法英课件重要内容整理

法英课件重要内容整理

1. Which organization drafted the CISG, UNIDROIT or UNCITRAL?

2. What’s the main difference between the CISG and the other codes made by the UN?

3. How did the CISG become the U.S. law? adopt / ratify

How to decide “place of business”?

1. Art.1 (2)---- The place of business must be determined on the basis of information revealed in the contract or dealings of the parties prior to the conclusion of the contract, and any inference implying a place of business but having no basis in the contract or any fact unknown to the parties prior to the conclusion of the contract must be disregarded for the purpose of determining the parties' place of business.

2. Art.1 (3)---- The place of business is not determined by the nationality of the parties or the civil or commercial character of the parties or of the contract.

3. Art.10 (a)---- If a party has more than one place of business, the place of business should be the one which has the clo sest relationship to the “contract and its performance”.

4. Art.10 (b)---- If the party does not have a nominal place of business, the “place of business” should be the party’s habitual residence.

FACTS:

(1)Parties

(2)Prior proceedings（诉讼历史）

(3)Theories of the parties (their different claims)

(4)The objectives of parties

(5)Legally significant facts and background facts

relevant rule of law

Reasoning: the application of those rules

the conclusion the court reached

Definition of a contract

A contract is an agreement between competent parties based on the genuine assent of the parties, which is supported by consideration and made for a lawful objective and in the form required by law, if any.

The basic requirements of a valid contract

1. Agreement/genuine assent (a meeting of minds)

2. Valid consideration----mutual promise

3. Formation (offer + acceptance = contract)

4. Legal capacity (competency) of parties to make a contract

5. The legality of purpose or object of contract

6. The form of contract must conform to the legal requirements

Typical contract provisions

?Duties and obligations

?Representations and warranties

?Termination clauses

?Remedy clauses

?Arbitration clauses

What does the CISG govern? What does not? (Art. 4 ,5 & 11)

?Only govern

(1) The form of contract

(2) Formation

(3) The Rights and obligations of the buyer and seller

?Not govern

(1) Validity

(2) The Legal capacity of parties…

(3) The Legality of the contract

Parol evidence rule

(1) Where the parties have entered into a written sales contract that is intended to be the final expression of the parties’ agreement, the written agreement may not be contradicted by any prior agreement or contemporaneous oral agreement (parol evidence).

( Where the sum payable is expressed in words and also in figures, and there is a discrepancy between the two, the sum denoted by the words is the amount payable.)

(2) Function of parol evidence:

a. To clarify an ambiguity

b. To prove additional terms of the agreement

(3) Does the CISG adopt the parol evidence rule?

----No. Under the CISG in deciding the intend of the parties, all related circumstances may be considered, including the negotiations... (Art. 8 CISG)

(4) Does the CISG allow to use parol evidence?

----Yes. Under the CISG courts have wide leeway in using parol evidence in deciding the intend of the parties to a contract.

In common law countries the courts often look to the past dealings of the parties and to trade usages for guidance in interpreting contracts or filling the gaps.

The CISG closely resembles the way trade usages are handled under American law. (Art.9 CISG)

Offer: A proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more specific persons constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offerors to be bound in case of acceptance

What are the basic elements to make an effective offer?

1. a proposal communicated to the offeree

2.the sufficiently definite, specific or detailed proposal

(How can an offer be considered “sufficiently definite”?)

3. the intention of offeror to be bound in case of acceptance

Acceptance is a voluntary act (either words or conduct) by the offeree that shows assent (agreement)to the terms of an offer. The acceptance must be unequivocal and must be communicated to the offeror

?CISG mainly adopts the approach of civil law, but it does absorb some elements of

mailbox rule. Article 16 / Article 18

?An offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before he has dispatched

an acceptance. The offeree’s dispatch of acceptances cuts off the offeror’s right to revoke the offer.

第三十条承诺的内容应当与要约的内容一致。受要约人对要约的内容作出实质性变更的，为新要约。有关合同标的，数量，质量，价款或者报酬，履行期限，履行地点和方式，违约责任和解决争议方法

Article 30The contents of an acceptance shall comply with those of the offer. If the offeree substantially modifies the contents of the offer, it shall constitutes a new offer. The modification relating to the contract object, quality, quantity, price or remuneration, time or place or method of performance, liabilities for breach of contract and the settlement of disputes, etc., shall constitute the substantial modification of an offer

第三十一条承诺对要约内容作出非实质性变更的，除要约人及时表示反对或要约表明承诺不得对要约的内容作出任何变更的以外，该承诺有效，合同的内容以承诺的内容为准Article 31 If the acceptance does not substantially modifies the contents of the offer, it shall be effective, and the contents of the contract shall be subject to those of the acceptance, except as rejected promptly by the offeror or indicated in the offer that an acceptance may not modify the offer at all.

What types of breach of contract are there?

Nonperformance, delayed performance and defective performance

What are the buyer’s remedies for the seller’s breach?

1. Nonperformance

(1) The buyer may avoid the contract and claim damages.

(2) The buyer may ask for specific performance.

(3) The buyer may cover and claim damages.

2. Delayed performance

(1)The buyer may give a grace period.

(2) Although a grace period is given, the seller does not perform within this period. Then the breach is fundamental, the buyer may avoid the contract and claim damages.

3. Defective performance

(1) The buyer may reject the non-conforming goods and ask the seller to deliver conforming goods.

(2) The buyer may ask the seller to repair the non-conformity of goods.

(3) The buyer may reduce the price.

(4) If the former three remedies are not available, the buyer may avoid contract and claim

damages.

What are the seller’s remedies for the buyer’s breach?

1.The seller may grant the buyer a grace period

2.The seller may ask for specific performance, e.g., make payment.

3.The seller may avoid contract and claim damages.

(1) The seller may resell the goods and claim the difference between the contract price and the selling price if the buyer does not take the delivery.

(2) If no resell, the seller may avoid contract and claim damages directly.

Seller’s right to remedy beyond the date for performance—grace period

In the event that the seller has failed to deliver the goods, and the time for their shipment or delivery has passed, what can the parties do to keep their contract? (Art.48)

(1) The buyer can grant the seller extra time to perform the contractual obligations. During this time, the buyer may not avoid the contract or resort to a breach of contract action.

(2) The seller is entitled to ask for additional time to perform if it does not cause the buyer “unreasonable delay” or “unreasonable inconvenience”.

If a seller asks a buyer to agree to an extension of time for delivery and the buyer fails to respond within a reasonable time, the seller may perform within the time requested. (Art.48)

Specific performance under the CISG

(1) Specific performance may be granted only if all of the following conditions are met: (Art.

46)

a. The buyer had not resorted to another remedy;

b. The seller has made non-delivery or delivered seriously nonconforming goods;

c. The buyer gave timely notice to the seller that the goods were nonconforming;

d. The buyer had made a timely request that the seller provide substitute goods.

判断：

T or F

●An offer becomes effective when the offeror dispatches it towards offeree.

●Before the offer reaches the offeree, it can be revoked by the offeror at will.

●An irrevocable offer cannot be withdrawn.

●Even if an offer is irrevocable,it may be withdrawn.

●After an offer reaches the offeree, it’s unlikely to make it invalid.

问题：

?How does the CISG define “accptance”?

?What are basic elements to make a valid acceptance according to the CISG?

?When does the acceptance become effective?

?Whether can an acceptance be withdrawn or revoked?

?can a late acceptance become effective?

?Whether a reply to an offer containing additional or different terms constitutes an

acceptance?

What basic obligations do you presume the seller should take？

In a sale the seller is the party to provide goods. What the seller should do is :

(1) to deliver the goods

(2) to hand over any documents relating to the goods

(3) to transfer the property in the goods

Implied warranties are those warranties that are not expressly given in contract by the seller but are “read into the contract” by the law. That is, they are not writt en in a contract, but are legally taken to be present in the contract

Art. 31---- Place for delivery

Art. 33---- Time for delivery

Art. 34---- The turning over of document

SECTION II Conformity of the goods and third party claims

Art. 35---- Determining conformity

Art. 38---- Time for examining goods

Art. 39---- Notice of defects

Art. 41 / 42----- Third-party claims

(1)Warranty provision on the seller’s obligations under CISG---- Art. 35

A. Art. 35 (1) states that the seller “must deliver goods which are of the quantity, quality and description required by the contract, and which are contained or packaged in the manner required by the contract.”

What is the main difference between the UCC and the CISG in making disclaimers (waivers)?

A.One notable difference between the UCC and the CISG is that U.S. law places the restrictions

on the parties’ ability to limit the implied warranties of the UCC. The CISG has no restrictions in limiting disclaimers. Any form of disclaimer is allowed under the CISG.

B.Under the UCC, if a seller does not want to take some obligations concerning implied

warranties, he may “disclaim” an implied warranty only by using conspicuous, or specified, language to that effect. But there is no requirement to use any particular terms to make the disclaimer under the CISG.

(How to make proper notice?

a. time requirement ---- reasonable / two years

b. content----The notice of nonconformity should specifically and in necessary detail, state how the goods are nonconforming. )

第三十九条

(1)买方对货物不符合同，必须在发现或理应发现不符情形后一段合理时间内通知卖方，说明不符合同情形的性质，否则就丧失声称货物不符合同的权利.

1.Public offer-

Can an offer be addressed to the public (ads)?

Different countries treat “public offer” differently.

(Germany/ the United States/ the CISG)

2.Open price term-

If the proposal is not definite enough, such as, no definite price terms, can it be taken as an

offer?

How to deal with “open price terms” in different countries?

(the U.S./ France/ China/ the CISG—Art.14,Art.55)

3. Effectiveness of an offer

(1) To make a firm offer

---How does the UCC define firm offer?

---How does the CISG define firm offer

(2) To withdraw an offer

---How to withdraw the offer legally?

---Whether an irrevocable offer can be withdrawn?

(3) To revoke an offer

---Suppose an offer has reached the offeree, but the offeror still wants to cancel it. How should he do?

---Under what circumstances can an offer not be revoked?

(4) To terminate an offer

英语教学法教程教案(王蔷)

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纪，由于民族语渗入学校，拉丁语教学法主要为词汇模仿法。先后提出了自觉性原则和直观性原则。这一时期的两大代表人物①惜提哈（ratch1571-163500））②夸美纽斯教学法Conienius(1592_1670) ①德国论点是通过经验与分析去学习一切。认为只从理论途径得到的记忆才是可 靠的。词汇翻译法，自觉对比法，认真教学法。 二、联结性的教学法学派 特点：经验主义的哲学观点；重视外语话语与实物，观念，概念等外部世界与思维的直接联系；侧重口头操练。 自然教学法（绝对排斥本族语的教学法） 直接教学法（自然教学法发展起来的）（一种习惯） 听说教学法 视听教学法 功能教学法（又名意念法，交际法或意念——功能—交际法 三、综合性的教学法学派，来源于直接法与翻译的综合 自觉实践法 折衷法（又是极端） 分阶段教学法 一、语法翻译法(Translation Method) The grammar translation Method(Reading Method ,classical Method ).In China, it is called old method and is probably the most widely known and has been the most widely used of all approaches to language teaching .Although there have been many developments in language teaching, especially in the teaching foreign language ,grammar-translation method in still used today in various forms .And the main drill in translation. The mains features are as the followings. 1.Classes are taught in the mother tongue,with little active use of the target lauguage. 2.Much vocabulary is taught in the form of lists of isofated words. 3.Long elaborate explanations of the intricacies of grammar are given. 4.Little attention explanations of the intricacies of grammar are given. 5.Often the only drills are exercises in translation disconnecfecl sentences from the target language into the mother tongue. 6.little or no attention is given to pronunciation. 希腊文、拉丁文、通过翻译来学习外语。 认为背诵文法规则是学习外语的捷径，使用的课本，开始是孤立的单词和孤立的语法例句，都是从希腊文和拉丁文的名著里摘引出来的。 Advontedges： 1.在外语教学里创建了翻译的教学形式； 2.在外语教学里利用文法、利用学生的理解力，以提高外语教学的效果； 3.着重阅读，着重学习原文或原文文学名著； 4.使用方便。只要教师掌握了外语的基本知识，就可以拿着外语课本教外语，不需要什么教具和设备。 Disadvanfudges： 1.忽视口语教学。在教学里没有抓住语言的本质； 2.忽视语音和语调的教学； 3.过分强调翻译，单纯通过翻译手段教外语，不利于培养学生用外语进行交际的能力，易使学生在使用外语时对翻译有依赖性；

大学英语教学法整理

Communi cative Lan guage Teach ing Language Processing and Production （语言理解和表达） 1. The knowledge involved in Ianguage processing In conclusion, when trying to work out the meaning of a piece of Ianguage or trying to express your own meaning, you n eed to use all the three types of kno wledge: the kno wledge of language（语言知识----语法、词汇、句子）,discourse knowledge （语篇知识），and background knowledge （背景知识）. 语篇教学：女口：----Your phone! ——I'm havi ng a bath. 可以说，语篇教学是对一个词，一个句，一段话的言外之意、相关文化、相关背景的一种 学习。 , ______________________________________________ ) Differe nces Betwee n Oral and Writte n Communi cati on （1）Spoke n Ian guage is simpler tha n writte n Ian guage. （2）Spoke n Ian guage has the lighter lexical den sity. Lexical den sity refers to the nu mber of content words per clause. （3）Writte n Ian guage tends to use nouns in stead of verbs （4）Writi ng is con text in depe ndent, whereas speech is more closely tied to its con text. Some features of spoke n Ian guage: A con tractio n （缩写） A hesitatio n （停顿） A filler ? repetiti on self-correcti on restarted utterance（重新表达） demon strative words （指示词this one, over there, n ear the door） Defin iti on to Communi cative Lan guage Teach ing 1） Classroom goals are focused on all of the components of communicative competence（ form /fun cti on /appropriati on） and not restricted to grammatical and lin guistic compete nee. 2） Form is not the primary framework（syllabus 教学大纟冈）for organizing and sequencing lessons.

英语教学法汇总

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