托福写作与美国学术写作的区别

托福写作与美国学术写作的区别

笔者到美帝以后专门修了Acdemic Writing这节课，而我们的导师曾是ETS的出题官。这个学期的写作可谓飞跃了了，就因为这门课所有paper都是A+。非常有感触，之前写作是硬伤，所有要跟大家好好分享一下!

不罗嗦，为大家总结一下导师提到的与托福相关的美国学术写作要求。

亚洲学生多数对北美的写作要求不太熟悉，对于托福写作也是了解到写作模式和手法但比较少考虑到其实在ETS的考官眼中托福写作是属于学术写作的范畴。

写作的规范思维模式：

Audience—–Purpose—-Organization—–Style—–Flow—–Presentation

首先考虑自己写作的读者群，也就是Audience，托福写作当然就是机改和评卷者，托福的阅卷人员基本为Lingustic，ES0L( English for Speakers of Other Languages), Literature 等关联学术背景的PHD学者。知道他们对于考生的要求对我们来说是十分有利的。

1. 学术化的语言，请大家尽量不要沉陷在优美华丽的句子中，这其实并不是托福写作的要求。学术化的语言严谨，精炼，用词恰当。比如：and so on 和etc. 这样的用法是不规范的，如果要列举要么适可而止要不就全部列举完整不可以用and so on来结尾，这样会被认为是不严谨。在表达得到用―get‖这个词也是非常不严谨，因为get这个词不仅口语化而且本身比较抽象，在写作中用的形容词和动词要越具象越细致越好，用―obtain‖来替换就比较合适。当时我们导师的原话是：The verb and adjective you use should be specific and precise. 下一篇帖子中会对北美学术语言进行具体介绍。

2. 例子的运用。不仅是托福写作，北美教育机构在写作的评定中对于例子十分看重。例子与你观点句的贴合度尤其重要。会有同学先背好不少例子，然后对题套用。这是可以的毕竟临时想到好例子也很难。但是一定要把背好的例子做调整让它更加符合你自己的观点句。ETS对于例子的要求是：As specific as you can. 那么怎么specific，也就是尽量结合你自己特有的生活经历来描述。比如：Once，I went to a cafe, it gave customer discount if they bring their own cup or use mug instead of plastic cup. 这个是在写一个关于商业能否环保的例子。那么这句话可以修改为：Last week, I went to a famous cafe in New York named Spot Cafe. One of its popular marketing strategy is that it provides customer discount, if they bring their own protable cup or use mug in store instead of using plastic cup.

另外一点就是例子的量一定要够，也就是你每给出一个观点就要尽量给出合理合适的例子作支撑。

3. 语言的相关度和精简度。不少同学都做过把句子拉长的训练，也就是尽量详细的描述。但是也会搬用很多套用具和万能词组在自己的写作中达到一个凑字数的效果。大家如果要字数要用例子来支撑字数而不是一些无真正含义的套话。ETS 的评卷人员其实对亚洲学生所使用的在写作中的套话有做专门的研究和统计，这一点是我完全没有想到的。

4. 而Flow这一点是在强调语言的逻辑性。全称是Old-to-New information Flow。这一点是很多亚洲学生的死穴，也是为什么在阅读中会有指代题问文中的it 和which 指代的是什么。因为不少native speaker 在看L2(Second Language Speaker)的文章的时候发现很难找到句子与句子之间的联系。

怎样强调FLow。

比如：Reseach has shown that caffeine does indeed reduce sleepiness and can lead to better academic performance since students can spend more time studying. Despite its effectiveness in counteractng sleepiness,caffeine can have a negative impact on subsequent sleep,which for many students may already be compromised. Specifically, caffeinated beverages consumed near bedtime at night can prolong sleep onset and reduce sleep efficiency and depth, thus affecting both sleep quality and duration.

这是一段标准的学术文章写作，橘色的部分为flow的强调也就是逻辑衔接，英语中称为contend bridge。反复出现的指代是在不断提醒读者核心，这是北美读者对于文章所期待看到的。少了这些那么句子间的逻辑联系就会减弱。绿色的部分是学术词汇的使用。

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正常句： However, new zoos try to duplicate animals’natural habitats as much as possible and give animals a fortable amount of space. 插入语： New zoos, however, try to duplicate animals’natural habitats as much as possible and give animals a fortable amount of space. (连词however做插入语) 主语多样 1. 她突然想到了一个主意。 She suddenly had an idea. 通常情况下，考生会马上对这句话进行翻译，基本不会动句子结构。但是以人作为主语的英语句子总是不能够很吸引人，所以这个句子如果稍微做下修改，以后面的宾语“主意”做主语，这个句子会发生一些变化。 An idea suddenly ourred to her. 2. 他开车心不在焉，几乎闯祸。 He was absent-minded when driving, and almost caused an aident. 这句话依然是拿人做主语，稍微改一下，把心不在焉这个形容词的名词形式做主语，会大不相同。 His absence of mind during driving nearly caused an aident. 3. 美利坚合众国创立于1789年。

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托福独立写作常用词disadvantage搭配用法实例精讲 1. disadvantage of sth. 这个用法应该是disadvantage比较常见的一个用法了，也就是某件事的缺点坏处，来看下面这些例句： a. The disadvantage of living in the countryside is the poor quality of education. b. One disadvantage of living in the countryside is the poor quality of education. c. One of the disadvantages of living in the countryside is the poor quality of education. 需要注意的是，disadvantage of sth.的用法最好用在句首部分，如果是虚词结构(expletive construction)的句式比如There is/are之类的句子，就不要再直接接上disadvantage of sth.了，否则这种句子读上去很不自然，一般老外是不会这么写的，比如下面这几个句子，中国考生可能看不出什么问题，但老外考官读起来说不定就不太舒服了： a. There are many disadvantages to living in the countryside. b. There are many disadvantages in living in the countryside. 2. at a disadvantage

托福写作模板 integrated writing(亲测 ..写作25)

The speaker, on the topic of ___________________, effectively casts doubt on the passage, providing the opposite evidence concerning/ about influences on/from ____________________. Firstly, _____听力结果______. Despite the content from passage that ____阅读结果____, the speaker provides an alternative explanation that ___听力内容_2句_. From this case, the speaker questions the validity of the passage. Secondly, ____听力结果_____. According to the lecture, ____听力内容2句__________. Such information directly challenges the position of the passage that ____阅读结果____. Thirdly, ____听力结果___. The passage states that ___阅读结果____. However, the speaker denies this point and gives the proof that ___听力内容2句______. This is another case where the content from the passage is totally groundless. Fourthly, 听力结果 . The passage states that 阅读结果, which is actually questioned by the speaker, who proposes the proof that 听力内容2句. Therefore, the side of the passage is overthrown by listening material.

托福写作必备4篇范文

The government should offer internet access to all of citizens at no cost. 1.Easier attaching to information 2.More convenient for citizens to communicate 3.Decrease burden for poor people Never do topics concerning internet fail to fascinate us under the ever-increasing development of internet nowadays in the modern society. A lot of people believe that internet is to citizens what water is to fish. From my perspective, I support that citizens accessing to internet should be free based on the following reasons. It is obvious that we are now in the new era of global information, so accessing the internet could be really important to us. If the government proposes that the citizens could use the internet for free, we will concerning about the cost no more so that we can check a lot of information posted online which means we are able to attach to information. Or else, citizens will have to choose cheaper but much slower ways to search for information such as going to the library or asking other people. For instance, I have homework to do every day and the teacher usually puts the materials I may need onto schoology—an online application that can store information. So when sometimes when I am outside home, I cannot use it because it will create cost, in this situation I feel it is necessary for the government to let us using the internet for free.

托福独立写作高分10大例子

托福独立写作高分10大例子 很多考生在备考托福独立写作的时候都有这样的感觉：没有话可写。文都国际小编称，想要你的写作内容充实并用字数达到要求，一些通用资料还是很重要的。下面小编为大家准备了托福独立写作高分10大例子，大家一起来学习一下吧。 1. It can improve health condition and enhance our ability to respond quickly. Besides, as long as we keep doing it frequently, we can effectively lose weight and keep ourselves in good shape. In addition, it can better prepare us for any physical challenge in the future 2. He should tolerate relatively small mistakes committed by others. Making mistakes is somehow inevitable, as long as it’s unintentional, he is supposed to forgive it. The tolerance will breed gratitude from others. 3. During the process of communication, my interpersonal skills will improve considerably. This can help me cooperate with others more

托福写作实现表达方式的多样性

托福写作实现表达方式的多样性 托福写作对语言表达的多样性有一定的要求。不仅如此，就一般的英文写作而言，能够用不重复的词汇和句式表达相同的意思也是非常有必要的。 如何才能实现表达方式的多样性呢?在这里给大家介绍几种常用的方法。 一.词汇与词组 要想在英文写作中避免多次使用同一个词，可以采用以下的方式： 1) 词性转换 通过转换词性来避免重复不失为一个好方法。常见的有把动词变为名词，把名词变为形容词等。 例：A. Making money is important for the youth to lead a decent life. B. Making money is of importance for the youth to lead a decent life. A. A country’s prosperity has much to do with its education. B. A prosperous country has much to do with its education. 2) 近义词和同义词的转换 另一种避免用词重复的方法是使用近义词或同义词进行替换，确保用词的多样性。 例：It is necessary/essential/important/significant/ vital/ crucial/critical/ momentous/paramount to develop education in a country. A. The government decides to develop local economy by means ofthe policy to build more factories. B. The government decides to develop local economy byadopting / applying/ using/ employing/ embracing the policy to build more factories. 3)词汇和词组的替换 第三种方法就是将词汇与相同意义的词组进行替换，来避免文章啰嗦重复。 例：A. Some people approve my standpoint. B. Some people are in favor of my standpoint. A. The man owned large amounts of fortune. B. The man was in possession of large amounts of fortune. 4)词组与词组的替换 不仅是词汇和词组能够相互替换，词组与词组之间也是可以的。 例：A. As far as I am concerned, I do agree with this opinion. B.To my way of thinking, I do agree with this opinion. A. Some people are against this standpoint. B. Some people are opposed to this standpoint. 二.句式变换 1. It 作形式主语 It is universally acknowledged that… It is widely recognized that… It is unavoidable that… It is an undeniable truth that… 例题：Improving schools is the most important factor for the successful development of a country It is widely acknowledged that education has played a significant role in