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大学英语四级词汇串讲

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内容提要

四级词汇抛砖引玉

四级词汇出奇制胜

四级词汇融会贯通

四级词汇细枝末节

一、四级词汇抛砖引玉

词汇才是硬道理

Vocabulary is an Unyielding Principle. No Zuo No Die

像背π一样背单词

狂写自虐

按字母顺序单一背词

和尚念经

When we was young…

拼音拼读

象形文字

偏旁部首

形近字组词

同音字组词

行文造句写作文

听写背课文

将汉语的精髓融入到英语学习去

Great minds think alike

庖丁解牛

中西合璧

追根溯源

铁索连环

物尽其用

22:19:40

。Fernweh 2015/5/20 22:19:40

后缀代表词性

动词后缀：-ate

Nominate

Nomi/nate

名字–提名

Formulate

Form/ulate

形状–让它有形状–形成

动词后缀：-ify Identify

Id/entify

使有ID -- 识别

Purify

Pure/ fy

使变的纯洁–净化，提纯

名词后缀：-ee

Employee

Em- 使

Ploy “仆”

- ee 被…的人

被变成仆人–被雇佣者

Trainee， refugee

名词后缀：-ness 状态品质

Happiness

快乐

Usefulness

有用有效

Selfishness

自私

形容词后缀：-ful, -less

Useful / Useless

Meaningful/ meaningless

Brainless

没脑子–愚笨

Fellowless

无敌的

Bottomless

很深的

形容词后缀：

-ous 富含…的；有…品质的；像…的Dangerous

Ambitious

有雄心的

Conscientious

Con/sci/en/tious

Sci: 知道–知道的多，认真学的–认真的，审慎的形容词后缀：-able

Changeable

Appreciable

Ap/preci/able

Preci = price

可估价的，可察觉的

Flexible

Flex 弯折

灵活的

22:24:09

。Fernweh 2015/5/20 22:24:09

庖丁解牛

通过语音、词义、词性解剖单词Anniversary

Anni/vers/ary 周年纪念日

Annual

Ann/ual 年度的，每年的Dissatisfaction

Dis/satisfac/tion 不满意的

Satisfy = sat/tis/fy

Anonymous

A/no-

Nym- name

Mous 形容词

无名的，匿名的

Tuition

Tu/i/tion

(图一生）学费

Thorough

Tho/rough （馊咯！）彻底的，详尽的Complete

Sophisticated

Soph/ist/icated

Soph- 有智慧的人

老练的，世故的

Sophomore

Suffer more 大二

Freshmen 大一

中西合璧

Ambulance

救护车

Agony

痛苦的

Pregnant

怀孕

Shabby

简陋的，卑鄙的

Ambition

雄心

Bale 灾祸

Bachelor

学士、单身

Tongue

舌头

追根溯源

词根

前缀

后缀

变形

前缀代表方向

Pro- 向前，pre- 在…前

Progress

向前走–进步

Profit

向“钱”更舒服–利润

Preface

前面的面–前言

上集概要

Predict

Pre（前面），dict（说）-- 预言

Com- 共同的，(con/cor/col)

Compose

放在一起摆pose –组成，构成

Combine

联合，合并

Combine with

Cooperation

Co/operat/ion

合作

。Fernweh 2015/5/20 22:25:37

铁索连环

The evil is the ___ of the good

Reverse

Diverse

Converse

Inverse

Reverse

Re/verse

v. 往回转，扭转，颠倒

I reversed my BMW when I saw a hot girl.

The last goal of Brazil could not reverse the tr end.

反面的，颠倒的

Diverse

Di/verse

分离/转向–使转向，不同–多种多样的

Adj. 不同的

Diversify

v. 使不同，多样化

Diversity n. 多样性

多种多样的

Various

Vary

≈ Very 变过来

v. 变异，变化，改变

Various

Adj. 各种各样的

Variety

n. 多样性；种类

Converse

v.交谈

Conversation

谈话

‘It's none of your business, ’

the young man said rudely.

‘This is a private conversation!’

Converse with

交谈；（持不同意见）相反

Inverse

In/verse

里面/转动 -- 颠倒，反面，对立

Invert

a. 相反的；n. 反面

The evil is the ___ of the good.

Invent

V. 发明，创造

Invention

发明

Computer is the most useful invention in 21 c entury.

Prevent

预防，阻碍，阻止

We should take steps to prevent it happenin g.

The prevention of heart disease. 预防心脏病

Crime prevention

防止犯罪

物尽其用

Make full use of your surroundings.

Use your eye to see

Hurl用力投掷，大声叫骂

Use your ears to hear

Habits form character, and character determi nes destiny

Let it go

The cold never bothered me anyway

It’s funny how some distance

Makes everything seem small

And the fears that once controlled me

Can’t get to me at all

Bother

Brother

打扰，麻烦

My fluent oral English bothers me a lot.

Don’t bother me.

Distance

n. 距离

Long distance will never stop me.

The distance wouldn’t be a problem.

Fear 害怕，担心

He looked at me with fear because he feared to memorize vocabulary.

Control

控制

Out of control

Under my control

Use your Mouth to speak and hand to write.

Produce, produce, produce. No matter how s hy you are or how much you don’t“get”English, force yourself to speak.

Use your body to move

Fit

Ambition

Unfortunately

Despise

行文造句

Try to use the word to make a sentence

Dedicate

De（加强）/dic(说）/ate 总说要爱我一辈子

奉献于…

Delicate

De/lic(像lip，诱惑）/ate 精致的

I dedicate myself to remembering the delicat e word.

Applause 鼓掌

Stop the applause = however

艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线

All or Nothing， Now or Never

22:41:36

。Fernweh 2015/5/20 22:41:36

庖丁解牛

通过语音、词义、词性解剖单词

Anniversary

Anni/vers/ary 周年纪念日

Annual

Ann/ual 年度的，每年的

Dissatisfaction

Dis/satisfac/tion 不满意的

Satisfy = sat/tis/fy

Anonymous

A/no-

Nym- name

Mous 形容词

无名的，匿名的

Tuition

Tu/i/tion

(图一生）学费

Thorough

Tho/rough （馊咯！）彻底的，详尽的

Complete

Sophisticated

Soph/ist/icated

Soph- 有智慧的人

老练的，世故的

Sophomore

Suffer more 大二

Freshmen 大一

中西合璧

Ambulance

救护车

Agony

痛苦的

Pregnant 怀孕

Shabby

简陋的，卑鄙的

Ambition

雄心

Bale

灾祸

Bachelor

学士、单身

Tongue

舌头

追根溯源

词根

前缀

后缀

变形

前缀代表方向

Pro- 向前，pre- 在…前Progress

向前走–进步

Profit

向“钱”更舒服–利润Preface

前面的面–前言

上集概要

Predict

Pre（前面），dict（说）-- 预言Com- 共同的，(con/cor/col) Compose

放在一起摆pose –组成，构成Combine

联合，合并

Combine with Cooperation

Co/operat/ion

合作

四级词汇出奇制胜

高频核心词汇

常见的

用法多样的

出题点

中西合璧法

1. Abandon

v. 丢弃，放弃，抛弃

We will never abandon our principles. n. 放任，纵情

People were shouting and cheering with abandon.

Abundant

a.丰富的，大量的

Rainfall is abundant in this region. 2. Access

A/cc/e/ss

n. 接近，入口，打开

He is a man of easy access.

I can’t access the file. Accommodation

A/cco/mmo/dation

n. 提供住宿

Accompany

v. 陪伴

Accompany sb. to

I will accompany you to the hospital. Keep sb. accompany

陪伴

I will always keep you accompany.

3. Astonished

As/ton/ished

我伙呆– a.惊讶的

Astonishment

n. 吃惊

Amaze ※

v. 使惊奇，使惊愕

Be amazed at 惊讶于

Amazing

惊人的，令人深刻的

Amazingly

Adv. 惊人地，十分地

Startle

（一鸣惊人）惊吓；使吃惊；震惊

The news will soon startle the city. Appall

(形) 惊骇，恐惧

4. Abroad

Broad=b+ road 广阔的，宽的

A+broad

在国外；到处；广泛流传

Go abroad 出国

Broaden v.拓宽

~ our horizon 拓宽视野

Broadcast

（漂流瓶）广播，传播

Wide a. 宽的，普遍的

Wide mouth

WWW=World Wide Web

Width 宽度, 广度

Widely adv. 广泛地，普遍的

It’s widely known that CET-4 is very importa nt for college students.

蓦然回首

Abandon – Abundant

Access – Accommodation – Accompany Astonished – Amaze – Startle -- Appall Amazing

Amazingly

Abroad – Broad -- Wide

Broaden Width

Broadcast Widely

22:47:32

。Fernweh 2015/5/20 22:47:32

5. Adopt

Vt. 领养，采纳；

He is their adopted son.

Adapt

v. 适应 adapt to.

Adapt to the climate

v. 改编 adapt for

Adapt novel for movies

The film is adapted from a novel of same title. 电影改编自同名小说

6. Charge

n. 收费 charge for sth.

v. 掌管 in charge of

I am in charge of the work to pat cats.

v. 充电

discharge 放电；排放；释放

7. Compare

≈ com/pair

v.对比

n. Comparison 对比

Comparable

Compar/able

可以比较的，类似的

Compare A to B

把A比作B A≈B

A teacher’s work is often compared to a can dle

Compare A with B

A和B相比

Never compare your girlfriend with your ex.

8. Crowd

Crow 乌鸦

人群

Crowded 拥挤的，水泄不通的

Big Data

Volume ※

量

Crowd sourcing

众包

Outsourcing

Crowd funding

众筹

9. Damage

Damn it!

v. 损害，毁坏； n. 损害

The bridge was damaged badly.

Ruin (抽象的）长期损坏，不能修复的破坏

You ruin my life.

Destroy 彻底的毁坏

The earthquake destroyed the city.

All his hopes were destroyed.

Destruction n.破坏

Structure

sTrucTure 结构

Stable structure

S-table

稳定的结构

Instruct v.

教，讲授，指导

Instructive a. 启发性的

Instruction n.

指令，说明书Construct

v. 组成，构成

The earthquake destroyed the city, which inst ructs us to build stable structure.

蓦然回首

Adopt – Adapt

Compare

Comparison

Crowd –Crowded

Crowd sourcing – crowd funding

Damage –Destroy – Ruin

Destruction – Instruct – Construct

10. Diamond

钻石，菱形

红桃 heart；黑桃 Spade

方片 Diamond；梅花 Club

吸血鬼日记

Vampire Diaries

Diary 日记

Dairy 乳制品

Dai/ry

Dial v. 打电话

The subscriber you have

dialed is power off.

您所拨打的电话已关机

11. Disappoint

v. 使失望，使破灭

We will do our best not to disappoint you.

Disappointed a. 失望的

I will feel ~ if there is no gifts for my birthday.

Appoint

Ap/point

v. 任命

关于App的那些事儿

App – Application 应用程序

Apply v. 应用

Apply to 应用于

Apply for 申请

We need to apply theory to practice when we apply for a job.

Applicable 可应用的

Applicant 申请人

Appeal

v. 吸引，恳求

Appeal for 恳求某事

Appeal to

吸引≈ attract

Yu’ebao appeals to Taobao users.

Attract

Attractive 有吸引力的

She is the most ~ girl that I have ever seen. Appreciate

Ap/preci/ate

v. 增值，涨价；感激，欣赏

I ~ that you can take this class.

You don’t like this music because you can’t ~ it.

Appreciated

Adj. 感激的

Appropriate

Ap/propr/iate

Pro/per 合适的

a. 合适的 adj.

Girls always want to pick up a ~ dress for diff erent occasion.

Inappropriate 不合适的

b.私用，占为己有 v.

app/ro/p/riate

It’s inappropriate to appropriate public fun ds for personal use.

私人挪用公款是不合适的。

Approximate

Appro/xim/ate

Xim = same 近似的，大约

Approximately

There are ~50 people in our classroom.

蓦然回首

Diamond– Diary – Dairy – Dial

Disappoint

Appoint

Apply –Appeal–Appreciate–Appropriate– App roximate

Application Appreciated Approximately Applicable

12. Doubt※

doub(t)

n/v. 疑惑，怀疑I doubt that = I don’t think so

I doubt that she will change her mind.

I doubt if / whether …我拿不准Do you doubt that =

Do you believe that

Doubtful 怀疑的，难以预测的Undoubtedly 毋庸置疑的

No doubt/ without doubt = believ e

No doubt that you are fooled. There is no doubt about it.

No one has any doubt on this poi nt.

Suspicious

Adj. 怀疑的，可疑的

Suspect

v. 猜疑，怀疑

Suspicion质疑

A spirit of suspicion

His suspicious behavior made the police suspect.

The locals tend to be suspicious of strangers.

13. Familiar

Famili/ar family

adj. 熟悉的，亲近的

Fa/mi/liar n. 密友

Familiar with sb/sth

和…亲近的/对…熟悉

I am ~ with my girlfriend’s ~ f riend.

闺蜜： Blossom

BFF – best friend forever

Besties

Ladybro

铁： tight

柏拉图式： Platonic friendship

男闺蜜： Bromeo= brother Romeo

14. Glance

v./n. 暼

Glance at

At a glance

Gaze

凝视，注视

Stare

盯着，好奇Stare at

Peer

窥视

Glare at

怒视

Glimpse ≈ glance

看一眼

When we feel lazy, one glimpse a t ourselves in the mirror is eno ugh.

15. Grand

Grandmother

极其重要的；

豪华的, 宏伟的，壮观的

You are the grandest person for me, so I want to have a grand vi ew of sunrise with you.

Grant

T 特许

v. 允许，承认，授予

n. 拨款

Why grant economy this special s tatus?

Take for granted ※

认为…理所当然

We always take our parents 'love for granted.

Grateful

≈ great/ful

Adj. 令人愉悦的；感激的

Gratitude

≈Great/attitude

n. 感激的（>thankful）

Express my ~ for your reading th is letter

Attitude

态度

Strike an attitude

摆出一种姿态

Take up an attitude

采取某种态度

Take up an active/negative attit ude

What is the author’s ~ towards smoking?

蓦然回首

Doubt – Suspicious

No doubt Suspect

Familiar – Friends Glance – Stare – Glare – Star e – Peer

Grand – Grant – Grateful – Gr atitude

Attitude

Attitude decides everything,

details determine success or fai lure.

态度决定一切，细节决定成败。

Altitude

高度; 海拔

Attitude decides altitude.

Inspiration to fly high.

《态度决定高度》

Life is life. Life is an interes ting journey of ups and downs. B ut how the journey ends, is up t o you today.

Once you give up, then there is no hope. But until you give up, there is that hope.

Every time you fall down, you le arn something new. You are ready for the next one.

Go for it!

。Fernweh 2015/5/20 23:16:01

Attitude decides everything,

details determine success or fai lure.

态度决定一切，细节决定成败。

1. Consume

v. 消耗; 耗尽；吃光，喝光; 沉溺; 浪费

LOL will consume much time and e nergy,

so does girlfriend.

The memories consumed him.

Consume … on sth/consume doing sth

We ~ much time studying English.

Consumer

n. 消费者

Consumption

n. 消费量

The average daily ~ of fruit is around 200g.

Consuming

Adj. 消费的；强烈的

Time-consuming

My sadness is consuming.

Similar meanings 吃光，喝光

Drink up

Eat up

… up =…完

Use up

Our fuel is used up.

消耗时间

Spend

Spend time/money on sth.

Spend time/money in doing sth.

Take sb. sometime. to sth.

It takes me ten years to say thi s to you.

浪费

Waste

It’s a waste of time!

Similar Spelling

-sume = take 拿走

Assume

As/sume

v. 假设；呈现，承担

If something is very expensive, we assume it’s also of good qua lity.

You will assume the role of pres ident of student union.

Assumption n. 假设

Resume

v. 重新开始; 恢复

n. 简历

The search will resume early tod ay.

Our web service will resume tomo rrow.

Show me your resume please.

A reader who is unfamiliar with these variations may assume that your resume contains errors. ( 2006.6）

Presume

v. 以为，认为；假定；推测

They presume the man to be innoc ent.

In/no/cent；Innocence

无辜的

I presume what you said is reaso nable, but what if he don’t acc ept?

Reason/able 合理的

Opposite Meaning (op/po/site 相对的，对立的)

Produce

Product 产品

v. 生产，产生；制造，引起

Gases are produced by burning co al and oil.

Apple produce ipad.

Productive

Adj. 多产的，富有成效的

Productive soils

Our talks will be productive.

Production

n. 生产，产量

Earn

v. 赚钱；赢得

She earns little money but appla use.

It’s hard to earn a living.

The company must earn a reputati on for honesty.

Re/put/ation

声誉；名声

2. Social

adj. 社交的，合群的

n. 联谊会

We should organize more social e vents.

Sociable

好交际的，友善的

Society

社会，社团

Community

Comm/uni/ty (union 联合）

社团，社区

Communicate

v. 交流，通讯，传达

We should ~ more to settle down the name of our community.

Communication

交流，交通

Communism

共产主义

Socialism

社会主义

Capitalism

资本主义

Capital n. 首都；资本

Adj. 重要的，极好的，主要的Idealism

唯心主义

Ideal

理想的

Materialism

唯物主义

Material

物质

Sociology

社会学

Astrology

Astro- 星星

占星学

Astronomy

天文学

Biology

生物学

Math

Mathematics 数学

History

历史

Required course/ compulsory cour se

必修课

Optional course

选修课

Accounting

会计学

3. Tend

v. 朝着，倾向于

照顾

Tend to（towards）

倾向于

Husbands tend not to tell their wives the truth.

We usually tend to focus on some thing easy.

照料; 护理

For years he tended her as a vol unteer.

Some girls are brought up to ten d to the needs of others.

Tender

Adj. 温柔的

Tenderly Adv. 温柔地

When I have children of my own, they asked their mother, what wi ll I be? Will I be handsome,will I be rich? I told them tenderly.

Tendency

n. 趋向

There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead o f in offices.

She has artistic tendencies.

Trend

强调发展，变化的趋势，趋向性，方向

The prices of houses are trendin

g upwards.

-tend

Attend

a/tt/end

v. 出席；照顾；献身于

Attend a meeting

Attend to sb 照顾

The main thing is to attend to t he injured.

Attention 注意

Pay attention to

Extend

v. 扩大，延伸; 伸出

We are trying to extend its life span.

The magazines extend their marke t to China.

Extend a hand of friendship.

Extensive

Adj. 广阔的，广泛的

Extension

n. 扩张，延期

Intend

v. 意图，计划，打算

She intends to go abroad after g raduation.

I don’t intend it to be.

这并非我本意

Intention

n. 意图；目的

What is your intension of doing it?

5. Affect

Aff-加强

-fect 做v. 感动，影响；打动，震动

More than seven million people h ave been affected by drought.

The divorce affected him deeply.

一时的影响，中性

Affection

n. 喜爱，慈爱，情感

She thought of him with affectio n.

Have affection for

I have developed an affection fo r him.

Win your affection

赢得好感

If you express your affection fo r her, maybe you will win her af fection.

Effect

n. 结果，效果，作用

v. 执行

Have an effect on sth = to affec t sth.

Parents worry about the effect o f music on their childs’behavio r.

The 3D effects in this film are great.

The overall effect is benificial.

Effective

Adj. 有效的，起作用的

Effective communication is very important.

We need to find out an effective solution.

This method is effective.

Ineffective

Adj. 无效果的

In vain

徒劳的，无效的

All the efforts he invested were in vain.

Do you want to let her death be in vain?

My vocabulary was enlarged, whic

h proved my studies had not been in vain.

Efficient

Adj. 高效率的

Efficiently

有效率地

I work very efficiently.

Studying without mobile phone is efficient.

We need to take effective and ef ficient measures to learn vocabu lary well.

Efficiency

n. 效率

Ineffective

低效率的

Inefficiency

低效

Influential

Adj. 有影响的，有权势的

It helps to have several influen tial friends.

It is said that he is one of the most influential people of the 21 century.

Influence

n. 影响，势力；有影响的人

v. 影响，感染，支配，对…起作用

TV is a bad influence on people.

He is a man of great influence i n this town.

His moving story influenced me a lot.

Have active/negative influence o

Fluent

Adj. 流利的，流畅的

I can speak fluent Spanish.

Fluency

n. 流畅

Impact

n.碰撞，冲击，撞击；影响；冲击力

v挤入，压紧；撞击；对…产生影响

v冲撞，冲击；产生影响

These plans mean little unless t hey impact on people.

Knowledge without impact is of n o use.

6. (1) Identify

ID – v. 识别; 指认，确认；认同

Identify A with B

把A看得像B一样

We should never identify money

with happiness.

I can always identify you among the crowd.

Identity

n. 身份；一致性Identical

一致的，相同的

Nearly all the houses here are i dentical

(2) Distinguish

v. 区分，辨别

He could distinguish different v oices.

Speeches distinguish human being s from animals.

It is his London accent that dis tinguishes him.

Distinguish A from B

辨别，分清

Could you distinguish right from wrong?

Distinguish between A and B

区分开

Many professors distinguish Chin ese students and other competito rs.

v.使著名，使杰出

Distinguish oneself

They distinguished themselves at the

College Entrance Examination.

Distinguished

Adj. 尊敬的，著名的

Distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen.

Distinction

n. 区别，特征

The distinction between confiden ce and narcissism is important.

Distinct

Adj. 不同的，个别的

We have distinct reasons to stud

y hard.

Distinctive

Adj. 特别的，独特，特异

Do you have a distinctive method?

(3) Discern

V. 辨明，分清; 看出；理解，了解；识别

(精确，准确的观察力）

It was hard to discern why this was happening.

(4) Differ 与…不同

Differ from

与…不同

The story he told me differed fr om the one he told you.

Differ with

意见不同

He differs with the other member s on this issue.

Different

不同的

Difference

n.差别，差异

Make a difference/ make differen ces

有…影响；起…作用

Make no difference

不起作用, 没有区别

Exercise makes all the differenc e.

It don’t make any difference to me What the world thinks about us Cause in my heart I will alwa ys believe That we were meant fo r each other Love ain’t got no color It don’t make any differe nce to me What they see

Apply these methods to practice,

you will surely make the differe nce!

You never know what you can do t ill you try.

追根溯源法

前缀表方向

后缀表词性

词干表含义

前– Pro-；Pre-； Fore-

前– Pro-

Progress n./v. 进步

Pro- 往前，向前

-gress/cess/ceed 走

Make progress

取得进步

You have made much progress.

Process 程序，过程

Proceed 继续，进行

Profit（向“钱”合适）

n. 利润，利益

v. 得利

There is great profit in selling roses in Valentines’ day.

Profitable

Adj. 有利可图的，可赚钱的

The company is in a profitable s tage. Benefit ※

v. 有利于 n.益处

You can receive much benefit fro m reading.

It’s said that Yoga is of great ~ to health.

Beneficial

Adj. 有益的

Running is beneficial to your he alth.

Good for

Drinking hot water is good for y our stomach.

Useful/helpful

Advantage

ad-/as- 前进，向前

-van/-vant 前，先锋

Ad/vant/age

n. 优势，有利条件

v. 有利于

He had the ~ of a good education.

He has an ~ over you since he is rich.

Take advantage of …

利用；欺骗

You should take full ~ of this c hance.

你应该充分利用这次机会。

He has always been taking ~ of m e.

前– Pre-

Preview

Pre- 在前，领先

n. 预演，象征

v. 预览

Pre/sence 出席

-sence 发出去，送出去，存在

Absence 缺席

Present

Adj. 目前，现在的，出席的

At present, app market is heatin g up.

Presently

Adv. 现在，目前

Nowadays，currently

Represent

Re/pre/sent

v. 代表Representative

n. 代表

Prepare Pre/pair v.准备

Prepare for 为…做准备

I am preparing for the final exa m.

Prepare sb. sth. 给…准备…

She prepared us a nice meal.

Preparation

Make ~ for

Precede

v. 领先；优于

She wants to be a woman who prec edes all men except the king.

Precedent

n. 先例

There is no ~ that someone can p ass CET-4 without memorizing voc abulary.

Precaution

Caution 注意小心

n.预防, 防备，警惕

V. 使提防，预先警告

I take an umbrella as a precauti on.

前– Fore-

Forehead

前额

Foreground

前景

Foresee

预见

Foretell

预言

Post-war

战后

Postpone

Pon –摆放

v. 延期，把…放在次要地位

We decided to postpone the meeti ng.

上－Sur-； Up-

Sur-/Up- 上，超过

Surpass

超越，超过

Surface

表面

Upward <-> downward Upgrade <->degrade

升 <->降

下－Sub-

Sub- 向下

De- 在…下

Subway

地铁

Submit

-mit 送

V. 使服从，呈递

Submit sth. to

Submit to

Submission

n. 投降；提交

Substance

≈Sub/stand

n. 物质，牢固，基础

Substantial

Adj. 大量的，重大的，牢固的

Many companies have made ~progre ss.

取得重大进展

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