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汽车行驶记录仪中英文对照外文翻译文献

汽车行驶记录仪中英文对照外文翻译文献
汽车行驶记录仪中英文对照外文翻译文献

汽车行驶记录仪中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

原文:

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRIVING BEHA VIOR

RECORDER AND DRIVING MONITOR RECORDER

Masaru Ueyama

Sumio Ogawa

National Research Institute of Police Science

Hideo Chikasue

Kizuki Muramatu

Yazaki Meter Co., LTD

Japan

ABSTRACT

Afield trial has been carried out using a set of automatic recording system, Driving Monitoring Recorder (DMR) and Accident Data Recorder (ADR) installed on 20 vehicles in a fleet of cars in Tokyo area, in order to assess the implications in driving behavior and accidents. The 38 subjects, who drive the 20 vehicles were monitored during driving by the DMR for one year. Simultaneously, the data in pre-and post accident were recorded by ADR whenever accidents occurred. ln addition, the drivers were examined by a driving aptitude test.

The data by DMR are analyzed focusing on fluency of occurrence of emergency brake operation and/or rapid start performance as representing driving behavior as a trial.

The 23 accident cases including cross accident, rear-end accident, turning accident, are collected by ADR for one year. The accident data are analyzed focusing on environmental

condition in pre- accident stage and driving behavior.

Relationships between driving behavior and accident are proposed as results of data analysis. In particular, the accident mechanisms of specific accidents, in which the subject ranked careless driver involved can be explained in terms of driving behavior, which is determined by his cognition and/or judgment when he is facing specific environmental situations. A set of the automatic recording systems offer very clear benefits to study traffic accident mechanism in particular on the manner of driving immediately before accident,and they will provide hitherto unavailable information in the field of road safety.

1.INTRODUCTION

For the prevention of traffic accidents, it is important to clarify the relationship between the traffic situation immediately before the occurrence of a traffic accident and the characteristics of individual driver. This mutual relationship, however, is so complicated that accident investigations conducted based on conventional investigation techniques and many inspections and studies made to identify the characteristics of drivers have scarcely succeeded in clarifying it.

Driver education requires that information on these key factors leading to a traffic accident be informed to drivers in a concrete and specific manner. In this driver education, however, information on how traffic accidents occur through this complicated mutual relationship between the traffic situation and drivers’ characteristics is provided only briefly and insufficiently; more practical driver education techniques need be developed. The previous report described the effectiveness of the technique of collecting data on the behavior of drivers just before the traffic accidents by using automatic recording Systems.(1),(2) ,(3)

ln the paper, the accident data recorder and driving monitoring recorder are installed on commercial vehicles and collected, and analyzed data. Specifically, the accident data recorder was used to collect physical data at the occurrence of traffic accidents, i.e., the change in speeds, impact acceleration, the state of braking and lighting, etc., just before the traffic accidents and the driving monitoring recorder was used to collect data on the everyday behavior of drivers, i.e., road speed, the frequency of rapid starting and sudden braking, etc. Ln this report, one traffic accident that a certain driver encountered is taken up and the situation in which this traffic accident occurred is analyzed in full detail, focusing on the relationship between the traffic situation and the behavior of this driver. The results of this analysis indicate that they can be used as practical data for driver education. The outline of this analysis is described in the following chapters.

2.AUTMTIC RECORDING SYSTEM

2.1 Accident Data Recorder The accident data recorder (ADR: UDS2156) is the in-car recorder developed by MANNESMANN KIEINZEL which records and stores in memory on speed, longitudinal and lateral acceleration, yaw angle, brake activation (on/off), left and right direction indicators (on/off) , plus six or so on/off channels.(3),(4),(5) While a vehicle is being driven, data, sampled at 5OOH2, is stored in temporary memory where it is continuously analyzed by the accident detection algorithm. When the algorithm recognizes the characteristic features of an accident, the previous 30s and after 15s of data is transferred in coded form to a permanent memory. After data is stored, this recorder stands by, waiting for the next collision. It can record data on the first and second collisions.

2.2 Drive Monitoring Recorder The driving monitoring recorder (DMR: YAZAC-5064)(6) is the in-car safety driving recorder developed by YAZAKI METER Co., Ltd. It was developed as a recorder capable of monitoring the conditions of everyday traveling of vehicles. All other travel

conditions such as running speeds, travel distance etc., are recorded as digital data. The data may be informed an important clue to identify and appreciate the behavior of drivers from view of safety driver.

3.METHOD

3.1 Data Collection

The accident data recorder and driving monitoring recorder were mounted on 20 commercial vehicles. The accident data recorder tracks the vehicles on which it is mounted. On the other hand, the driving monitoring recorder tracks the drivers of these vehicles on which it is mounted. A 20 regular drivers were selected for 6 months, and after 6 months another group of 20 regular drivers were selected as subjects. The actual number of subjects selected this way, however, was 36 for reasons related to the combination of vehicles and drivers. Each subject carries his own identification card; he inserts his card into the driving monitoring recorder each time he gets on a vehicle and pulls the card out when he goes off duty. Each card had a capacity of 65 KB and was withdrawn every two weeks to be integrated into a collection of actual records. Data on all accidents that these 20 vehicles encountered during the twelve-month period were collected. The accident data recorder (ADR) can record data on two traffic accidents that occur successively. To verify whether these two successive traffic accidents are recorded as two successive events in the accident data recorder, it is necessary to check the operating conditions of this recorder. In the experiment, a line of communication was established beforehand so that data on accidents that occurred could be collected immediately After all data were collected, the accident data recorder was automatically set back in service, getting itself ready to handle the next traffic accident.

3.2 Driving Behavior

Figure 1 shows an example of data collected by DMR (This data is from an accident later described in Figure 2). The change in speeds and all other travel conditions are recorded. It is possible to analyze and/or calculate how many times of the speed limit is exceeded, the number of times of rapid starts and sudden braking according to a definition rate.

Based on DMR data collected, the number of times of sudden braking (exceeded by 3.75m/s2), rapid acceleration and starting (exceeded by 3.00m/s2), and the frequency of them per 100 km were analyzed. As an att.empt to assess the driving characteristics of each subject objectively, the safety diagnostic indicators (radar chart) shown in the following were studied.

Specifically, the frequency of sudden braking, rapid starts and hard acceleration, speed distribution, the ratio of travel dist,ance under loaded condition to that under unloaded condition (the loaded condition means traveling with a passenger and the unloaded condition means

traveling without a passenger), economic efficiency, etc., were select,ed as elements for the assessment of driving characteristics. Values of these elements were recorded for all subjects and they also were calculated to obtain average values.

With these averaged values defined as 100, recorded values were plotted to make a radar chart; in other words, data on each individual subject was processed in a way that it could be represented on the basis of specified benchmarks and be plotted as indicators to make a chart as shown in Figure 2. This radar chart allows the identification at firs t sight of how each subject’s driving characteristics differ from the overall average.

Unsafe driving behavior requiring special attention, a much greater frequency of sudden braking, for example, or overall driving characteristics of each subject can be identified by simply viewing the shape of this chart. Detail data analysis is now under consideration.

3.3 Accident Data

A 20 Data obtained by ADR, specifically, data on 13 different cases were analyzed in full detail. Further, in order to identify a mechanism of the traffic accidents based on the results of accident data analysis, we went to the actual site where a traffic accident occurred to verify the road conditions and to make various site surveys. We used data obtained this way to relate it to the driving behavior (speed, the state of acceleration and deceleration, braking, operation of direction indicators, etc.) just before the occurrence of the traffic accident.

4.RESULTS

4.1 Evaluation Driver Behavior Data on the driving behavior of drivers collected with the driving monitoring recorder over a period of about one year were evaluated, focusing attention on the number of times of sudden braking and rapid starts and distance traveled. Table 1 shows the results.

Figure 3 shows the radar chart represented driver behavior on driver A. He is characterized as careless driver because driving behavior with high frequency of rapid braking, start and acceleration.

4.2 AnExample of Traffic Accident Data

Figure 4 shows an example of data ontraffic accidents collected by ADR. The data israw data acquired by the recorder showing thechange in speeds and state of braking duringthe period of 45 seconds just before and afterthe occurrence of traffic accidents. As isevident from this figure, the operation of data storage starts in response to the front-to-back(and side-to-side) impact acceleration which occurred just short of the 30-second point (called a trigger point) along the abscissa axis.

As shown in Figure 4, the change can be verified as follows:(1) The vehicle that caused the traffic accident increased the speed for about four seconds, starting at about 10 km/h, and reached 40 km/h. During all this time, the right direction indicator remained on. As it reached 40 km/h, it slightly decreased the speed for about 2 seconds and continued running by maintaining this decreased speed, and (2) it decreased the speed to about 17 km/h bybraking, and then (3) it increased the speed to about 23 km/h and immediately slowed down by braking. After repeating this cycle of decreasing and increasing the speed twice, it reached the site of the traffic accident. This driving situation can be interpreted as follows:

The driver increased the speed from 10 km/h to 40 km/h while keeping the right direction indicator on, that is, turning the vehicle right. As he reached 40 km per hour, he decreased the speed (about 1.8 m/s2 ) by braking. Then he repeated a cycle of increasing the speed and decreasing speed by braking to reach the target speed of about 30 km/h. This indicates that he was driving carefully.

Under what traffic situation did he drive his vehicle this way? Why did the traffic accident occur though he drove carefully? We analyzed data in more detail to understand the situation just

before the occurrence of the traffic accident as follows:

After the step (3) mentioned earlier, (4) after the vehicle reached approximately 30km/h, it immediately decreased the speed, (5) it again reached about 30 km/h and maintained this speed for approximately 3 seconds.

In Figure 5, data are expanded with the trigger point (0) as the center of expansion. That is, the brake was applied immediately after the vehicle maintained the speed of about 30 km/h for about 2 seconds. At the point about 0.8 second after the brake was applied, the collision occurred.

When this collision occurred, the vehicle’s speed was about 12 km/h. Right after this collision, the wheels were locked and a reading on the speedometer was 0. It is also noted that the driver continued to step on the brakes for 5 seconds after this collision.

It is estimated that the brake was applied a little too late but why? Is it simply the matter of a little slow reaction on the part of the driver? Is it related to this particular traffic situation?

In Figures 6 and 7, the traffic situation of the accident site is shown. The accident site is in the typical downtown area of Tokyo where a narrow one-way road crosses another narrow road. In Figure 6, the route that the vehicle followed right before the occurrence of the accident is shown. This one-way road is used as a detour that allows drivers to enter from the main street (A), go through eight small crossings and get on the main street (B) which leads to the heart of Tokyo about 230 m away from where this one-way road meets the main street (B). In Figure 7, photos of a intersection with traffic lights and the crossing where the accident occurred are shown. The crossing where the accident occurred is the third crossing.

This crossing is the only crossing where the one-way road leading to the main street (B) crosses a two-way road. Considering that this one-way road crosses other one-way roads at all other crossings, this particular crossing is estimated worth special attention.

With reference to data on this traffic accident shown in Figures 4 and 5, the behavior of the vehicle that caused the traffic accident can be analyzed according to Figure 6 as follows:

(1) the vehicle in question running at the speed of about 10 km/h increased the speed just short of the intersection with traffic signal lights of the main street (A). With the right direction indicator turned on, it approached the crossing that had traffic lights. At t,his time, it increased the speed to 40 km/h.

(2) just short of the crossing that had traffic lights, it decreased the speed to about 17 km/h by braking and turned right at the crossing and entered the one-way road (speed limit: 20 km/h). (3) over a distance of about 50 m short of the first crossing, it slightly increased the speed. As it was approaching the crossing, it decreased the speed to about 9 km/h by braking. (4) over a distance of about 30 m short of the second crossing, it increased the speed to 30 kmlh. Just short of the crossing, it decreased the speed to about 15 km/h by braking.

(5) Over a distance of about 30 m short of the third crossing (where the accident occurred), it increased the speed according to the same pattern of driving behavior and approached the crossing. It seemed to decrease the speed as it did when approaching the crossing ment.ioned under (4) above but it actually did not decrease the speed; it kept on traveling at t,he speed of about 30 km/h for about 2 seconds. There is similarity in the behavior described based on each specific distance traveled to each crossing. As Figure 5 indicates, however, after it reached t,he speed of approximately 30 km/h, the brake was applied 1.5 to 2 seconds lat,er when approaching the third crossing (where the accident occurred) than when approaching the first and second crossing. Figure 8 shows the relationship between distances from the point of collision as a base point and speeds at each distance. That is, it is found from Figure 8 that, the speed was increased at the point 10 m short of the point of collision.

5.DISCUSSION

5.1 Accident and Situation

Although data just before the accidents can be collected with the accident data recorder, it is difficult to explain the traffic accident occurrence mechanism unless investigations are pursued to the lev el where the psychological aspect of drivers’ behavior is elucidated. We can safely say that we must further develop the studies in the behavior of drivers through continued effort to collect and analyze data. One thing can be clearly pointed out here: dri vers’ awareness of the traffic situation is closely associated with the occurrence of traffic accidents. In this particular case, the driver knew that all crossings ahead of the crossing where the accident occurred were T-junctions

and that he could drive this distance of about 100 m in a stable smooth manner. Furthermore, it is presumed that still other situation-specific elements affected the driver’s behavior, namely, he could see the status of traffic signals at the entry to the main road from a distance and, therefore, he could possibly adjust his speed to have his vehicle slide into the main road smoothly. All in all, the present study suggests that dat,a collected with the accident data recorder can be used effectively to conduct practical studies in the correlation between the traffic accidents and the traffic situation from various angles.

5.2 Relationship between Data of ADR and DMR

According to data collected by the driving monitoring recorder, this driver who caused the traffic accident is ident lified as being the driver “A” ( shown in Table 1) who practice hard acceleration and rapid starts with much greater frequency than other drivers.

Even greater volumes of data are required to study the relationship between the driving behavior under a normal driving situation and traffic accidents and, at the same time, various studies need be conducted to identify how such volumes of data can be analyzed.

The relation with the conventional driver aptitude test in particular is now listed as one of subjects that require studies. The results of the present study indicate that a high frequency of sudden braking and other types of driving behavior generally considered the factors of ineligibility as a driver can be one of the indexes to identify the characteristics of drivers.

5.3 DMR Data for Safety Education

Data collected with the driving monitoring recorder shows detailed information on individuals’ everyday driving and can possibly be used to point out dangerous ways of driving objectively and improve them.

Four subjects were int.erviewed and results of analysis made on their individual driving data were shown to them. They were advised to improve their driving behavior with respect of two to three driving deficiencies, a greater number of times of sudden braking, for example. Explanations were given as to how the driving monitoring recorder is monitoring their driving behavior at all times and that drivers are required to be well aware of their deficiencies and to have the positive attitude to improve themselves.

The number of driving deficiencies pointed out to each driver is limited to only two or three which may be the limits he can manage to improve at one time. Also such driving deficiencies to be pointed out are limited to the type of behavior that is obviously considered an unsafe driving pattern, such as sudden braking. Also each driver’s attention was called to how different his driving data is from data of other subjects, so that each driver as a subject can have a good understanding of the characteristics of his driving behavior.

If it is possible to acquire data attesting to the possibility to improve the driving behavior of professional drivers by giving such simple instructions, the t.ype of education based on data collected by the driving monitoring recorder will be considered worth notice and a new demonstrative approach to the safety education.

6.CONCLUSION

The present study demonstrates that data before and after the occurrence of a traffic accident can be recorded wit,h the accident data recorder and driving monitoring recorder and that a traffic accident can be reproduced in full detail, including the driving behavior just before the occurrence of a traffic accident. If it becomes possible to relate the results of this close investigation into the cause of a traffic accident to the characteristics of drivers’ everyday driving behavior, this new

approach to the driver education can be an important breakthrough in the prevention of traffic accidents. It is expected that this approach to the driver education based on the effective use of information collected by these automatic recording systems can be a powerful means of practical driver education and can offer convincing clarification on how and why traffic accidents occur through comp licated combinations of drivers’ characteristics and situation-specific factors.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to take this opportunity to express appreciation to Mr. A. Kast to analyze the data of ADR. The authors would also like to thank Mr. T. Ogino and Mr. K. Konishi collecting the data, and to thank Mr. K. Ohba offering some devices.

REFERECE

1) M. Ueyama, M. Koura, H. Tikasue and A. Kast, “Study of Traffic Accident Mechanism with UDS and TAAMS”. JSA&9539941, 37-40, 1995.

2) M. Ueyama “Study of Traffic Accident Mechanism with TAAMS”. 15’m ESV Conference Proceeding, -, 1996.

3) William F. Fincham, A. Kast and R. F. Lamboun, “The Use of a High Resolution Accident Data Recorder in the Field”. SAE 950351,1995.

4) VDO Kienzel GmbH, “A Contrib ution to Road Safety by VDO Kienzle GmbH., 1995. 5) William F. Fincham, “Watching How You Drive”. IEE Review, 97-100, 1996.

6) Yazaki Meter Co., LTD, “Manual of Driving Monitoring Recorder”, by Yazaki Meter Co.,LTD..1995.

驾驶行为与交通事故数据记录仪以及驾驶监测记录仪

之间的关系

摘要

野外试验中已开始使用一套自动记录系统,将监控记录器(DMR )和事故数据记录器(ADR)安装在在东京地区的一个 20辆车的车队的车上,以便评估驾驶行为和事故间牵连的关系在38个实验对象中,驾驶20辆车的驾驶过程将被监控记录器记录一年。同时,该数据每次事故发生前后都会被记录。

此外,这些司机的驾驶能力都要被测试。监控记录仪记录的数据聚焦于流畅运行时发生紧急制动的情况和/或以快速启动性能为代表做试验的驾驶行为。

这23个事故案例包括交叉事故,追尾事故,弯道事故,事故数据记录仪的收集期为一年。本事故数据分析的重点在于事故发生前阶段的环境条件下的驾驶行为。

驾驶行为与事故之间的关系被提出来作为数据分析的结果。特别的,具体事故的发生机制,其中粗心的司机可以排名解释的驾驶行为,这是取决于他的认知和/或判断当他面对的是具体的环境情况。一套自动记录系统提供了非常明确有效的研究特别是在事故机制方式的驱动之前事故,他们将在道路安全领域提供迄

今无法使用的信息。

1.引言

为了预防交通事故,重要的是澄清在发生交通事故前突发交通状况的情况和个别司机的特别情况之间的关系。这之间是相互关联的,然而,它是如此复杂以至于基于传统的调查技术和大量的检查以及对驾驶员特性确认的研究的事故调查几乎没有成功地澄清它。驾驶培训要求包括关键因素的信息能使交通事故在具体的以具体的方式通知司机。在驾驶员的培训中,只提供少量的关于交通事故是如何发生在交通状况与司机特性的复杂关系的信息。更加实用的驾驶培训技术需要进一步发展。之前的报告描述了用自动记录有效收集司机在交通事故发生之前行为的数据的技术。在本文中,事故数据记录仪和驾驶监测记录仪都被安装在商用车并且用于收集和分析数据。具体来说,事故数据记录仪用来收集交通事故发生时的物理数据,即:速度的变化,冲击加速度,制动和照明状况等等。收集这些在交通事故和驾驶监测记录仪被用来收集司机每天的驾驶数据,即,道路速度,快速启动以及突然制动的频率之前。在本报告中,将详细分析某司机发生交通事故的情况,重点分析交通情况与这个司机驾驶的行为之间的关系。分析结果表明,这些可以被用来作为驾驶培训实用的数据。这一分析的要点将在以下章节阐述。

2.自动记录系统

2.1事故数据记录仪

事故数据记录器(ADR:uds2156)是车载型记录仪记录并将速度,纵向和横向加速度,偏航角记录在内存,制动激活(打开/关闭),左、右方向指标(上/下),加上六个左右的开/关渠道。(3),(4),(5)当车辆被发动,数据采样频率为500Hz,存储在临时内存内,临时内存不断分析的事件检测算法。当算法系统识别到事故的某些特性时,前30秒和15秒钟后的数据将以编码形式转换成永久性记忆。在数据存储完后,记录仪将停止等待下一次的碰撞。它可以记录第一、二次碰撞数据。

2.2驱动监测记录仪

驾驶监测记录仪(DMA:YAZAC-5064)(6)是内置的安全驾驶记录器,它是YAZAKI METER股份有限公司研发的。它旨在发明一个可监控日常生活行车的记录仪。所有其他的行车情况像驾驶速度,行驶距离等,都将一数字数据的形式记录下来。这些数据也许可以提供一个重要的信息,用以确定并从安全驾驶的角度上感谢驾驶员的驾车行为。

3.方法

3.1数据采集

事故数据记录仪及驾驶监测记录仪被安装在20辆商务用车上。事故数据记

中英文参考文献格式

中文参考文献格式 参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识: M——专著,C——论文集,N——报纸文章,J——期刊文章,D——学位论文,R——报告,S——标准,P——专利;对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。 参考文献一律置于文末。其格式为: (一)专著 示例 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林:广西师范大学出版社,1989. [2] 马克思恩格斯全集:第1卷[M]. 北京:人民出版社,1956. [3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京:商务印书馆,1997. (二)论文集 示例 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979. [2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选:下册[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979. 凡引专著的页码,加圆括号置于文中序号之后。 (三)报纸文章 示例 [1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报,1998-12-27,(3) (四)期刊文章 示例 [1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报(社会科学版),1995(3). (五)学位论文 示例 [1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京:北京师范大学心理系,1998. (六)报告 示例 [1] 白秀水,刘敢,任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安:陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心,1998. (七)、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释,置于本页地脚,前面用圈码标识。 参考文献的类型 根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定,以单字母标识: M——专著(含古籍中的史、志论著) C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——研究报告 S——标准 P——专利 A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 Z——其他未说明的文献类型 电子文献类型以双字母作为标识: DB——数据库 CP——计算机程序 EB——电子公告

中英文论文对照格式

英文论文APA格式 英文论文一些格式要求与国内期刊有所不同。从学术的角度讲,它更加严谨和科学,并且方便电子系统检索和存档。 版面格式

表格 表格的题目格式与正文相同,靠左边,位于表格的上部。题目前加Table后跟数字,表示此文的第几个表格。 表格主体居中,边框粗细采用0.5磅;表格内文字采用Times New Roman,10磅。 举例: Table 1. The capitals, assets and revenue in listed banks

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