胡壮麟语言学教程测试题及答案

胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题

第一章：语言学导论

I. Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. Lan guage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma n

A. con tact

C. relati on

B. com muni cati on D. com mun ity

2. Which of the followi ng words is en tirely arbitrary?

A. tree C. crash

B. typewriter D. bang

3. The function of the sentence “ Waterboils at 100 degrees Centigrade. is

A. i nterrogative C. i nformative

B. directive

D. performative

4. In Chin ese whe n some one breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people prese nt are likely to say 碎碎(岁岁)平安” aa means of con troll ing the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which fun cti ons does it perform?

A. In terpers onal C. Performative

B. Emotive

D. Recreati onal

5. Which of the follow ing property of Ian guage en ables Ian guage users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of Ian guage, speakers of a Ianguage are free to talk about anything in any situation?

A. Tran sferability C. Displaceme nt

B. Duality

D. Arbitrari ness

6. Study the follow ing dialogue. What fun cti on does it play accordi ng to the fun cti ons of Ian guage?

—A nice day, is n 't it?

Right! I really enjoy the sun light.

A. Emotive

C. Performative B. Phatic

D. In terpers onal

7. __________ r efers to the actual realizati on of the ideal la nguage user kno wledge of the rules of his Ian guage in uttera nces.

A. Performa nee C. Langue

B. Compete nee D. Parole

8. Whe n a dog is bark ing, you assume it is bark ing for someth ing or at some one that exists hear and now.

It couldn ' t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design

feature of __________ .

A. cultural tran smissi on

B. productivity

C. displaceme nt

D. duality

9. _________ an swers such questi ons as how we as infants acquire our first

Ian guage.

A. Psycholi nguistics

B. An thropological li nguistics

C. Socioli nguistics

D. Applied lin guistics

10. _________ deals with Ianguage application to other fields, particularly

educatio n.

A. Li nguistic theory

B. Practical li nguistics

C. Applied lin guistics

D. Comparative lin guistics

11. Decide whether the following statements are true or false ?(10%)

11. Lan guage is a means of verbal com muni cati on. Therefore, the com muni cati on way used by the deaf-mute is no t la nguage.

12. Lan guage cha nge is uni versal, ongoing and arbitrary.

13. Speak ing is the quickest and most efficie nt way of the huma n com muni cati on systems.

14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.

15. We were all born with the ability to acquire Ianguage, which means the details of any Ian guage system can be gen etically tran smitted.

16. Only huma n beings are able to com muni cate.

17. . De Saussure, who made the disti nction betwee n Ian gue and parole in the early

20th cen tury, was a French lin guist.

18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare ' s time is an example of the diachr onic study of Ian guage.

19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.

20. All the Ianguages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.

III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)

21. Lan guage, broadly speak in g, is a means of _________ c om muni cati on.

22. In any Ianguage words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be

comb ined into innu merable senten ces based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed .

23. Language has many functions. We can use Ianguage to talk about itself. This

fun cti on is ________ .

24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing

heavy work has bee n called the _________ theory.

25. Linguistics is the _________ study of Ianguage.

26. Modern linguistics is _________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover

what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.

27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of _________ over

writi ng.

28. The description of a Ianguage as it changes through time is a _________ study.

29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. _________ refers to the abstract

lin guistic system shared by all members of a speech com mun ity.

30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure

' s Iangue and Chomsky ' s _________ IV. Explain the following terms, using examples ?(20%)

31. Desig n feature

32. Displaceme nt

33. Compete nee

34. Syn chro nic lin guistics

V. Answer the following questions. (20%)

35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human

Ianguage? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature?

(南开大学，2004)

36. Why is it difficult to define Ianguage?(北京第二外国语大学，2004)

VI. Analyze the following situatio n. (20%)

37. How can a linguist make his analysis scientific?(青岛海洋大学，1999)

第二章：语音

I. Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. Pitch variati on is known as ________ whe n its patter ns are imposed on senten ces.

A. i nto natio n

B. tone

C. pronun ciatio n

D. voice

2. ____________________ Conven ti on ally a is put in slashes (/ /).

A. alloph one

B. phone

C. phon eme

D. morpheme

3. An aspirated p, an un aspirated p and an un released p are _________ of the p

phon eme.

A. an alogues

B. tagmemes

C. morphemes

D. alloph ones

4. The ope ning betwee n the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as _________ .

A. glottis

B. vocal cavity

C. phary nx

D. uvula

5. The diphtho ngs that are made with a moveme nt of the ton gue towards the cen ter

are known as _________ diphth on gs.

A. wide

B. closi ng

C. n arrow

D. cen teri ng

6. A pho neme is a group of similar sounds called _________ .

A. mini mal pairs

B. allomorphs

C. phones

D. alloph ones

7. Which branch of phon etics concerns the product ion of speech soun ds?

A. Acoustic phon etics

B. Articulatory phon etics

C. Auditory phon etics

D. None of the above

8. Which one is differe nt from the others accordi ng to places of articulati on?

A. [ n]

B. [m]

C. [ b ]

D. [p]

9. Which vowel is differe nt from the others accord ing to the characteristics of vowels?

A. [i:]

B. [ u ]

C. [e]

D. [ i ]

10. What kind of sounds can we make whe n the vocal cords are vibrati ng?

A. Voiceless

B. Voiced

C. Glottal stop

D. Consonant

11. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Suprasegme ntal phono logy refers to the study of phono logical properties of un its larger tha n the segme nt-ph on eme, such as syllable, word and senten ce.

12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the

quality of aspeech sound.

13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely,the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a differe nt pronun ciati on.

14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.

15. Acoustic pho netics is concerned with the percepti on of speech soun ds.

16. All syllables must have a nu cleus but not all syllables contain an on set and a coda.

17. Whe n pure vowels or mon ophtho ngs are pronoun ced, no vowel glides take place.

18. Accord ing to the len gth or tensen ess of the pronun ciati on, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax orlong vs. short.

19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.

20. The maximal on set prin ciple states that whe n there is a choice as to where to place a consonan t, it is put into the coda rather tha n the on set.

Ill ? Fill in the blanks. (20%)

21. Consonant sounds can be either _________ or _________ , while all vowel

sounds are _________ .

22. Consonant sounds can also be made whe n two orga ns of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out betwee n them, caus ing

23. ______________________________________________________ The qualities of vowels depe nd upon the positi on of the ___________________________________ and the lips.

24. One eleme nt in the descripti on of vowels is the part of the ton gue which is at the

highest point in the mouth. A sec ond eleme nt is the ________ to which that part of

the ton gue is raised.

25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without

26. In phono logical an alysis the words fail / veil are dist in guishable simply because

of the two phon emes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrat ing ________ .

27. In En glish there are a nu mber of ________ , which are produced by moving

from one vowel positi on to ano ther through in terve ning positi ons.

28. _________ refers to the phe nomenon of sounds continu ally show the in flue nee

of their n eighbors.

29. _________ is the smallest lin guistic un it.

30. Speech takes place whe n the orga ns of speech move to produce patter ns of sound.

These moveme nts have an effect on the _________ coming from the lun gs.

IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)

31. Sound assimilati on

32. Suprasegme ntal feature

33. Compleme ntary distributio n

34. Dist in ctive features

V. Answer the following questions. (20%)

35. What is acoustic pho netics?(中国人民大学，2003)

36. What are the differe nces betwee n voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?(南开04)

VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)

37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog.(青岛海洋大学，1999)

⑴ voiceless bilabial un aspirated stop

(2) low front vowel

(3) lateral liquid

(4) velar n asal

(5) voiced in terde ntal fricative

第三章：词汇

I. Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as _________

A. lexical words

B. grammatical words

C. fun ctio n words

D. form words

2. Morphemes that represe nt ten se, nu mber, gen der and case are called _______ morpheme. A. i nflectio

nal C. bound

B. free

D. derivati onal

morphemes in the word den ati on alizati on.

4. In En glish -se and —on are called _________. A. prefixes

B. suffixes

C. in fixes

D. stems 5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and _________ .

A. derivati onal affix

B. i nflectio nal affix

C. i nfix

D. back-formatio n

6. _________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already exist ing words by subtract ing an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.

A. affixatio n

B. back-formatio n

C. in serti on

D. additi on

7. The word TB is formed in the way of _________ .

A. acronymy

B. clipp ing

C. in itialism

D. ble nding

8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by _________ .

A. ble nding

B. clippi ng

C. back-formatio n

D. acronymy

9. The stem of disagreeme nts is _________

A. agreeme nt

B. agree

C. disagree

10. All of them are meanin gful except for ________ .

A. lexeme

B. phon eme

C. morpheme II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the sec ond eleme nt receives sec on dary stress.

12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.

13. Base refers to the part of the word that rema ins whe n all in fleet ional affixes are A. three

B. four

C. five

D. six

3. There are D. disagreeme nt D. allomorph

胡壮麟《语言学教程》第四版笔记

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1.3 Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. 1.3.1 Arbitrariness Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings. 1.3.2 Duality Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 1.3.3 Creativity Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences. 1.3.4 Displacement Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation. 加1 Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. 加2 the direct/non-arbitrary/non-symbolic relation between meaning and form. There are resemblances between the language form and what they refer to. That relationship is called icon. Iconicity exists in sounds, lexicons and syntax. It is the motivation between language forms and meanings. It is a relation of resemblance between language form and what they refer to. 1.5 Functions of language As is proposed by Jacobson, language has six functions: 1. Referential: to convey message and information; 2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake; 3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions; 4. Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties; 5. Phatic: to establish communion with others; 6. Metalingual: to clear up intentions, words and meanings. three metafunctions: 1. function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is

胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题详解(现代语言学理论与流派)【圣才出品】

第12章现代语言学理论与流派 12.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. The Prague School and Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) 布拉格学派与功能句子观 2. The London School and context of situation 伦敦学派与语境观 3. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 韩礼德与系统——功能语法 4. Bloomfield and American Structuralism 布隆菲尔德与美国结构主义 5. Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar 乔姆斯基与转换——生成语法 常考考点： 各流派的代表人物、理论基础、特点、主要观点、重要概念；语言普遍性和人类行为关系等。 本章内容索引：

I. Saussure and modern linguistics II. The Prague School 1. Main points and contribution 2. Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) 3. Communicative Dynamism (CD) III. The London School 1. Introduction 2. Malinowski’s theories 3. Firth’s theories 4. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 5. Systemic grammar and Functional grammar (1) Systemic grammar (2) Functional grammar IV. American Structuralism 1. Introduction 2. Three stages of the development V. Transformational-Generative Grammar 1. Introduction 2. The Innateness Hypothesis 3. Generative Grammar 4. Stage of development of TG Grammar 5. Main features of TG Grammar

语言学教程第四版第二章 胡壮麟 主编

Chapter 2 Speech sounds Contents ?How sounds are made? ?Consonants and vowels ?Phonological processes, phonological rules and distinctive features ?Suprasegmentals 超音段 ?Two major areas for studying speech sounds: phonetics and phonology ?Phonetics: it studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and perceived. ?Three branches of phonetics: ?Articulatory phonetics发声语音学 is the study of the production of speech sounds. ?Acoustic phonetics声学语音学 is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. Auditory phonetics听觉语音学 is concerned with the perception of speech sounds ?Phonology：it deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme 音素 as the point of departure. ?It studies the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. ?Ultimately it aims to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages. How speech sounds are made? ? speech organs 言语器官 ?Speech organs are also known as vocal organs（发音器官）. ?Parts of human body involved in the production of speech sounds: lungs, trachea (windpipe) 气管, throat, nose, mouth ? organs of speech (Figure 2.2, p.26 on our books)

胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part12

Literary linguistics studies the language of literature. It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style. 9.1 Theoretical background

9.2.1 Foregrounding and grammatical form 9.2.2 Literal language and figurative language Simile Metaphor Metonymy Synecdoche 9.2.3 The analysis of literary language

9.3.1 Sound patterning 9.3.2 Different forms of sound patterning Rhyme Alliteration Assonance Consonance Reverse rhyme Pararhyme Repitition

-Metre(Dimetre, Trimetre, Tetrametre, Hexametre, Heptametre, Octametre) -Foot (Iamb, Trochee, Anapest, Dactyl,Spondee, Pyrrhic) 9.3.4 Conventional forms of metre and sound Couplets Quatrains Blank verse Sonnet 9.3.5 The poetic functions of sound and metre 9.3.6 How to analyse poetry?

语言学重要知识点(胡壮麟版)

Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 1.Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication.Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings.eg.the dog barks wowwow in english but 汪汪汪in chinese.Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.eg.dog-woof(but not w-oo-f)Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Eg. An experiment of bee communication.Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. 3. Origin of language The bow-wow theory In primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that.The pooh-pooh theory In the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pains, anger and joy which gradually developed into language. The “yo-he-ho” theory As primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language. 4.Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It studies not just one language of any one community, but the language of all human beings. 5. Main branches of linguistics ?Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, it includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics. ?Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. ?Morphology studies the minimal units of meaning – morphemes and word-formation processes. ?Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences. ?Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is concerned with both meanings of words as lexical items and levels of language below the word and above it. ?Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. It concerned with the way language is used to communicate rather than with the way language is structured. 6.Important distinctions in linguistics 1)Descriptive vs. prescriptive For example, ―Don’t say X.‖ is a prescriptive command; ―People don’t say X.‖ is a descriptive statement. The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.Lyons 2)Synchronic vs. diachronic A synchronic study takes a fixed instant (usually at present) as its point of observation. Saussure’s diachronic description is the study of a language through the course of its history. E.g. a study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time would be synchronic, and a study of the changes English has undergone since then would be a diachronic study. 3)Langue & parole langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances). Saussure 4)Competence and performance According to Chomsky,a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called the linguistic competence, and the actual use of language in concrete situations is called performance. Competence 7.consonant is produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede, or

胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题及典型题详解(第二语言和外语教学)【圣才出品】

第11章第二语言和外语教学 11.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. The relation between linguistics and language teaching 语言学与语言教学之间的关系 2. Grammar, input and language learning 语法、输入与语言学习 3. Interlanguage in language teaching 语言教学中的中介语 4. Linguistics and syllabus design 语言学与教学大纲设计 5. Contrastive analysis and error analysis 对比分析与错误分析 6. Corpus linguistics and language teaching 语料库语言学与语言教学 常考考点： 语言学与语言教学的关系；语言学与语言学习；语言学与教学大纲设计；二语学习者的主要障碍；对比分析与错误分析；中介语；语料库语言学与语言教学等。

本章内容索引： I. Definition of Applied Linguistics II. The Relation between Linguistics and Language Teaching III. Linguistics and Language Learning 1. Grammar and Language Learning 2. Input and Language Learning 3. Interlanguage in Language Learning IV. Linguistics and Language T eaching 1. The discourse-based view of language teaching 2. The universal grammar (UG) and language teaching V. Syllabus Design 1. Syllabus and curriculum 2. Theoretical views behind syllabus design 3. Types of syllabus (1) The structural syllabus (2) The situational syllabus (3) The communicative syllabus (4) The task-based syllabus 4. Current trends in syllabus design (1) The co-existence of the old and the new (2) The emphasis on the learning process

英语语言学教程(胡壮麟版).

英语语言学教程（胡壮麟版） Chapter one. Invitation to Linguistic. 1.What is language? “Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a work (like “book”) and the object it refers to. This explains and is explained by the fact that different languages have different “books”: “book” in English, “livre” in French, “shu” in Ch inese. It is symbolic, because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak (and listen) before they write (and read) also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written. The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 2.Design Features of Language. “Design features” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability (1)Arbitrariness: By “arbitrariness”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. (2)Duality: The property of having two levels of structures (phonological and grammatical), units of the primary level being composed of elements of the secondary level and each level having its own principles of organization. (3)Productivity: Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation. The property that enables native speakers to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of utterances, including utterances that they have never previously encountered. (4)Displacement: “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. (5)Cultural transmission: This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. (6)Interchangeability: Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 3.Functions of Language. Language has at least seven functions: phatic, directive, Informative, interrogative, expressive, evocative and performative. (1)Phatic function: The “phatic function” refers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts (rather than for exchanging information or ideas). Greetings, farewells, and comments on the weather in English and on clothing in Chinese all serve this function. (2)Directive function: The “directive function” means that language may be used to get the hearer

胡壮麟语言学复习及答案

胡壮麟语言学复习及答案 Chapter I In troducti on I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1.Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of Ian guage. 2.L in guistics studies particular Ian guage, not Ian guages in gen eral. 3.A scie ntific study of Ian guage is based on what the lin guist thi nks. 4.In the study of lin guistics, hypotheses formed should be based on Ian guage facts and checked aga inst the observed facts. 5.Gen eral li nguistics is gen erally the study of Ian guage as a whole. 6.General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic con cepts, theories, descripti ons, models and methods applicable in any lin guistic study. 7.Phon etics is differe nt from phono logy in that the latter studies the comb in ati ons of the sounds to con vey meaning in com muni cati on. 8.Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meanin gful senten ces. 9.The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10.Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the comb in ati on of morphemes into words and words into senten ces. 11.The study of meaning in Ian guage is known as sema ntics. 12.Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13.Pragmatics is differe nt from sema ntics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolati on, but in con text. 14.Social cha nges can ofte n bring about Ian guage cha nges. 15.Sociolinguistics is the study of Ianguage in relation to society. 16.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17.Moder n lin guistics is differe nt from traditi onal grammar. 18. A diachronic study of Ianguage is the description of Ianguage at some point in time. 19 Modern linguistics regards the written Ianguage as primary, not the written Ian guage. 20.The disti ncti on betwee n compete nee and performa nee was proposed by F. de Saussure. II.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the

胡壮麟语言学教程第二章专业术语解释

2. Articulatory phonetics发音语言学: the study of production of speechsounds.研究语言的发生 phonetics声学语言学：is the study of physical properties of speech sounds.研究语音的物质特征 or Auditory phonetics感知语音学或听觉语音学：is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.研究语音的感知 音系学is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.研究各种语言的语音模式和语音系统 6. IPA国际音标表: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet 变音符:are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of change in their pronunciation.是与元音或辅音符号结合使用的一些附加符号或记号，用于表示元音或辅音在发音上的微小变化 辅音: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.声道紧闭，或声道变窄的程度达到无法 9. Vowl元音:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.气流可以相对不受阻碍的从口腔或鼻腔中排出 排出，一旦排出就会产生可闻的摩擦，这样发生的音叫辅音 10. Coarticulation协同发音: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are

英语语言学教程胡壮麟版

英语语言学教程(胡壮麟版) Chapter one. Invitation to Linguistic. 1. What is language? “ Languageis system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a work (like “book”) and the object it refers to. This explains a is explained by the fact that different languages have different “ books ”“:book ”in English, “ livre in” French, “shu” ii n eCseh. It is symbolic, because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak (and listen) before they write (and read) also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written. The term “ human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 2. Design Features of Language. “ Design features ” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability (1) Arbitrariness: By “ arbitrariness ”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. (2) Duality: The property of having two levels of structures (phonological and grammatical), units of the primary level being composed of elements of the secondary level and each level having its own principles of organization. (3) Productivity: Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one?s native language, including those that has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation. The property that enables native speakers to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of utterances, including utterances that they have never previously encountered. (4) Displacement: “ Displacement ”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. (5) Cultural transmission: This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. (6) Interchangeability: Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 3. Functions of Language. Language has at least seven functions: phatic, directive, Informative, interrogative, expressive, evocative and performative. (1) Phatic function: The “ phaticfunction r”efers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts (rather than for exchanging information or ideas). Greetings, farewells, and comments on the weather in English and on clothing in Chinese all serve this function. (2) Directive function: The “ directive function ”thamt laenagnusage may be used to get the hearer to do something. Most imperative sentences perform this function, e. g., “Tell me the res you finish. ” (3) Informative function: Language serves an “ informational function ”when used to tell something, characterized by the use of declarative sentences. Informative statements are often labeled as true (truth) or false (falsehood). (4) Interrogative function: When language is used to obtain information, it serves an “ interrogat