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管理学第9版 练习题 附答案 7

管理学第9版 练习题 附答案 7
管理学第9版 练习题 附答案 7

Chapter 7 Foundations of Planning

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

WHAT IS PLANNING?

1.Planning is concerned with how objectives are to be accomplished, not what is to be accomplished.

2.If a manager refuses to write anything down or share his plans with others in the organization, he is

not truly planning.

WHY DO MANAGERS PLAN?

3.Planning provides direction to managers and nonmanagers alike.

4.Even without planning, departments and individuals always work together, allowing organizations to

move efficiently toward its goals.

5.Research indicates that nonplanning organizations always outperform planning organizations.

HOW DO MANAGERS PLAN?

6.Goals are the foundation of organizational planning.

7.Most businesses have only one objective: to make a profit.

8.Most compan ies’ goals can be classified as either strategic or financial.

9.Strategic goals are related to the financial performance of the organization.

10.An organization’s real goals are often quite irrelevant to what actually goes on.

11.Operational plans specify the details of how the achievement of the overall objectives is to be

obtained.

12.Long term used to mean anything over three years, but now it means anything over one year.

13.Short-term plans are those covering one year or less.

14.Directional plans have clearly defined objectives.

ESTABLISHING GOALS AND DEVELOPING PLANS

15.An integrated network of goals is sometimes called a means-end chain.

16.In MBO, or management by objectives, goals are often less well-defined, giving managers and

employees more flexibility to respond to changing conditions.

17.In a typical MBO program, successful achievement of objectives is reinforced by performance-based

rewards.

18.An MBO program consists of four elements: loose goals, participative decision making, an explicit

time period, and performance feedback.

19.Studies of actual MBO programs find mixed results in terms of its effects on overall employee

performance and organizational productivity.

20.In times of dynamic environmental change, well-defined and precisely developed action plans

enhance organizational performance.

21.A well-designed goal should be measurable and quantifiable.

22.Goals that are too easy to accomplish are not motivating and neither are goals that are not attainable

even with exceptional effort.

23.The second step in goal setting is to determine the goals individually or with input from others.

24.The more the current plans affect future commitments, the longer the time frame for which managers

should plan.

CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN PLANNING

25.Planning is a waste of time in a volatile environment.

26.A major argument against formal plans can’t replace intuition and creativity.

27.It’s not enough for managers just to plan. They have to start setting goals.

28.In today’s dynamic business environment, successful firms recognize that planning is an ongoing

process, not a tablet of rules cast in stone.

29.Managers must be able to follow through with plans even if conditions change.

30.Effective planning in dynamic environments means flattening the organizational hierarchy. MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

For each of the following, choose the answer that most completely answers the question.

WHAT IS PLANNING?

31.Planning involves defining the organization’s goals, establishing an overall strategy for achieving

those goals, and developing a comprehensive set of plans _____________.

a.as to which shift will perform what work functions

b.to determine which manager will be in charge of which department

c.for organizational work activities

d.to establish the quality and quantity of work to be accomplished

32.In informal planning, __________ sharing of goals with others in the organization.

a.everything may be written down, but there is little or no

b.everything is written down, and there is

c.nothing is written down, and there is little or no

d.nothing is written down; therefore management does a lot of

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b18144382.html,rmal planning is _________.

a.performed at the lowest organizational level

b.general and lacks continuity

c.developed in informal meetings at a resort

d.specific and is developed by the middle managers for their department

34.In formal planning, _________.

a.specific goals covering a period of years are defined

b.specific goals are developed and not written

c.general goals are developed and not written

d.general goals covering an unspecified period of years are defined

35.Formal planning involves which of the following aspects?

a.developing general objectives

b.planning for up to one year

c.writing objectives

d.distributing the plan to all managerial employees

WHY DO MANAGERS PLAN?

36.The effect of planning on managers is that it forces them to _______________.

a.react to change

b.consider the impact of change

c.respond indiscriminately

d.develop bureaucratic response models

37.Planning can’t eliminate change. Managers plan in order to ___________.

a.be prepared for when changes in management at the top occurs

b.anticipate changes and develop the most effective response to changes

c.decide what needs to be done when a change in environments happen

d.have the appropriate materials available when the demand for them comes about

38.Planning gives direction, reduces the impact of change, minimizes waste and redundancy, and

__________.

a.establishes the workloads for each of the departments

b.sets the basis used for promotion of individuals within the organization

c.eliminates departments that are not needed within the plan

d.sets the standards used in controlling

39.Studies of performance in organizations that plan have reached ___________.

a.somewhat negative conclusions regarding the benefits of planning

b.generally mixed conclusions regarding the benefits of planning

c.generally negative conclusions regarding the benefits of planning

d.generally positive conclusions regarding the benefits of planning

40.The quality of the planning process and the appropriate implementation of the plans probably

___________.

a.don’t contribute to high performance nearl y as much as the extent of planning

b.contribute more to high performance than does the extent of planning

c.contribute less to high performance than does the extent of planning

d.should be studied more to factually determine which contributes the most

41.In studies in which formal planning did not lead to higher performance, ____________.

a.the external environment often was the culprit

b.management’s execution of the plans was most often the reason for failure

c.employee s’ implementation of the plans was the primary reason for failure

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b18144382.html,ck of communication was most often the reason for failure

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b18144382.html,ernmental regulations, powerful labor unions, and other critical environmental forces constrain

managers’ options and __________the impact of planning on an organization’s pe rformance.

a.reduce

b.increase

c.neutralize

d.don’t affect

HOW DO MANAGERS PLAN?

43.Planning is often called the primary management function because it ____________.

a.offers some basis for future decision making

b.creates the vision for the organizational members to work toward

c.establishes the basis for all the other functions

d.sets the tone for the organizational culture

44.Planning involves two important elements: ___________.

a.goals and decisions

b.goals and plans

c.plans and decisions

d.goals and actions

45.Goals are objectives, __________.

a.and we use the two terms interchangeably

b.but goals are long term, and objectives are short term

c.but goals are used by top management, and objectives are used by first-level management

d.but goals are used in reference to profits, and objectives are used in reference to production

output

46.Plans are documents that outline how goals are going to be met and ___________.

a.define which department has what responsibilities needed to accomplish the goals

b.tell what materials and processes are necessary to fulfill the goals

c.identify how much capital is required to complete the goals

d.describe resource allocations, schedules, and other necessary actions to accomplish the goals

47.__________ can evaluate whether an organization is successful.

a. A goal is the only measure that

b.No single measure

c.Plans are also a measure that

d.Stakeholders are the only groups that

48.When managers emphasize one goal, they ___________.

a.assure that the one goal will be accomplished even above the established level

b.ignore other goals that must also be reached if long-term success is to achieved

c.make the goal easier to be accomplished by all organizational members

d.deny the organizational members the opportunity to grow and develop

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b18144382.html,ing a single objective can result in unethical practices because managers ____________.

a.want to satisfy the stockholders of the organization

b.will manipulate the outcomes reported to assure that the one objective is achieved

c.will ignore other important parts of their jobs in order to look good on that one measure

d.will use overtime to accomplish that single objective without reporting it

50.Official statements of what an organization says and what it wants its various stakeholders to believe

are referred to as ___________.

a.real goals

b.stated goals

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b18144382.html,mitted goals

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b18144382.html,prehensive goals

51. The conflict in stated goals exists because organizations respond to a variety of _______________.

a.stakeholders

b.external environments

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b18144382.html,ernmental regulations

d.stockholders

52.Which of the following is true concerning an organization’s stated objectives?

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b18144382.html,anizations issue identical objectives to all constituents.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b18144382.html,anizations typically have internal and external sets of objectives.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b18144382.html,anizations may issue different objectives to stockholders, customers, employees, and the

public.

d.Stated objectives are usually in line with short-term actions.

53.What should a person do to understand what the real objectives of the organization are?

a.observe organizational member s’ actions

b.attend a stockholders’ annual meeting

c.read their annual report

d.watch television news reports

54.The most common ways to describe organizational plans are by their frequency of use, time frame,

specificity, and ___________.

a.quantifiability

b.flexibility

c.breadth

d.attainability

55.When we categorize plans as being directional versus specific, we are categorizing them by

____________.

a.breadth

b.specificity

c.frequency of use

d.depth

56.When we categorize plans as being single-use versus standing, we categorize them by ____________.

a.breadth

b.specificity

c.frequency of use

d.time frame

57.Strat egic plans are plans that apply to the entire organization, establish the organization’s overall

goals, and ____________.

a.guide the organization toward maximizing organizational profits for the stockholders

b.attempt to satisfy all government regulations while maximizing profits

c.satisfy the organization’s stakeholders

d.seek to position the organization in terms of its environment

58.Operational plans specify the details of ___________.

a.what department performs which functional process to accomplish the goals

b.what materials are required for which product being produced

c.when each product model is to be produced

d.how the overall goals are to be achieved

59.Strategic plans tend to cover a longer period of time than operational goals and also _____________.

a.cover a more narrow view of the organization

b.cover the financial projections of the planning period

c.cover a broader view of the organization

d.include an estimate of the profits that the stockholder can anticipate as dividends

60.Strategic plans include the formulation of goals, whereas operational plans define ways to

_____________.

a.maximize the organization’s profits

b.achieve the goals

c.minimize the number of employees that have to be laid off in hard times

d.provide the most efficient methods of production

61.As organizational environments have become more uncertain, ____________.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b18144382.html,anizations are having to make longer term plans

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b18144382.html,anizations have to resist the uncertainties to keep the plans moving toward the objectives

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b18144382.html,anizations have to request that the government pass more legislation restricting the amount of

uncertainty

d.the definition of long term has changed

62.Specific plans are clearly defined and ____________.

a.allow managers to their interpret “flexibility” on their own

b.leave no room for interpretation

c.give the managers authority to interpret the plans for their area of responsibility

d.keep the stakeholders informed of the organization’s objectives

63.A state legislative plan that calls for a 2.45 percent increase in tobacco sales tax for the next 2 years

would be considered what type of plan?

a.strategic

b.operational

c.specific

d.directional

64.Directional plans _____________.

a.have clearly defined objectives

b.identify general guidelines

c.meet the needs of a unique situation

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b18144382.html,st for 3–5 years

65.The flexibility inherent in directional plans must be weighed against the _____________.

a.gain of a shorter planning period by specific plans

b.gain of a longer planning provided by specific plans

c.loss of clarity provided by specific plans

d.loss of a shorter planning period by specific plans

66.__________ is a one-time plan specifically designed to meet the needs of a unique situation.

a. A multipurpose plan

b. A strategic plan

c.An operational plan

d. A single-use plan

67.Standing plans are ongoing plans that provide ____________.

a.general directions of how to accomplish an identifiable task

b.stakeholders with identifiable goals that the organization will always strive to achieve

c.the stockholders with identifiable goals that the organization will always strive to achieve

d.guidance for activities performed repeatedly

68.A city’s policy concerning skateboarding on downtown sidewalks that provides guidance for police

action would be considered what type of plan?

a.standing

b.contingency

c.directional

d.single-use

ESTABLISHING GOALS AND DEVELOPING PLANS

69.Goals provide the direction for all management decisions and actions and form the _____________.

a.profit basis that the organizations will accomplish for stockholders

b.desired outcomes that the organizational members will achieve

c.basis for the sharing of profits with the employees at the end

d.criteria against which actual accomplishments are measured

70.With traditional goal setting, the goals are set at the top level of management and _____________.

a.then they become the responsibility of first-line management to achieve the goals

b.then they are broken down into subgoals for each level of the organization

c.all the efforts to achieve the goals are directed by top management to ensure that they are

achieved

d.then they are delegated to the next lower level to be achieved

71.With traditional goal setting, the assumption is that _______________.

a.top managers know what is best because they see the “big picture”

b.top managers are unfamiliar with setting goals, so lower-level managers are assigned to do the

task

c.lower-level managers understand more of what needs to be accomplished

d.lower-level managers are incapable of setting goals

72.With traditional goal setting, employees’ work efforts at their respective levels and work areas are

geared to meet the goals ___________.

a.so that the top management will be retained in their position

b.so that their immediate supervisors will be retained in their position

c.that have been assigned in their specific areas of responsibility

d.within the shortest amount of time possible

73.What happens to traditional goals as they make their way down from top management to lower levels?

a.They lose clarity and unity.

b.They unite the workforce.

c.Lower-level managers must continually revise and correct them.

d.They purposely remain vague and nonspecific.

74. When the hierarchy of organizational goals is clearly defined, it forms a ____________.

a.hierarchical-link chain

b.means-ends chain

c.weakest-link chain

d.level-level chain

75.Management by objectives (MBO) is a management system in which the first steps are setting

specific performance goals that are _____________.

a.established that can be easily accomplished

b.jointly determined by employees and their managers

c.determined by top management with clarity so that the objectives are clear to even the most

incompetent employee

d.developed in such a manner that the employees are self-directed and do not need supervision

76.What is the first step in a typical MBO program?

a.Major objectives are allocated among divisional and departmental units.

b.Unit managers collaboratively set specific objectives for their units with their managers.

c.The organization’s overall objectives and strategies are formulate

d.

d.Action plans are specified and agreed upon by managers and employees.

77.In the MBO system, ___________.

a.objectives are determined by management

b.goals are only reviewed at the time of completion

c.goals are used as controls

d.progress toward objectives is periodically reviewed

78.One of the potential problems of MBO programs is that ____________.

a.there may be an overemphasis by the employee on accomplishing their goals without regards to

others in the work unit

b.they may be more effective in times of dynamic environmental change

c.employees take goal setting too seriously

d.they encourage filling out paperwork

79.A well-designed goal should be ____________.

a.short and very specific about expected outcomes

b.written in terms of outcomes rather than actions

c.identifiable to even the first-line supervisors

d.specific and within a manageable time frame

80.A well-designed goal should be ____________.

a.discussed at orientation

b.nearly unattainable, so that even if the unit or employee misses their goal, performance is still

very high

c.easy to achieve

d.clear as to a time frame

81.The process of writing goals _______________.

a.forces people to think them through

b.is too time consuming

c.is useless

d.inspires innovative concepts

82.What do written goals become?

a.old and useless

b.inflexible and general

c.visible and tangible

d.personal and collective

83.What is the purpose of an organization called?

a.the organization’s action plan

b.the organization’s mission

c.the organization’s vision

d.the organization’s contingency plan

84.When setting goals, what should a manager do after writing down the goals and communicating

them to all who need to know?

a.determine the goals individually or with input from others

b.evaluate available resources

c.review results and whether goals are met

d.review the organization’s mission

85.Three contingency factors that affect planning are length in the organization, degree of

environmental uncertainty, and ____________.

a.level of future commitments

b.quantity of future commitments

c.frequency of future commitments

d.enforceability of future commitments

86.____________ planning dominates managers’ planning efforts at lower levels of the organization.

a.Strategic

b.Tactical

c.Operational

d.Functional

87.The commitment concept means that plans should extend far enough to meet those commitments

__________.

a.as quickly as possible

b.while the resources are available

c.with the stakeholders and make it appear that the organization is really committed

d.made when the plans were developed

88.Planning for too long or too short a time period _______________.

a.is effective planning

b.is inefficient and ineffective

c.is the concept of commitment

d.depends on the organization

89.As organizations expand and update their computing technology, they are _______________.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b18144382.html,mitted to whatever future expenses are generated by that plan

b.in a state of high environmental uncertainty

c.in a state of low environmental uncertainty

d.relying on lower level management to do the planning

90.How an organization plans can be best understood by looking at ____________.

a.the goals set out by the organization’s planners

b.who does the planning

c.the flexibility of the organization’s plans

d.the priority of the goals

91.In the traditional approach to planning, planning was done entirely by top-level managers who were

often assisted by ____________.

a.business level managers

b.functional level managers

c. a mixture of managers from the line, functional, and business level

d. a group of planning specialists

92.What is defined as a group of planning specialists whose sole responsibility was helping to write the

various organizational plans?

a.traditional planning specialists

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b18144382.html,anizational planning department

c.formal planning department

d.mission writers

93.When can the traditional top-down approach to planning be effective?

a.only if the documents look impressive

b.only if the documents are prepared for the corporate planning staff

c.only if the planning involves lower level management

d.only if managers understand that they must create usable documents that members actually use

94.When organizational members are more actively involved in planning, they see that the plans

____________.

a.are not as important as management makes them out to be

b.are how the company is going to be judged by the stockholders

c.are more than just something written down on paper

d.stated to stakeholders are the real plans that the organization desires to achieve CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN PLANNING

95.Managers who continue to do the things required to achieve the original goals of a plan

_______________.

a.are following their intuition

b.are demonstrating their ability to follow a flexible and specific plan

c.are acting responsibly

d.may not be able to cope with a changed environment

96.What is a frequently cited criticism of formal planning?

a.P lans can’t be developed for a dynamic envir onment.

b.Formal planning is too time consuming, given the dynamism in modern business

environments.

c.Formal planning creates extra, often redundant levels of hierarchy within the organization.

d.Formal planning works well only for large, diversified companies.

97. Successful organizations are typically the result of what?

a.flexibility

b.formal planning efforts

c.innovative vision

d.mechanical analysis

98.Visions have a tendency to _______________ as they evolve.

a.become formalized

b.fail

c.generate more creativity

d.trap employees in a certain mindset

99.Formal planning focuses managers’ attention on what?

a.the changing future

b.today’s competition

c.tomorrow’s survival

d.yesterday’s successes and failures

100.What argument against formal planning indicates that confidence in a plan is dangerous?

a.Just planning isn’t enough.

b.Formal planning reinforces success, which may lead to failure.

c.Planning may create rigidity.

d.Plans cannot be developed for a dynamic environment.

101.A wireless networking technology called Wi-Fi that links together information devices is __________.

a.revolutionizing all kinds of industries

b.making organizational planning much easier

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b18144382.html,plicating the planning process, but will be improving communications

d.an integral component of planning for the Fortune 500 companies

102.In an uncertain environment, managers want to develop _________ plans.

a.general and flexible

b.specific but flexible

c.formal

d.contingency

103. Formal plans serve as a roadmap although the destination may be changing constantly due to _______________.

a.dynamic market conditions

b.political changes

c.management changes

d.employment makeup

104.It is __________ formal planning efforts when the environment is highly uncertain.

a.not as important to continue

b.important to switch to directional planning and cease

c.necessary to cease

d.important to continue

105.Why does the persistence in planning efforts contribute to significant performance improvement?

a.After so many tries, managers have to hit on a success.

b.If managers wear down the employees enough, their performance will improve.

c.The quality of managers’ planning improves when they continue to do it.

d.Managers discover that their focus should be on the future instead of present.

106.The organizational hierarchy becomes flattened as the responsibility for establishing goals and developing plans is ____________.

a.moved to the middle organizational levels

b.shoved to the lowest organizational levels

c.shifted to a formal planning department

d.more the work of the financial department

SCENARIO QUESTIONS

For each of the following, choose the answer that most completely answers the question.

WHAT IS PLANNING?

It’s Academic (Scenario)

You are the academic dean for a small liberal arts college. The university president has asked you to develop a plan for the college. He wants the plan to cover the next 5 years. He wants it to be as specific as possible, but it should leave some room for flexibility.

107.Because your plan will have specific objectives covering a period of 5 years along with specific action plans for achieving of these objectives, your plan could best be described as ______________.

a.contractual

b.formal

c.defined

d.standard

WHY DO MANAGERS PLAN?

It’s Academic (Scenario)

You are the academic dean for a small liberal arts college. The university president has asked you to develop a plan for the college. He wants the plan to cover the next 5 years. He wants it to be as specific as possible, but it should leave some room for flexibility.

108.The president has expressed concern regarding the impact of planning on the ability of the organizational to respond to emerging changes in the higher education environment, such as distance learning and corporate universities. You should tell the president that planning _______________.

a.forces managers to look at the present

b.forces managers to anticipate change

c.eliminates the consideration of the impact of change

d.increases uncertainty

HOW DO MANAGERS PLAN?

Retail Planning (Scenario)

Mr. Tyler Nall is president and CEO of a retail chain that is about to begin operations in numerous major cities across the United States. The stores will sell home furnishings that are considered moderately priced for the average-income buyer. During the last few months he has been working to lay out directions for the managers of the stores. Mr. Nall and his vice presidents have decided that each store should have sales equal to or greater than $100 per square foot, per day. To attract an adequate number of customers, the store should be well maintained both inside and out.

109.The primary task that Mr. Nall and the vice presidents have been performing during the last couple of months is known as ____________.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b18144382.html,ying out ideas

b.making plans

c.establishing networks

d.designing the stores

110.The statement that each store should have sales equal to or greater than $100 per square foot, per day is an example of ___________.

a. a specific plan

b. a directional plan

c. a goal

d.management by objectives

111.Because the environmental conditions in which home furnishing stores operate are generally stable, the statements intended to attract customers would most likely be considered

to be ___________.

a.operational plans

b.specific plans

c.directional plans

d.strategic plans

112.The statement that all stores should be well maintained both inside and out is an example of

a _________.

a.directional plan

b.specific plan

c.stated goal

d.real goal

A Business Plan (Scenario)

Imagine that you are the owner of a small company that sells typewriters, business equipment, and computer hardware. You employ about 40 people. You know that the organization needs to move in a different direction, and you want to set some long-term goals for the company. You want to write a plan that will cover the next 3 years only, knowing that business needs change somewhat frequently. Your goal is to write a plan that provides direction but does not contain extremely well-defined, potentially restrictive objectives.

113.The fact that your plan covers 3 years suggests that your plan is most consistent with what type of plan?

a.specific

b.long term

c.operational

d.strategic

114.Your plan will cover the entire organization. This characteristic is most consistent with what type of plan?

a.specific

b.long term

c.standard

d.strategic

E-Biz Dreams (Scenario)

Robert Downs has just completed a Master of Science degree in computer science at Major State University. He now wants to begin a new Internet business selling his services as a Web site maker for companies in his home city, St. Louis. He estimates that, if his business idea is a success, within 1 year he will be employing at a minimum 10 programmers and 2 analysts.

115.To make his business successful, Robert will first have to develop what type of plan?

a.operational

b.specific

c.directional

d.strategic

116. To clarify how the overall goals are to be achieved, Robert will have to develop a(n) _______________.

a.operational plan

b.specific plan

c.directional plan

d.strategic plan

117.To ensure that the organization’s objectives are clearly defined and do not leave room for interpretation, he will have to develop what type of plan?

a.operational

b.specific

c.directional

d.strategic

118.To provide the programmers and analysts general guidelines about the efficiencies that are desired, he will have to develop what type of plan?

a.operational

b.specific

c.directional

d.strategic

Retail Planning (Scenario 2)

Mr. Tyler Nall is president and CEO of a retail chain that is about to begin operations in numerous major cities across the United States. The stores will sell home furnishings that are considered moderately

priced for the average-income buyer. During the last few months he has been working to lay out directions for the managers of the stores. Mr. Nall and his vice presidents have decided that each store should have sales equal to or greater than $100 per square foot, per day.

119.Mr. Nall’s goal for each store of $100 per square foot, per day has several of the characteristics of a well-designed goal. First, it is written in terms of outcomes and not actions. Second, this goal is measurable and quantifiable. What else can Mr. Nall do to improve the design of this goal?

a.specify a time frame for achieving this goal

b.ensure that the goal is attainable

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b18144382.html,municate this goal to every single employee of the organization

d.make certain it will be achieved easily

120. When setting goals for the plan, what should Mr. Nall do after he evaluates available resources?

a.review the organization’s mission

b.write down the goals and communicate them to all who need to know

c.review the results and whether goals are being met

d.determine the goals individually or with input from others

ESTABLISHING GOALS AND DEVELOPING PLANS

Planning Factors (Scenario)

As vice president of a local manufacturer, you are interested in developing a new organizational plan. However, you are not sure who you should assign to the varying planning tasks. At the same time, several other issues that could deeply affect your business are pending, including rising interest rates and the potential formation of a new employee union. You must also consider your firm’s contracts with large vendors that extend 5 years into the future.

121.The issues that may deeply impact your business such as rising interest rates, the potential formation of a new employee union, and the firm’s contracts with large vendors, are examples of ___________ factors that affect planning.

a.environmental

b.noncontrollable

c.outside

d.contingency

122.For the most part, you should assign the operational planning activities to ___________.

a.line staff

b.top managers

c.lower-level managers

d.middle managers

123.Which plans should you and other top management members be developing?

a.operational

b.specific

c.overall

d.strategic

A-Z Planning (Scenario)

Organizations ABC and XYZ are both in the same industry and vie for the same set of customers in the marketplace. At ABC, the plans are made at the top level of management each year and then are formulated for and announced to each of the mid-level and first-level managers. At XYZ, the plans are made at the top, and then those managers meet with their subordinates at the next level and mutually agreed-to goals are established with them. The mid-level managers then meet with their first-level managers and mutually agreed-to goals are established with them. Finally, the first-level managers meet with each of their employees and mutually agreed-to goals are established with them.

124.The planning approach used at the ABC organization is _______________.

a.management by objectives

b.directional planning

c.specific planning

d.traditional planning

125.Assuming XYZ’s hierarchy of goals is clearly defined, the result is _________________.

a.unity of command

b. a means-end chain

c.management by objectives

d.formal planning department

126.XYZ also follows a management by objectives (MBO) approach to goal setting. The managers and employees specify and agree upon _______________, which define how

objectives are to be achieved.

a.action plans

b.periodic reviews

c.performance-based rewards

d.objectives and strategies

127.Which organization is more likely to have higher employee performance and organizational productivity?

a.Neither, as they are both in the same industry and facing the same environments.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b18144382.html,anization ABC, because the plans are formulated by management for each level of the

organization.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b18144382.html,anization XYZ, because the employees participated in the planning process and know

specifically what their objectives are.

d.Neither, because the hierarchy of organizational goals is clearly defined at each level.

The State Road 7 Collaborative

The South Florida Regional Planning Council convened a group of stakeholders, including the Florida Department of Transportation and the Department of Community Affairs, who are interested in working together on improving State Road 7. David Dahlstrom is the senior planner for the South Florida Regional Planning Council. Mr. Dahlstrom successfully obtained a technical assistance grant. The intent is to organize the 15 small communities along State Road 7 into an intergovernmental unit. All of the communities will share the same visioning processes of mission, objectives, and tasks. Mr. Dahlstrom is now charged with developing a strategic plan for this group, called the State Road 7 Collaborative. 128.Because of the intergovernmental nature of the State Road 7 Collaborative, Mr. Dahlstrom’s boss suggests that open-ended goals may be preferable, as they offer greater flexibility. Mr. Dahlstrom, a knowledgeable and experienced planner, tells her that ___________.

a. a well-designed goal will also specify a time frame for accomplishment

b. a well-designed goal will also specify a quantifiable measure of accomplishment

c.although open-ended goals may seem preferable because of their flexibility, in fact, goals without

a time frame make an organization less flexible because you’re never sure when you’ve met your

goals

d. a well-designed goal will not be challenging.

129.First, Mr. Dahlstrom must determine the goals he wants to achieve. To do so, he must follow a series of steps for goal setting. The first step in setting goals for this new group should be to ___________.

a.formally establish the organization’s mission

b.evaluate available resources

c.determine the goals individually and then ask for input from others

d.request input from others and then formulate specific goals

130.While each community in the State Road 7 Collaborative maintains its identity and independence, Mr. Dahlstrom believes that the leverage of multi-governmental applications will ultimately secure more major funding in the future. However, due to the intergovernmental nature of the organization, Mr. Dahlstrom, although in charge of the collaborative, wields little direct power over any member community individually. Which contingency factor best represents Mr. Dahlstrom’s situation?

a.level in the organization

b.time frame of future commitments

c.environmental uncertainty

d.measurability of the goal

131. Dahlstrom told the C ollaborative’s members that the more current plans affect future commitments, the longer the time frame is for which managers must plan. This concept is also known as the _________________.

a.first principle of planning

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b18144382.html,mitment concept

c.length of future commitments

d.degree of environmental uncertainty

CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN PLANNING

The Dynamic Environment (Scenario)

A group of shareholders at Company EZ has strongly suggested that the firm update its planning practices to include more participative decision making and greater feedback to employees.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5b18144382.html,pany EZ’s business is technology-related and the environment is very dynamic. Management at Company EZ argues that formal planning _______________.

a.is not as effective in static environments

b.ignores the employees

c.does not guarantee that the employee(s) will remain motivated to achieve the goals, even if they

helped set them

d.foc uses managers’ attention on tomorrow’s survival instead of today’s competition

133.Because the managers at Company EZ work in such an uncertain environment, it is essential that they develop a plan. What will they have to do to plan in such an environment?

a.train their employees in setting goals and establishing plans

b.recognize that their plan must be general

c.be determined to continue with their plan even if the conditions change

d.make their plans as rigid as possible

ESSAY QUESTIONS

WHAT IS PLANNING?

134.In a short essay, define planning and discuss the characteristics of formal versus informal planning as it is used in various organizations.

WHY DO MANAGERS PLAN?

135.In a short essay, list and discuss the four reasons for planning.

HOW DO MANAGERS PLAN?

136.In a short essay, define the following types of plans: strategic plans, operational plans, long-term plans, short-term plans, specific plans, directional plans, single-use plans, and standing plans. ESTABLISHING GOALS AND DEVELOPING PLANS

137.In a short essay, define management by objectives (MBO) and list four elements of this type of goal setting. What are some problems associated with this approach?

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