文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › 英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总

英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总

英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总
英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总

大学英语四级语法精要

一、动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)

(一)时态

1、主动形式

过去现在将来过去将来一般did do will/shall do should/would do进行was/weredoing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing/

完成had done have/hasdone will/shallhave

done should/would hav edone用于虚拟语气

完成进行hadbeendoing have/hasbeendoing / / 2、被动形式

过去现在将来过去将来

一般was/weregiven am/is/are given Will/ shall b

egiven should/would be given

进行was/werebeing given am/is/are being given //

完成was/were beinggiven am/is/are being given/ /完成进行/// /

·CET-4 常考得三种时态:过去完成时;将来完成时;(现在/过去)完成进行时。

·时间状语从句当中得时态:

?一般过去时?所有得过去

用?一般现在时表示现在与将来

现在完成时现在完成与将来完成

3(hav has been + —ing分词构成):动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束、

·I’vebeen writing letters for an hour、I'vebeen sittinginthe g arden、

4、过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行得动作·Wehadbeen waitingfor her for two hours by the time she came、

5、将来完成进行时:将来某个时刻以前一直在进行得动作、

·By nextsummer,he will have been working here for twentyyears、6、将来完成时(由shall/will have+过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生得事、· Ishall have finished this onebefore lunch、

They’ll havehit the year'starget bythe endof October、

(二)语态

1、可以有两种被动结构得类型,例如:

· Hewas saidto bejealousofher success、

It was saidthat he wasjealousof hersuccess、

·能同时适用于上述两个句型得主动词通常都就是表示“估计",“相信"等意义得动词,常见

得有:assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,und erstand等。

·It issupposedthatthe shiphasbeen sunk、The ship is suppo sed tohave been sunk、

2、担当be supposed to 与不定式得一般形式搭配时往往表示不同得意义.

·Why are you driving so fast in thisarea?Youaresupposed tokno wthespeed to know the speed limit、(您应该晓得速度限制)

3、双宾语及宾补结构得被动语态

1)双宾语结构得被动语态:双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中得一个宾语

变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数就是把间

接宾语变为主语.

· Hewasasked anumber ofquestions at the press conference、Twodayswere allowed them formakingthe necessary preparations、

2)宾补结构得被动语态:

· She was called Big Sister byeverybody、

4、短语动词

1)Vi、+ adv、:Theplane tookofftwo hours late、

2)Vi、+prep、:They lookedroundthe Cathedral、

3)Vi、+prep、(有被动语态):She’s looking afterher sister's children、4)Vi、+adv、+prep、:I began to look forwardtotheir visits、

5)Vt、+ O +adv、:Some womenchoose to stay at home andbring up their c hildren、

The children were broughtup by their mother、

6)Vt。+ adv、+ O(无被动语态):I am trying togive upsmoking、

7)Vt、+O +prep、:We talkedDonaldinto agreement、

(三)省略

1、在以as,than, when,if, unless等引导得从句中得省略:在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又与主句得主语一致a),或者主语就是it b),就常常可以把从句中得主语与谓语得一部分(特别就是动词be)省略掉、

1)Look out for cars when crossing the street、

Whentaken according to the directions,thedrug hasnoside effects、If notwellmanaged, irrigation canbeharmful、

Though reducedin numbers, theygained infighting capacity、

He said that noacrobatcouldever perform those daringfeats unless tra ined veryyoung、

Once having made a promise,you should keep it、

2)If necessary I’llhave the letter duplicated、

As scheduled,theymet onJanuary 20atthe Chinese Embassy、

2、在以than a) 或as b)引起得从句中,常会有一些成分省略、

1)He told menot to use more materialthan (it is)necessary、We should think moreof thecollectivethan of ourselves、

2)They worked with as much enthusiasmas young people(did)、

He is now avice-manager, but still often worksin the kitchen as before、Their training isfree,as isalleducation、

We will,asalways, stand on your side、

3、错误得省略

1)Hislifeisas fully mittedto books as anyone I know、

2)Whilestanding therein her nightgown,two bulletsstruckthe wall

beside her、

(四)一致

1、主谓一致(与插入语无关)

1)主谓得分隔原则:主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略得定语从句分隔.

2)定语从句中得主谓一致

3)随前一致:

n、+ together with;as well as;including;along with;with /of;acpanied with / by

4)就近原则

5)如果主语表示得就是同一个概念,同一人,同一事得时候,谓语动词用单数,这种结构得特征就是and连接得两个词只有一个冠词。

·The iron and steelindustry isvery importantto ourcountry、

· The head master and mathematical teacheris ing、

· Thehead masterand the mathematical teacherare ing、

·类似得还有:law and order;bread and;butterblack and white;To love and to b

e loved is …;A lawyer and a teacherare…;A lawyer and te

acher is …

6)随后原则:not A but B /not only A but also B+v、(与B一致)

7)百分比结构:most,half,rest,some,majority,one +persent;of+n1+v、(由

n1决定)

8)倒装结构得主谓一致:

· There be +n由名词决定动词

·Among , between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构:Among/ Between …+系动词+n、(由名词决定动词)

9)The + adj、得主谓一致:

·当表示“一类人”

·当表示某一抽象概念时。例:The good is always attractive、

10) To do/doing/主从+vs、例:More than one + n、;many a +n、;a day or two

2、如果主语就是单数,尽管后面跟有with, together with,as wellas,asmuchas,no less than, morethan等引导得短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式、· Terry,along with her friend,goesskating everySaturday、Anexpert,together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work、

The captain,aswell as the coaches, was disappointed inthe team、

3、代词作主语时一致

1)each,either, neither与由some,any,no, every构成得复合代词,作单数瞧待、

· Each ofus hassomethingto say、Is everybody ready? Somebody is using the phone、

2)some,few,both,many 等作复数

3)some 可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一。none作复数瞧待时较多,但也有时作单数瞧待,主要瞧说话人脑中联系想到得就是复数还就是单数概念,但none在代表不可数得东西时总就是瞧作单数:

·None of thebooksareeasy enough for us、None ofus seem to have thought of it、

None (=nobody)has feltit more keenly thanshe did、Noneofthi sworries me、

4)all 与most 可后接复数,也可接不可数名词(all of the…, most of the…), 动词用单数、

4、由and 或both…and 连接名词词组时, 后用复数;由not only…but(also), either…or,neither…nor或or连接得并列主语, 谓语通常与最邻近得主语一致、

1)Not only the switches but alsothe old writing hasbeenchanged、

Mysister or my brother is likely tobe athome、

Neither mywife nor I myselfam able topersuade my daughter to changeher mind、

2)如果一个句子就是由there 或here引导, 而主语又不止一个,谓语通常也与最邻近得那个主语一致、

· Therewas carved in the board a dragon and aphoenix、

Hereisapen, a fewenvelopes and somepaper for you、

5、people,police,cattle, poultry (家禽),militia (民兵)等通常都用作复数、

1)Cattle are grazingon the pasture、

The police are looking forhim、

2)有些集体名词有时作单数瞧待,有时作复数瞧待, 主要根据意思来决定、

·His family isn't very large、

Themitteemeetstwicea month、

Theaudience was enormous、

The audience weregreatlymoved atthe words、

3)有些名词单复数同形, 可根据意思决定谓语动词得数:

·This new series is beginning next month、

Thesenew series arebeginning next month、

This speciesis now extinct、

These species arenow extinct、

6、表示时间, 重量,长度,价值等得名词,尽管仍就是复数形式,如果作整体瞧待,动词也可用单数形式(当然用复数动词也就是可以得):

·Three weeks was allowed for makingthe necessary preparations、One hundred li was covered in a single night、

7、其她问题

1)书名, 国家名用单数:

·Tales from Shakespeare isabook by Charles Lamb、

2)学科名, 如mathematics,economics用单数、

3)many a或morethanone所修饰得词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式:·Many aperson has had thatkind of experience、

More than onepersonhasinvolvedin thecase、

4)a numberof 后接复数,the number of后接单数:

· A number of bookshave beenpublished on the subject、The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing、

5)oneof those 后用单数、在“oneof +复数名词+关系分句”结构中,关系分句中谓语动词得单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式,一就是根据先行词采用复数形式:·Joan is one of those people whogooutof theirway to behelpful、6)当one之前与the only 等限定词与修饰语时,关系分句谓语动词根据one 而定,即采用单数形式:

·He is theonly one ofthoseboys who iswilling to take on ano therassignment、

二、非谓语动词

(一)不定式

1

1)完成式: 不定式得一般形式所表示得动作,通常与主要谓语表示得动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或就是在它之后发生、假如不定式所表示得动作, 在谓语所表示得动作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式得完成式、

·I amgladto have seen your mother (=I am gladIhave seen your mother)、

(比较: I am gladto see you、)

He issaidtohavewritten anew book aboutworkers、

He pretendednot to haveseen me、

2)进行式:如果主要谓语表示得动作(状态)发生时,不定式表示得动作正在进行,这时要用不定式得进行式、

·You are not supposed to be working、You haven’t quiterecoveredyet、We didn't expect you to be waitingforushere、

Hepretended to be listening attentively、

3)完成进行式: 在谓语所表示得时间之前一直进行得动作, 就要用不定式得完成进行式、· The strugglewas known to have been goingfortwentyyears、We arehappy to havebeen working with you、

4)被动式:当不定式得逻辑上得主语就是不定式所表示得动作得承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式、

·Itis anhonor forme to be asked to speakhere、She hated to be flattered、

He wantedthe letter to be typed at once、This isbound to be found out、

There are a lotof things to be done、She was too young to be assigned suchwork、

2、不定式得常考形式:

1)一般形式:He decided toworkharder in order to catch up withthe others、被动形式:He preferred to be assigned some heavierworkto do、语法功能:表示与谓语动词同步发生

2)完成形式:Hepretended notto have seen me、

被动形式:The bookis saidtohave beentranslated into many languages、

语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前

3、不定式常考得考点:

1)不定式做定语-——-将要发生

2)不定式做状语—--—目得

3)不定式充当名词功能-—-To see is to believe、

4、不定式得省略

1)感官动词see, watch, observe,notice, lookat, hear,listen to, smell, tas

te,feel +do表示动作得完整性,真实性;+ doing 表示动作得连续性,进行性Isaw him work in the garden yesterday、昨天我瞧见她在花园里干活了。(强调"我瞧见了”这个事实)

I saw him working inthegarden yesterday、昨天我见她正在花园里干活。(强调动作)

2)感官动词后面接形容词而不就是副词:The cake tastes good;It feels fortable、

3)使役动词:have bid makelet 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原toI'd liketo haveJohn do it、Ihave my package weighed、

4)help;help sb do;help sb to do;helpdohelp to do

5、有些动词后只跟不定式如:

want,wish,hope,manage,promise,refuse,pretend,plan, offer,decide,ag ree,expect,allow sb、todo,causesb、to do,permit sb、todo,enable sb、to do,forcesb、todo,be morelikely to do,love to do,warn sb、todo,be ableto do,be ambitioustodo,begin todo,starttodo

6、有得时候to后面要接—ing形式

accustom (oneself) to,be accustomed to,face up to,in addition to,look forward to,object to, be reduced to,resign oneselfto, be resigned to,resort to, sinkto,be used to, be alternative to, beclose/closeness to,bededication/dedicatedto,be opposition/opposed to,be sim ilarity/similar to、

7、功用:不定式可以作主语(a), 宾语(b),表语(c),定语(d)或就是状语(e)、

a、Toscold her would not be just、

b、Weareplanning to build a reservoir here、

c、Oneof our main tasks now is tomechanize agriculture、

d、Do you have anything to declare?

e、We have e to learn from you、

1)to 得不定式:

·在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中,如果动词就是表示感觉意义得see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等,或就是表示“致使”意义得have, make,let等, 其后得不定式结构不带to、

John made her tell him everything、

·这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面得不带to 得不定式一般还原为带to 得不定式、She was made to tell him everything、

·在had better,hadbest, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon,might (just)aswell, cannot but 等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带to。如I’d rather nothave eggsand bacon for breakfast、They cannotbut accepthis term、

·在make do,makebelieve,letdrop,letfall,let fly,let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be,hear say,hear tell, leavego of等固定搭配中,用不带to得动词不定式、

John letflya torrent of abuseat me、

·在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to得不定式,也可用带to得不定式、Can I help(to)lift thisheavy box?

·在介词except,but 之后,如果其前有动词do得某种形式,不定式一般不带to,反之带to、

Thereis nothing todo except wait till itstops raining、

Smithwill do anything but work onafarm、

There's no choice but to wait till it stops raining、

·连词rather than,soonerthan 置于句首时,其后得不定式不带to、Ratherthan push thebookbackas hewantedto do,heforcedhimselfto pick itup、

·出现在句中其她位置时,其后得不定式有时带to,有时不带to、

Hedecidedto write ratherthan telephone、

Themanager believes it isimportantto investin new machiner yratherthanto increase wages、

·用作补语得动词不定式,如果主语就是由“all + 关系分句",“thing+关系分句”,“what 分句”或“thing +不定式结构"等构成,并带有do得某种形式,这时,作为主语补语得不定式可以省to,也可以不省、

What he willdo is (to) spoilthe whole thing、

The onlything I can do nowis go onby myself、

The thing to do now is clear up thismess、

2)不定式得其她用法

· too…to结构通常表示否定意义:

She was tooyoung tounderstand all that、

· enough…to结构则表示肯定意义:

She was not old enoughtounderstand all that、

· not too,but too,all too,onlytoo等与不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:

He’s only too pleasedto help her、

·so…as(to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:

Be so kind as to drop in sometime whenyou arefree、

3)如果要说明不定就是表示得动作就是谁做得,可以在不定式前加一个for引起得短语:· It isnot hard forone to do a bit of good、

Itis a great honor for us to be present at this rally、

4)在以某些形容词(如kind,good,nice, wise,unwise, clever,silly,wrong,

right, foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty, im polite等)作表语时, 不定式前可加一个of引起得短语,来说明不定式指得就是谁得情况:

·It’s kind of you to thinksomuch of us、

It'svery nice of you tobe soconsiderate、

It's unwise ofthem toturn downthe proposal、

(二)need/want 后得—ing形式具有被动得意思.其中,want不太常用.

如:He needs(a lot of) encouraging、

(三)动名词:具有动作性特征得名词(就是名词:seeing is

believing;具有动词性特征可以带宾语

starvingtroops is necessary)

1、动名词得形式:

一般形式:I don’t like you smoking、

完成形式:Iregretnot havingtaken your advice、

被动形式:Thisquestion is far from being settled、

2、动名词常考得点

1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数

2)在动名词与不定式中,做为介词得宾语就是动名词

3)动名词得否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词得宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语、

Iwouldappreciate_______ back thisafternoon.

A.you to call B.youcallC.youcalling D.you’re calling(Key:C yourcalling也对)

I regret not having takenyour advice、

4)有些词后只能接动名词

admit,appreciate,avoid,celebrate,consider,contemplate,defer,delay,deny,detest,discontinue,dislike,dispute,enjoy,it entails,esca pe,excuse,explain,fancy,feel like,finish,forgive,can't help,h inder,imagine,itinvolves,keep,itmeans,mention,mind, miss,itn ecessitates,pardon,postpone,practice,prevent,recall,report,resent,

resist,risk,suggest,understand、另还有一些接-ing形式得常用说法:it's nogood,it's no/little/hardlyany/ use,it’snot/hardly/scarcelyuse,it'sworthwhile,spend money/time,there's no,there’s no point in,there’s nothing worse than,what's the use/point、

5)有些词后加不定式与动名词均可

·remember,forget, try, stop,go on,cease,mean后面用不定式与-ing形式,意义截然不容。

Iremembered topostthe letters、(指未来/过去未来得动作)

Iremembered posting/having posting theletters(我记得这个动作)· forgot与remember得用法类似。

I regret to inform you that…我很遗憾地通知您…

I regretted having left thefirm after twenty years、为了”二十年前得离开”而遗憾.

· try to努力You reallymust try toovere yourshyness、

·try–ing试验Try practicingfive hoursa day、

I mean to go, but my father wouldnot allow me to、[打算、想]我想去,但我父亲不让我去。

Toraise wage means increasing purchasing power、[意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力.

· prefer得用法:

I prefer to waithere、(所以啊,您不介意得话,我就等下去。)

Iprefer waitinghere、(我正在这里等,我就喜欢这么做.)

Iprefer swimming tocycling、(这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。)

3、分词:现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态

1)现在分词得形式:

·一般式:Doyou seethe man talkingtothedean(主任)?(与谓语动词同步发生)

·完成形式:Not havingmade adequate preparations,theyfailed、(发生谓语动词之前)

·完成被动形式:Havingbeen adapted,the script seems perfect、(发生谓语动词之前且表示被动)

2)过去分词

·过去分词表示被动:Fight no battle unprepared、

·过去分词得进行形式:You'll findthe topicbeing discussed everywhere、(强调正在被做)

·这三种非谓语动词,都可以构成复合结构,非谓语动词所修饰得成分就是这些非谓语动词得逻辑主语。她们之间得一致关系-—主动还就是被动,往往就就是考点。独立主格结构中,要注意得就是分词与她前面得逻辑主语之间得主动被动得关系.

(四)V。+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)

1、形式

1)完成式:如果要表示动名词代表得动作在谓语所表示得动作之前发生,通常用动名词得完成形式、

· He didn'tmention havingmet me、

I regret not having taken her advice、

·在某些动词后(或成语中),常用动名词得一般形式,尽管动作就是在谓语所表示得动作之前发生得、

Excuse me for ing late、

Idon't rememberever seeing him anywhere、

·现在分词得完成式主要用在状语中,表示这动作在谓语所表示得动作之前发生、Havingbeen there many times,he offered tobe our guide、

Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy、

·另外, 独立结构也可用现在分词得完成形式、

Theguests havingleft,they resumedtheir discussion、

The children,having eatingtheir fill,wereallowed toleave the table、

2)被动式:当一个动名词逻辑上得主语所表示得就是这动作得对象时, 动名词一般要用被动形式、

· Hisbeing neglected bythe host added tohisuneasiness、He couldn'tbear being made funof like that、

·但要注意,在want, need,deserve,require 等动词后,尽管表示得就是被动得意思, 却用动名词得主动形式、My pen needs filling、The point deserves mentioning、

·在worth这个形容词后情形也就是这样、

Her methodis worth trying、

·现在分词得被动式可以用来作定语, 宾语补足语, 状语及用于独立结构中、Thisisoneofthe experimentsbeingcarriedon in our laboratory、

Being askedtogiveaperformance, she couldn’t very well refuse、

These are soldat reduced prices, thedefects alwaysbeing p ointed out to the customers、

3)完成被动式:如果表示得动作在谓语表示得动作之前发生,有时需要用动名词得完成被动式、

Idon’t remember having ever been given achanceto trythismethod、·但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式,而用一般被动形式代替,以免句子显得累赘、·现在分词得完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中、

Havingbeen given such a good chance,howcould shelet it slip away?

The decisionhaving been made,thenext problemwashow to make a good plan、

All thepositions having been writtenand collected, theteache rsentthe students home、

2、句法功用

1)作主语:Walking is good exercise、It’s nice talking to you、

2)作宾语:Yourshoesneed polishing、Youmustn’t delay sending the tractors over、

3)作介词宾语: 动名词作介词宾语用得时候最多、它常可以用在某些成语后面,常见得

有:insist on,persistin,thinkof,dreamof, object to,

suspect…of, accuse…of,charge…with,hearof,approveof,

prevent…from,keep…from, stop…from,refrain from, be

engaged in, look forward to, opposedto,depend on, than

k…for, feel like, excuse…for,aim at,devote…to,seta

bout,spend…in, get (be) usedto,be fondof,be capableo

f, beafraid of, be tired of,be sick of,succeed in,be i

nterested in,feel(be)ashamed of, be proudof,be keeno

n,be responsible for、

4)作表语: The real problem isgetting toknow the needs of the peo ple、

·动名词与不定式都可以作主语或表语、一般说来,在表示抽象得一般得行为时多用动名词;在表示具体某词动作,特别就是将来得动作时,多用不定式、

5)作宾语补足语:分词可以在see,hear,notice, watch,feel,find,keep, get,have等动词后作宾语补足语、The wordsimmediatelyset usall laugh ing、Once we caughthim dozingoff in class、

·在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等动词后, 及可用现在分词,也可用不定式构成宾语补足语、用现在分词时,表示动作正在发生,用不定式时表示动作发生了、Doyou hear someone knocking at the door?Yes,I did、I heard him knock threetimes、

6)作状语: 现在分词作状语时,通常都表示主语正在进行得另一动作,来对谓语表示得主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬、Iran out of thehouse shouting、I

got home, feeling very tired、

·现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因,相当于一个表示原因得状语从句、Not knowing her address,we couldn’t get in touch with her、

Seeing nobody athome, she decided toleave themanote、Having already seenthefilm twice,shedidn't want to goto the cin ema、

·现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语, 相当于when引起得从句:

Seeing thosepictures,hecouldn'thelp thinking ofthose memo rable days they spenttogether、

·如果两个动作就是完全同时发生得, 多用when 或while加分词这种结构、Be careful when crossing thestreet、

Whenleavingthe airport,they waved again andagain tous、

She gotto know themwhile attending a conferencein Beijing、

7)前面带有代词或名词得动名词结构: 一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词得所有格结构),来表示这个动名词逻辑上得主语、

·Their ing tohelp wasagreat encouragement to us、Do youmind my reading your paper?

Theyinsistedon my staying there for supper、

·如果不就是在句子开头, 这个结构常常可以用名词得普通格(或人称代词宾格),这比用所有格更自然、

I don’t mindhim going、

She hates peoplelosingtheir temper、

8)只能用动名词作宾语得动词:suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind,a dmit,enjoy, leave off, require,postpone, put off,delay, practice,fancy,excuse, pardon, advise,consider,deny, endure, escape,mi ss

9)既可用动名词,也可用不定式作宾语得动词:love,like,hate, dislike, begin, start,continue,intend,attempt,can’t bear,propose,want,need, remember, forget,regret, neglect,try,deserve,can’tafford 等、

·有时两种结构之间意义差别不大, 有时却有不同得意思、在remember, regret, want,try等词后差别就是比较明显得、

I remember seeing her once somewhere、

Iregret nothaving accepted your advice、

Iregret to say I haven’tgiven you enough help、

We must try to get everything donein time、

10)悬垂修饰: 分词作状语时,表示得必须就是主语得一个动作或状态、

·Walking through the park,we sawa lot of flowers、(walking就是we得动作,正确)

Standingon the tower, we could seethewholecity、(正确)

三、分词

(一)意义: 过去分词通常来自及物动词, 带有被动意义与完成意义;而现在分词有得来自及物动词,有得来自不及物动词,通常带有主动意义与未完成意义、

1、frozenfood;a freezing wind;a boredtraveler;aboringjourney;alo

st cause;a losing battle;a conqueredarmy;a conqueringarmy;a finish ed article;the last finishingtouch;thespoken word ;a speakingbird;a closed shop;the closing hour;a recordedtalk ;arecordingmachine

2、来自不及物动词得过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语,能作这样用得仅限于下面几个词, 仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义、the risen sun, fallen leaves, faded/wither edflowers,returned students,retired workers,departed friends,escaped prisoners,the vanished jewels,newly—arrivedvisitors、

3、用作后置修饰语得过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其她成分,在意义上相当于关系分句、Most of thepeopleinvited tothe receptionwere oldfriends、

(二)句法作用

1、作定语:distinguished guest贵宾, unknown heroes无名英雄, armed f

orces武装部队, canned food罐头食品, boiled water开水,steamed

bread馒头, stricken area灾区

·分词还可构成合成词作定语:simply-furnished room陈设简单得房间, clear-cut answer明确得答复, highly—developed industry高度发展得工业,heartfelt

thanks衷心得感谢,hand-made goods手工制品,man-made satellite人造卫星2、作补足语:可以带过去分词作宾语补足语得动词有:

1)see,hear, feel,find,think等表示感觉与心理状态得动词、

I saw the studentsassembled in the hall、Wefound her greatly

changed、

2)make,get, have,keep等表示"致使”意义得动词:

Ihave my hair cutevery tendays、Shegotherbad t ooth pulled out、

Please keep usinformed ofthe latest developments、

3)like, want,wish,order等表示希望,要求, 命令等意义得动词: Idon'twant any ofyou(to be)involvedinthescandal、

He won’tlikesuch questions (to be)discussed at the meeting、

3、过去分词短语常用作状语, 修饰谓语, 很多都说明动作发生得背景或情况、

1)Guidedby theseprinciples,theywenton with the work,

Delighted with her work, they made her the generalmanager、

2)过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因得状语从句、

Influencedby his example,theyperformed countless good deeds、3)有时也可说明动作发生得时间,相当于一个表示时间得状语从句、

Thismethod,triedinareas near Shanghai,resultedin a markedrise intotalproduction、

4)间或也可表示一个假设得情况, 相当于一个条件从句、

Given closer analysis,we can see thisis totally wrong、

5)偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句、

Picked 20 yearsayear,it grows tired only after40 or50 years、4、独立结构

1)在用分词短语作状语时,它逻辑上得主语一般必须与句子得主语一、致、但有时它也可以有自己独立得逻辑上得主语, 这种结构称为独立结构,一般表示一种伴随得动作或情况、

He rushed intothe room,hisface covered with sweat、

2)有时可以表示时间:Late that autumn, his work finished,he preparedto

return tohis institute、

3)表示原因: Hereyes dimmed with tears,she did not seehimente

r、

4)条件: Allthings considered,her paperis of greatervalue than yours、

四、虚拟语气

(一)情态动词所表达得可能性程度:must/can’t→ should/shouldn’t→ might/may (not)

另外两个"类情态词得形式:"need/needn't;have to/don’t have to

1、最自然得虚拟状态:由should/would+原型时态(不含时间只含状态)

2、本质上就是过去将来时:即,时间固定在过去将来,状态不同:一般、进行、完成、完成进

行.这时"虚拟语气"得产生往往就是因为我们要表达"本来应该…”(而现在却还没有…)(本来可以…,本来能…)

I shouldgo!(… butI'mstill here!)(一般)

I should be workingnow! (进行)

I should havepracticed more (thanIdid)!(完成)

我应该多多练习!(言下之意,现在我练习得不多.)

I shouldn't dream away my time too much!(完成得否定)

(actually I did dream awaymytime too much!)

It shouldn'thave been leaking forsuch a long time!(完成进行)

I may/might/could have finished!(完成)

3、一些常见得句型中,就会出现这种虚拟语气,而处于从句之中,should 常常被省略掉· suggest, advise,propose,remend, plan;

· demand, order,direct, arrange, mand,decide;

·require, request;

· think,expect,believe, insist,suspect、

由于她们得含义中包含"建议,假设,应该"这类得含义,所以,由她们引起得从句中,就会包含有should+原型时态构成得虚拟语气。这些动词(以及她们得名次形式,分词形式)引起得从句还有其她得变形:主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句。It's suggested t hat…;My suggestionis that…;The only suggestionthat…;The only suggestionI can give you now isthat…

4、一些形容词引起得表语从句中,也会有同样得情况

important;necessary;essential

?It's natural;strange;incredible?that

? a pity; a shame;no wonder

1)由lest, for fear that, in case 引起得从句中多使用should

2)表达与事实相反

·与现在相反:使用[过去时]:

I wish I were not here! (一般现在→一般过去)

Supposewe werenot here、

He lovedmeasif I were hisown son、(一般现在→一般过去)

HopeIweren't alwayslosing things!?(现在进行→过去进行)

Ifonly/IfI hadn’t been there!(现在完成→过去完成)

Whatif I hadn'tbeenwaiting right here!(现在完成进行→过去完成进行)

常考句型:It's(high)time(that)…; would rather (that)…;这两个从句,只能表达对现在得瞧法,所以,从句中只有一般过去时。

·与过去相反:过去完成时;

Hownice it is if I hadpast thetest!

How nice itisif I hadslept a littlemorethismorning!

·与将来相反:将来得事情没有发生,所以只能推测。

If it rains tomorrow,we'll have to stay one daymore、

不过,由于可以用beto表示将来;所以,虚拟语气中经常出现were to;也就是CET-4得常考语法点.

3)虚拟条件句

·if 部分,做一个与事实相反得假设(所以只有一般过去与过去完成);

·主句部分,这就是表示基于这个假设得推测,一般使用情态动词would,少数情况下使用could/might/may.

·注意:两个部分之间,就是有逻辑关系,而在两部分得谓语动词时态上,没有必然得联系。4)注意,虚拟条件句中得if可以省略,造成were/had提前,产生倒装。

5)隐含得非真实条件

What would youdowith50thousand dollar?

How could I be happywithout you?

除了条件状语从句之外,原因状语从句也会出现虚拟语气。

·由inorderthat,sothat引起得从句,肯定得时候可以使用may/might;

can/could;否定得时候,多用shouldn’t;whoever,whatever,no matter w hat引起得从句中,多用may+

(二)that从居中

1、wish, would rather (sooner), had better:

· I wish I were as strongas you、

Iwish I hadpaid more attention to our pronunciation、

I wouldrather they cametomorrow (youhad gone there too)、

Ihad rather (that)you told him than I did、

2、suggest,order,demand,propose,mand,request,desire,

insist等动词后得宾语从句:

·Themander ordered that all civilians(should) beevacuated、He askedthat hebegiven anopportunity totry、

She urged that hewrite and accept thepost、

3、it is desired,it is suggested,it is requested, itwasordered,it was proposed, it isnecessary, itis important,it has been decided等结构后得主语从句中、

·It wasarranged that theyleave thefollowing week

Itwillbe better thatwe meet someother time、

4、suggestion,motion,proposal, order,remendations,plan,idea 等后得表语从句与同位语从句:

·His sole requirementis (was)that thy systembe adjusted、

(三)在某些句型中

1、it is timethat

· It is timethat wewent(或should go) to bed、

It is high time we(should) put an endtothis controversy、

2、as if (though)引起得从句:

·They talked(aretalking)asif they hadbeen friendsfor years、It seems asif it was(were) spring today、

He acts (acted)as if(though)he were (was)anexpert、

3、以lest,for fear that 与in case 引起得从句(这时谓语多用should +动词原形):·Hetook hisraincoat with himlest it should rain、

He puthis coatover the child forfearthat(或lest)he should catch cold、

4、以whatever, whoever,nomatter what这类代词或词组引起得从句(谓语多用may 加动词原形构成):

· Whateverdefects he mayhave, he is an honest man、

e whatmay,wewill go ahead、?不管发生什么情况, 我们都要干下去、

I accept that he is oldand frail;be that asit may, he’sstilla goo

dpolitician、

我承认她年老体衰,然而尽管如此, 它仍就是优秀得政治家、

(四)条件

1、虚拟条件句主要有下面两类:

1)表示现在及将来情况(表示纯然假设或实现得可能性不大得情况):

·

Hownice it wouldbeif you could stay a bit longer、

2

·She would have eif we had invitedher、

IfI hadn’t taken youradvice,I would havemade a bad mistake,You wouldn’thave caught coldifyou had put on more clothes、

2、有时候, 条件从句表示得动作与主句表示得动作, 发生得时间就是不一致得(如一个就是过去发生得,一个就是现在发生得)、这时, 动词得形式要根据表示得时间来调整、这种句子可以称为错综时间条件句、

·If hehad received sixmore votes,hewould be our chairmannow、If we hadn't got everything ready bynow,weshouldbe havingaterri ble time tomorrow、

3、有时假设得情况并不以条件从句表示,而就是通过一个介词短语来表示、

·Withoutmusic,the world would beadull place、We could have done better undermorefavorable conditions、But for the storm,weshouldhavearrived earlier、

4、如果条件句从句中包含有were,had, should或could, 有时可把if省略掉,并把were,had,should或could放在主语前面、

·Had wemadeadequate preparation, we might have succeeded、Should there be a flood,whatshould we do?

Were itnot for their assistance,wewould be in serious difficulty、

五、介词

(一)合成介词与复杂介词

1、合成介词:inside, into, onto,out of, outside, throughout,uponwithin, without

2、复杂介词:according to,along with,apart from,as for, as to,becau

se of,by means of, in front of, in spiteof,instead of,

in accordance with,on accountof,on behalfof,owing t

o, due to,togetherwith, up to,withregard to, prior to

(二)介词在句末:

1、Thisis what heisinterested in、

2、Doeseveryone has a seat to sit on?

(三)名词加介词(n+ prep)

1、某些名词之后要求用某些介词:solution to,faithin,glanceat, need for

2、某些名词之前要求用某些介词:on one’s guard,at one’s request,in all probability,

to mydelight

(四)动词加介词

1、Vi、+ prep、:prevail on, appeal to,fall into, apply for, touchu pon

2、Vt、+ O +prep、:lay emphasis on,takeadvantage of等

3、Vi、+ adv、+prep、:

· I don’twish to break inon yourthoughts、

Thefamily cameup against freshproblems、

You’re not telling methewhole story、You’re holdingout on me、She got offwith him soonaftershe began to workat the institution、

4、Vt、+ O + adv、+prep、: You shouldn’t take your resentmentout on me、

(五)形容词加介词

1、about——anxious,careful,careless,certain,considerate, enthusia

stic, guilty,happy,mad,particular,sad,sure, timid, un

happy,etc

2、at—-awkward,bad,clever, disappointed,disgusted,good,mar

velous,quick,skilful, skilled, useless,weak,etc

3、for—-convenient,eligible,grateful,homesick,hungry, necessary, noted,

perfect,responsible, etc

4、from——evident,exempt,inseparable, safe, tired,etc

5、in——deficient,expert,liberal,quick,rich,successful,weak,

etc

6、of——apprehensive,characteristic, critical,destructive, envious,ha

rd,inconsiderate,impatient, dependent,jealous,positi

ve, scared, sensible,short,sick,suspicious, typical,worthy,etc 7、on——dependent,keen,intent, etc

8、to-—acceptable, accessible, agreeable, alive,attentive,blind, parabl e, courteous,deaf, destructive, essential,favorable, hostile, indi

fferent,married, obedient, parallel, preferable,related, responsi

ble,sensitive, suitable,unjust,etc

9、with——awkward,bored, careful, disappointed, generous,identical,i

ll, impatient,popular, sick,wrong,etc

六、连词

(一)并列连词

1、表示意义得引申:and, both…and, not only…but(also), as wellas,and …aswell,neither…nor

2、表示选择: or, either…or

3、表示转折:but,while,whereas, yet, however/nevertheless(也可认为就是副词)

4、表示因果: for, so, therefore, hence

(二)从属连词

1、表示时间: when,while,as,after,before,since,until(till),as soon as, once

2、表示原因: because, as,since,now that,seeing that

3、表示条件:if,unless,in case,provided(that), suppose,as long as, oncondition (that),

4、表示其她关系: (al)though, than, as/so…as,lest,in order that,so…that

七、定语从句

(一)限制与非限制性定语从句

1、限制性定语从句就是名词词组不可缺少得一个组成部分,去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确; 非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质, 去掉了不会影响主要意义, 通常用逗号与它得先行词分开、

·Theboys who wanted to play footballwere disappointed when it rained、

Theboys,whowanted to play football, were disappointed when it rained、

2、如果定语从句得先行词就是专有名词,或就是带有形容词性物主代词(my,his,etc)

或形容词性指示代词(this,that, etc)作限定词,其后得定语从句通常都就是非限制性得:

· MarySmith,who is in thecorner,wants tomeet you、

Her mother,who had long suffered formarthritis, died last night、

4、在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人,用which指物,通常不用that替代、· Myfather,who hadbeen on a visit to America,returnedyesterday、

Allthebooks,which hadpictures in them,were sent to the little girl、(二)定语从句得引导词

1、that, who,whom

1)非限制性定语从句,如果修饰人, 一般用who,有时用that (作主语时用who较多)、如果关系代词在从句中作宾语, 就应当用宾格whom 或that, 但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉,在口语中可用who代替whom、

·Here is the man (whom) you’ve beenlooking for、

He is aman (that)you can safely dependon、

The people(who/that)you were talkingto wereSwedes、

2)但在介词后只能用whom:

·Thisis theman to whom I referred、

3)但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去,这时可用that,但省略时更多一些、· Have you met theperson about whom he was speaking?

Haveyou met theperson (that)hewas speaking about

The girl to whom I spokeismycousin、

The girl (who/that)I spoke to is mycousin、

2、限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”,用关系代词that得时候较多,也有时用which、当

这个代词在从句中就是用作宾语时,在绝大多数情况下都就是省略得, 特别就是口语中(尤其就是当被修饰得词就是all,everything等词时):

1)Have you everything youneed?

(Is there)anything I candoforyou?

2)在介词后只能用which,在口语中一般都把介词放到从句后部去, 这时可以用that,但省略得时候更多一些:

· The toolwithwhich heisworking is calleda wrench、Thetool(that)he isworking with iscalled a wrench、

This is the questionabout which we've hadso muchdiscussion、

3)定语从句一般就是修饰名词或代词得,但间或也可以修饰整个句子a),或就是句子得一

部分b), 引导词用which:

· Theyhave invitedmeto visit theircountry,whichis very kind of them、

The activity waspostponed,which wasexactlywhat we wanted

·When deeply absorbedin work,which he often was, he wouldforget allab outeating and sleeping、

She was very patienttowards the children,which her husband seldom was、3、whose:在表示“。..得”这个概念时,可用所有格whose; whose 用于指物,有时可与ofwhich交替使用,通常得词序就是名词词组+ of which:

·Is there anyonein your class whosefamily is in thenortheast?

We had a meeting whose purpose was pletelyunclear、(…the purpose ofwhich was…)

He’s written abook thenameof whichI’vepletely forgotten、(…whose name I’ve…)

ofwhich前得名词词组也可以由some, any, none,all,both,several,en ough,many,most,few以及基数词担任; 这些词也能用在of whom之前、The buses,most of which werealreadyfull,were surroundedby anangry crowd、

It’s afamily of eightchildren,all of whom are studyingmusic、

4、关系副词when, where,why:它们得含义相当于atwhich,inwhich, for which,因此它们之间有交替使用得可能、The day whenhe was born…;onwhich he wasborn…;which hewas born on…;The office wherehe works…;at which he works…;whichhe works at…

1)有时可用that替代关系副词, 在口语中that 可省略、

Every time (that) the telephonerings,he gets nervous、

This was thefirst timeIhad serious trouble with my boss、

Do you knowanywhere (that)Ican get a drink?

Thisis the place (where)we met yesterday、

That is the reason(why) he didit、

2)在theway后也可用that 替代in which,在口语中that也可省略、

This istheway(that/in which)he didit、

That’stheway I look at it、

(三)如果定语从句中谓语为there is,作主语得关系代词也常可省掉:

1、Imustmakefull use of thetime there is left tome and do as muchas

I can forthe people、

大学英语四级考试语法:—定语从句

大学英语四级考试语法:—定语从句 很多同学在大学英语四级考试中会存在一些误区,认为语法不那么重要,其实英 语语法是学习英语的指南,对我们帮助很大。以下是小编给大家整理的大学英语四级 考试语法:—定语从句,希望可以帮到大家 1、mary is a beautiful girl. 名词的扩展靠限定,最基本的就是在名词的前面增加一个形容词这样的定语,上 面的句子就是表语girl的前面加了一个形容词。显然,如果只是mary is a girl这样的 句子会让人觉得非常枯燥,没有什么意义,所传递的信息量极其有限。所以,名词前 面加定语,可以使被限定的名词更加生动,更加形象而富有生命。如果要对名词给出 更多限定,挖掘更多内部信息,我们可以在名词前面加多个定语来限定,如mary is a beautiful chinese girl. 放在名词前面起到限定作用的定语有很多种形式,形容词,名词,动词现在分词,动词过去分词等。虽然形式多样,但是这类定语还是比较好理解,只要顺着句子的顺序,就基本可以明白是怎么回事。 2、the computer that i bought yesterday works well. 有时候,我们需要对名词给出很多的说明,用大量的信息来限定名词。这时,如 果还是把长长的限定成分放在名词前面,就会头重脚轻,所以英语中会用跟在名词后 面的定语从句来限定前面的名词。根据定语的功能还可以分为限制性定语从句和非限 制性定语从句。两者的区别在于前者与被限定名词之间没有逗号,而后者则有逗号隔开;前者起到限定作用,不可或缺,后者起到补充作用,舍去后对剩余部分影响不大。 本句子通过“that i bought yesterday”这个that引导的定语从句,使得主语the computer得到限定而明确,是我昨天买的计算机而不是别的。如果明白了这个名词可 以通过后面加定语从句来扩展,我们的句子马上可以变得复杂起来,请看下例:another popular spectator sport, which is known as the sport of kings, is horse-racing, which is controlled by the jockey club. 译文:另一种以特大型运动著称的流行观赏运动是赛马,这种比赛由赛马总会控制。

英语四级语法题汇总

大学英语四级语法题大全 1、_____all our kindness to help her, Sara refused to listen. A.At B.In C.For D.On 2、____beforewe depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. A.Had they arrived B.Would they arrive C.Were they arriving D.Were they to arrive 3、____ conflict among city-states caused the eventual decline of Greek civilization. A.Continuous B.Continual C.Constant D.Contrary 4、____ he's already heard the news. A.Chances are B.Chance is C.Opportunities are D.Opportunity is 5、____ his knowledge and academic background, he is basically stupid. A.But for B.According to C.For all D.Thanks to 6、____ man can now create radioactive elements, there is nothing he can do to reduce their radioactivity. A.As B.Whether C.While D.Now that

现代大学英语四级写作资料(1)

大学英语四级写作资料 一、大学英语四级考试大纲(2006 修订版)对写作的要求 写作选用考生所熟悉的题材。考生根据规定的题目和所提供的提纲、情景、图片或图表等,写出一篇不少于120词的短文。写作要求是思想表达准确、意义连贯、无严重语法错误。考试时间30分钟。 写作部分要求考生用英语进行短文写作,思想表达准确、意义连贯、无重大语法错误。写作部分考核的技能是: A.思想表达 1.表达中心思想 2.表达重要或特定信息 3.表达观点、态度等 B.篇章组织 4.围绕所给的题目叙述、议论或描述,突出重点 5.连贯地组句成段,组段成篇 C.语言运用 6.运用恰当的词汇 7.运用正确的语法 8.运用合适的句子结构 9.使用正确的标点符号 10.运用衔接手段表达句间关系(如对比、原因、结果、程度、目的等) D.写作格式 11.运用正确的符合英语表达习惯的写作格式 大学英语四级考试写作部分要求考生达到《教学要求》中的一般要求,即“能完成一般性写作任务,能描述个人经历、观感、情感和发生的事件等,能写常见的应用文,能就一般性话题或提纲在半小时内写出至少120词的短文,内容基本完整,用词恰当,语意连贯。能掌握基本的写作技能。” 二、四级考试写作评分标准 (1)本题满分为15分。 (2)阅卷标准共分四等:2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷1-2份。 (3)阅卷人根据阅卷标准,对照样卷评分,若认为与某一分数(如8分)相似,即定为该分数(即8分); 若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数,则可以加一分(即9分)或减一分(即7分)。但不得加或减半分。(4)评分标准 ?2分:条理不清,思路紊乱,语言支离破碎或绝大部分句子均有错误,且多数为严重错误。 ?5分:基本切题。思想表达不清楚,连贯性差。有较多的严重语法错误。 ?8分:基本切题。思想表达清楚,文章尚连贯,但语法错误较多,其中有一些是严重错误。 ?11分:切题。思想表达清楚,文字连贯,但有少量语法错误。 ?14分:切题。思想表达清楚,文字通顺,连贯性较好,基本上无语法错误。仅有个别小错误。 ?注:白卷、所写内容与题目毫不相关或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想,则给0分。 (5)字数不足应酌情扣分。 题目中给出主题句、起始句和结束句,均不得记入所写字数。 只写一段者:0-4分;只写两段者,0-9分(指规定三段的作文) (6)各档作文相当于百分制的得分,列表如下,称为得分率。其中9分的得分率为60分(相当于百分制的60分)。

四六级考试常考重点英语语法汇总

四六级考试常考英语语法 一.定语从句 引导定语从句的有关系代词as,who,whom,whom,which,that和关系副词when,where,why等。 1.as引导定语从句 (1)as引导定语从句,相当于which。 如I am from shanghai,as/which you know。 但as引导的定语从句可以放在句首,而which不能; 例:As you know,I am from shanghai。 } (2)as可作为关系代词来引导定语从句,既可以单独引导从句,又可以与主句中的the same 或such 相呼应,从句中的谓语动词常省略。 2.关系代词that与which用法区别: (1)which可以引导一个非限制性定语从句,that则不能; (2)which之前可以有介词,that之前则不能; (3)只能用that,而不能用which的主要情形: ——当先行词是all,anything,few,little,much,none,nothing,something 等不定代词时; ——当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时; ——当先行词被the very,the only等词修饰时。 ; 例:Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems to which they have not found solutions so far。 二.状语从句 1. 让步状语从句

(1)由no matter + wh-疑问词【no matter what】和wh-疑问词+ever 【whatever】。但wh-疑问词+ever【whatever】引导的名词从句则不能用no matter替换。 Take the coat ,no matter what coat it is / whatever coat it is . (2)No matter whether…or…结构中可将no matter省略,形成whether…or…或whether…or not 引导选择条件句。 例;The substance does not dissolve in water whether {it is}heated or not。 2.条件状语从句 】 翻译条件状语从句时,要注意时态的选择。 例;Please come here at ten tomorrow morning if it is convenient for you。条件状语从句,用if引导;主句是祈使句,相当于将来时态,故从句应用一般现在时。 3. 时间状语从句 例;We do not know it until a doctor discovered it by chance。 4. 原因状语从句 常见引导原因状语从句的引导词有;because,as,now that/since, in that 等。 三.名词性从句 1. 主语从句 ) 汉语中的“的”字结构可译成英语的主语从句,用what引导,相当于the thing that。 例:What many people have not realized is that read books is a insteresting thing。 2. 表语从句 In my seventies,one change I notice is that I am more easily to get tired than before。

大学英语四六级语法精讲课程讲义

A.从介词开始到其后跟的名词结束 B.从介词开始到动名词结束 C.从介词开始到动名词的宾语结束2018年12月大学英语四六级语法精讲课程讲义 一、识别句子成分必须记住的原理 1.衡量是否是一个句子的标准:是否有动词,有动词就是句子,反之不是句子。 2.英语构句原则规定:一个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词 3.长难句的构成:主句、从句、介词短语、非谓语动词 (1)主句的辨识:谓语动词 (2)从句的辨识:连词+与之匹配的谓语动词 (3)介词短语: (4)非谓语动词:4.衡量长难句划分是否正确的标准:整个句子中谓语动词的个数比连词多一个 5.长难句划分方法:连动切割法 ·连动切割法:将句子中的所有连词和动词(连词、动词的排列不分先后)作为切割长难句的基 础,断开主句和从句。 ·长难句划分的具体步骤: 【第一步】断开主句和从句 通读整个句子找出所有的连词或动词,并将连词和动词匹配起来(主要是针对从句而 言,主句不存在连词,从句连词和动词的匹配遵守就近原则),然后再给动词匹配主 语(主句的主语在谓语之前找;从句的主语在连词和与之匹配的谓语动词中间找,如 果它们中间没有任何词语,那么连词本身就是这个从句的主语。) 动名词(doing ) 动词不定式(to do ) 现在分词(doing ) 过去分词(done )

【第二步】断开介词短语和非谓语动词 二、总结复习句子的主要成分 1、主语 (1)定义:主语是动作的发出者。 (2)位置:在谓语动词之前。 (3)什么可以充当主语: 2、谓语 (1)定义:述说主语的动作或状态。 (2)位置:在主语之后。(3)什么可以充当谓语:实意动词。 3、宾语 (1)定义:(2)位置: (3)什么可以充当宾语:4、表语 (1)定义:表述主语的身份特征,性质状态的 (2)位置:在系动词之后 (3)什么可以充当表语: A.名词: B.代词: C.介词短语: D.非谓语动词: E.句子:A.动作的承受者B.介词所联系的对象,即介词宾语(简称介宾) A.名词: B.代词: C.介词短语: D.非谓语动词: E.句子: A.名词: B.代词: C.形容词 D.介词短语: E.非谓语动词: F.句子:A.在谓语动词之后B.在非谓语动词之后C.在介词之后

英语四级考试必备基础语法知识

英语四级考试必备基础语法知识 动词时态 1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束. I’ve been writing letters for an hour. I’ve been sitting in the garden. 2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作 I’d been working for some tim e when he called. We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came. 3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作. By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years. In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years. 4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时已发生的事. I shall have finished this one before lunch. They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October. 动词语态 可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如: He was said to be jealous of her success. It was said that he was jealous of her success. 能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等. It is supposed that the ship has been sunk. The ship is supposed to have been sunk. 担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如: Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制) 双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态 双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语. He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.

大学英语四级语法全集下载-NJP(免费完美版)

中学英语语法网络图全集 中学英语语法网络图 一.名词 I. 名词的种类: 专有名词普通名词 国名.地名.人名, 团体.机构名称可数名词不可数名词 个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词 II. 名词的数: 1. 规则名词的复数形式: 名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下: 规则例词 1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dis h-dishes 3 以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-kniv es, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, stor y-stories, city-cities 5 以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s toy-toys, boy-boy s, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 6 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-po tatoes, tomato-tomatoes 不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos

大学英语四级语法考点透析

第一章动词的时与体(Tense & Aspect) 时(tense)是个语法范畴,它是表示时间区别的动词形式。英语动词只有“现在时”和“过去时”,而没有“将来时”(在英语中,表示“将来”手段多种多样,但没有一种独特的、能与“现在时”和“过去时”平起平坐的专一表示“将来”的动词形式----“将来时”)。 体(aspect)也是一个语法范畴,它表示动作或过程在一定时间内处于何种状态的动词形式。英语有进行体(progressive aspect)和完成体(perfective aspect)。进行体是由助动词be的一定形式加主动词的-ing 分词构成;完成体由助动词have的一定形式加主动词的-ed分词构成。 现在时和过去时既可以单独使用,也可以和进行体或完成体结合使用,也可以同时与完成体和进行体结合使用。这样,英语的限定动词词组便有8种时、体形式。它们分别是:一般现在时(simple present)、一般过去时(simple past)、现在进行体(present progressive)、过去进行体(past progressive)、现在完成体(present perfective)、过去完成体(past perfective)、现在完成进行体(present perfective progressive)、过去完成进行体(past perfective progressive)。在这一章中,我们单独挑出完成体来加以详述。 1.1 必须使用完成体的结构 1)It (This, This evening, yesterday...) is (was, will be) first (second, third...) time (day, month…)…结构中的分句,要求用完成体。 Is this the first time you've been to Beijing? This was the first time he had been to Beijing. This is the eighth month that I have been out of work.. This was the eighth month that I had been out of work. This is the second time that the goods produced by our factory have been shown in the International Exhibition. This was the second time that the goods produced by our factory had been shown in the International Exhibition. 2)在no sooner…than, hardly/barely/scarcely…when,等的句型中,主句要用过去完成体。 He had no sooner seen me than he left the room. No sooner had he seen me than he left the room. The helicopter had hardly landed when the waiting crowd ran toward it. Scarcely had I seen the lightning when I heard a clap of thunder. 3)将来完成体用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用,也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的分句连用。 I will have finished all the work by the time you are back this evening. I am sure he will have left Paris by this time tomorrow. I hope we will have got all the information before you come tomorrow. By the time you get to New York, I _______for London. (2002年1月) A) would be leaving B) am leaving C) have already left D) shall have left 本题时间状语为by+将来时间,考察将来完成体用法,应选择D)。 By the time he arrives in Beijing, we ________here for two days.(2001年6月) A) have been staying B) have stayed C) shall stay D) will have stayed 将来完成体用来可以表示在将来某一时间以前一直持续的动作,本句话的意思是:我们将在这里呆两天,因此谓语动词用将来完成体,答案为D)。 1.2 现在完成体与现在完成进行体 现在完成进行体兼有现在完成体和现在进行体二者基本特点。由于它有现在完成体的特点,所以它

大学英语四级考试语法指导

大学英语四级考试语法指导 名词性从句中的虚拟语气 第一节:宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虚拟语气 一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气,常省去宾语从句的引导词that。 一)、对现在情况的虚拟(与现在的事实相反): 从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语be和were(was),实义动词用过去式。例: 1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道) 2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能) 3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能) 4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家) 5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood)

现在他在中国,他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂) 6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起) 二)、对过去情况的虚拟(和过去的事实相反): 用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时,或would, could, might+现在完成时。例: 1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I hadn't wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了) 2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去) 3. We wished he had spoken to us. (wished,had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲) 4. I wish you had called earlier. (wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了) 5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner. (will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此)

大学英语四级常考语法总结

大学英语四级常考语法总结 一、虚拟语气。应着重复习能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词(如lest, in case, otherwise等);一部分表示建议、主张、命令等概念的词语,由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望,其后的主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句往往采用“should+动词原形”;虚拟倒装句;在would rather, wish, as if, it’s time that等句型中使用适当形式表达主观愿望;混合虚拟句。 二、独立主格题。一般说来,在句子中没有连接词的情况下,逗号是无力连接两个句子的,其中一个分句要么是非谓语形式,要么是独立主格结构。两种结构都做状语,不同的是独立主格结构有自己的逻辑主语。 三、时态。英语中共有16个时态。四级考试中出现最多的是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。 四、名词性从句。形容词性的定语从句是考核的重点,用什么引导词,引导词前面的介词形式,引导词在从句中做什么成分,从句的语序等均有可能成为考点。此外,主语从句、同位语从句、宾语从句也应适当复习。 五、主谓一致。这类考题灵活性大,需要根据实际情况判断谓语动词的单复数形式。一部分具有生命意义的集合名词做主语时谓语动词多采用复数形式,如people, poultry, militia等;用and连接的成分表单一概念时谓语动词用单数;就近原则:主语中含有某些连词(如as well as, besides, in addition to等)时,谓语动词的数同第一个主语保持一致。

六、倒装结构。分为全部倒装和部分倒装。那些否定词(组)、介词短语能引起倒装句,部分倒装和全部倒装有和区别,as在倒装结构中的用法及意义等等,都是考生应当重视的地方。 七、非谓语动词。①根据非谓语动词同其所修饰的名词或逻辑主语的一致关系,确定使用主动语态或被动语态,然后考虑采用现在分词、现在分词被动式或过去分词;②非谓语动词同主句谓语动词动作发生的先后关系。动作正在进行的用现在分词进行式,同时发生或不分先后发生的用现在现在分词一般式或过去分词;在主句谓语动词之前发生的用现在分词完成式、不定式完成式;发生在主句谓语动词之后的多用不定式一般式;③表状态多用分词,表目的多用不定式。

英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总

大学英语四级语法精要 一、动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等) (一)时态 1、主动形式 过去现在将来过去将来一般did do will/shall do should/would do 进行was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing / 完成had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done 用于虚拟语气完成进行had been doing have/has been doing / / 2、被动形式 过去现在将来过去将来 一般was/were given am/is/are given Will / shall be given should/would be given 进行was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成进行/ / / / · CET-4 常考的三种时态:过去完成时;将来完成时;(现在/过去)完成进行时。 ·时间状语从句当中的时态: 一般过去时所有的过去 用一般现在时表示现在和将来 现在完成时现在完成和将来完成 3、现在完成进行时态(have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束. · I’ve been writing letters for an hour. I’ve bee n sitting in the garden. 4、过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作 · We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came. 5、将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作. · By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years. 6、将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生的事. · I shall have finished this one before lunch. They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October. (二)语态 1、可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如: · He was said to be jealous of her success. It was said that he was jealous of her success. ·能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的

英语四级语法总结

四级语法讲义 一:时态:所谓的"时态",就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表: 1.主动形式 2.被动形式 ? CET-4 常考的三种时态:过去完成时;将来完成时;(现在/过去)完成进行时。 ? 时间状语从句当中的时态: 一般过去时 所有的过去 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 一.非谓语动词 一.不定式: 一)不定式的常考形式: 1) 一般形式:He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能: 表示与谓语动词同步发生 2) 完成形式:He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式:The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前 二)不定式常考的考点: 1)不定式做定语----将要发生 2)不定式做状语----目的 3)不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性,真实性; + doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 did do will/shall do should/would do 进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing / 完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done 用于 虚拟语气 完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing / / 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given 进行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given 完成进行 / / /

大学英语四级考试语法笔记83

洛基英语,中国在线英语教育领导品牌 ④在same和such之后,定语从句用as引导, 如:Let’s discuss only such questions as concern us. 让我们只讨论与我们有关的问题。 I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从来没听说过他讲的这种故事。 I shall be surprised if he does this in the same way as I do. 如果他做这件事的方法和我一样,那就奇怪了。 She works in the same office as I do. 她和我在同一个办公室工作。 She wears the same kind of clothes as her sister does. 她姐妹俩穿同样的衣服。 He’s wearing the same dress as he wore at Mary’s wedding. 他穿着与他在Mary的婚礼上穿的一样的衣服。 This is the same watch as I have lost. 这块表和我丢的那块一样。 I’ve never seen such kind of people as they are. 我从来没见过像他们这样的人。 I’ve never seen such kind people as they are. 我从来没见过象他们这样厚道的人。 I want the same shirt as my friend’s. 我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。 Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in china. 我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。 但是,如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生,则两部分都要用来将来时, 注:④在same和such之后,定语从句用as引导, 偶尔,the same 后面也用that, 如:He’s wearing the same suit that he wore at Mary’s wedding. 他穿着与他在Mary的婚礼上穿的一样的衣服。 She works in the same office that I do. 她和我在同一个办公室工作。 This is the same watch that I have lost. 这块表和我丢的那块一样。 as 引导非限定性定语从句即可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,用来修饰整个句子。当as在从句中作主语时,后面常接下列句型。如:as is known, as is said, as is reported as is announced 等。 例如:As we all know, Mr. Wang is a good teacher.

大学英语4级6级全部语法知识

Section ⅠGrammar Ⅰ名词 1.复合名词的复数形式 man或woman修饰名词构成复合名词变成复数形式,须把把组成该复合词的两个词都变成复数形式。如:man cook—men cooks,man servant—men servants,woman nurse—women nurses,woman singer—women singers,woman writer—women writers 2.英语中有些名词的复数形式的词义不同于单数形式 3.以-s结尾的不可数名词有以下几类 4.单复数同形的名词可以分为以下几类

5.只有复数形式的名词可以分为以下几类 5.名词在含有基数词的复合词中数的形式 在“基数词+ 名词”或“基数词+ 名词+形容词”形式的复合词中,名词一律用单数。如:a two-week vacation(两周的假期),a ten-year-old boy(10岁的男孩),a two-story house(一栋二层楼的房子) Ⅱ基数词的单数与复数的区别 ten, hundred, thousand, million, billion等词在表示确切数目时用单数形式,直接位于所修饰的名词之前。如:three thousand students,tem million dollars;在表示约略数目时用复数形式,在所修饰的名词之前须有介词for。如:billions of times,tens of thousands of elements,

thousands upon thousands of people。 Ⅲ时态 1.一般现在时 2.现在进行时 与always, constantly连用表示赞叹、埋怨、厌烦等情感,可译成“总是,老是”等。例如:My daughter is always watching TV after school. 我女儿放学后老是看电视。 3.一般将来时 ⑴在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示一般将来时。例如: If it rains tomorrow, the match will be canceled. 如果明天下雨,就取消这场比赛。 ⑵下列动词的进行时表示将来时 go, come, leave, arrive, drive, fly, see (= interview), visit, hear (= receive), feel (= touch), start, meet, stay, land, take等。例如: We are leaving for America tomorrow. 我们明天前往美国。 ⑶一般现在时表示预定的行为,如交通、电影院等时间、节目的安排等。例如: The visitors arrive at 8:30 a.m.. 客人们将在上午8:30到达。 ⑷to be going to do ⑸to be to do ⑹to be about to do 4.现在完成时 ⑴表示一个已经发生但对现在的情况有影响的动作,常与already, just, yet等时间状语连 用。例如: We have already reserved a room at Beijing Hotel for the 15th of October. 我们已在北京饭店预定了10月15日的房间。 ⑵表示从过去某时到现在这段时间中发生的事情,常与下列时间状语连用:up till now, so far, recently, this days, these term, in the past … years等。例如: We have learned 2000 English words this term. 这学期我们已经学了1000个英语单词了。 ⑶表示一个由过去某时继续到现在的动作或状态,常与表示一段的时间状语连用:for…, since…等。例如: I have lived here for 10 years. 我在这已经住了十年了。 ⑷用在表示时间或条件的状语从句中,表示将来某时业已完成的动作。例如: We’ll start at 5 o’clock if it has stopped raining by then. 我们5点动身,如果那时雨停得话。 5.过去完成时 表示一个动作在过去某一动作之前业已发生,或在过去某时间业已完成。 ⑴by + 过去时间:例如: By the end of last month, we had learned 2000 English words. 到上个月底为止,我们已经学了2000个英语单词了。 ⑵根据上下文判断:往往带有一个表示过去时间的状语从句。例如: When we got to the station, the train had already left. 我们到达火车站的时候,火车已经离开了。 6.将来完成时 表示将来某一时间之前完成的动作。

英语四级语法大全

语法大全之目录 1.名词 2.冠词和数词 3.代词 4.形容词和副词 5.动词 6.动名词 7.动词不定式 8.特殊词精讲 9.分词 10.独立主格 11.动词的时态 12.动词的语态 13.句子的种类 14.倒装 15.主谓一致 16.虚拟语气 17.名词性从句 18.定语从句 19.状语从句 20.连词 21.情态动词 1. 名词 名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词(Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。 2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。 3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。 4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示:_______________________________________ ||专有名词|| | 名|| 个体名词|| |||| 可数名词| ||| 集体名词|| ||普通名词||| | 词|| 物质名词||

相关文档
相关文档 最新文档