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TPO47听力文本

TPO47听力文本
TPO47听力文本

TPO 47 听力文本

Conversation 1

Listen to a conversation between a student and a music director.

Stu: Ms. Harper?

Dir: Yes, can I help you?

Stu: Hi, my name is Eric Paterson, I’m a journalism student, Er, I want to ask you about the orchestra.

Dir: I’m sorry, Eric. But the orchestra is only open to music majors.

Stu: Really? Well, see…

Dir: But the policy’s changing next year. After that, if you’ve taken three music courses, you will be able to audition. Stu: Well, e…, I have taken some music courses and I do play the double bass, so maybe that’s something to think about. But, actually, I was here about something else.

Dir: Oh, sorry, it’s just I... I get that question all the time, so…

Stu: That’s Ok. The thing is, I work for Magna, the school paper, and I’m reporting on last week’s concert. Now I went to it and I really enjoyed it. But now I’m looking for some background knowledge.

Dir: Well, I can refer you to some of the students in the orchestra if you’d like a young musician’s point of view. Stu: Er, I guess that might be helpful, but I’m really looking for a little bit of scholarly perspective, some history of the music that was performed that evening, where it was originated, how it’s developed over time.

Dir: Well, some of our musician’s kind of specialize in Appalachian music. In fact, that’s part of the reason we performed it. So you really should talk to them, too. Er… OK, so we were playing Appalachian music from communities in the Appalachian mountain regions of the United States.

Stu: All right.

Dir: Er…, Do you really think you can keep these all in your head?

Stu: Oh, don’t worry. All I need are a few key facts. I’m sure I can keep them straight until I get back to my dorm. Dir: So the music is generally based on folk ballets and instrumental dance tunes. Er, It starts with Scottish and Irish immigrants who brought over their styles of music. It’s called Anglo-Celtic.

Stu: So, people brought their musical traditions with them.

Dir: Well, this Anglo-Celtic music was considered an important link to the past for these people, which you can see in the way that Appalachian singers sing ballets. They have a sort of nasal quality to them, like in Celtic ballets. In their new land, some of the lyrics were updated. You know, to refer to the new locations, and the occupations the settlers had in America, but at the same time, lots of ballets were still about the castles and royalty, lords and ladies, stuff like that, which is what they were about originally.

Stu: Ok, and was that some sort of banjo I saw on stage during the performance?

Dir: Yes, we are lucky that one of our students Steward Telford has a 19 century banjo, a real antique. He is able to play it in most of the traditional styles. Did you know that banjos are of African-American origin and that settlers in Appalachian adopted banjos for their folk music? They became very common in traditional Appalachian music, along with guitars and violins of course. But if you want to learn about that banjo, talk to Steward.

Stu: That’s great, Ms. Harper. Thanks a lot. Now, can you recommend any sources where I could look up more about this?

Dir: Sure, I have a great book. A student has it today, but you can borrow it tomorrow if you’d like.

Conversation 2

Listen to a conversation between a student and his professor.

Pro: This is not what I had in mind when I assigned a film review.

Stu: It isn’t?

Pro: No. What you wrote is a synopsis, detailed summary of the movie but it’s not a review.

Stu: It’s not? I guess I’m a little confused cause isn’t what a film review does, you know, to describe the film? Pro: Sure, in part. But a good review has to do more. But this is probably not your fault. I’m starting to think that I should’ve explained the assignment better because, well, I got a lot of summaries and very few reviews.

Stu: So, it wasn’t only me?

Pro: Hardly. I just assumed that everyone would know what to do.

Stu: So, er, what else is a review supposed to do?

Pro: Well it should also analyze the film, discuss its strengths and weaknesses, maybe compare to other movies, even mention why the reviewer did or didn’t like it.

Stu: You mean it should have been more personal?

Pro: For starters, or maybe subjective is a better word than personal. Yes, it should have been more subjective. Stu: Maybe I could rewrite it?

Pro: Well, I don’t know about rewriting it. Too many people seem to have missed the point. I think I may have to forgo evaluating this one. Instead, maybe we’ll just devote a class to discussing what it takes to write a good film review or maybe, hum, you know, I have a colleague who writes film reviews for the local paper. Maybe I could ask her to come to class and describe what she does and then have everyone rewrite their reviews.

Stu: So, she will talk about what a film review should be like so we’d know what to do.

Pro: Well, more than that. A professional film reviewer gets to see movie sometimes before they’re even released. They get advanced copies, usually a video or DVD to watch at home or they go a movie as soon as it opens in the theatres.

Stu: Em…, seeing it on a big screen in a theatre. Doesn’t that affect the experience?

Pro: Of course. Having other people there can affect their review too. So, for the next assignment, I might ask everyone to review one of the films the film club shows every weekend at the theatre on campus. There is no admission charge. They are free to students, and the movies are shown on Friday and Saturday nights, plus Sunday afternoon, so everyone should be able to see one. Yeah, that should work.

Stu: But for this time, will we have to rewrite our reviews?

Pro: Well, let’s take it one thing at a time. Let me talk to my colleague.

Lecture 1

Listen to part of a lecture in a literature class.

So, um, in France, you have the French Academy, which was created to uphold the standards of literary taste. Was it a very conservative organization? It tried to keep things a certain way, resist change. It dictated that French play should be neoclassic in form, you know, have 5 acts, sophisticated language, etc. But try as it might, it couldn’t stop change. French drama was changing. Though the transition from neoclassical drama to romantic drama was itself pretty, er, dramatic.

Let’s look at a play by Victor Hugo, called Hernani, or the French would say Hernané. Although Hugo was a truly brilliant writer of, er, essays, poems, novels, and plays. Er, his play Hernani isn’t a great play in a novel of itself. It’s got a really confusing, convoluted storyline. Critics back then were unimpressed by it, though it’s likely that their own feelings about how play should be, neoclassical or romantic, affected their opinions about it. But it’s premier in Paris in 1830 was anything but ordinary. Hernani s opening night was probably one of the most important literary events in nineteen century France. What happened was, ok, Hugo was a romanticist, right? He was part of a growing movement of er…, young authors and artists, who were rebelling against neoclassicism, against the conventions of neoclassicism. And, and what this meant is that Hugo opposed the neoclassical unities, that French

theatre had inherited from Greek drama. These unities were basically the unity of time, space and action, meaning that the entire play consisted of just one main event that was unfolding in just one specific place, usually in the course of one day. And Hugo found this to be too constraining. He looked for inspiration in, well, ok. Hugo is from the nineteen century, but he looked to Shakespeare, several centuries in the past, long before neoclassicism. For example, in Shakespeare’s play, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the play moves from indoors to outdoors, from the city to the forest, and back again. So there was a kind of mobility in the use of space, and well, in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, of course the action in that play takes place on a single summer’s night. But in Shakespeare’s other plays, in Hamlet, for example, time elapses, people travel, they go to other destinations, and the action is not limited to one plot.

Hugo also opposed the neoclassical insistence on the separation of genres. For neoclassicists, a play could only be dramatic and high art, or comic, the light-hearted, and in neither case, there was still a sense of decorum, characters might make jokes, and get into silly situations, but there are still regular people, like not in disguise or anything. There is still a certain amount of restraint in a neoclassical comedy. Again, earlier works by Shakespeare provided very different models that Hugo found more appealing. Many of Shakespeare’s plays, even the tragedies, contain scenes with ridiculous outlandish characters, like clowns. So that many of the plays have both qualities, a serious dramatic side, and comedic scenes, with the clowns that break the drama.

And Hugo, like other Romantics, was also opposed to the artistic rules that neoclassicists had inherited from enlightenment. The Romantics wanted a more passionate kind of theatre, and it was more rooted in the individual and the individual sensibility.

Romanticism was political as well, claiming that individuals, people, could govern themselves, without the need for kings and queens. There was an ideological struggle between a lot of young people, artists, people who want to change and people who didn’t. So of course Romanticism was controversial. Now, Hernani was a play that incorporated these romantic conventions. Hugo suspected that neoclassical audiences would be hostile to this new form and the ideas that it represented. So, to protect himself, he rounded up his friends for opening night and hundreds of them came to the theatre that night. And Hugo writes about this arrival of the Romantics, these wild and bizarre characters and their outlandish costumes, which stupefied and infuriated the more conventional theatre goers. So the play that night took forever to finish because it was interrupted many times. And there were these debates in the audience, between Hugo’s friends and supporters, the Romantics, and the neoclassicists, the supporters of the old school, lots of interruptions. And afterward, what had been a debate inside the theater spilt out onto the street there and were fistfights. It was a complete free-for-all. And this went on for the next forty five nights. Every night that the play was performed, there was this excitement and controversy that was really an expression the kinds of passions that differences of statics and political opinions and tastes could give rise to.

Lecture 2

Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.

Pro: Now usually when we talk about birds flying long distances, we are discussing seasonal migration, but there are some species that fly long distances not as part of a migration, but as part of their regular foraging for food. A great example is the albatross. Albatross are seabirds that nest on islands, and, er, forage for food out in the open sea. And, you have one species that forages in an average of a thousand miles from its nest. And I read in another study where one albatross left a chick in its nest and went out and search of food, and by the time it got back to the nest, it had flown nine thousand miles. Yes, Bob.

Bob: er, but why don’t they just build their nest close to the food supply? I mean, for one thing, they must burn up

a lot of energy flying back and forth, and also the parents are gonna to have to be away from the nest that much. Aren’t the chicks gonna be pretty hungry most of the time?

Pro: Ok. Good question. The chicks are capable of going for long periods of time without food, which works out nicely since as you point out, they may not get to eat that often. As far as the parents go, well, um, first, they typically can’t get enough food in a single location, so they have to visit several places on the same foraging trip. And the locations of good foraging grounds tend to be very far apart. As second, they can’t always nest on an island that is closest to the best feeding ground because some of those islands have too many predators on them. Predators that would just love some little chicks to snack on. So I don’t think they have much choice, but it still works out because albatross fly using a technique called dynamic soaring, which enables them to cover very long distances while expending very little energy. If it weren’t for that, you would be right. They would probably burn up all their energy just flying back and forth. Another factor is albatross lay only one egg at a time. So when the parent returns with the food, that one chick doesn’t have to share it with a lot of other chicks. Yes, Nancy.

Nancy: So you are saying that they might easily fly a thousand miles over the open ocean when they are looking for food?

Pro: That’s right.

Nancy: Then how do they know how to get to the food? I mean, which direction to take to get to the food, and how do they find their way back home?

Pro: Good point. And the truth is we’re not sure. It’s very difficult to keep seabirds in captivity where you can study them. And it’s very difficult to study them in the wild, you know. But we think that a lot of what we’ve learned about songbirds probably applies to seabirds as well. So we are thinking that albatross could make use of two different kinds of compasses, if you… well, magnetic compass and celestial compass. The magnetic compass somehow makes use of earth’s magnetic field, much the way a standard compass does. But to prove this, we would have to find some kind of magnetic accessory organ in birds. And we are not sure that we have. We have found in birds a mineral, called magnetite, which we think might be somehow related to this, because magnetite is a natural magnet. But the problem is that we’ve also found magnetite in non-migratory birds, which suggests that it may in fact serve a completely different function, not related to navigation at all. Um, and the other compass, the celestial compass, makes use of the stars, more or less the same way humans have starkly used the stars to navigate in the open sea. So that’s the way we think albatross navigate. So anyway, you know, think about it, how about if you had to go a thousand miles every time you wanted to get a bite to eat.

Stu: Yeah, and we complained about having to walk all the way across campus to get to the cafeteria.

Pro: Yeah.

Lecture 3

Listen to part of a lecture in a sports management class.

Pro: So, I want to end today with a topic that many of you’ve questioned about when you’ve come to see me during my office hours. A lot of you have told me you are specifically interested in careers as coaches. Now, it doesn’t matter what’s sports you’re interested in coaching, volleyball, basketball, swimming. There are some considerations for all new coaches to think about as they plan their careers. A recent study, a survey of high school head coaches helped identify some obstacles, some things that head coaches felt they were not prepared for as they began their

careers. They were surveyed to determine what things they would do differently if they were starting their careers over again. Based on their responses, several things emerged. The largest number of responses was in the area of relationships. 79% of the coaches indicated that if they had to do it over again, they would do things differently in this area. They said they dealt differently with assistant coaches, parents, student athletes, school administration, and pay more attention to those relationships.

The second most critical area for these coaches was organization and administration. To them, this means things like better managing their budgets, and delegating responsibilities, making sure that even minor things were taken care of, like pregame meals, those sorts of things.

Kenny: Excuse me, professor? I know good nutrition is important, but organizing pregame meals, isn’t really something you consider when you thinking about going at the coaching as a career.

Pro: No, I guess not, Kenny. But it’s more an example of paying attention to the details, being organized. I do want to emphasize that the profession of coaching is about more than just wins and losses. In fact, wining is probably stressed too much, at its best, I’d say coaching, especially in high school and college is about teaching life skills through game strategy. Of course, coaching requires a specialized body of knowledge. If you coach tennis you need to know the rules of tennis. If you are a football coach, you need to know all about football strategies. And those are the sorts of things that you will get in your classes here at the university. But if coaches spend too much of your time on game strategy, well, you see, maybe that’s secondary, too, to the knowledge and skills you’ll need for the other roles you undertake as a coach, especially, as that survey emphasized, skills in dealing with people and administration.

Kenny: But, how do you, how do you improve in those areas. I mean, I’m going be an assisting coach at a high school, beginning next month, and …

Female Stu: Really? Nice going, Kenny.

Pro: Yes, that’s wonderful.

Kenny: Thanks. I’m excited.

Pro: So, congratulations. Ok, well, to get better organized, one thing is take courses in business management, and not just the sports management courses in the physical education department, other business in finance courses. Oh, but wait a minute, you said you were starting next month? What sport will you be coaching?

Kenny: Er, gymnastics, mainly.

Pro: Ok, in my career, I’ve learned, well, as part of building and maintaining strong relationships in working on administrative skills, you’ve got to consider the other needs of your team, beyond the sport itself. Remember, the team members are athletes, and students. Er, and remember that if you’re enthusiastic about what you are doing, well, enthusiasm is its catching, right? You want team members to enjoy participating.

Kenny: Right, but what about setting rules for your team? And is it better to be strict or not so strict?

Pro: Actually, I don’t believe in having a lot of rules and coaches often do have too many. I think that can get in the way of leadership and box you in. I think people sometimes set rules just to make things easier for themselves. That way, maybe later, they just can refer to the rule and avoid making a choice. You know that kind of person I’m talking

about, right? But, that’s not to say the team shouldn’t have any rules at all. Of course they need some, so early in the season, or when you first take a new job, establish a few basic ground rules, for what is acceptable and non-acceptable behavior.

Female Stu: So, what are some good ones?

Pro: Well, er, a couple of rules a coach should have are insist that players be on time, and insist that they practice hard and give their best effort. And when you do establish a rule, stick to it.

Lecture 4

Listen to part of a lecture in a meteorology class.

Pro: Now, earth’s atmosphere is, sort of like a giant weather machine, right? It has air, and water being its key components, a machine powered by energy from the sun. So, we need to consider the role that air, or more specifically, wind plays in this machine. So wind is really nothing more than moving air, right? Now the air is heated and becomes warmer, it expands and becomes less dense. When air in a particular area is heated, you get a concentration of warm air in an area of low pressure. Now likewise, when you get a concentration of cold air, that air can be very dense, so it’s going to create an area of high pressure. If you have an area of high pressure, next to an area of low pressure, the colder high pressure air was staring moving towards the area of low pressure, right? And the warmer air will move away, rising above the cooler air, ok? Yes, Linda.

Linda: So wind is actually generated by the sun?

Pro: Well, earth rotation plays a role, and there are other factors, we’ll come back to all that. But principally, yes, the sun creates the temperature differential that creates the areas of high pressure and low pressure that create wind. Linda: Er, I don’t get what, how it causes a temperature differential?

Pro: Right, good, this will take us to the role of wind in the climate. The key is that the sun warms up different parts of earth at different rates and to different degrees. For example, at sunrise, the land heats up faster than the ocean. That’s why you get morning sea breezes, the air over the water heats more slowly than air of land. So during the early morning, it’s cooler and denser than air over land. So it moves in toward land, a sea breeze. Er, what else? Um, the sun’s energy is more intense near the equator than it is near the poles. So you’ve got masses of warmer air over the equatorial regions and masses of cooler air over polar regions. And these masses are constantly interacting with each other, which is critically important for earth’s climate.

One result of these interactions is that equatorial air masses move away from the equator, and in the process, those equatorial winds actually take heat away from the equator and transfer it to some cooler part of earth. And by redistributing this energy, the sun’s energy really, winds play a critical role in maintaining a temperature balance from the poles to the equator. Now, winds also help earth maintain its balance in another way by transporting water from one part of earth to another. Waters contained in the air in the form of vapor, mostly through evaporation, mostly from the oceans. And so when the air moves, it carries the vapor with it to some other parts of earth, where can deposit it as rain or snow or some other form of precipitation.

Actually, the transfer of heat and water by wave of wind are very closely related because a primary wave that heat energy is transferred by the wind is mediated by the process of evaporation. What happens is that a certain amount

of heat energy is required to convert liquid water into vapor. So when water evaporates from the ocean, it takes energy to convert that water into a gas form, into water vapor. But that heat energy, that conversion energy, doesn’t raise the temperature of the water vapor, or of the air. It’s just stored in the water vapor, then later when the water vapor converts back to liquid water, that energy is released.

So, when water evaporates, energy is taken from the ocean and it’s stored in the water vapor in the air. Then the air, the wind, transports the water vapor to some other part of earth. Then the water vapor converts back into liquid water. It rains in other words. And the heat energy that was stored in the water vapor is released into the new environment, ok? So, the transfer of heat and the transfer of water are very closely related. And what’s the primary vehicle for this transfer? The wind. So wind is a critical element in the redistribution of both the sun’s energy and earth’s water.

听留学生浅谈英语听力提高方法

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留学生汉语听力障碍及对策分析 发表时间:2009-02-13T10:39:03.263Z 来源:《黑龙江科技信息》2008年9月下供稿作者:安野风 [导读] 在对外汉语教学中,听力教学占有极其重要的地位。 摘要:在对外汉语教学中,听力教学占有极其重要的地位。然而许多留学生存在心理因素、语言基础知识、母语干扰、文化背景知识等多方面听力理解的障碍,只要充分地了解学生,因材施教,课内课外做全方位的努力,这些障碍是完全可以克服的。 关键词:听力理解障碍;课堂气氛;语言氛围 在对外汉语教学中,听力教学占有极其重要的地位。语言本身是个有声系统,听力是言语交际的重要方面,是获得语言感受的主要途径,是提高“说、读、写”能力的基础,是汉语学习中不可缺少的内容。语言有声的性质,决定了它只有听得懂才便于掌握与运用的特性。然而许多留学生能读,能看,能写,但就是听不懂。对于这种现象形成的原因,作如下分析。 1影响留学生听力理解的主要因素 1.1心理因素的障碍 心理学的研究表明,学生在听音时,心理因素会直接影响对文本的理解。一方面,是被动的影响。当人的情绪处于紧张、焦虑状态时,就容易产生恐惧心理,使思维停滞,从而影响对材料的理解程度;另一方面,是主动的影响,由于多种原因,学生对听力课失去了兴趣,就会产生抵触情绪和厌倦心理,没有了听音的欲望,当然就无法深入理解材料。 1.2语言基础知识的障碍 听力理解的过程是人们运用各种背景知识和听力技能理解所听信息的过程,学生对语言基础知识掌握程度的高低,会直接影响听力理解的反应速度。具体包括:第一,语音语调障碍。汉语独特的四声加轻声,以及声韵母均会发出一些相似音的特性,常常会使留学生因难于习惯而产生混淆。第二,语法知识障碍。很多学生对汉语词性、语序和句子结构不理解,听音时很容易造成误解。另外,汉语的一词多义和同音异义现象很多,都会对学生的听力理解造成一定的困难。第三,语速障碍。一般教师在上课时会有意识地放慢语速,或者随时重复特殊字词,但磁带的速度相对较快,不便随时停下,学生很难适应。第四,实际应用障碍。中国国土辽阔,汉语方言众多,生活中时刻会接触到普通话不标准的人,容易产生混乱。汉语中的儿化韵使用灵活,更使外国人一片茫然。 1.3母语干扰的障碍 许多留学生在听汉语材料的时候,常受母语的干扰,不能直接用汉语进行思维,总是习惯转换成母语,结果多出了中间环节,从而影响反应速度和记忆效果。母语的语法和汉语有很大差异,更容易造成听力障碍。 1.4文化背景知识的障碍 学生在听完背景知识熟悉的听力材料后,即使文章中有部分生词,也能推测出文章的大致意思。即使内容偏难,也能融入自己的生活常识,从而降低文章的理解难度。反之,如果听力材料对听者完全是陌生的,就会使学生大脑一片空白。而不同的文化背景很容易产生这种情况。如文中用成语、谚语或典故等。 2克服听力理解障碍的途径 2.1营造轻松愉快的课堂气氛,激发学生的学习兴趣,消除心理障碍。 课堂上,教师不能一味地安排听材料,做答案,更多地是要同留学生们有知识、经验和情感的交流。比如课堂上要听“中国的学校教育”的材料,就可以先调动学生的生活经验,让学生们谈谈自己国家的幼儿园、小学、中学和大学都学什么,老师怎么教,学生怎么学,环境怎么样,对此自己有什么感受等等,让学生们七嘴八舌地参与,让他们想办法用和学校教育有关的词汇来介绍,老师可以适时地将相关的关键词教给学生,这时学生们的胃口已经吊起来了,迫不及待地想知道中国的情况,教师顺势开始播放录音,这样学生们的精力就自然而然地、全力以赴地投入到听的内容中,从而变被动为主动,消除了紧张和焦虑,增强了自信心和学习兴趣。 2.2创造良好的语言氛围,培养听的习惯。 教师在授课时,要坚持用汉语上课,给学生创造一个充满汉语的语言氛围。课堂上教师不仅要用汉语进行问候、提问、解释、纠正错误、表扬等行为,还应该用汉语简单地解释某些词汇和语法,尽量培养学生用汉语进行思维,杜绝听一句默译一句的不良习惯。当然,教师要非常了解学生,采用“滚雪球”的方法,尽量用学过的词去解释新知识。因此,教师在授课时,说汉语要有快有慢,先慢后快,让学生们逐步适应汉语环境。学生们能听懂老师的话,就能听懂录音的内容。 2.3将听和说合理结合,以说促听,以听带说,消除语音语调障碍,提高听力理解能力。 听和说是人与人进行面对面交流与沟通的两种方式,如果学生本身字音读错,就会诱发误听、误解。人们对一个词读音的辨别往往是与自己对该词的读音密切联系的。听材料之前,要引导学生开口说出一些与材料相关联的词,这既是复习又是应用,教师还要指导学生对新的关键词有正确的理解和准确的发音;听完材料后,要调动学生开口复述内容,口述问题答案。教师要在学生说的时候强调正确发音,纠正错误读法。 2.4教师要鼓励学生课外结交中国朋友,多看中文书、报、杂志,多看电视,用中文上网聊天,适应汉语环境,加强文化背景知识的积累。结交中国朋友、上网聊天是提高听力水平,克服听力障碍的最佳途径,可以增强学生学习的主动性,更重要的是能提高学生的汉语应用能力。而看电视是很好的泛听练习途径。人们看电视一般都选择自己喜欢的节目观看,易于理解和接受,用这种方法,会产生事半功倍的学习效果。 总之,影响学生听力理解的障碍是多方面的,但绝不是不可逾越的。只要充分地了解学生,因材施教,课内课外做全方位的努力,这些障碍是完全可以克服的。但在实施过程中,我们必须注意:第一,语言教学是一个有机系统,要将听、说、读、写等方面有机地结合起来,互相促进,全面发展。第二,听力水平的提高是一个循序渐进的过程,要由易到难、由浅入深,由少到多,由点到面,不断提高。

东南亚留学生汉语听力学习策略调查与分析

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