斯蒂芬·威廉森-宏观经济学第五版答案chapter5
Chapter 5
A Closed-Economy One-Period
Macroeconomic Model
?Teaching Goals
There are three key points to be learned from this chapter. The first point is that when we allow the consumers and firms that we studied in Chapter 4 to interact with each other and with the government, the economy is able to achieve equilibrium through price adjustment. In this particular case, the “price” is the relative price of leisure, the real wage. The second important point is that the equilibrium that markets settle upon is a favorable one, in the sense of Pareto optimality. This point is in keeping with Adam Smith’s notion that the “invisible hand” of self-interested individuals, meeting in a competitive market, can work for the common good. The third point is that we can directly discover the equilibrium position of a market economy by solving an economic planner problem. Although students may find this point to be somewhat arcane, stress the point that it will be much simpler to solve problems (e.g., exam problems) by working with a planner problem as opposed to directly solving general equilibrium problems. The students, however, need to be aware when this solution method is not applicable. The section about the Laffer curve is a good way to show when social and private optima do not coincide.
Once students have mastered the mechanics of the model, the two problems for which this model is best suited are the analyses of changes in government spending and total factor productivity. In working these problems, stress the applicability of these results to historical applications and as a guide to understanding current events.
A key tactic of the textbook’s approach is the critical assessment of the usefulness and credibility of competing models. Therefore, it is important to stress the extent to which models fit the facts. Does this model fit the facts of long-run growth? Does this model fit the facts of the typical business cycle? These kinds of questions come up again and again in the course of macroeconomic study. Stress again and again that scientific study needs to relate to observations, in our case the stylized facts of Chapter 2.
?Classroom Discussion Topics
An alternative approach to this material is to start with the example of Robinson Crusoe (or Castaway, Gilligan’s Island, etc.). Does an isolated individual have any economic choices? What would guide these choices? Would you rather be on an island with a more plentiful food supply? A pure income effect can then be presented in the form of extra food (or a volleyball) washing up on shore, or in the form of “pirates” (government?) demanding tribute. An increase in total factor productivity can be in the form of obtaining a fishing net or a ladder to climb coconut trees. A change in capital can be the consequence of a hurricane, etc. The next step would be to ask the students about the likely consequences of additional individuals on the island. If they are all identical, and there are no economies to team production, will there be any reason for markets to exist? Could a market improve things? How and why? Typically, markets improve things only
Chapter 5 A Closed-Economy One-Period Macroeconomic Model 39 to the extent that people are different. However, these types of differences are what we are willing to
ignore when we adopt the fiction of a representative consumer.
Outline
I. Competitive Equilibrium
A. A One-Period Model
1. No Borrowing or Lending
2. G = T
B. Equilibrium Modeling
1. Endogenous Variables
2. Exogenous Variables
3. Hypothetical Experiments
C. Properties of a Competitive Equilibrium
1. Representative Consumer Maximizes Utility Subject to Budget Constraint
2. Representative Firm Maximizes Profits
3. Markets Clear
4. Government Budget Constraint Satisfied
5. ,,l C l C
N w MRS MRT MP === II. Optimality
A. Pareto Optimality
B. Welfare Theorems
1. 1st Theorem: A Competitive Equilibrium Can Be Pareto Optimal
2. 2nd Theorem: A Pareto Optimum Can Be a Competitive Equilibrium
C. Inefficiencies
1. Externalities
2. Distorting Taxes
3. Monopoly Power
D. Using the Second Theorem
1. Pareto Optima Are Easier to Identify
2. Effects of Disturbances on Pareto Optima
III. Effects of an Increase in Government Spending
A. Impact Effect
1. Parallel Downward Shift in PPF
2. Pure Income Effect
B. Equilibrium Effects
1. Reduced Consumption
2. Reduced Leisure and Increased Hours of Work
3. Increased Output
4. Lower Real Wage
C. Crowding-Out
D. Government Spending a Source of Business Cycles?
40 Williamson ? Macroeconomics, Fifth Edition
1. Government Spending Shocks Wrongly Predict Countercyclical Consumption
2. Government Spending Shocks Wrongly Predict Countercyclical Real Wages
IV. Effects of an Increase in Total Factor Productivity
A. Impact Effect
1. Upward Shift in PPF
2. Steeper PPF
3. Income and Substitution Effects
B. Equilibrium Effects
1. Increased Consumption
2. Leisure and Hours Worked May Rise or Fall
3. Increased Output
4. Higher Real Wage
C. Productivity and Long-Run Growth
1. Consumption Grows over Time
2. Hours Worked Remain about Constant
3. Output Increases over Time
4. Real Wages Rise over Time
D. Productivity as Source of Business Cycles?
1. Consumption Is Procyclical
2. Cyclical Properties of Hours Worked
a. Procyclical Hours Worked Is a Business Cycle Fact
b. Need Strong Substitution Effect to Predict Procyclical Hours
c. Intertemporal Substitution of Leisure
3. Increased Output Defines the Cycle
4. Procyclical Real Wage Rate
V. Income Tax Revenue and the Laffer Curve
A. Tax Revenue
1. The Tax Base Depends on the Proportional Tax Rate
2. The Laffer Curve Measures Tax Revenue as a Function of the Tax Rate
3. Unless the Tax Rate Is Optimal, Two Tax Rates Yield the Same Tax Revenue
4. Supply-Side Economists Claim the U.S. Economy Is at the Bad Tax Rate
5. Empirical Evidence Tends to Prove Supply-Side Economists Wrong
VI. A Model of Public Goods: How Large Should the Government Be?
A. Effects of higher GDP on optimal government spending.
B. Better government technology: what happens to optimal government spending and private spending?
Chapter 5 A Closed-Economy One-Period Macroeconomic Model 41 Solutions to End-of-Chapter Problems
1. Although we often think about the negative externalities of congestion and pollution in cities, there
may also be some positive externalities. A concentrated population is better able to support the arts and professional sports; cities typically have a greater variety of good restaurants, etc. Perhaps a more basic issue is that there may be some increasing returns to scale at low output levels that make
industrial production more costly in small towns. There may also be externalities in production in being located close to other producers. One example would be the financial industry in financial
centers like New York, London, Tokyo, etc. Another example would be large city medical centers that enhance coordination between primary physicians and specialists.
One market test of whether productivity is higher in cities would be to look at the wages in cities versus the wages in smaller towns and rural areas. Wages are often higher in cities for individuals of comparable skills. Market efficiency suggests that the higher wages be reflective of a higher marginal product of labor, and that the higher wages compensate those choosing to live in cities for the
negative externalities that they face.
2. In a one period model, taxes must be exactly equal to government spending. A reduction in taxes is
therefore equivalent to a reduction in government spending. The result is exactly opposite of the case of an increase in government spending that is presented in the text. A reduction in government
spending induces a pure income effect that induces the consumer to consume more and work less. At lower employment, the equilibrium real wage is higher because the marginal product of labor rises when employment falls. Output falls, consumption rises, employment falls and the real wage rises. 3. The only impact effect of this disturbance is to lower the capital stock. Therefore, the production
possibility frontier shifts down and the marginal product of labor falls (PPF is flatter).
(a) The reduction in the capital stock is depicted in the figure below. The economy starts at point A
on PPF1. The reduction in the capital stock shifts the production possibilities frontier to PPF2.
Because PPF2 is flatter, there is a substitution effect that moves the consumer to point D. The
consumer consumes less of the consumption good and consumes more leisure. Less leisure also
means that the consumer works more. Because the production possibilities frontier shifts down,
there is also an income effect. The income effect implies less consumption and less leisure (more work). On net, consumption must fall, but leisure could decrease, remain the same, or increase,
depending on the relative strengths of the income and substitution effect. The real wage must also fall. To see this, we must remember that, in equilibrium, the real wage must equal the marginal
rate of substitution. The substitution effect implies a lower marginal rate of substitution. The
income effect is a parallel shift in the production possibilities frontier. As the income effect
increases the amount of employment, marginal product of labor must fall from point D to
point B. This reinforces the reduction in the marginal rate of substitution from point A to point D.
42 Williamson ? Macroeconomics, Fifth Edition
(b) Changes in the capital stock are not likely candidates for the source of the typical business
cycle. While it is easy to construct examples of precipitous declines in capital, it is more difficult
to imagine sudden increases in the capital stock. The capital stock usually trends upward, and this upward trend is important for economic growth. However, the amount of new capital generated
by a higher level of investment over the course of a few quarters, of a few years, is very small in
comparison to the existing stock of capital. On the other hand, a natural disaster that decreases
the stock of capital implies lower output and consumption, and also implies lower real wages,
which are all features of the typical business cycle contraction.
4. Government Productivity. First consider the benchmark case in which 1,z = and there is no effect of
changes in z on government activities. Now suppose that z increases. This case of an increase in z is depicted in the figure below. The original production possibilities frontier is labeled PPF 1 and the competitive equilibrium is at point A. If the increase in z only affects the economy through the
change in (,),zF K N then the new production possibilities frontier is PPF 2. The diagram shows a case in which the income and substitution effects on leisure exactly cancel out, and the economy
moves to point B. The equation for the production possibilities frontier is (,).C zF K h l T =?? In the benchmark case, T G = and so we have (,).C zF K h l G =?? For this problem, /,T G z = and so the production possibilities frontier is given by (,)/.C zF K h l G z =?? When 1,z = the two PPFs
coincide. When z increases, the vertical intercept of the PPF increases by /.G z ? Therefore, the new PPF is PPF 3 in the figure below. The competitive equilibrium is at point C . There is an additional income effect that provides an additional increase in equilibrium consumption, and a reinforced
income effect that tend to make leisure increase. Therefore, relative to the benchmark case, there is a larger increase in consumption, and either a smaller decrease in leisure or a larger increase in leisure.
Chapter 5 A Closed-Economy One-Period Macroeconomic Model 43
5. Change in preferences.
(a) At the margin, the consumer decides that leisure is more preferred to consumption. That is, the
consumer now requires a bigger increase in consumption to willingly work more (consume less leisure). In more intuitive language, the consumer is lazier.
(b) To work out the effects of this change in tastes, we refer to the figure below. The production
possibility frontier in this example is unchanged. The consumer now picks a new point at which one of the flatter indifference curves is tangent to the production possibilities frontier. That is,
equilibrium will shift from point A to point B. Consumption falls and leisure rises. Therefore, the consumer works less and produces less. Because employment has fallen, it also must be the case that the real wage increases.
44 Williamson ? Macroeconomics, Fifth Edition
(c) This disturbance, which some might characterize as a contagious outbreak of laziness, would
have the appearance of a recession, as output and employment both fall. The consequent
reduction in consumption is also consistent with a typical recession. However, in this case the
real wage would rise, which is inconsistent with the business cycle facts. Therefore, this type of preference change is not a cause of recessions.
6. Production-enhancing aspects of government spending.
(a) The increase in government spending in this example has two separate effects on the production
possibilities frontier. First, the increase in government spending from G1 to G2 implies a parallel downward shift in the production possibilities frontier. Second, the productive nature of
government spending is equivalent to an increase in total factor productivity that shifts the
production possibilities frontier upward and increases its slope. The figure below draws the
original production possibilities frontier as PPF1 and the new production possibilities frontier as PPF2. If the production-enhancing aspects of the increase in government spending are large
enough, representative consumer utility could rise, as in this figure.
Chapter 5 A Closed-Economy One-Period Macroeconomic Model 45
(b) There are three effects at work in this example. First, there is a negative income effect from the
increase in taxes needed to pay for the increased government spending. This effect tends to lower both consumption and leisure. Second, there is a substitution effect due to the productive effect of the increase in G, which is drawn as the movement from point A to point D. This effect tends to increase both consumption and leisure. Third, there is a positive income effect from the increase in G on productivity. This effect tends to increase both consumption and leisure. In the figure above, the movement from point D to point B is the net effect of the two income effects. In
general, consumption may rise or fall, and leisure may rise or fall. The overall effect on output is the same as in any increase in total factor productivity. Output surely rises.
46 Williamson ? Macroeconomics, Fifth Edition
7. (a) If households dedicate a hours to education today, it reduces the hours available for leisure and
work to h?a. The PPF has to start form point (?G, h?a). Graphically, this corresponds to the
figure in the answer of question 6(b). The consequence is thus a reduction in consumption,
leisure, employment, aggregate output, but an increase in the real wage.
(b) In the future, workers will be more efficient, which corresponds to an increase in total factor
productivity. Thus we have the case described in Figure 5.9 of the textbook. There is an increase in future consumption, aggregate output and the real wage. Changes in employment and leisure
are ambiguous.
(c) An increase in education leads to an immediate loss in welfare, as both leisure and consumption
are reduced. But this is compensated by an increase in future consumption, and possibly of
leisure, too. Whether this is worth doing depends on the preferences of households over current
and future utility.
8. We need to analyze each case separately. Start with the good equilibrium. As government expenses
increase, more tax revenue needs to be raised, and thus the tax rate needs to be increased. As shown in the figure below, this tilts down the linear PPF. The new equilibrium leads to a lower indifference
curve. This leads to a negative income effect and a lower wage (remember, it is z(1 ? t)), thus a
substitution effect. The income effect lowers consumption and leisure, the substitution effect
decreases consumption and increases leisure. All in all, consumption is lower and leisure is higher, as we know that the substitution effect dominates the income effect. This means that the labor supply is reduced, and thus equilibrium labor and output.
The story is different in the bad equilibrium. To increase tax revenue, one needs to reduce the tax rate. Then all the changes discussed above are exactly in the opposite direction.
9. We know from previous analysis that an improvement in total factor productivity pushes up the PPF,
and thus leads to an increase in consumption, a decrease in leisure, and thus an increase in the
quantity of labor supplied. This increases the tax base, and thus allows a reduced tax rate to achieve the same tax revenue, or in other words, it pushes the left portion of the Laffer curve to the left. The reduction in the tax rate has then a further impact on the variables of interest: as we saw in question 7, first part with a reversal of all signs: consumption increases even more and leisure decrease yet more, leading to an even higher quantity of labor. All in all, as both labor and total factor productivity
increase, output increases.
Chapter 5 A Closed-Economy One-Period Macroeconomic Model 47 10. a) With perfect substitutes preferences, indifference curves are straight lines with slope –b, where b is the marginal rate of substitution. If b > 1/q, so that the indifference curves are steeper than the PPF, then the optimal choice for the government is G=qY, so that C = 0. Thus if b is relatively large (the consumer cares relatively more about public goods relative to private goods) and q is relatively large (the government is relatively efficient), then all production should be carried on by the government. Alternatively if b < 1/q, then G = 0 and C = Y, so that government is inactive. Thus, if b increases or q increases, this makes it more likely that b > 1/q and we have the first case, where all production comes from the government.
b) With perfect complements, indifference curves are as depicted in Figure 10.1, and the initial equilibrium is at point A. If a increases, then the equilibrium shifts from A to B in Figure 10.2. An increase in a represents a greater preference for private goods relative to public goods, and in Figure 10.2, this results in less public goods and more private consumption in equilibrium. If q increases, this shifts the PPF out as in Figure 10.3, and the equilibrium shifts from A to B. Both C and G increase, driven by income effects.
Figure 10.1
Figure 10.2
48 Williamson ? Macroeconomics, Fifth Edition
Figure 10.3
11. (a) If public goods and private goods are perfect substitutes, then the consumer always chooses C and l so that C = dl , and so given the production possibilities frontier, we must have
C C h G d =?? and so
()1d h G C d ?=+ and 1h G l d ?=
+ Therefore, consumption and leisure both decrease when government spending increases – a pure income
effect.
(b) However, suppose that public goods and private goods are perfect complements. As in part (a), it is always optimal for the consumer to choose C and l so that C = dl. But the consumer faces a tax T = G , and the wage is w=1. So, if the consumer chooses the C = dl and the budget constraint is satisfied, then ()1d h G C d ?=
+ and
1h G l d ?=
+,
just as in part (a). This is the only optimum if
,C aG ≤
or
Chapter 5 A Closed-Economy One-Period Macroeconomic Model 49
(1)dh G a d d ≥++ But, if (1)dh G a d d
≤++ Then, it is optimal for the consumer to choose
C aG = and aG l d
=. In this case, the consumption bundle of the consumer actually lies inside the production possibilities
frontier, and government spending has a Keynesian effect. More government spending implies greater consumption.
宏观经济学试题及答案99694
宏观经济学B卷答案 一、名词解释（10分每小题2分） 1GNP：国民生产总值。某国身份家的公民在一定时期内运用生产要素所能生产的全部最终产品的市场价值。 2、税收乘数：税收增加一个单位所引起的均衡国民收入增加的倍数。 3、货币流动偏好：由于货币具有使用上的灵活性人们宁肯牺牲利息收入来保持财富的心理倾向。 4、LM曲线：货币市场均衡时L m =，此时反映利率r和国民收入y之间对应关系的曲线。 5、扩张性的货币政策：货币当局通过改变货币供给m或利率r等金融杠杆进而使国民收入增加的政策。 二、单项选择（20分每小题2分） 1——5 DDADB 6——10 BBABC 三、简答题（20分每小题5分） 1、在其他条件不变的前提下，如果国家增加政府转移支付，IS曲线将如何移动， 请画图分析并说明理由。 答：在三部门经济中，IS曲线为 1 e g t tr r y d d αβββ ++-+- =-，当其他条 件不变，政府转移支付tr增加时，纵截距 e g t tr d αββ ++-+ 增大，斜率不变， 所以IS曲线向右上方平移。 2、什么是汇率？汇率有几种标价法？并举例说明。 答：汇率是一国货币交换另一国货币的比率。有直接标价法和间接标价法。直接标价法如：1美元=6.19人民币；间接标价法如：1人民币=1/6.19美元。 3、宏观经济政策目标是什么？为达到这些目标可采用的政策工具有哪些？ 宏观经济政策目标包括充分就业、物价稳定、经济增长和国际收支平衡。工具有财政政策和货币政策。财政政策又包括扩张性的财政政策和紧缩性的财政政策。货币政策又包括扩张性的货币政策和紧缩性的货币政策。
宏观经济学试题及答案解析
《宏观经济学》模拟试题及参考答案 第Ⅰ部分模拟试题 一、填空题（每空1分，共10分） 1、平均消费倾向表示与之比。 2、在二部门经济中，均衡的国民收入是和相等时的国民收入。 3、宏观财政政策包括政策和政策。 4、交易余额和预防余额主要取决于，投机余额主要取决于。 5、宏观货币政策的主要内容有调整法定准备金率、、。 1、消费支出、可支配收入。 2、总支出、国民收入。 3、财政支出、财政收入。 4、国民收入、利息率。 5、调整贴现率、在公开市场上买卖政府债券。 二、判断题（下列各题，如果您认为正确，请在题后的括号中打上“√”号，否则请打上“×”号，每题1分，共10分） 1、财政政策的内在稳定器有助于缓和经济的波动。（） 2、从短期来说，当居民的可支配收入为0时，消费支出也为0。（）。 3、消费曲线的斜率等于边际消费倾向。（） 4、当某种商品的价格上涨时，我们就可以说，发生了通货膨胀。（）， 5、投机动机的货币需求是国民收入的递增函数。（） 6、当投资增加时，IS曲线向右移动。（） 7、在IS曲线的右侧，I 宏观经济学试题库 第一单元 一、单项选择题 1、宏观经济学的中心理论是（） A、价格决定理论； B、工资决定理论； C、国民收入决定理论； D、汇率决定理论。 2、表示一国在一定时期内生产的所有最终产品和劳务的市场价值的总量指标是（） A、国民生产总值； B、国内生产总值； C、名义国民生产总值； D、实际国民生产总值。 3、GNP核算中的劳务包括（） A、工人劳动； B、农民劳动； C、工程师劳动； D、保险业服务。 4、实际GDP等于（） A、价格水平除以名义GDP； B、名义GDP除以价格水平； C、名义GDP乘以价格水平； D、价格水平乘以潜在GDP。 5、从国民生产总值减下列项目成为国民生产净值（） A、折旧； B、原材料支出； C、直接税； D、间接税。 6、从国民生产净值减下列项目在为国民收入（） A、折旧； B、原材料支出； C、直接税； D、间接税。 二、判断题 1、国民生产总值中的最终产品是指有形的物质产品。（） 2、今年建成并出售的房屋和去年建成而在今年出售的房屋都应计入今年的国民生产总值。 （） 3、同样的服装，在生产中作为工作服就是中间产品，而在日常生活中穿就是最终产品。 （） 4、国民生产总值一定大于国内生产总值。（） 5、居民购房支出属于个人消费支出。（） 6、从理论上讲，按支出法、收入法和部门法所计算出的国民生产总值是一致的。（） 7、所谓净出口是指出口减进口。（） 8、在三部门经济中如果用支出法来计算，GNP等于消费＋投资＋税收。（） 三、简答题 1、比较实际国民生产总值与名义国民生产总值。 2、比较国民生产总值与人均国民生产总值。 3、为什么住房建筑支出作为投资支出的一部分？ 4、假定A为B提供服务应得报酬400美元，B为A提供服务应得报酬300美元，AB商定相 互抵消300美元，结果A只收B100美元。应如何计入GNP？ 第一单元答案： 一、C、A、D、B、A、D； 二、错、错、对、错、错、对、对、错； 三、1、实际国民生产总值与名义国民生产总值的区别在于计算时所用的价格不同。前者用不变价格，后者用当年价格。两者之间的差别反映了通货膨胀程度。 2、国民生产总值用人口总数除所得出的数值就是人均国民生产总值。前者可以反映一国的综合国力，后者可以反映一国的富裕程度。 3、由于能长期居住，提供服务，它比一般耐用消费品的使用寿命更长，因此把住房的 第一章结论 复习思考题： 1．重要概念：超长期；总供给曲线；实际GDP的趋势线；长期；总需求曲线；产出缺口；中期；菲利普斯曲线；潜在产出；短期；增长率；通货膨胀；增长理论；经济周期；消费价格指数；总供给-总需求模型 2．长期中为什么产出水平只取决于总供给？ 3．短期中为什么产出水平只取决于总需求？ 第二章国民收入核算 复习思考题： 1．重要概念：GDP；GNP；GDP缩减指数；CPI；PPI；生产要素；最终/中间产品；名义GDP/实际GDP；通货膨胀；名义利率/实际利率 2．下列交易的价值是否应当计入国内生产总值（GDP）？为什么？ （1）顾客在饭店支付餐费。 （2）一家公司购买一幢旧楼。 （3）一家供应商向制造个人计算机的公司出售计算机芯片。 （4）一位消费者从交易商手中买进一辆汽车。 3．国内生产总值（GDP）高是否一定意味着福利状况好呢？在评价经济福利状况时还应考虑哪些因素？ 4．.假定某经济社会有A、B、C三个厂商，A厂商年产出5000美元，卖给B、C和消费者。其中B买A 的产出200美元，C买2000美元，其中2800美元卖给消费者。B年产出500美元直接卖给消费者，C年产6000美元，其中3000美元由A买，其余由消费者买。 （1）假定投入在生产中用光，计算价值增加； （2）计算GDP为多少； （3）如果只有C有500美元折旧，计算国民收入。 5．假定GDP是6000美元，个人可支配收入是5100美元，政府预算赤字是200美元，消费是3800美元，外贸赤字是100美元，求： （1）储蓄S是多大； （2）投资I是多大； （3）政府支出是多大？ 第三章增长与积累 复习思考题： 1．重要概念：增长核算方程；柯布－道格拉斯生产函数；趋同；全要素生产率；索洛剩余；新古典增长理论；稳态均衡； 2．索络增长模型能否有助于解释趋同现象？ 第一章宏观经济学导论习题及参考答案 一、习题 1．简释下列概念： 宏观经济学、经济增长、经济周期、失业、充分就业、通货膨胀、GDP、GNP、名义价值、实际价值、流量、存量、萨伊定律、古典宏观经济模型、凯恩斯革命。 2．宏观经济学的创始人是（）。 A．斯密；B．李嘉图； C．凯恩斯；D．萨缪尔森。 3．宏观经济学的中心理论是（）。 A．价格决定理论；B．工资决定理论； C．国民收入决定理论；D．汇率决定理论。 4．下列各项中除哪一项外，均被认为是宏观经济的“疾病”（）。 A．高失业；B．滞胀； C．通货膨胀；D．价格稳定。 5．表示一国居民在一定时期内生产的所有最终产品和劳务 的市场价值的总量指标是（）。 A．国民生产总值；B．国内生产总值； C．名义国内生产总值；D．实际国内生产总值。 6．一国国内在一定时期内生产的所有最终产品和劳务的市 场价值根据价格变化调整后的数值被称为（）。 A．国民生产总值；B．实际国内生产总值； C．名义国内生产总值；D．潜在国内生产总值。 7．实际GDP等于（）。 A．价格水平/名义GDP；B．名义GDP/价格水平×100； C．名义GDP乘以价格水平；D．价格水平乘以潜在GDP。 8．下列各项中哪一个属于流量？（）。 A．国内生产总值；B．国民债务； C．现有住房数量；D．失业人数。 9．存量是（）。 A．某个时点现存的经济量值；B．某个时点上的流动价值； C．流量的固体等价物；D．某个时期内发生的经济量值。 10. 下列各项中哪一个属于存量？（）。 A. 国内生产总值； B. 投资； C. 失业人数； D. 人均收入。 11．古典宏观经济理论认为，利息率的灵活性使得（）。 A．储蓄大于投资；B．储蓄等于投资； C．储蓄小于投资；D．上述情况均可能存在。 12．古典宏观经济理论认为，实现充分就业的原因是（）。 A．政府管制；B．名义工资刚性； C．名义工资灵活性；D．货币供给适度。 13．根据古典宏观经济理论，价格水平降低导致下述哪一变量减少（）。 A．产出；C．就业； C．名义工资；D．实际工资。 14．在凯恩斯看来，造成资本主义经济萧条的根源是（）。 A．有效需求不足；B．资源短缺； C．技术落后；C．微观效率低下。 宏观经济学题库及答案 1.宏观经济学的创始人是(A)。 A.斯密; B.李嘉图; C.凯恩斯; D.萨缪尔森。 2.宏观经济学的中心理论是(C)。 A.价格决定理论; B.工资决定理论; C.国民收入决定理论; D.汇率决定理论。 3.下列各项中除哪一项外,均被认为是宏观经济的“疾病”(D)。 A.高失业; B.滞胀; C.通货膨胀; D.价格稳定。 4.表示一国居民在一定时期内生产的所有最终产品和劳务的市场价值的总量指标是(A)。 A.国民生产总值; B.国内生产总值; C.名义国内生产总值; D.实际国内生产总值。 5.一国国内在一定时期内生产的所有最终产品和劳务的市场价值根据价格变化调整后的数 值被称为(B)。 A.国民生产总值; B.实际国内生产总值; C.名义国内生产总值; D.潜在国内生产总值。 6.实际GDP等于(B)。 A.价格水平/名义GDP; B.名义GDP/价格水平×100; C.名义GDP乘以价格水平; D.价格水平乘以潜在GDP。 7.下列各项中属于流量的是(A)。 A.国内生产总值; B.国民债务; C.现有住房数量; D.失业人数。 8.存量是(A)。 A.某个时点现存的经济量值; B.某个时点上的流动价值; C.流量的固体等价物; D.某个时期内发生的经济量值。 9. 下列各项中哪一个属于存量?(C)。 A. 国内生产总值; B. 投资; C. 失业人数; D. 人均收入。 10.古典宏观经济理论认为,利息率的灵活性使得(B)。 A.储蓄大于投资; B.储蓄等于投资; C.储蓄小于投资; D.上述情况均可能存在。 11.古典宏观经济理论认为,实现充分就业的原因是(C)。 A.政府管制; B.名义工资刚性; C.名义工资灵活性; D.货币供给适度。 12.根据古典宏观经济理论,价格水平降低导致下述哪一变量减少(C)。 A.产出; B.就业; C.名义工资; D.实际工资。 13.在凯恩斯看来,造成资本主义经济萧条的根源是(A)。 A.有效需求不足; B.资源短缺; C.技术落后; D.微观效率低下。 14.下列各项中不是流量指标的是(D) A.消费支出; B.PDI; C.GDP; D.个人财富。 15.在国民收入核算账户中,下列各项中除了哪一项外均计入投资需求(D)。 A.厂商购买新的厂房和设备的支出; B.居民购买新住房的支出; C.厂商产品存货的增加; D.居民购买股票的支出。 精品文档 1．In the United States real GDP is reported each quarter. a.These numbers are adjusted to make them measure at annual and seasonally adjusted rates. b.These numbers are adjusted to make them annual rates, but no adjustment for seasonal variations are made. c.These numbers are quarterly rates that have been seasonally adjuste d. d.These numbers are at quarterly rates and have not been seasonally adjusted. 2．The price of CD players increases dramatically, causing a 1 percent increase in the CPI. The price increase will most likely cause the GDP deflator to increase by a.more than 1 percent. b.less than 1 percent. c. 1 percent. d.It is impossible to make an informed guess without more information. 3．If increases in the prices of U.S. medical care cause the CPI to increase by 2 percent, the GDP deflator will likely increase by a.more than 2 percent. b. 2 percent. c.less than 2 percent. Assume that the closing price was also the average price at which each stock transaction took place. What was the total dollar volume of Gillette stock traded that day? a. $912,840,000 b. $91,284,000 c. $9,128,400 d. $912,840 7．Suppose that in a closed economy GDP is equal to 10,000, taxes are equal to 2,500 Consumption equals 6,500 and Government expenditures equal 2,000. What are private saving, public saving, and national saving? a. 1500, 1000, 500 b. 1000, 500, 1500 c. 500, 1500, 1000 d. None of the above are correct. economic growth. d. All of the above are correct. 6．Use the following table to answer the following 精品文档 已知某一经济中的消费额为6亿元，投资额为1亿元，间接税为1亿元，政府用于物品和劳务的支出额为1.5亿元，出口额为2亿元，进口额为1.8亿元，则（）。 C A. NI=8.7亿元 B. GDP=7.7亿元 C. GDP=8.7亿元 D. NDP=5亿元 2. （）等属于政府购买。ABE A. 购买军需品 B.购买机关办公用品 C. 社会保险 D. 政府债券利息 E. 支付政府雇员报酬 3. 个人消费支出包括（）等支出。BCDE A. 住宅 B. 耐用消费品 C. 租房 D. 非耐用消费品 E. 劳务 4. 企业在赢利时才上缴间接税。（） B A. 对 B. 错 5. 如果本国公民在国外生产的最终产品的价值总和大于外国公民在本国生产的最终产品的价值总和，则国民生产总值小于国内生产总值。（） B A. 对 B. 错 6. 以前所建成而在当年转手出售的房屋应当是当年国内生产总值的一部分。（） B A. 对 B. 错 7. 以前所生产而在当年所售出的存货，应当是当年国内生产总值的一部分。（） B A. 对 B. 错 8. 所有生产最终产品的中间产品增加值之和必等于最终产品的价值。A A. 对 B.错 9. 国内生产总值和国民生产净值的区别是前者包含总投资，后者包含净投资。 A A. 对 B. 错 10. 总投资和净投资都不可能是负数。（） B A. 对 B. 错 11. 不论是商品数量还是商品价格的变化都会引起实际国民生产总值的变化。（） B A. 对 B. 错 12. 政府的转移支付是国内生产总值构成中的一部分。（） B A. 对 B. 错 13. 国民生产总值等于各种最终产品和中间产品的劳务价值总和。（） B A. 对 B. 错 14. 国民经济通常划分为（）等四个部门。 ABCE A. 政府 B. 企业 C. 居民 D. 国内贸易 E. 对外贸易 15. 个人可支配收入是指从个人收入中扣除（）后的余额。 C A. 折旧 B. 转移支付 C. 个人所得税 D. 间接税 16. 实际国民生产总值反映（）的变化。A A. 实物 B. 价格 C. 实物和价格 D. 既非实物，又非价格 17. 国内生产总值（GDP）是指一国一年内所生产的（）的市场价值的总和。 B A. 商品和劳务 B. 最终产品和劳务 C.中间产品和劳务 D. 所有商品 18. 如果某经济体2005年的名义GDP为300亿，经计算得到的该年实际GDP为200亿，基年的GDP平减指数为100，那么2005年的GDP缩减指数为（） B A. 660 B. 150 C.220 D. 250 19. 个人可支配收入是指从个人收入中扣除( ) 后的余额。 C A. 折旧 B. 转移支付 C.个人所得税 D. 间接税 20. （）等属于转移支付。 BCD A. 购买办公用品 B. 社会保险 C. 其他津贴 D. 政府债券利息 E.支付政府雇员报酬 21. 如果某国的资本品存量在年初为5000亿美元，在本年度生产了500亿美元的资本品， 一、1、在一般情况下，国民收入核算体系中数值最小的是： A、国内生产净值 B、个人收入 C、个人可支配收入 D、国民收入 E、国内生产总值 2、下列哪一项应计入GDP中： A、面包厂购买的面粉 B、购买40股股票 C、家庭主妇购买的面粉 D、购买政府债券 E、以上各项都不应计入。 3、计入GDP的有： A、家庭主妇的家务劳动折算合成的收入 B、拍卖毕加索作品的收入 C、出神股票的收入 D、晚上为邻居照看儿童的收入 E、从政府那里获得的困难补助收入 4、在下列各项中，属于经济中的注入因素是 A、投资； B、储蓄； C、净税收； D、进口。 5、政府支出乘数 A、等于投资乘数 B、比投资乘数小1 C、等于投资乘数的相反数 D、等于转移支付乘数 E、以是说法都不正确 6、在以下情况中，投资乘数最大的是 A、边际消费倾向为0.7； B、边际储蓄倾向为0.2； C、边际储蓄倾向为0.4； D、边际储蓄倾向为0.3。 7、国民消费函数为C=80+0.8Y，如果消费增加100亿元，国民收入 A、增加100亿元； B、减少100亿元； C、增加500亿元； D、减少500亿元。 8、如果政府支出增加 A、对IS曲线无响应 B、IS曲线向右移动 C、IS曲线向左移动 D、以上说法都不正确 9、政府税收的增加将 A、对IS曲线无响应 B、IS曲线向右移动 C、IS曲线向左移动 D、以上说法都不正确 10、位于IS曲线左下方的收入与利率的组合，都是 A、投资大于储蓄； B、投资小于储蓄； C、投资等于储蓄； D、无法确定。 11、当经济中未达到充分就业时，如果LM曲线不变，政府支出增加会导致 A、收入增加、利率上升； B、收入增加、利率下降； C、收入减少、利率上升； D、收入减少、利率下降。 12、一般地，在IS曲线不变时，货币供给减少会导致 A、收入增加、利率上升； B、收入增加、利率下降； C、收入减少、利率上升； D、收入减少、利率下降。 13、如果现行产出水平为10万亿元，总需求为8万亿，可以断定，若经济不是充分就业，那么： A、就业水平将下降 B、收入水平将上升 C、收入和就业水平将均衡 D、就业量将上升 E、就业水平将上升，收入将下降 14、在流动陷阱（凯恩斯陷阱）中 A、货币政策和财政政策都十分有效 B、货币政策和财政政策都无效 C、货币政策无效，财政政策有效 D、货币政策有效，财政政策无效 E、以上说法都不正确 15、如果实施扩张性的货币政策，中央银行可采取的措施是 A、卖出国债； B、提高法定准备金比率； C、降低再贴现率； D、提高再贴现率； 16、如果名义利率为6%，通货膨胀率为12%，那么实际利率是 A、6%； B、18%； C、12%； D、-6%。 17、自发投资增加10亿元，会使IS曲线 A、右移10亿元 B、左移10亿元 C、右移10亿元乘以支出乘数 D、左移10亿元乘以乘数 18、由于经济萧条而出现的失业属于： A、摩擦性失业 B、结构性失业 C、周期性失业 D、自愿性失业 19、如果某人刚进入劳动力队伍尚未找到工作，这是属于 A、摩擦性失业 B、结构性失业 C、周期性失业 D、自愿性失业 20、根据哈罗德的分析，如果有保证的增长率大于实际增长率，经济将： A、累积性扩张 B、累积性萧条 C、均衡增长 宏观经济学复习题及答案 一、名词解释： 1、GDP与GNP GDP国内生产总值是指在一定时期内，一个国家或地区的经济中所生产出的全部最终产品和劳务的价值。 GNP国民生产总值是指一个国家地区的国民经济在一定时期内以货币表现的全部最终产品（含货物和服务）价值的总和。 2、CPI与PPI CPI消费者物价指数是对一个固定的消费品篮子价格的衡量，主要反映消费者支付商品和劳务的价格变化情况。 PPI生产者物价指数是用来衡量制造商出厂价的平均变化的指数。 3、财政政策与货币政策 财政政策指国家根据一定时期政治、经济、社会发展的任务而规定的财政工作的指导原则，通过财政支出与税收政策来调节总需求。 货币政策指中央银行为实现其特定的经济目标而采用的各种控制和调节货币供应量或信用量的方针和措施的总称，包括信贷政策、利率政策和外汇政策。 4、经济增长与经济发展 经济增长通常是指在一个较长的时间跨度上，一个国家人均产出（或人均收入）水平的持续增加。 经济发展是一家摆脱贫困落后状态，走向经济和社会生活现代化的过程。 5、挤出效应指政府支出增加所引起的私人消费或投资降低的效果。 6、结构性失业与结构性通货膨胀 结构性失业尽管劳动市场有职位空缺，但人们因为没有所需的技能，结果继续失业，也就是由于劳动力的供给和需求不匹配而造成的失业。 结构性通货膨胀是指物价上涨是在总需求并不过多的情况下，而对某些部门的产品需求过多，造成部分产品的价格上涨的现象。 7、适应性预期与理性预期 适应性预期是指人们在对未来会发生的预期是基于过去，在估计或判断未来的经济走势时，利用过去预期与过去实际间的差距来矫正对未来的预期。理性预期是在有效地利用一切信息的前提下，对经济变量作出的在长期中平均说来最为准确的，而又与所使用的经济理论、模型相一致的预期。 二、简答： 1、简述国民收入核算的两者基本方法。 答：1、支出法核算国民收入 就是通过核算在一定时期内整个社会购买最终产品和劳务的总支出，即最终产品和劳务的总卖价来核算国民收入的方法。产品和劳务的最后使用，除了家庭部门的消费，还有企业部门的投资，政府部门的购买及外贸部门的净出口。因此，用支出法核算国民收入，就是核算经济社会（指一个国家或一个地区）在一定时期内消费、投资、政府购买以及净出口这几方面支出的总和。 2、法核算国民收入 Answers to Textbook Questions and Problems CHAPTER 7 Unemployment and the Labor Market Questions for Review 1. The rates of job separation and job finding determine the natural rate of unemployment. The rate of job separation is the fraction of people who lose their job each month. The higher the rate of job separation, the higher the natural rate of unemployment. The rate of job finding is the fraction of unemployed people who find a job each month. The higher the rate of job finding, the lower the natural rate of unemployment. 2. Frictional unemployment is the unemployment caused by the time it takes to match workers and jobs. Finding an appropriate job takes time because the flow of information about job candidates and job vacancies is not instantaneous. Because different jobs require different skills and pay different wages, unemployed workers may not accept the first job offer they receive. In contrast, structural unemployment is the unemployment resulting from wage rigidity and job rationing. These workers are unemployed not because they are actively searching for a job that best suits their skills (as in the case of frictional unemployment), but because at the prevailing real wage the quantity of labor supplied exceeds the quantity of labor demanded. If the wage does not adjust to clear the labor market, then these workers must wait for jobs to become available. Structural unemployment thus arises because firms fail to reduce wages despite an excess supply of labor. 3. The real wage may remain above the level that equilibrates labor supply and labor demand because of minimum wage laws, the monopoly power of unions, and efficiency wages. Minimum-wage laws cause wage rigidity when they prevent wages from falling to equilibrium levels. Although most workers are paid a wage above the minimum level, for some workers, especially the unskilled and inexperienced, the minimum wage raises their wage above the equilibrium level. It therefore reduces the quantity of their labor that firms demand, and creates an excess supply of workers, which increases unemployment. The monopoly power of unions causes wage rigidity because the wages of unionized workers are determined not by the equilibrium of supply and demand but by collective bargaining between union leaders and firm management. The wage agreement often raises the wage above the equilibrium level and allows the firm to decide how many workers to employ. These high wages cause firms to hire fewer workers than at the market-clearing wage, so structural unemployment increases. Efficiency-wage theories suggest that high wages make workers more productive. The influence of wages on worker efficiency may explain why firms do not cut wages despite an excess supply of labor. Even though a wage reduction decreases the firm’s wage bill, it may also lower worker productivity and therefore the firm’s profits. 4. Depending on how one looks at the data, most unemployment can appear to be either short term or long term. Most spells of unemployment are short; that is, most of those who became unemployed find jobs quickly. On the other hand, most weeks of unemployment are attributable to the small number of long-term unemployed. By definition, the long-term unemployed do not find jobs quickly, so they appear on unemployment rolls for many weeks or months. 5. Europeans work fewer hours than Americans. One explanation is that the higher income tax rates in Europe reduce the incentive to work. A second explanation is a larger underground economy in Europe as a result of more people attempting to evade the high tax rates. A third explanation is the greater importance of unions in Europe and their ability to bargain for reduced work hours. A final explanation is based on preferences, whereby Europeans value leisure more than Americans do, and therefore elect to work fewer hours. 宏观经济学部分 第十五章 一选择题 1、下列哪一项不是转移支付（） A 退伍军人的津贴； B 失业救济金； C 贫困家庭补贴； D 以上均不是。 2、作为经济财富的一种测定，GDP的基本缺点是（）。 A 它测定的是一国国民生产的全部产品的市场价值； B 它不能测定私人产出产量； C 它所用的社会成本太多； D 它不能测定与存货增加相联系的生产。 3、在国民收入核算体系中，计入GNP的政府支出是指（）。 A 政府购买物品的支出； B 政府购买物品和劳务的支出； C政府购买物品和劳务的支出加上政府的转移支付之和； D 政府工作人员的薪金和政府转移支付。 4、已知：消费额=6亿元，投资额=1亿元，间接税亿元，政府用语商品和劳务的支出费=亿元,出口额=2亿元,进口额=亿元,则（）。 A NNP=亿元 B GNP=亿元 C GNP=亿元 D NNP=5亿元 5所谓净出口是指（）。 A 出口减进口； B 进口减出口； C 出口加出口； D GNP减进口。 6在三部门经济中，如果用支出法来衡量，GNP等于（）。 A 消费+投资； B 消费+投资+政府支出； C消费+投资+政府支出+净出口 D 消费+投资+净出口。 7、计入国民生产总值的有（）。 A 家庭主妇的劳务折合成的收入； B 出售股票的收入； C 拍卖毕加索作品的收入； D 为他人提供服务所得收入。 8、国民生产总值与国民生产净值之间的差别是（）。 A 直接税； B 折旧； C 间接税； D 净出口。 9、按最终使用者类型，将最终产品和劳务的市场价值加总起来计算GDP的方法是（）。 A 支出法； B 收入法； C 生产法；D增加值法。 10、用收入法计算的GDP等于（）。 A 消费+投资+政府支出+净出口； B 工资+利息+地租+利润+间接税； C 工资+利息+中间产品+间接税+利润。 11、下列哪一项不是公司间接税（）。 A 销售税； B 公司所得税； C 货物税； D 公司财产税。 12、在统计中，社会保险税增加对（）项有影响。 A GDP B NDP C NI D PI。 三、名词解释 1、政府购买支出 一．单项选择题(20小题，每小题1分，满分20分） 1．下列哪一项记入GDP ( B )。 A．购买普通股票B．银行向某企业收取一笔利息 C．纺纱厂买进100吨棉花D．购买一辆用过的保时捷911跑车 2．公务员的工资属于（ C ） A．消费B．投资 C．政府购买D．转移支付 3．三部门经济的均衡条件是（ B ）。 A．I+G+X=S+T+M B．I+G=S+T C．I=S D．Y=G+T 4．实际ＧＤＰ等于（B） A．GDP折算指数除以名义ＧＤＰB．名义ＧＤＰ除以GDP折算指数 C．名义ＧＤＰ乘以GDP折算指数D．名义ＧＤＰ减去GDP折算指数 5．在计算GDP的政府支出部分的规模时，正确的选项为（ A ） A．计入政府用于最终商品和劳务的支出 B．计入政府用于商品的支出，不计入用于劳务的支出 C．计入政府用于最终商品和劳务的支出，以及政府的全部转移支付 D．计入政府的转移支付，不计入政府用于商品和劳务的支出 6．以下四种情况中，投资乘数最大的是（ C ）。 A．边际消费倾向为0.2 B．边际消费倾向为0.8 C．边际储蓄倾向为0.1 D．边际储蓄倾向为0.9 7．最大和最小的乘数值为（ C ） A．+∞和-∞B．+∞和0 C．+∞和1 D．100和0 8．如果边际储蓄倾向为0.3，投资支出增加90亿元，这将导致均衡水平GDP增加( D )。A．30亿元B．60亿元C．270亿元D．300亿元 9．在一个由家庭、企业、政府、国外部门构成的四部门经济中，GDP是（ C ）的总和。A．消费、净投资、政府购买、净出口B．工资、地租、利息、利润、折旧 C．消费、总投资、政府购买、净出口D．消费、总投资、政府购买、总出口 10.线性消费曲线与45度线之间的垂直距离为（A ）。 A．储蓄B．收入C．自发性消费D．总消费 11．一国的GNP大于GDP，说明该国公民从外国取得收入（ C ）外国公民从该国取得收入。A．等于B．小于C．大于D．以上都有可能 12.在自发消费为正数的线形消费函数中，平均消费倾向（ A ）。 A．大于边际消费倾向B．小于边际消费倾向 C．等于边际消费倾向D．以上都有可能 13.在一般情况下,国民收入核算体系中数值最小的是（ B ）。 A．个人收入B．个人可支配收入C．国民生产净值D．国民收入 14．在IS曲线上存在储蓄和投资均衡的收入和利率的组合点（B ） Fiscal Policy, Part 1 Multiple Choice Questions 1.Federal government outlays include: a.Transfer payments, grants to states, interest payments on the national debt and income tax revenues. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5618436560.html,ernment purchases, transfer payments, grants to states and interest payments on the national debt. c.Grants to states, interest payments on the national debt, income tax revenues and government purchases. d.Interest payments on the national debt, income tax revenues, government purchases and transfer payments. 2.The major component of federal government consumption is spending on: a.Foreign aid. b.National defense. c.Social Security, Medicare and Medicai d. d.Capital goods, e.g. highways and schools. 3. A federal government surplus is said to exist when: a.Federal outlays are equal to federal revenues. b.Federal outlays are less than federal revenues. c.Federal outlays are greater than federal revenues. d.None of the above; federal government surpluses don’t exist. 4.The government budget constraint says that: a.Increases in spending must be matched by increases in revenue. b.The difference between spending and revenues must equal the amount of new bond issues. c.State and local governments, in aggregate, cannot spend more than the federal government. d.Interest on government debt must be paid before tax revenues are spent on goods and services or disbursed as transfer payments. 2008/2009学年第一学期A 二、单项选择题（每小题1分，共10分） 1. 下列哪一项不列入国内生产总值的核算？（） A.出口到外国的一批货物； B.政府给贫困家庭发放的一笔救济金； C.经济人为一笔旧房买卖收取佣金； D. 保险公司收到一笔家庭财产保险 2. 在两部门经济中，均衡发生于（）之时。 A.实际储蓄等于实际投资； B. 计划储蓄等于计划投资； C.实际的消费加实际的投资等于产出值； D.总支出等于企业部门的收入 3.假定其他条件不变，税收增加将引起国民收入（）。 A.增加，但消费水平下降； B.增加，同时消费提高； C.减少，同时消费水平下降； D.减少，但消费水平上升 4.利率和收入的组合点出现在IS曲线右上方，LM曲线的左上方的区域中，则表示( )。 A．i宏观经济学习题集及答案
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