得拼写不容改变。、dictionary字典在拼写终结中得到好处。 —Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. 古代英语中的口语比今天更忠实的代表书面语 —The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。英语的书写是发音形式不完善的代表 4.What is vocabulary？ （1）Total number of the words in a language一个语言的单词综合 （2）Words used in a particular historical period 特殊历史时期使用的单词 （3）All the words of a dialect，a book ，a discipline...某个方言，书籍，学科中的所有单词 5.Classification of English Words：英语词汇由所有种类的词汇组成。它们可以根据不同的标 准或者不同的目的进行分类。 By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary根据使用频率，单词可以分为基础词和非基础词。 By notion:content words&functional words可以根据概念分成实词和虚词
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考研英语词汇复习笔记 翻硕复习的一大重头戏就是词汇，而词汇量是巨大的，必须要有日常的积累和复习，并且掌握科学的记忆方法，才能最有效地积累词予匚量。下面是关于英语词汇的学习笔记，以供大家参考。(1) 1. bereave :使某人丧失(尤指亲属)bereave Sb Of Sb an accident WhiCh bereaved Him Of his Wife 使他丧失妻子的事古攵the bereaved husband 死了妻子的男人 the bereaved丧失亲人的人 bereavement(n):丧亲之痛，丧失亲人 deprive : take Sth away from sb;PreVent Sb from enjoying Or USing Sth剥夺sb/sth的sth;阻止某人 享有或使用Sth deprive sb/sth Of Sth deprive Of OneS CiVil rights剥夺某人的公民权deprivation(n):剥夺;贫困;被剥夺的事物WideSPreaCl deprivation 普遍贫困 MiSSing the HOIiday WaS a great deprivatiOrL错失假日是极大的损失。 deprived(adj):贫困的，穷苦的deprived ChildhOOd 贫苦的童年
2. abdomen : Part Of the body below the CheSt and CliaPhragm,cOntaining the stomach.腹部 abdominal(adj)腹部的an abdominal OPeratiOn 月复咅8手术belly : (口)front Of the HUman body from the WaiSt to the groin;belly 肚子，胃 With an empty belly 空着肚子 in the belly Of a ShiP 在船腹里 belly OUt(动词用法):鼓涨,凸出The Wind bellied OUt the SaiIS 3. c onSeCrate : devote sth/sb to Or reserve sth/sb for a SPeCial (esp religious) PUrPOSe 扌巴sth/sb 献给 sth/sb 做某种(尤其宗教)用途COnSeCrate sth/sb to Sth COnSeCrate OneS Iife to the SerViCe Of GOd,to the relief Of SUffering献身于为神服务(解除世人痛苦)的事业 devote : give OneS time z energy to sth/sb; dedicate 为某人付出，向某人奉献，献身于devote Oneself/sth to sb/sth devoted(adj):热爱的，非常忠实的Z全心全意的a devoted SOn
自考英语词汇学复习大纲自己整理
11 C h a p t e r 1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （he definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 p ol ysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 semantic-loans 借义词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点
(完整版)英语词汇学试题
英语词汇学试题 Introduction and Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry（练习1） I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of _________construct. A. word B. form C. morpheme D. root 2.________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. A. Semantics B. Linguistics C. Etymology D. Stylistics 3.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes. A. Greek B. Roman C. Italian D. Germanic 4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc. A. linguistic B. grammatical C. arbitrary D. semantic 5.Stylistics is the study of style . It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects A. situation B. context C. time D. place 6.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference. A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic 7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas. A. technical B. artistic C. different D. academic 8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves. A. Slang B. Jargon C. Dialectal words D. Argot 9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words. A. Jargon B. Argot C. Dialectal words D. Slang 10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______.Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it. A. workers B. criminals C. any person D. policeman 11.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question. A. Argot B. Slang C. Jargon D. Dialectal words 12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. A. common B. little C. slight D. great 13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings. A. new B. old C. bad D. good 14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. A. functional B. notional C. empty D. formal 15. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category. A. content B. notional C. empty D. new
自考英语词汇学部分章节重点归纳EnglishLexicologyword精品
《英语词汇学》（课程代码： 00832 ）试卷结构 Chapter 5 Word Meaning （词的意义） Reference （所指关系）is the relati on ship betwee n Ian guage and the world. Concept 概念），which is beyond Ianguage, is the result of human cognition n. 认识； 知识； 认识能力 ,reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Sense （语义）de no tes the relati on ship in side the Ian guage. Every word that has meaning has sense （not every word has referen ce ） Motivation （词义理据 ）account for the connection between the linguistic （word ） symbol and its meaning. Onomatopoeic motivation （拟声理据）words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises. Morphological motivation （形态理据）compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes comb in ed.彳艮多合成词和派生词都是这类， Semantic motivation （语义理据）refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It expla ins the connection betwee n the literal sense a nd figurative sense of the word.（ 由字面义派生出来的弓丨申 义） Etymological motivation （词源理据）the meaning of many words often relate directly to their origins. In other words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word. Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relati on ships. Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning （夕卜延意义 ）,is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-mea ning. Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associati ons suggested by the con ceptual meaning, traditi on ally know as connotations . Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate for differe nt con texts. 语法意义 Types of Meaning 词义的分类
2020年4月全国英语词汇学自考试题及答案解析
全国2019年4月高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%) 1. There are ______ major classes of compounds. A. two B. for C. three D. five 2. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Connotative meaning refers to associations suggested by the conceptual meaning. B. Stylistic meaning accounts for the formality of the word concerned. C. Affective meaning is universal to all men alike. D. Denotative meaning can always be found in the dictionary. 3. After the invading Germanic tribes settled down in Britain, their language almost totally blotted out ______. A. Old English B. Middle English C. Anglo-Saxon D. Celtic 4. The idiom “Jack of all trades”results from ______. A. addition B. position-shifting C. dismembering D. shortening 5. ______ are those that cannot occur as separate words without adding other morphemes. A. Free roots B. Free morphemes C. Bound morphemes D. Meaningful units 6. The major factors that promote the growth of modern English are ______. A. the growth of science and technology B. economic and political changes C. the influence of other cultures and languages D. all the above 7. Since the beginning of this century, ______ has become even more important for the expansion of English vocabulary. A. word-formation B. borrowing C. semantic change D. both B and C 8. Which of the following characteristics of the basic word stock is the most important? A. Stability B. Collocability. C. Productivity. D. National character. 1