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英语综合教程期末复习资料整合

英语综合教程期末复习资料整合
英语综合教程期末复习资料整合

课本背诵篇目

Unit1

12 Although I could have pursued a career in law or business, as several of my friends did, I chose teaching instead. My job has benefits all its own. I’m able to bake cookies without getting them stuck together as they cool, buy cheap sewing materials, take out splinters, and search just the right trash cans for useful odds and ends. I’m sometimes called “Daddy” and even “Mommy”by my students, and if there’s ever a lull in the conversation at a dinner party, I can always ask those assembled if they’ve heard the latest riddle about why the turkey crossed the road. (He thought he was a chicken.)

虽然我曾经可以像我的几个朋友那样在法律界或商界谋求发展,但是我选择了教学。我的

工作本身就有很多“福利”。我能烤出放凉之后不会粘在一起的小甜饼,能买到便宜的缝

纫材料,能挑出扎进皮肤的小刺,知道从哪个垃圾桶里能找到有用的小零碎儿。有时,学

生们叫我“爸爸”甚至“妈妈”。参加宴会时,如果交谈中有片刻沉默的话,我总能用最

新的脑筋急转弯题目问在场的客人——火鸡为什么过马路?(因为它以为自己是小鸡呢。)

Unit2

4 Books are one of the few things men cherish deeply. And the better the man the more easily will he part with his most cherished possessions. A book lying idle on a shelf is wasted ammunition. Like money, books must be kept in constant circulation. Lend and borrow to the maximum – of both books and money! But especially books, for books represent infinitely more than money. A book is not only a friend, it makes friends for you. When you have possessed a book with mind and spirit, you are enriched. But when you pass it on you are enriched threefold.

书籍是人类为数不多的钟爱物之一。并且越是好人,就越愿意与他人分享自己最珍贵的财产。闲置在架子上的书就像被浪费的弹药。书籍和金钱一样,必须经常流通,最为频繁地

借入与借出!书籍更是如此,因为书籍所蕴含的意义远非金钱所能比拟。书不仅是你的朋友,它还能帮你结交新朋友。当你领会了一本书的思想和精神,你会变得富有。但是,如

果把这本书传递下去的话,你要富有三倍。

Unit3

13 Sometimes hemlines can even predict a change in the mood of the stock market long before it actually happens. In September 2007, at the New York fashion shows, which were displaying their styles for spring 2008, the trend was

for much longer dresses and skirts, many to midcalf or even down to the ankles.

Some people felt this showed that the hemline indicator was no longer reliable, and that designers no longer dictated what people would wear. During the London and New York fashion shows in September 2008, hemlines continued to drop. But sure enough, in the fall of 2008, the stock market indexes crashed when the banking crisis hit the US, Europe and then the rest of the world. Hemlines were no longer following the stock market – they were showing the way and indicating future economic trends.

有时裙子底边甚至可以预测股市行情。2007 年9 月,纽约时装秀上展示的2008年春季

时装的流行趋势是长长的裙子,许多长及小腿中部,甚至长至脚踝。有人认为,这表明裙

边指标不再可靠,并且设计师也丧失了对于人们着装的主宰权。2008 年9 月,伦敦和纽

约时装秀上展示的裙子底边继续下降。果然,2008 年秋季,当金融危机重创美国、欧洲

继而世界各地时,股指崩溃了。裙子底边不再追随股市行情——而是预示股市行情,并表明未来的经济走势。

Unit5

4 Despite these findings, the myth is still widely believed, particularly among males, that men spend their conversations “solving the world’s problems”, while the womenfolk gossip in the kitchen. In my focus groups and interviews, most English males initially claimed that they did not gossip, while most of the female readily admitted that they did. On further questioning, however, the difference turned out to be more a matter of semantics than practice: What the women were happy to call “gossip”, the men defined as “exchanging information”.

即便如此,让人费解的是人们,尤其是男性,仍然普遍认为男人交谈是“解决世界问题”,而女人们则是在厨房里闲聊。在我做的焦点人群调查和访谈中,大多数英国男性最初都声

称他们不聊八卦,而女性却很乐于承认自己聊八卦。然而,通过进一步追问,我发现两者

的区别与其说体现在实践中,倒不如说是体现在语义层面上:男人把女人津津乐道的“八卦”称为“交流信息”。

Unit7

2 After Canada and Mexico, China is the US’ biggest trading partner. UK exports to China are expected to multiply by four times by the end of the decade, and its government wants every school, college and university to be twinned with an equivalent institution in China. With the importance of English as an international language set to decline over the next 40 years, it’s not surprising that this fall is matched by a rise of interest in learning Chinese.

中国是继加拿大和墨西哥之后的美国的第三大贸易伙伴。英国对中国的出口额预计十年后将增长四倍,所以英国政府希望英国的每所学校、学院和大学都要和中国相应的院校建立合作关系。未来40年,随着英语作为国际语言的重要性逐渐减弱,人们学习汉语的兴趣不断高涨也就不足为奇了。

Unit8

8 On his return to England with his cargo of specimens, Darwin spent 14 years devising his theory on how life kept changing. It was during these years that the facts he had observed and the inferences he had made during his research formed the basis of the theory. But he kept it secret, refining it and making sure it was valid against all objections. It was only when another scientist came up with

a similar theory that, in great haste, Darwin finally presented his own findings in The Origin of Species, published in 1859, It was greeted with applause by his colleagues. It was also easy and compelling to read, and quickly became a best-seller.

达尔文带着大量的标本回到英国,花了14 年时间构建起有关生命如何不断变化的理论。正是在这些年中,他所观察到的事实和在进行研究时得出的推论构成了其理论的基础。但达尔文一直秘而不宣,不断完善这一理论,以确保它能经受住所有反对意见的抨击。直到另一位科学家提出了类似的理论后,达尔文最终才匆忙地将自己的研究成果在1859 年出版的《物种起源》一书中公布。这本书得到了达尔文同事们的赞许。而且,这本书既简明易懂,又引人入胜,很快成为畅销书。

句子翻译

Unit1

1 尽管我在那家公司有机会升职,我仍然选择了离开,去从事我热爱的工作。(although + could have done; promotion)

Although I could have got promotion in that company, I chose to leave and pursue the job I love.

2. 你最先要遵从的不是你的老板,而是这个行业的规则。(comply with)

It is not your boss but the rules of the industry (that) you should first comply with.

3. 一份好的简历是找到工作的第一步,因此今天我们提出讨论的是如何写份好简历。(what-clause; bring up)

A good resume is the first step to getting a job. So what we bring up for discussion today is how to write a good resume.

4. 人们工作往往是为了谋生,而不是出于爱好。 (more often than not; for the sake of)

People work, more often than not, for the sake of making a living rather than out of passion.

5. 据面试官反馈,大部分接受面试的毕业生都说不出他们能为公司做些什么。(feedback; contribute to)

According to the interviewer’s feedback, most graduates couldn’t say what they can contribute to the company.

Unit2

1. 读书不仅仅影响到个人,还影响到整个民族。 (not only + inversion; as a whole)

Not only does reading influence a single person, but it also influences a nation as a whole.

2. 和老者在一起就像是读一本厚厚的书,令人爱不释手。(part with)

Being in the company of the old is like reading a thick book, which you don’t want to part with.

3. 如今虽然读书的人越来越少了,但仍有人嗜书如命。(look upon / on as)

Though nowadays fewer and fewer people read books, there are still some people who look upon / on books as their lives.

4. 他有买书的习惯,但买了之后,大都束之高阁。(lie idle on the shelf)

He had the habit of buying books, but most of the books would lie idle on the shelf after he had bought them.

5. 在路边的一个小书店里,我碰巧看到了这本我渴望已久的书。(stumble upon; long to do sth)

I stumbled upon the book I longed to have for quite a long time in a small roadside bookstore.

Unit3

1. 他对时尚的东西有一种天生的抵制,因此和他谈时尚毫无意义。(resistance to; there

is no point in doing sth)

He has a natural resistance to anything fashionable. So there is no point in talking / discussing fashion with him.

2.很多知名品牌是以设计师本人的名字命名的。 (name after)

Quite a few / many well-known brands are named ater the designers.

3.过去的30年见证了中国经济的发展,也见证了时尚的变迁。(see; as well as)

The past 30 years saw the development of China?ˉs economy as well as the changes in fashion.

4 .今年夏季的流行服装究竟会是什么,现在还很不清楚。(using a clause as the subject)

Exactly what will be the fashionable clothes this summer remains unknown yet.

5. 有人认为,如今女性的穿着越来越暴露了,而相比之下,男性的穿着却很保守。(expose; incontrast)

Some people think that nowadays women are exposing more and more of themselves, while in contrast men are dressing conservatively.

Unit5

1. 与传统的观念相反,男性之间也是说闲话的,只是他们说闲话的方式与女性不同而已。(contrary to)

Contrary to traditional views, males also gossip; they only gossip in different ways from females.

2 .女性能够准确地把握生活的细节,而男性往往对细节不太在意。 (grasp; while)

Females can accurately grasp the details in life, while males are usually careless about them.

3 .目前,全国女公务员人数约占公务员总数的三分之一。(civil servants; account for)

At present, women civil servants account for one third of the country’s total.

4 .这篇论文大致讨论的是女性与男性的思维方式有巨大的差别。(what-clause; to the effect that)

What the essay argues is to the effect that the female way of thinking is very different from the male.

5 .最近的一项调查显示,家务占用了女性大约50%的业务时间。(housework; occupy)

A recent survey revealed that housewo rk occupies about 50 per cent of women’s spare time.

Unit7

1.要精通一门外语,唯一的方法就是一遍遍地练习。(proficiency; there be nothing for it but to)

To achieve proficiency in a foreign language, there is nothing for it but to practise again and again.

2.很多汉语词汇有内涵意义,这对学习汉语的外国人来说是一大障碍。 (connotation; constitute; obstacle)

Many Chinese words have connotations, which constitute a big obstacle for foreign learners of the language.

3 .勤奋弥补了他在英语方面的不足;仅用了一年时间,他就可以用流利的英语和外国人交流了。(compensate for; it takes …)

Diligence compensated for his weakness in English. It took him only one year to communicate with foreigners in fluent English.

4 .语言是动态的,是不断变化的,网络语的出现就是一个很好的例子。(dynamic; a case in point)

Language is something that is dynamic and keeps changing. The appearance of Net Language is a case in point.

5.中国文化是世界文化的瑰宝,其哲学、艺术、饮食、文学等对外国人都有很强的吸引。(treasure; appeal)

Chinese culture is a treasure of world culture. Its philosophy, art, food and literature all have strong appeal for foreigners.

Unit8

1. 迄今为止,达尔文的进化论是关于人类起源的最有说服力的理论。(so far;convincing)

So far, Darwin’s theory of evolution is the most convincing theory about the origin of human beings.

2 .这是一个涉及到多个科学领域的综合性问题,因此不能草率地下结(comprehensive; in haste)

This is a comprehensive issue involving several scientific fields, so we cannot draw conclusions in haste.

3 .各国科学家各自独立进行了研究,都得到了非常相似的结果。(come up with)

Scientists in different countries, working independently of each other, have come up with very similar results.

4 .虽然他研究的结果和预期的并不吻合,但他创造性的研究方法是可行的。(in accordance with; applicable)

Though the results of his research are not in accordance with predictions, his creative research methods are / remain applicable.

5. 科学的魅力在于变不可能为可能。今天看似不可能的事情,明天有可能变为现实。(reside / lie in; what-clause)

The charm of science resides / lies in its power of making what is impossible possible. What seems impossible today may come true tomorrow.

Further reading译文及答案

Unit1

寻找内心的召唤

1心理学家亚伯拉罕·马斯洛曾经写道:“任何人可以拥有的最美好的命运和遇到的最幸运的事就是拿着工资做自己酷爱的事。”然而,要弄清楚什么样的工作能带来如此“好运”,并让人觉得有意义却并不容易。对人与工作之间的关系进行研究能帮助我们找到答案。

2心理学家艾美·瑞斯尼斯基和她的同事们提出,人们对工作的体验分为三类:把它看作一份工作,把它看作一种职业或者把它看作一种内心的召唤。如果不着眼于个人成就而仅注

重经济回报的话,人们通常把工作视为一件苦差。把工作当成苦差的人早晨去上班并非出

于主动意愿,而是不得不去。除了周末或月末的工资之外,他对工作并无什么其他期待。

他通常盼望周五或假期的到来。

3把工作视为职业的人其动力主要来自于如金钱和升职等外部因素——以及权力和名望。她期待着下一次升职,在等级体系中前进一步——从副教授晋升为终身教授,从教师晋升为校长,从副总裁晋升为总裁,从助理编辑晋升为总编辑。

4对于一个把工作看作内心召唤的人,工作本身就是目的。工资当然很重要,升职也重要,但他工作主要是因为他想工作。他具有内在动力,而且从工作中能获得成就感;他的目标

来自于其自身的需要。他酷爱自己的工作,并从中获得成就感;他把工作看作一种特权,

而非一件苦差。

5我们如何给工作定位——把工作看作工作、职业还是内心的召唤——会影响我们在工作以及其他方面的幸福度。瑞斯尼斯基发现,“对生活和工作的满意度或许更大程度上取决

于员工对自己工作的看法,而非收入的高低或者职业声望”。

6我们需要尽力去寻找内心的召唤,因为通常我们都被鼓励去从事自己擅长的工作,而不

是我们想做的工作。例如,多数职业顾问和工作定位测试所关注的是我们的优势在哪里,

而非我们的激情在哪里。当我们选择职业道路时,像“我擅长什么?”这样的问题固然重要,但首先我们要明确什么让我们觉得有意义,并使我们快乐。当我们的第一个问题是“我能做什么?”时,我们优先考虑的是量化标准(即金钱和别人的认可);当我们的第

一个问题是“我想要做什么?”时(即“什么让我觉得有意义,并使我快乐?”),我们

的选择是出于对生命意义的追求。

意义、乐趣和优势(MPS)程序

7寻找一份合适的工作——即我们既擅长又酷爱的工作——难度是很大的。首先我们可以问自己三个重要的问题——“什么事情让我觉得有意义?”“什么事情让我感到快乐?”“我的优势在哪里?”——并留意呈现的趋势。看一下这些问题的答案,并找出其中重叠的部分可以帮助我们找到让我们感到最幸福的工作。

8准确地回答这些问题需要我们付出更多努力,而不仅仅是草草记下脑海中一时浮现的想法,比如,当我们考虑什么让我们觉得有意义时,我们应深入地考虑这个问题。我们大多

数人对这些问题都多少有些现成的答案。这些答案通常是真实的,但可能还不够深入,不

能代表我们觉得有意义的所有经历。我们可能需要花时间认真思考,并仔细回忆生活中那

些让我们真正感到有意义的时刻。

9我们可能还需要花一些时间来考虑一下我们对于这三个问题的回答。我们列出的答案也许会有很多,措辞也许不够明了,所以三个答案的重叠部分可能不会那么明显。

使用MPS程序

10下面的例子旨在展示MPS程序最基本的工作原理——对意义、乐趣和个人优势的思考会使我们日后更加幸福和成功。与这个例子相比较,我们所列出的答案也许会更凌乱,不

那么清晰明了。

11比如,我觉得解决问题、写作、做儿童工作、参与政治活动和从事音乐方面的工作很

有意义。我喜欢航海、烹饪、阅读、音乐,以及和孩子们在一起。我的优势是幽默、热情、对孩子有亲和力,以及解决问题的技能。

哪些答案是重叠的?

12从第二张图表可以看出,从事儿童工作使我觉得有意义和快乐,而且我也擅长这方面的工作。要搞清楚具体什么工作最适合我,那么现在我就要考虑一下我的性格和生活的其他

方面。比如,我是个做事井井有条的人,喜欢把一周的工作提前计划好——因此,我希望每天的工作安排更有条理。我喜欢旅游,因此,对我来说有一份能休长假的工作很重要。

13那么什么样的儿童工作每天的日程安排比较有条理,而且能提供长假呢?什么样的工作能使我的其他爱好和技能发挥最大作用呢?比如,我富有激情和幽默感,我喜欢阅读并乐

于解决问题。考虑到所有这些因素,我可能会考虑做一名英语教师。虽然这一程序也许不

能让我找到薪酬最高的工作,但却可以帮助我找到我热爱、并觉得有意义的工作。

14MPS程序还可以帮助我们在生活中的其他方面作出重要决策。例如,在学校选课时,

我们可以选择对于我们的未来职业有帮助、符合我们的兴趣爱好,并能发挥我们的特长的

课程。

15为了员工和组织机构的利益,管理者也可以使用MPS程序。使用MPS程序可以帮助

员工发现和从事他们喜欢、觉得有意义,并且擅长的活动,从而激发其更大的工作热情,

并提升工作业绩。MPS程序甚至可以帮助管理者挑选新职员。并不是每个工作场所都能满足每个人的需求,并让每个人都发挥其优势。所以,从一开始就确保员工和职场的要求相

一致对于管理者来说很重要。

1 According to the writer, what is the nature of a job?(c)

(a) It is underpaid work.

(b) It is work that a person feels they don’t have to do.

(c) It is an activity that does not give satisfaction.

(d) It is short-term work which is paid every week.

2 What is important in a career?(a)

(a) Extrinsic factors such as money and promotion.

(b) Being able to change jobs often.

(c) The satisfaction of doing something important.

(d) Internal motivation.

3 How do people experience a calling?(d)

(a) They are not interested in the money they earn.

(b) It is something they achieve at the end of their career.

(c) It is when personal motivation and external factors come together.

(d) Doing the work gives them a sense of satisfaction.

4 According to Amy Wrzesniewski, what is job satisfaction based on?(b)

(a) The salary.

(b) How people experience the work they do.

(c) How important the job is considered to be.

(d) The work environment.

5 Why might it take time to identify meaning, pleasure and strengths?(c)

(a) We may think they are the same things.

(b) We don’t have any ready-made answers to our questions about them.

(c) We need to reflect carefully about what they are.

(d) We need to ask other people to help us.

6 What does the second diagram show?(a)

(a) How strengths, pleasure and meaning can overlap.

(b) How strengths, pleasure and meaning always overlap.

(c) How to write a career plan in the form of a diagram.

(d) How everything is always connected.

7 How else can the MPS process be used? (d)

(a) To choose courses at school.

(b) To hire employees at work.

(c) To assign people to appropriate activities at work.

(d) All of these things.

Unit2

1当世界变得越来越小,想象的空间就变得越来越重要。

2每个探险家在发现的兴奋感退却之后就会感到遗憾。库克船长的日记中既有惊叹,也满

含感伤,因为未知世界变成了已知世界。马洛里在写给妻子的信中谈到了登山运动的挑战,他承认“台球桌般大小”的山顶对人们有着既荒诞、又奇妙的吸引力。

3约翰·邓恩通过把美洲地图绘到情妇的身体上而巧妙地逃离了这日益缩小的世界——“我的美洲,我的新大陆”。你可以把这看作是对女性的征服和占有,但是这种解读也未免太

无趣了。这既是对身体是真正的世界中心的认可,又体现出现代社会的恐惧:我们所有的

探索最终会把我们带回到起点(引用艾略特的话)——也就是,回到我们自身。

4维多利亚时代的人一心要把地球染成标志着大英帝国殖民地的粉色,绘制的地图精确到可以在喜马拉雅山脉上看到一只山羊的足迹,这些也是由家的观念所驱使的,这不足为奇。英国人的家就是他的城堡这一观念被广泛应用,被用来推销郊区的土地,廉价出售市建住宅,为开发新城区辩护,并且解释了房地产价值不断升值的原因。

5英国人对家确实有种特别的感情,并且具有与家相关的一套复杂的价值观念。举个例子,在意大利语中就没有“家”这个词。意大利语中la casa指房子,la famiglia指家庭。但是,像“家”这样的字眼是不存在的。

6如果说家给英国人提供了安全、繁荣和希望,那么英国人的另一个家则完全就是梦想之地。我们渴望逃离公寓、半独立式的房子,逃离拥挤的街道,投入静谧乡村的怀抱。我们

中越来越多的人到国外置地,大多并非为了投资,而只是我们寻求梦想空间的一种方法。

7马修·帕里斯出版了一本很吸引人的新书,书名为《西班牙城堡:山中废墟和不现实的梦想》。书名揭示了书的主要内容。“城堡”、“山”、“废墟”和“梦想”这四个关键词

总结了现代人对于逃离梦魇之地的渴望,而这梦魇之地却正是我们借发展之名原封不动地

从建筑大师皮拉内西那里复制来的。

8全球情况的恶化使(男性)科学家们开始热衷于太空移民,但人们忽略了这样一个事实:地球是我们的家园,我们应该使它变得更加富有诗情画意,而不是像现在这样的杂乱的城市——密集的高速公路和高楼大厦中挤着几个公园,公园中有几块零星的草坪和垃圾堆。

9心灵需要梦想。身体需要空间——物质的和想象的空间。当我放眼山峦,我不一定就要去爬山,但我需要知道,万一我想爬山的时候,山就在那里。我的心灵会去攀爬,我想象

自己穿过狭窄的通道,遭遇劫匪,饮瀑布之水。这些都是让我精神为之一振的白日梦。通

过这些白日梦,我得以创作出有形的诗歌和音乐——这些是我们白日梦的产物,是不能用国内生产总值来衡量的东西。这些东西能够防止我们发狂——或是意味着我们不向绝望屈服,这同样重要。

10我那时候也买了几处废墟,并且以后可能还会再买。废墟,特别是浪漫景观中的废墟,其奇特之处就在于在人们的心中,它可以幻化成为任何事物,但绝不是一片断壁残垣。孩

子们可以把一个盒子和一个果酱罐想象成一个城堡;成年人则可以通过从老房子上掉落的

石块和烂木板创造出多样的世界。

11要发现这些废弃的地方越来越难,而且我们对这些废墟的渴望也揭示出一个事实:它们绝不是普通的石头,它们是试金石。这些梦想之屋感觉像一个精神疗养地;因为在这个总

是以牺牲魔力和想象力为代价来换取商品和俗世之物的世界上,没有人可以保持精神健康。

12这就将我们带回到书籍——如你所料,只能如此。书籍不是奢侈品。在一个不断萎缩

的世界——这个世界就像爱伦·坡作品中那可怕的房间一样,不断地向你包围,把你推向死亡。而书籍不仅是用来在墙壁上陈设的,它能阻止墙壁向你步步逼近。

13我们的境况或许会变得窘迫,但我们为什么要简化我们的思想?如果市场上的生活必需品已经统治了我们的日常生活,为什么还要让它们统治我们的精神世界呢?

14家是一个总可以回来的地方,而另一个家则是一个可以让我们逃避世俗世界的地方。

书的伟大之处就在于它两者兼顾。

1 What modern fear was expressed by the poet T S Eliot?(c)

(a) The fear of discovery.

(b) The fact that discovery leads to disappointment.

(c) The fact that all discovery is in the end self-discovery.

(d) The fear that there is nothing left to discover.

2 How is the English concept for home different from the Italian one?(d)

(a) It is not connected to the idea of family.

(b) It is not connected to the idea of a place.

(c) It is more solid.

(d) It means lots of things at the same time.

3 Which English dream contrasts with the idea of security and wealth?(a)

(a) Getting away from it all.

(b) Spending all your money on a holiday.

(c) Living and working close to nature.

(d) Taking risks with investments.

4 What is Matthew Parris’ book probably about?(a)

(a) People who dream of buying a house in Spain.

(b) Financial investment.

(c) The recent history of Spain.

(d) Art and architecture in Spain.

5 What does the writer think about ruins?(b)

(a) They are a bad investment.

(b) They have lots of possibilities.

(c) Children love them.

(d) Adults don’t know what to do with them.

6 In what way can books be like “home”?(b)

(a) They are part of the furniture.

(b) You can return to them but they can also offer escape.

(c) They are an essential part of human existence, not a luxury.

(d) They have great value.

Unit5

男人来自火星,女人来自金星

火星上的生活

1 火星人注重权力、能力、效率和成就。他们总是通过做事来证明自己,发展自己的权力

和技能。他们通过依靠自己的能力取得成果来实现自我价值。他们主要是通过成功和成就

来获得成就感。

2火星上的一切都反映了这些价值观。甚至他们的服装也是为了反映其技能和能力而设计的。警官、士兵、商人、科学家、出租车司机、技师和厨师,所有这些人都通过他们所穿

的制服,或至少通过戴的帽子来反映其能力和权力。

3他们不看像《今日心理学》、《自我》或《人物》这样的杂志。他们更加关注户外活动,如狩猎、钓鱼和赛车。他们感兴趣的是新闻、天气和体育,而最不关注的就是爱情小说和

有关自助的书籍。

4 他们对“物”和“事”更感兴趣,而不是人和感情。即使在现在的地球上,当女人做浪

漫之梦时,男人却梦想着动力强劲的汽车、运行速度更快的计算机、小工具、小发明和更

强大的新技术。男人热衷于可以帮助其获得成果或达到目标,从而表现其权力的“物”。

5 对火星人来说,实现目标是非常重要的。因为实现目标是证明其能力,并因此而保持良

好的自我感觉的一种方式。而要获得良好的自我感觉,火星人必须自己去实现这些目标,

而不能让别人代劳。火星人以独立自主为荣。自主是效率、权力和能力的象征。

6 了解火星人的这一特点可以帮助女人弄明白男人为什么在被别人纠正错误或被告知该做

什么时会那么抵触。主动给男人提供建议就是认为他不知道怎么做,或他无法独自完成某

件事。男人对此非常敏感,因为能力问题对他们来说太重要了。

7 因为火星人独立处理自己的问题,所以他很少会跟别人谈论自己的问题,除非他需要专

家的意见。他的理由是:“我自己可以解决,为什么要麻烦别人呢?”除非他需要别人帮

他找到解决办法,否则自己的问题自己解决。在自己有能力完成的事上寻求帮助被视为是

弱者的表现。

8 不过,如果火星人确实需要帮助,那么寻求帮助就是智慧的表现。在这种情况下,他会

和他尊重的人谈论自己的问题。在火星上,谈论问题就意味着征求别人的意见。另一个火

星人会因此而感到荣幸。他自然就会戴上“问题解决者”的帽子,聆听一会儿,然后提出

宝贵的意见。

9 当女人诉说问题时,男人本能地就会提供解决方案。男人之所以这么做,其原因之一就

是火星上的这一惯常做法。当女人天真地诉说内心的烦恼或高声地探讨她目前的问题时,

男人误以为她是在寻求专家意见。他戴上“问题解决者”的帽子,并开始提出意见。这是

他表达爱意和试图帮忙的方式。

10他想帮助她解决问题,让她感觉好一点。他想对她有所帮助。当他通过自己的能力来帮助她解决问题时,他觉得体现了自己的价值,并会因此而赢得她的爱。

11 然而,一旦他提供了解决方案,而她仍然感到困惑,他就会越来越听不进去,因为他的解决方案没被采纳,他感觉自己越来越没用。

12 他不知道,只要带着同情心和兴趣去聆听就是对她的支持了。他不知道,在金星上谈论问题并不意味着邀请别人提供解决方案。

金星上的生活

13 金星人的价值观截然不同。她们重视爱、沟通、美丽和人际关系。她们花大量的时间来互相支持、帮助,以及培养彼此间的感情。她们的自我价值是由自我感受和人际关系的好

坏来决定的。她们通过分享和交流而获得成就感。

14 金星上的一切都反映了这些价值观。金星人更关注和谐的生活、社区和爱心协作,而不是修建高速公路和高楼大厦。人际关系比工作和技术更重要。在很多方面,她们的世界与

火星人的世界是截然相反的。

15 她们不像火星人那样穿制服(为了显示能力)。相反,她们喜欢每天根据自己的心情而穿不同的衣服。自我表达,尤其是自我情感的表达,是非常重要的。她们甚至会根据情绪

的变化一天换几次衣服。

16 沟通是至关重要的。私人的情感交流比实现目标和获得成功更重要。交谈和相互认同是巨大成就感的来源之一。

17 这让男人难以理解。他可以拿他赢得比赛、达到目标,或解决问题后的满足感和女人分享和相互认同的体验相比,这样理解起来就比较容易了。

18 女人不以目标为导向,而以人际关系为导向;她们更关注的是表达自己的善良、爱和关怀。两个火星人共进午餐是为了讨论项目或商业目标——他们有需要解决的问题。而且,火星人把去餐馆进餐看作一种获取食物的高效方式:不用采购、不用烹饪,也不用洗碗。

而对金星人来说,共进午餐是一个增进彼此感情的机会,既能给予朋友支持,又可以得到

朋友的支持。女人在吃饭时可以坦率地进行交谈,可以谈论很私密的话题,简直就像治疗

师和患者之间的对话。

19 在金星上,每个人都研究心理学,并至少取得咨询硕士学位。她们积极参与到个人成长、灵性和一切可以丰富生活、治愈创伤和帮助成长的事务中来。金星上到处都是公园、有机

花园、购物中心和餐馆。

20 金星人是感性的,她们经过几个世纪的努力不断揣测他人的需求而练就了这种本领。她们为自己能考虑到他人的需求和感受而骄傲。大爱的一个标志就是没有被要求就主动向另

一个金星人提供帮助。

21 对于金星人来说,由于证明自我能力不像在火星上那么重要,所以提供帮助并不会冒犯别人,而需要帮助也不是弱者的表现。然而,当一个女人给一个男人提供意见时,男人可能会因此而感到恼火,因为他觉得她不相信他有能力独立完成。

22 女人不明白男人在这方面的敏感,因为对她而言,如果有人主动给她提供帮助,这是她的另一大成就。这让她感到被爱和被珍惜。但是,主动给男人提供帮助会让他觉得自己无能、软弱,甚至不为人所爱。

23 在金星上,提供意见和建议是关心别人的表现。金星人坚信事情总可以变得更好。她们的天性就是总想改善事物。当她们关心某人时,她们就会直率地向她指出哪些方面有待改进,以及如何改进。提供意见和建设性的批评是一种爱的表现。

24 火星上的情况则大相径庭,火星人更注重解决问题。如果事情还在运转,火星人的座右铭是任其自然发展。他们的本能反应是:如果事情没有出差错,就不要插手去干涉。他们常说:“不坏就不要修理”。

25 当一个女人试图让一个男人变得更好时,他觉得女人是在试图修理他。他从女人那儿得到的信息是自己出了问题。而女人却没有意识到她出于关心而试图帮助他,结果却可能让他感到羞辱。她误以为她只是在帮助他成长。

1. Why are men interested in objects and things?(c)

(a) Because they d on’t like reading.

(b) Because they don’t have feelings.

(c) Because having things can help them achieve objectives.

(d) Because having things can help them fantasize.

2. Why do men need to do things by themselves?(a)

(a) Because this makes them feel they are competent.

(b) Because they achieve results more quickly in this way.

(c) Because they have learnt how to do by reading self-help books.

(d) Because women encourage them to do so.

3. Why shouldn’t women offer men advice?(b)

(a) Because men may not understand them.

(b) Because this may make men feel weak.

(c) Because this would make women seem weak.

(d) Because the advice is not practical.

4. What mistake do men make when giving women advice?(c)

(a) Men don’t realize that women don’t want it.

(b) Men get offended when women don’t take it.

(c) Men don‘t understand that listening carefully is more important than giving advice.

(d) They are only inter ested in getting women’s respect.

5. What do women want to get out of life?(d)

(a) Success at work.

(b) he appreciation and admiration of men.

(c) As much variety as possible.

(d) Satisfying relationships with other people.

6. What mistake do women make with men?(d)

(a) They offer inappropriate advice.

(b) They hide their real feelings about them.

(c) They don’t offer to help them enough.

(d) They don’t realize that they shouldn’t offer to help men.

7. What is the significance of the title of the passage?(a)

(a) Men and women find it difficult to communicate with each other.

(b) Men and women should be kept a long way from each other.

(c) Women shine more brightly than men.

(d) Women’s personalities are warmer than men’s.

Unit7

你说网络语言吗?

1 互联网给我们的生活带来很多积极影响,我们很少有人会怀疑这一点。年轻人属于“数

字时代的土著居民”,他们一直都享受着互联网带来的好处。即使是作为“数字时代移民”的老年人,虽然没有出生在技术日新月异的环境中,他们也享受到了网上购物、网上缴费

和使用网络电话、短信或电子邮件与朋友和家人保持联系的便利。

2 但也有很多人,特别是教师和大学教授,对互联网给英语语言及其用法带来的微妙变化

持不太宽容的态度,尤其是不恰当的用法。网络语言——有时也被称为火星文——经常使用首字母缩写词和缩略语来表达意思,包括用U代表you,用BTW表示by the way,用LOL表示laugh out loud。虽然作为网络语言,这些用法可能是完全恰当的——事实上,当你敲击键盘时,你的思维可能暂时使你转而使用这种语言形式——但如果你在作业或学期论文中也用网络语言,教授们可能对此就没有那么宽容了。电子邮件和博客中常见的一

些语言特征如果用于书面文章中,就会被看作是不流畅、不正确的表达,例如,语法和拼

写的缩略形式(wud u like 2 meet 4 a drink l8er,正确的说法应该是

would you like to meet for a drink later)、用小写字母代替大写字母、标点和大写字

母的夸张用法(OMG!!!)、表情符号(:-P),以及把名词当成动词用(to google)等。

3 但网络语言真的就是拙劣的英语吗?

4 很久以前,人们就开始尝试去界定什么是正确的英语,什么是不正确的英语,并且除了

少数受过教育的英国人在口头和书面语中使用的狭隘英语形式外,人们拒绝英语的任何变

体形式。正确的英语形式不仅仅是一个语言概念,还与社会、政治和教育理念相融合。如

果你不能恰当地使用英语,那么就说明你缺乏学校教育,人们会认为你出身于较低的社会

阶层,而你将来也找不到一份好工作。任何推进英语多样化的人在政治上都被贴上激进、

开放甚至颓废的标签。更有甚者,倡导正确的和没有变体的英语语言形式的极端主义者甚

至可能对像美国英语这样的英语变体都感到不安。

5 而所有这些都忽略了一个事实:语言是不受限制的,也不是静止不变的,而是丰富的和动态的,而且不断进行自我调节从而能在任何必要的时候表达新的概念。还有一点值得注意,不像某些欧洲国家,英国没有英语学院这样的机构来维护“正确”的英语形式。这一

点可能帮助英语取得了其作为世界语言的重要性。

6 英国语言学教授大卫·克里斯托则更进一步,在其著作《语言和互联网》中,克里斯托指出技术一直在改变语言。印刷术、电话和广播的发明丰富了语言,造就了大量的新词和新

的表达法,也由此产生了一些新的文体或语言风格。发明电视之前,没有访谈秀,发明收

音机之前,没有新闻公告。但实际上,由此而产生的新词和新的语言风格相对来说并不多。

7 克里斯托指出,最重要的是英语语言本身并没有从根本上发生改变。即使有时读者需要

花更多的时间弄明白一句话的意思(例如,要弄清l8er的意思,你首先要承认网络语把口语和书面语结合起来的惯常用法),但英语仍然是英语。屏幕上的英语还是英语,只是以

一种新的语言风格和更丰富的表达方式出现而已。

8 不过克里斯托提出,当你把网络语与口头语和书面语进行比较时,你会发现网络语已经

有足够的影响力,可以称之为真正的第三媒体,其本身就是值得关注和研究的。据估计,

网络语和互联网俚语中约有5,000个常用的英语新词和首字母缩写词。但网络语中更为常见的是借用现有的词语创造新的词语组合,如social networking(社交网络)或smartphone(智能手机)。

9 首先,网络语使用者的表达很有表现力。即使平均每段篇章中只有10%的文字是书写不完整的,网络语表达的丰富性仍是这一第三媒体的一大特点。只使用160个字符编辑短信或用140个字符撰写微博是需要点创造力的,有时比没有字数限制的自由表达还需要有创造力。网络创造了过去没有的新的交际方式。

10 因此最近几年,大学教授一直抱怨学生的作业中充斥着拼写和语法错误,以及

you know、guy和like等非正式短语,而十年前,这些用法就没有如此泛滥。其他传统

的英语使用者会抱怨标准如何逐渐弱化,以及对大众普遍接受的地道英语的标准的不尊重。他们憎恨和拒绝语言革新,并会搬出英语文学伟大作品中的权威作品来作为拒绝语言革新

的理由。

11 然而,英语语言最大的两次革新并非来自网络语言,而是来自威廉·莎士比亚的作品和《圣经》。如果网络语言受到一些人的质疑,其原因可能只是因为网络语言存在的时间还

不够长。

1. Netspeak is characterized by __C__.

(a) abbreviations

(b) words borrowed from other languages

(c) creative use of spelling, punctuation and keyboard symbols

(d) grammar and spelling mistakes

2 It’s possible that English became a world language because __D__.

(a) it doesn’t change much and is easy to understand

(b) European academies controlled it

(c) there are not many varieties

(d) it has always been flexible and dynamic

3 Professor David Crystal believes that netspeak __C__.

(a) is not worth studying

(b) has radically changed the English language

(c) is a genuine new form of writing

(d) cannot be recognized as real English

4 Netspeakers, or people who communicate using digital technology, __D__.

(a) use common words to make new expressions

(b) only use ten per cent of the words they know

(c) are not very good at expressing themselves

(d) have invented 5,000 completely new words

5 Ten years ago, before digital technology was so widespread _B_.

(a) students made more mistakes in their academic writing than they do now

(b) stude nts’ academic wri ting was not influenced by language on the Internet

(c) professors worried about bad English in their students’ writing

(d) everybody knew how to write English well

6 The writer believes that __D__.

(a) Netspeak is not a valid medium of English

(b) in the future netspeak will be the only medium of English

(c) the Internet has had a bad effect on the English language

(d) Netspeak has had a positive effect on the English language

Unit8

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