现代英语语法串讲
现代英语语法串讲
Main points of Grammar
Chapter One - The Structure of the English Sentence
1. Present the grammatical units that form a hierarchical order:
A text consists of one or more sentences
A sentence consists of one or more clauses
A clause consists of one or more phrases
A phrase consists of one or more words
A word consists of one or more morphemes
2. Terms:
(1) Morpheme: Morphemes are the minimal meaningful elements.
(2) Free morpheme: A morpheme that can occur in isolation is termed a “free morpheme”.
(3) Bound morphemes: A morpheme that can only occur in conjunction with at least one other morpheme is termed a “bound morpheme”
(4) Root: A root is that part of a word that remains when all affixes have been removed.
(5) Stem: A stem has to do with inflectional features and is the part that remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.
(6) Base: A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.
3. Words are classified in terms of three factors：
the environment, the internal structure, the meaning
4. Words classes
Open classes: noun, adjective, adverb, verb
Closed classes: determiner, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, auxiliary
Marginal classes: numerals, interjections
5. Words in the open classes are determined on the basis of three criteria:
meaning (semantic or notional angle), form (morphology), function (syntactic)
6. the word-formations:
(1) Affixation: Affixation is a kind of word-formation approach that it attaches a lesser morpheme. The general term includes: prefixes, infixes and suffixes.
(2) Composition: A compound, the product of composition, is a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word.
(3) Conversion: Conversion is the derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix.
(4) Blending: Blending is a kind of word-formation that a new word is formed from parts of two other words.
(5) Back-formation: Back-formation refers to a similar process only reversed.
(6) Shortening: Shortening is a process whereby part of a word is clipped so that the original
word is shortened to a smaller word.
(7) Acronyms: An acronym is a word coined by putting together the initial letters of a group of words.
7. Phrases:
(1) Definition: A phrase consists of one or more than one word, always with a head word which determines the class and the structured way of the phrase. It can be classified into five classes: noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase, and preposition phrase.
(2) Five phrase classes:
Noun phrase: consists of a head word (a noun) and one or more optional modifiers. Adjective phrase: consists of an adj. as its head word and optional modifiers.
Adverb phrase: consists of an adverb as its head word that can take optional modifiers. Prepositional phrase: consists of a proposition as its head word and optional postmodifiers. Verb phrase: the head of a verb phrase is the head verb or lexical verb. Verb phrase is divided into two types based on the forms: the finite verb phrase and the non-finite verb phrase.
8. Clause:
Two categories: main clause and subordinate clause
9. Sentence:
(1) Classes: According to different functions, a sentence can be a statement, a question, a command or an exclamation.
(2) Seven basic clause patterns:
SV: subject + verb
e.g The solider has recovered.
SVC: subject + verb + complement
e.g I am happy.
SVO: subject + verb + objective
e.g She forgot the key.
SVOO: subject + verb + objective + objective
e.g He gave me a present.
SVOC: subject + verb + objective + complement
e.g He calls her little sister.
SVA: subject + verb + adverbial
e.g The sun rises each day.
SVOA: subject + verb + objective + adverbial
e.g China is a large country with a long history.
Chapter Two Sentence Types
1. Four major types of sentences and functions:
(1) Declaration: giving information;
(2) Interrogative: requiring information;
(3) Imperative: requiring actions;
(4) Ex clamation: expressing the speaker’s impression of something.
2. assertion vs. non-assertion
(1) assertive words: some, someone, somebody, something, somewhere, sometime(s), one or the other, still, already, as well, too
(2) non-assertive words: any, anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere, ever, either, any more, any longer, yet, either
(3) negative Words: no/none, no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere, never, neither, no more, no longer
(4) Exercise: convert the sentence as demand:
A. I have some news for you.
non-assertive: I don’t have any news for you.
negative: I have no news for you.
B. There is someone waiting for you.
non-assertive: There isn’t anybody waiting for you.
negative: There is nobody waiting for you.
3. Four major classes of question:
(1) Yes-No question
(2) WH-question
(3) Alternative question
(4) Tag question
4. Two major types of alternative questions
(1) YES-NO question: YES-NO question are so called because they can be answered by a simple “Yes” or “No”.
(2) WH-question: T he term “WH-questions” covers all question that normally begin with
WH-series of words, i.e. what, when, where, why, who(m), whose, which and how. They are sometimes called “information questions”.
5. What is the difference of the tag question with the rising tone or falling tone?
The tag can be spoken with a rising tone or a falling tone.
(1) A tag with a rising tone, the question expresses the speaker’s neutral expectation of the hearer’s response and invites the hearer to verify the truth of the prop osition in the statement. It is a YES-NO question in function.
(2) A tag question with a falling tone, the speaker asks for the hearer’s confirmation of the statement. It is like an exclamation.
6. Exclamations
(1) Two major types of exclamations: What-exclamations and How-exclamations
(2) What-exclamation: what + a(n) + adj. + noun
How-exclamation: how + adj. + a(n) + noun
(3) Exercises: Turn the following statements into exclamation
A. It is a nice day!
=> What a nice day (it is)!
=> How nice a day (it is)!
B. She is very beautiful.
=> How beautiful she is!
C. He has been working a long time.
=> What a long time he’s been working!
Chapter Three Noun and Noun Phrase (1): Noun and Number
1. Analyze the internal structure of noun phrase.
(1) Noun phrase consists of a head word of noun or pronoun, and one or more optional modifiers.
(2) Structure: (premodification) + head word + (postmodification)
(3) The head word of a noun phrase is a noun or pronoun, which can be modified by various premodifiers or postmodifiers from word to clause.
(4) for example:
the people
the old people
the ole people old and sick
the old people in the hospital
all the old people who are receiving treatment
2. Noun classes:
(1) Noun classes include proper nouns and common nouns.
(2) Common nouns include countable nouns and mass nouns.
(3) Countable nouns include concrete nouns and abstract nouns.
(4) Mass nouns include concrete nouns and abstract nouns.
3. Terms
(1) Proper nouns: Proper nouns denote individual persons, places, etc. A proper noun normally begins with a capital letter, has no plural form and cannot occur after an article.
(2) Mass nouns: Nouns cannot take plural are called mass nouns.
(3) Collective noun: Collective nouns refer to a group of people, animal and things, which are usually countable.
(4) Unit noun: Unit nouns are a very special class of words that are used to specify the quantities of the modified noun.
(5) Plural invariables: Nouns are always occur in plural form.
(6) Plural compounds: Three tendencies are at work in the inflection of compounds for plural: pluralize the last element, pluralize the first element and pluralize both the first and the last elements.
(7) Singular invariables: Singular invariables are normally invariable singulars, Proper nouns and Mass nouns belong to Singular invariables.
4. Number
(1) Singular invariables: proper nouns and mass nouns
(2) Plural invariables: names of tools and articles of dress consisting of two equal; some collective nouns, geographical names of mountain ranges, specials nouns ending in -s
(3) Either case:
(4) Exercise: physics, news, stationery, crowd
Singular only: physics, news, stationery
Both singular and plural: crowd
5. Unit nouns
(1) referring to the shapes of objects: a bar of candy, a blade of grass, a cake of ice
(2) referring to the ways in which things are put together: a bunch of flowers/keys, a bundle of straw, a cluster of flowers/islands
(3) referring to groups of people: an army of beggars, a band of musicians, a bench of examiners (4) referring to groups of animals: a brood of chickens, a cluster of ants, a flock of birds
(5) referring to measurement: a foot of cloth, a kilo of flour
(6) referring to containers: a bottle of milk, a bowl of rice, a bucket of water
(7) referring to manners, states, etc: a display of courage, a fit of coughing, a flash of hope
Exercise:
1. Choose the appropriate forms in brackets:
(1) The Browns (is, are) moving away on Saturday.
(2) No one will fail to marvel at the (snow, snows) of the Himalayas.
(3) We visited Niagara (Fall, Falls) last summer.
(4) I hate to see you in such (a low spirit, low spirits).
(5) My special thanks (goes, go) to Professor Brown, who read the dirst draft of this book and gave me a lot of invaluable (advice, advices).
(6) He dug deep in his pocket only to produce two (pence, pennies).
(7) There has been an increasing number of (man, men) teachers in primary schools in the past few years.
(8) Your politics (seem, seems) to be at variance with mine.
(9) The Chinese (is, are) an industrious people.
(10) Turn left at the second (crossroad, crossroads).
Chapter Four Noun and Noun Phrase: Determiner and Genitive
1. Terms:
(1) Determiners: Determiners refer to words which are used in the premodification of a noun phrase and which typically precede any adjectives that premodify the head word.
(2) Double genitive, also referred to as the “post genitive”, is so called because it is a combination of the genitive and the of-phrase, suc h as a friend of my brother’s.
2. Determiners and adjectives are different in many ways, what are they?
(1) Determiners usually precede adjectives in premodification;
(2) The choice of determiners is often determined by the head word but not that of adjectives;
(3) Adjectives describe the head word by showing its characteristics, but determiners determine the head word by identifying or quantifying;
(4) Adjectives can postmodify the head word, but not determiners;
(5) Adjectives have comparative forms, inflectional or periphrastic, but not determiners.
3. Co-occurrence of determiners:
(1) Predeterminer + Central determiner + Postdeterminer
(2) Key words for each group:
Predeterminer: all, both, half, double, twice, three, times, one-third, two-thirds, what, such
a(an), many
Central determiner: articles [a(n), the], demonstratives (this, that, these, those), possessives (my, your, his, etc), genitives (John’s, the boy’s etc), any, each, either, enough, every, neither, no, some, what, which(ever), whose(ever)
Postdeterminer: cardinal numerals (one, two, three, etc), ordinal numerals (first, second, third, etc.), next, last, few (fewer, fewest), little(less, least), many, much (more, most), another, other, several, such
(3) Attention: two predeterm iners or two central determiners can’t co-occur, while two postdeterminers can co-occur.
4. Please list all the forms of genitives and give some examples:
Possessive: Mary’s book
Of-phrase: the book of the class
Double genitive: a classmate of sister’s
5. Under what general circumstances do we prefer genitive to of-phrase and vice-versa?
In principle, animate nouns, esp. referring to persons, can take genitive form, while inanimate nouns, esp. referring to lifeless objects, can take the form of of-phrase.
6. What are the constrains that the double genitive is subject to?
(1) the 2nd noun refers to persons, never to objects; e.g a friend of Tom’s
(2) the 1st noun has indefinite reference and the 2nd noun is definite
e.g a friend of my brother’s
(3) the 1st noun can be modified by demonstrative or postmodified by a relative clause: e.g that/ the ideas of your sister’s
7. What are generic reference and specific reference?
Generic reference and specific reference are two uses of articles. Generic reference indicates the whole species or kind, while specific reference indicates one specific people or thing.
Chapter Five Verb and Verb Phrase (1): Tense , Aspect and Future
1. Analyze the structure of a verb phrase:
(1) The overall structure of a verb phrase may be represented by the following formula:
Premodification + Head word
(2) Verb phrase is divided into two types: simple verb phrase and complex verb phrase
2. Explain the relationship between tense and aspect.
(1) Tense: refers to a systematic set of inflectional features that are related to time.
There are two tenses: the present tense and the past tense:
Aspect: reflects the way in which the verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to/ concerning time. There are two aspec t forms: the progressive aspect and the perfective aspect.
(2) Tense points to temporal locations, and aspect marks the state of an action.
3. What is the difference between tense and time?
Time is a concept and tense is a grammar device. A particular tense form can express different temporal notions in different context.
4. What implications does it have when simple present refers to the present? And it use in what situation?
(1) It is suitable for the general timeless the general timeless statements or the expression of so-called eternal truths;
(2) We can also include examples denoting the present existence or state of affairs;
(3) The simple present is also commonly used to refer to something that is characterized by regular recurrence;
(4) Another important use of the simple present with reference to the present time is found in the presentation of an event that happens simultaneously with speech.
5. What does the simple past referring to the present is used to express?
The simple past with reference to the present usually expresses the speaker’s attitude or hypothesis. The attitudinal use normally occurs in independent clauses expressing a less direct question, quest or suggestion and implying an overtone of politeness on the part of the speakers. The hypothetical use is typically found in dependent clauses, expressing something contrary to the given fact or to the speaker’s belief, expectation or assumption.
6. What are typical semantic components of the present progressive?
Some of the typical semantic components of the present progressive are: duration, simultaneity, temporariness, incompleteness, vividness, emphasis, etc.
7. The specific semantic implication of future expression: （P125）
will/ shall
be going to
be doing
simple present
will be dong
be about to do
be to do
Chapter Six: Verb and Verb Phrase (2): Passive Voice and Subjunctive Mood
1. There are four categories with finite form: tense, aspect, voice, and mood;
Two voice forms: the unmarked active voice, marked passive voice; three mood forms: indicative, imperative, subjunctive
2. What constraints does the passive voice have?
(1) Grammatical
(2) Semantic
(3) Stylistic
3. The points about Be-passive and Get-passive
Be-passive: (1) state (2) process (3) on who cause the event (4) stative verb (5) with by-agent Get-passive: (1)event (2) consequence (3) on what happens (4) dynamic verb (5) by-agent left out (6) with adverbial showing consequences lie: eventually, finally, as a result.
4. What is pseudo-passive? What differences bare there between it regular passive?
(1) It is passive in form but active in meaning
(2) Its v-ed is adjectivalized
(3) V-ed can be modified by ”very/so”, or occurred in comparative form;
(4) Without by-agent
(5) With other link verbs like: seem, look, etc.
5. Where does passive occur?
The structure chosen is often determined by the speaker’s point of view, by stylistic factors and, more often than not, by context that may require a particular ordering of information items in a sentence.
6. Under what circumstances do we need to leave out the prepositional phrase of by + agent from a passive voice sentence?
(1) The passive voice gives us the option of not mentioning agent;
(2) it’s unnecessary to tell who the agent is;
(3) wish to conceal the agent’s identity or to distance ourselves from our own action;
(4) in accounts of processes and scientific experiments, we often use the passive voice to avoid mentioning the agent explicitly because the focus is on what happens and no t on who or what makes it happen.
7. Subjunctive mood falls into 2 major types:
(1) be-subjunctive mood
(2) were-subjunctive mood
Main Points of Grammar
Chapter 7 Verb and Verb Phrase (3): Model Auxiliaries
1. What are the two major semantic categories of modal auxiliaries?
According to the semantic categories, modal auxiliaries can be divided into two broad categories: predictive and no-predictive.
2. Degree of possibility: (from low to high)
might
may
could
can
should
ought to
would
will
must
3. Difference between can and may:
(1) In the possibility sense, may is commonly used to refer to something that is actually possible, that is, it indicates that the possibility actually exists in real life. Can, generally expresses a different kind of possibility, one that exists in theory rather than in actuality. (2) May not indicates that it is possible that something is not the case. Can’t indicates the impossibility of a state of affairs and is the negative version of must in the predictive sense.
(3) In questions, predictive may is rare, which is usually replaced by can.
(4) May is marked for formality while can is preferred in informal situations.
4. The differences between “should” and “ought to” in meaning:
(1) As expressions of obligation should is more subjective on the basis of his judgment.
(2) Ought to is more objective on the basis of moral and social principles
(3) Ought to expresses warning, disagreement
(4) Should offers friendly advice
Exercises:
1. They ____ the train yesterday, otherwise he will be here now.
A. can have missed
B. must have missed
C. must miss
D. can miss
答案：B
2. They ____ here yesterday.
A. can’t be
B. must be
C. mustn’t have been
D. can’t have been
答案：D
3. ___ you be happy!
A. May
B. Must
C. Can
D. Would
4. You ____ pay the money, but you ____ do so at once.
A. needn’t ….must
B. need ……nee d
C. must ……must
D. must ……needn’t
答案：D
5. ____ there be life on Mars?
A. Can
B. Must
C. May
D. Should
答案：A
6. They ____ on the project for three weeks by now.
A. will work
B. will have been working
C. had been worked
D. worked
答案：B
7. You’d t he parcel home. The shop have delivered it if you had asked.
A. didn’t need to carry
B. didn’t carry
C. mustn’t have carried
D. needn’t have carried
答案：D
8. New machinery ____ arriving tomorrow.
A. will be
B. is
C. are
D. shall be
答案：B
9. ____ you have left your glasses at the office.
A. Should
B. Would
C. Could
D. Can
答案：C
10. My father ____ such a thing.
A. cannot have said
B. might not have said
C. couldn’t say
D. must not have said
答案：A
Chapter 8 Verb and Verb Phrase (4): Non-finite Verbs
1. What are non-finite verbs?
Non-finite verbs are so-called because they are not marked for tense or for subject-verb concord. There are three types of non-finite verbs: infinitive, -ing participle and -ed participle.
2. What is dangling participle?
When the subject of a participle is not expressed, it is normally understood to be the subject of the main clause. We call this kind of participle dangling participle.
1. We hear her ____ the piano upstairs every evening.
A. plays
B. playing
C. played
D. play
答案：D
2. ____ ask for help, she decided to work it out by herself.
A. Rather than
B. More than
C. Rather
D. No sooner than
答案：A
3. It’s not allowed ___ in the room.
A. smoking
B. to smoke
C. smoke
D. smoked
答案：B
4. I don’t mind ____ late at night.
A. work
B. working
C. to worked
D. worked
答案：B
5. The food ____ rotten fast in such hot weather.
A. gets
B. is getting
C. will get
D. will have got
答案：A
6. I will go home for a vacation as soon as I ___ my exams.
A. finish
B. will finish
C. finished
D. had finished
答案：A
7. The bus came after I ___ for about half an hour.
A. had been worked
B. had been working
C. was waiting
D. have waited
答案：B
8. He regretted ____ her the truth.
A. having told
B. to have told
C. had told
D. to tell
答案：A
Replace the finite clauses in italics by non-finite constructions:
9. I’m sure it’ll do you good if you admit that you made the mistake. => I’m sure it’ll do you good if you admit making the mistake. 10. Please advise me which I should choose:
=> Please advise me which to choose.
11. I only wish I could achieve half your success.
=> I only wish to achieve half your success.
12. I felt that my mind weight was lifted after he promised.
=> I felt my mind weight lifted after he promised.
13. Do you anticipate that there will be any real problem in getting support?
=> Do you anticipate being any real problem in getting support?
14. I remember that I posted the letter.
=> I remember posting the letter.
15. All the windows which were broken have been repaired.
=> All the windows broken have been repaired.
Chapter 9 Adjective Phrase and Comparison
1. Analyze the structure of adj. phrase and syntactic feature of it:
(1) The structure of adjective phrase:
premodification + head word + postmodification
(2) The premodification is often adv, and the post can be: adv, prep. phrase, finite clause, or non-finite clause.
(3) Adjective phrase can serve as attributives and predictives:
When it serves as attributives, adj. phrase occurs between a determiner and a noun, such as, a pretty girl.
When it serves as predictive, adj. phrase can be a subject complement or an object complement.
2. The semantic classification of adjective:
Adjectives can be classified in terms of three scales: stative/dynamic, gradable/non-gradable, and inherent/non-inherent. Besides, adjectives bear other semantic features as well as restrictive/ non-restrictive and marked/unmarked.
3. What are restrictive and non-restrictive adjective? Explain with examples.
(1) A restrictive adj. helps identify the noun by describing its distinctive qualities; while a non-restrictive provides additional information which is usually not essential for the identif ication of the referent.
(2)In “a fat woman”, “fat” is a restrictive adjective; it can identify the woman from those women who are not fat. In “my fat wife”, “fat” is a non-restrictive adjective, and it proves additional
information. “fat” can’t identify my wife from other women (You can’t say a f at woman must be wife.)
4. Ordering of premodifying adjectives:
Zone I: Intensifying adjectives
Zone II: Gradable adjectives
Zone III: Color adjectives and participles
Zone IV: Denominal adjective
5. Three degree of comparison:
(1) positive degree: as….as…..
(2) comparative degree: more…. than….
(3) superlative degree: the most …….
Exercises:
1. I can give you copies of this book as many as you want.
=> I can give you as many copies of the book as you can.
2. You may have fresh water as much as you like from here.
=> You may have as much fresh water as you like from here.
3. Mr. White is a much more learned professor than his students.
=> Mr. White is a professor much more learned than his students.
4. He likes to order food more than he can eat.
=>He likes to order more food than he can eat.
5. We need people fewer than there are here.
=> We need fewer people than there are here.
6. They have done as twice as much work as us.
=> They have done twice as much work as us.
Chapter Ten
Exercises:
1. Michael has remarkable talent ____ basketball. (for)
2. Many of them died ____ the disease. (of)
3. He aimed his gun ____ me. (at)
4. I have no objection ____ his staying in the library as long as he keeps silent. (to)
5. ____the two books, she also brought a dictionary. (Besides)
6. An objective law is independent ___ man’s will. (on)
7. There is no exception ____ the rule. (to)
8. She sat ____ the three children. (among)
9. London is situated ___ the River Thames. (on)
10. He came __ a car and backed ___ bus. (in, by)
Chapter Eleven Coordination and Subordination
1. Coordination: Coordination is realized by coordinators which join units at the same level.
2. Subordination: Subordination, realized by subordinators, involves the linking of units at different levels so that they form a hierarchy. A subordinator introduces a subordinate clause which is attached to the main clause.
Exercises:
1. Come ___ have tea with us. (and)
2. Give me five minutes ___ and I’ll finish the work. (or so)
3. ____ they want a house, we would rather live in a flat. (White/Whereas)
4. He never came ____ when he is in trouble. (except)
5. I think it best ___ you should stay here. (that)
6. I shall never forget the ___ New China was founded. (when)
7. The reason ___ he did that was unacceptable. (why)
8. Is there anything wrong in ___ I said. (what)
9. ___ they went, they were warmly received. (Wherever)
10. It was raining again, ___ is bad for our crops. (which)
Chapter Twelve Relative Clause
1. What are the differences between restrictive relative clause and non-restrictive relative? (1) The restrictive relative clause is an integral part of the noun phrase and gives essential information for the identification of what its antecedent refers to.
(2) The non-restrictive relative clause merely offers additional information which is not needed to identify the person or thing we are talking about. Non-restrictive relative clauses often set off in wring by commas, and the clause can’t be introduced by “that” or “a zero relative pronoun).
2. What is double relative clause?
It is used to cover all the verb forms that express assumptions contrary to the given fact or not likely to be materialized, and becomes a far less important verbal category than was suggested.
Exercises:
1. He ___ laughs last laughs best. (who)
2. He denied seeing the murder suspect, ____ turned out to be true. (which)
3. This is the best biography ___ I have read of Churchill. (that)
4. This is the place ____ they stayed for the night. (where)
5. The woman about ___ we talked has just given birth to quintuples successfully. (whom)
6. Combining sentences into one that contains a relative clause:
My brother gave up smoking. That delighted his wife and children.
=>My brother gave up smoking, which delighted his wife and children.
Chapter Thirteen Adverbials
1. Terms
(1) Adjunt is a word or a group of words which we add to a clause to say something about the circumstances of an event or situation, for example, when, where or how it occurs.
(2) Disjunct: Disjuncts convey a comment on the content of the clause to which they are peripherally attached.
Exercises (for Chapter 13, 14, 15, 16 )
Rewrite the following sentence:
1. It is natural that the nurse will attend to the baby. (disjunct)
=>Naturally, the nurse will attend to the baby.
2. It is more important that we should not repeat the mistake. (disjunct) => More importantly, we should not repeat the mistake.
3. To make fun of a disabled man is not funny at all. (extraposition)
=> It is not funny at all to make of a disabled man.
4. The time when anyone can afford a car will come. (discontinuity)
=> The time will come when anyone can afford a car.
5. Jack reveale d Tom’s scandal at the party. (Use cleaving for place adjunct) => It was at the party that Jack revealed Tom’s scandal.
6. Churchill was not only a statesman but also a poet. (Inversion)
=> Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also a poet.
7. It’s cold in Christmas in Canada, but it’s hot in Christmas in Australia. => It’s cold in Christmas in Canada, but hot in Australia.
8. Use anticipatory “it”:
a. Victory is sure to be ours.
=> It is sure that victory is ours.
b. The growth in demand is certain to drive up the price.
=> It is certain that the growth demand will drive up the price.
高考英语语法真题串讲课程讲义
高考英语语法题复习指导 目录 高考英语语法题复习指导 (3) 关于我 (3) 高考语法考题中最核心的6个语法考点 (3) 高考语法考题中的其他考点 (3) 第一节动词的时态语态 (3) “9+3”时态总结 (3) 9种核心时态的被动语态 (4) 被动语态举例 (5) 动词的时态语态解题步骤 (6) 现在完成时中常见时间副词 (6) 两个重要的完成时“信号” (6) 三组高考易混时态的对比 (6) 主动形式表示被动 (7) 不能用完成时的常见点动词： (8) 高考真题讲解（动词的时态语态） (8) 第二节非谓语动词 (21) 非谓语动词(不是谓语的动词)分类： (21) 中文与英语在句子上最大的差别： (21) 非谓语动词解题步骤： (21) 高考真题讲解（非谓语动词） (24) 第三节情态动词和虚拟语气 (34) 情态动词的四种情况总结 (34) 虚拟语气 (36) 三大从句高考考点串讲 (42) 句子的分类 (42) 第四节定语从句 (42) 定语从句解题步骤 (42) 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别 (44) 高考真题讲解（定语从句） (44) 第五节名词性从句 (49) 主语从句 (49) 宾语从句 (49) 同位语从句 (50)
高考真题讲解（名词性从句） (50) 第六节状语从句 (54) 表示时间的状语从句 (55) 表示地点的状语从句 (56) 表示原因的状语从句 (56) 表示条件的状语从句 (57) 表示目的、结果的状语从句 (58) 表示让步的状语从句 (58) 高考真题讲解（状语从句） (58) 第六节高考语法考题中的其他考点 (64) 形容词副词，比较级/最高级 (64) 介词 (66) 代词用法 (67) 冠词 (69) 词义辨析 (71) 特殊句型 (72) 交际用语 (74)
初中英语语法大全知识点总结
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初中英语语法知识点总结
英语语法大全 初中英语语法学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。 如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
六年级英语语法知识点汇总
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自考00831英语语法提分高频考点串讲
学程之旅>>> 我不焦急，也不拖拉，只要一步一步往前走，总会到达。 ——乔伊斯 假如人生是一次长征，水远山长，我们总期许在路上能得一知心人相随。 倘若学习是一段旅程，越好的光景，就越鲜有人能如愿得见。在自考这条并非坦途的旅程中，学程自考人愿做知心同路者伴你结结实实走一遭，看尽沿途的风景，共浴旅途的汗水，收获终点的幸福。 为了更好地了解自考考生的困惑与需求，我们曾通过学习平台对抽样出的3000多名在籍自考考生展开了问卷调查。最终统计结果显示，98%的自考考生属于在职人群，40%的学员每周最多只有10小时的学习时间，而那时仅我们每周的授课时长平均都会超过15小时。 透过这些数据得出的结论是残酷的。的确，对于一名已经开始扮演着各类角色并承担着各种社会家庭责任的自考考生而言，想要在一年之内一次性顺利通过自考13-15门课程的考试，是一个统计学意义上绝对的小概率事件。 那一刻，我们深刻的意识到，现实的逼仄让你无法把教育仅仅定义成一种授业点亮的情怀来传承亦或是一个模仿策划的节目来粉饰。我们必须做一些更务实，更脚踏实地的工作——用科学的方法尽最大的努力帮助更多的自考考生以最快的速度奔向成功之路的终点。这也是我们历经无数个日夜锤炼这样一套教辅直至成稿的初衷。
旅程无法预知，但可以有规划，学习没有捷径，但可以有方法。对每位选择信任学程教育的自考考生来说，最大的诚意莫过于提供最好的师资，以最忘我的态度奉献最精彩的课程和最实用的教辅。师者匠心。在这份执着与笃定下，《自考直通车》系列教辅破茧了。 纸短情长，对于承载着万千自考考生梦想与未来的学程自考人来说，我们所做的一切，都是希望在自考这段孤旅中你能因有那么一群“痴人”愿意随你走到天涯海角而倍感温暖。 你我所需做的只是把这样的温暖铭记于心，朝着自己心中的朝圣路一步一步坚定地走下去。 学程自考人
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小学英语语法知识点汇总！ 01 人称代词 主格：I we you she he it they 宾格：me us you her him it them 形容词性物主代词：my our your her his its their 名词性物主代词：mine ours yours hers his its theirs 02 形容词和副词的比较 (1) 一般在形容词或副词后+er older ,taller, longer, stronger (2) 多音节词前+more more interesting, etc. (3) 双写最后一个字母，再+er bigger fatter, etc. (4) 把y变i，再+er heavier, earlier (5) 不规则变化： well-better, much/many-more, etc. 03 可数词的复数形式 Most nouns + s abook –books
Nouns ending in aconsonant +y - y+ ies a story—stories Nouns ending in s,sh, ch or x + es a glass—glasses a watch-watches Nouns ending in o+s or +es a piano—pianos a mango—mangoes Nouns ending in for fe - f or fe +ves a knife –knives a shelf-shelves 04 不可数名词（单复数不变） bread, rice, water ,juice等。 05 缩略形式 I’m= I a，you’re = you are，she’s= she is，he’s = he is it’s= it is，who’s =who is，can’t =can not，isn’t=is not等。 06 a/an a book, a peach an egg，an hour 07 Preposition on, in ,in front of, between, next to, near, beside, at,behind. 表示时间：at six o’clock, at Christmas, at breakfast
《英语语法》串讲笔记解读
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初一英语语法大全知识点
人教版七年级（上册）英语知识点 第一块国际音标 国际音标是一种工具，其作用是标记英语字母和单词的读音。 1、20个元音 单元音： ／i:／Ee、／з:／her ／u:／do ／I／it ／?／about ／u／book ／ɑ:／are ／／or ／?／any ／／us ／／off ／e／at 双元音： ／／Ii ／／out ／／ear ／／Aa，／／Oo ／／air ／／boy ／／sure 2、28辅音： 成对的清浊辅音： ／p／map ／t／it ／k／book ／f／off ／θ／math ／s／yes ／b／club ／d／dad ／g／big ／v／have ／e／this ／z／zoo ／／fish ／／watch ／tr／tree ／ts／its ／／usually ／／orange ／dr／dress ／dz／beds 其他辅音： ／m／am ／n／and ／／English ／l／like ／h／hello ／r／red ／w／what ／j／yes 3、国际音标拼读规则： 辅见元，碰一碰。／l／在前，发本音；音节后面卷下舌。 ／p／、／t／、／k／、／tr ／清辅音，／s／后读成浊辅音。 本块词汇: speak说讲start开始school学校 s trict严格的out外面club俱乐部usually通常 dress化妆about关于大约us我们her她的ear耳朵English英语sure当然可以air空气or或者any一些boy男孩orange橙子,桔子map地图tree树math数学 off离开watch观看手表do做 like喜欢 beds床what什么hello喂是的red红色的yes是的 book书its它的 zoo动物园fish鱼dad爸爸big大的have有this这it它 Starter unit1-3 一、文化常识 1、英语文化区域，熟人之间见面，常要互相问好。早上用语Good morning ! 下午用语Good afternoon ! 晚上用语Good evening ! 例如：
自考英语语法串讲
《英语语法》串讲讲义 课程介绍 一、课程性质 《现代英语语法》是高等教育自学考试英语专业（本科段）的一门选修课，主要面向具有相当于英语专业本科二年级以上水平并有志参加高等教育自学考试英语专业（本科段）考试的学生。《现代英语语法》理论与实践并重，既是一部语法理论著作，有宏观的理论概述，对英语语言结构作了比较系统的描写。又可作为教学参考书，它根据教学要求精选语法项目、设计篇章结构，有取有舍，自成体系，既有知识性，又有实践性。本教程中例子丰富，在历年试题中直接从教材中选择的例句数量相当多，这就要求学员在学习的过程中能确实看懂例子，能真正理解理论并能把理论应用于实践。 二、教材的选用 《现代英语语法》课程所选用教材是全国高等教育自学考试指定教材，该书由李基安主编，外语教学与研究出版社出版。 三、章节体系 为了便于各位学员复习应考，我们的串讲严格按照教材章节来讲。共十六章，每章主要以哪种形式命题以及哪些是高频考点我在讲解的什么都会提到，以帮助大家在以后的复习中做到有的放矢，迅速抓住重点内容，以取得事半功倍的效果。 考情分析 一、历年真题的分布情况 根据对《现代英语语法》近5年考题（注：全国每年统考：4月，有些省份7月还有一次，浙江省每年10月份也有语法考试）分析，可以看出哪些部分是全书的重点章，具体看下列表格中的黑体。
二、题型分析 《现代英语语法》的考试题型包括五种：单项选择题、填空题、改错题、改写句子、简答题。 根据对近5年的试题进行分析，可以发现题型有变化，但总的题量没变，仍然是74个题目。 09年4月前（含09年4月）共7大题型： 一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 二、选择填空题（本大题共8小题，每小题2分，共16分） 如：21. were, was, had, animal, animals Small amounts of land ________ used for keeping ________. （该例选自0904） 三、填空题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） A. Fill in the blank with assertive, non-assertive or negative words: 29. I think I’ve lost that green scarf of mine; I can’t find it ________. B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verb or verb phrase given: 34. It is time we ________ (think) about drawing up a detailed plan for the project. 四、改错题(本大题共8小题，每小题1分，共8分) 五、改句（本大题共13小题，每小题2分，共26分）Rewrite the following sentences as required. 六、名词解释（本大题共2小题，每小题2分，共4分）Define the following terms with examples. 七、简答题（本大题共3小题，每小题2分，共6分）Answer the following questions. 10年4月开始（含1004）共五大题型： 一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 二、填空题(本大题共28小题，共36分) Section A. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words given in the group.（共8小题，每小题2分，共16分） Section B. Fill in the blanks with the words given in brackets. Make changes where necessary. （共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 三、改错题（本大题共l 2小题，每小题1分,共12分） 四、改句题（本大题共1 2小题，每小题2分，共24分） 五、简答题（本大题共2小题，每小题4分，共8分） 从以上题型变化分析，我们可以看出1004把09年4月（前）的第二、三题合成了一个大题，并且少了名词解释的题型，因此总的题型少了两个。 学员答题时要注意以下两点：
1-1大学英语语法、重点分析、串讲、最新练习
大学英语语法--系动词与实意动词 在解答词汇和语法结构题时，可用以下几种方法： 1. 看准就选的直接选择法 "词汇与结构"考试的题型由题句和四个备选答案组成。在四个答案中，只有一个是正确的，其余三个都是干扰项。考生在答题时，首先应当运用直接选择法，也就是在做题时找出题句中与备选答案相关的词，利用语法规则--一般为固定搭配或习惯用法，直接选出答案。一旦看准，就不必再往下看，这样既能节省时间，又能提高正确率。 例：1994年1月四级第45题: The police set a________ to catch the thieves. a. plan b. device c. trap d. trick 本句意思为：“警察设了一个陷阱来抓小偷。”“设圈套”的一般表达“set a trap”，是一个习惯搭配。 例：1994年1月四级第62题: Medical research has shown that the widespread use of cigarettes contributes________the increase of cancers. a. towards b. for c. with d. to 本句涉及固定词组contribute to, 意为“有助于”“促成”，填入空格中，题句语义连贯。 例：1999年6月四级第51题 Tony is very disappointed________the results of the exam。 A) for B) toward C) on D) with 本题考查词组的搭配，be disappointed with意思是“对……失望”，大部分考生对此词组都很熟悉。 2. 逐个排除法 在答题时，如果不能从四个备选答案中根据词组的固定搭配或习惯用法直接选出答案的话，就应该从题的句子结构和上下文意思两方面加以考虑，通过对语义、语法、逻辑的分析，或通过词汇、语法、辨析来逐个排除，确定三项都有错误，以便推论不知意思的项为正确答案。 例：1999年月四级第50题 Being a pop star can be quite a hard life，________with a lot of travelling heavy schedules. A) as to B) in relation to C) owing to D) with regard to 选项C) owing to 的意思是“由于”。符合题意“由于时间很紧……”。选项A) as to 意思是“至于，关于”。选项B) in relation to 意思是“关于，涉及，与……相比”。而选项D) with regard to 意思是“关于”。 A)、B) 、D)三个选项在意思上都不符合题意。 例：1995年6月四级第48题 While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television________the newspaper completely. A) replaced B) have replaced C) replace D) will replace 本句的意思是“虽然人们可以从电视了解最新消息，但电视不大可能完全取代报纸”。句中unlikely表示说话人认为某事将来不大可能发生，或者认为不大可能成为事实，因此应当用陈述语气将来时。选项A) replaced 为一般过去时，从全句意思来看，显然不合适。应予以排除。选项B)have replace 违反了主谓语一致的原则，应予以排除。选项C) replace与单数主语television在数上不一致，也违反了主谓语一致原则，应予以排除。因此，本题答案为D) will replace。
初三英语语法知识点
1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如： When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？ 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如：Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？ 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用
should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如： How should I know? 我怎么知道？ Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点： 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。
3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与Which...? 1. what 与which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如： What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于： What does your father do? What is your father's job? Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如：
【五年级】英语语法知识汇总(全)
英语语法知识汇总-五年级 英语语法知识汇总 一、词类： 1、名词 这里强调两点：不可数名词都默认为单数，所以总是用is 名词复数如何加后缀：
2、人称代词和物主代词 人称代词：有主格和宾格之分。一般动词前用主格，动词后用宾格。 3、指示代词
4、冠词 有a、an、the。a和an的区别：an用于元音音素（一般就是元音字母a、e、i、o、u）前，a用于辅音音素前。 二、否定句： be动词（am、is、are）+not、 情态动词can+ not、 助动词（do、does）+ not 如何将一个肯定的陈述句改为否定句： 1、看句中有无be动词，如有，直接在be动词后+ not。 2、看句中有无情态动词，如有，直接在情态动词后+ not。 3、如上述二者都没有，就应用助动词+ not。分四个步骤： （1）肯定陈述句中本来是没有助动词的，要加上去，位置在主语（某人或某物）后，动词前。 （2）确定助动词用do、does，根据句中动词，动词是原形的助动词就用d o，动词是第三人称单数的助动词就用does， （3）在助动词后加not。 （4）原句中动词假如发生变化就要恢复成原形。
强调一点，有some的要考虑是否要用any。 三、一般疑问句。 如何将一个肯定的陈述句改为一般疑问句： 1、看句中有无be动词，如有，把be动词提到句首即可。 2、看句中有无情态动词，如有，把情态动词提到句首即可。 3、如上述二者都没有，就应把助动提到句首。分四个步骤： （1）肯定陈述句中本来是没有助动词的，要加上去，位置在主语（某人或某物）后，动词前。 I do like you. （2）确定助动词用do还是does，根据句中动词，动词是原形的助动词就用do，动词是第三人称单数的助动词就用does He does like you. （3）把助动词后提到句首。 Does he like you? （4）原句中动词假如发生变化就要恢复成原形。 强调一点，有some的要考虑是否要用any。 四、特殊疑问句。 表示疑问，有疑问词（在开头），回答有很多种可能。
英语语法练习题答案详解
英语语法练习题(答案详解) 1. Ms Nancy didn't mind at all ______ to the ceremony. A. being not invited B. not being invited C. not inviting D. not to be invited B 2. "_____ your meeting is!" he offered them his sincere congratulations. A. How a great success B. What a great success C. How great success D. What great success B success 名词，保留远动词含义"成功"是不可数名词；如用来代替具体的人（成功者）或具体的事（成功的事情（东西））是可数名词。故排除C,D；A中how是副词，如改成how great a success就是正确的。 3. We must remember that _____fashion is not the most important thing in _______ life. A. /; the B. /; / C. the; / D. the; the B 抽象名词不特指时，前不用冠词。 4. It _____ quite a few years _____ the accused was declared innocent and set free. A. was; since B. is; that C. will be; when D. was; before
英语语法知识详解
高中英语语法知识表解 一．名词 I. 名词的种类： 1. 规则名词的复数形式： 名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下： 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s所有格的构成：
用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二．冠词 冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I. 不定冠词的用法：
三．代词： I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：
1. one, some与any: 1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each和every: each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上， 而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none和no： no等于not any，作定语。 none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。 There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other和another: 1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如： He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other. Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如： I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all和both, neither和either
(完整版)六年级英语语法知识点汇总
六年级语法总复习 亠、词汇 （一）一般过去时态 一般过去时态表示在过去的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。例如 yesterday, last weeke nd ,last Saturday , 等连用。基本句型：主语+动词的过去式+其他。例句---------- What did you do last weekend? 你上周做什么了？ ---- I played football last weeke nd. 我踢足球了。 ★规则动词过去式的构成 1. 一般在动词原形末尾加-ed。例如：play —played 2. 词尾是e的动词直接加-d。例如：dance —da need 3. 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed。例如stop （停止）--stopped 4. 结尾是“辅音字母+y ”的动词，变“ y”为“ i”，再加-ed，例如：study-studied ★ 一些不规则变化的动词过去式 am/is —was are —were go -—went swim -— swam fly —flew do —did have —had say —-said see—sawtake —took come —came become —became get—got draw —drew hurt — -hurt read —read tell —told will —would eat — ate take —took make —made drink —drank sleep （睡 觉）—slept cut （切）--cut sit（坐）—sat begin（开始）—began th ink —thought find —found run（跑）---ra n buy —bought win -— won give（给）—gave sing —sang leave —left hear （听）--heart wear ——wore （二）一般现在时态 一般现在时态表示包括现在时间在内的一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态，表示习惯性或客观存在 的事实和真理。常与ofte n ,always ,usually ‘sometimes ,every day等连用。基本句型分为两种情况： ?主语（非第三人称）+ 动词原形+ 其他。例句：----What do you usually do on the weeke nd? --------------- I usually do my homework on the weeke nd. ?主语（第三人称）+动词的第三人称单数形式+其他。例句： ---- What does Sarah usually do on the weeke nd? 萨拉通常在周末干什么？ ---- She usually does her homework on the weeke nd. 她通常在周末做她的家庭作业。 ★动词第三人称单数形式的变化规则 1 一般直接在动词词尾加-s.例如：play —plays 2. 以s ,x ,ch,sh 结尾的动词加-es。例如：watch —watches 3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，变y为i，再加es,例如：fly —flies 4. 个别不规则变化动词，需单独记忆，例如：do —does go —goes （三）现在进行时态