《议论文写作技巧入门》：第四章 审题

《议论文写作技巧入门》：第四章审题《议论文写作技巧入门》：第四章

审题

第一节关于审题的相关知识

（一）审题的重要性

审题是写作的第一步，是构思的前提和基础，《考试大纲》在作文基础等级中对审题的要求是符合题意，它包括三个方面，题意、问题和写作要求。高考阅卷老师往往把符合题意放在唯一地位，如果审题不准，即使文章构思巧妙，表达完美也得不到高分。审题是考场作文的一项根本要求，也是评价一篇文章优秀与否的首要条件。

(二) 审题的含义：

审题，就是深入思考和反复推敲作文话题(包括材料)以及考试后检查，以求理解其含义，弄清写作的具体要求，确立写作中心，确定写作范围和重点，确定下笔的角度及感情抒发的基调，明确写作方式和方法的过程。

第二节审题的技巧和方法

培养学生的审题能力虽然不能一蹴而就，但我们可以交给他们一些审题技巧，用具体的可操作的方法帮助学生提高审题能力。

（一）、审题的四种技巧

1、提炼重点，培养审题的准确性

在审题时，教师要有意识地引导学生透过复杂的题干部分，找出重点，理解题意。所以，审题时，学生要特别注意题目中的关键词语。所谓关键词语，就是题目涉及的数学知识及具体数据，已知条件等，忽略了它们，往往使解题过程变得盲目，思维陷入困境。

2、充分挖掘，培养审题的深刻性

有些题目的部分条件并不明确给出，而是隐含在文字叙述之中。常见的有知识性隐含条件、临界条件性隐含条件、数据性隐含条件等。把隐含条件挖掘出来，常常是解题的关键所在，对题目隐含条件的挖掘，都要仔细思考除了明确给出的条件以外，是否还隐含着更多的条件，这样才能准确地理解题意。

3、注重化，培养审题的灵活性

作为教师，要善于引导学生把生活实际与教学问题起来思考，把实际问题，化为教学问题。

（二）、材料作文审题立意十大方法

1、提炼中心法：

这是写材料作文最为常见且最为稳妥的审题立意的方法。写材料作文时，如果能准确地提炼出材料的中心，并以其作为文章的主旨，一定会使所写文章既切题又有深度。所以，写材料作文时应尽量采用这种方法来立意。

【材料】

一次，盖达尔旅行时，有一个小学生认出了他，抢着替他提皮箱。小学生见皮箱十分破旧，便说：先生是大名鼎鼎的盖达尔，为什么用的皮箱却是随随便便的呢？太不协调了。不协调吗？如果皮箱是大名鼎鼎的，而我却是随随便便的，那岂不是更糟？盖达尔笑着说。小学生看着盖达尔笑了。

【分析】

分析这则材料，我们可以提炼出这样的中心意思：这则材料通过写大名鼎鼎的盖达尔和小学生关于皮箱破旧的对话，表达了身外之物可以随随便便，但做人却不能随随便便的道理。据此，学生可以提炼出如下两种观点：（1）做人不应该随随便便；（2）做人要做有真才实学

的人，不能徒有虚名。

2、抓关键句法：

关键句常常有暗示材料中心的作用。所以，有些材料作文材料中的关键性语句可以作为选择立意角度的突破口。在材料作文的材料中，关键句常常是命题者或材料中的人物的评议性语句。

【材料】

一只蚌跟它附近的另一只蚌说：我身体里有个极大的痛苦。它是沉重的、圆圆的，我遭难了。另一只蚌怀着骄傲自满的情绪答道：我赞美上天，也赞美大海，我身体里毫无痛苦，我里里外外都是健康的。这时，有一只螃蟹经过，听到了两只蚌的谈话。它对那只里里外外都很健康的蚌说：是的，你是健康的。然而，你的邻居所承受的痛苦却是一颗异常美丽的珍珠。

【分析】

通过分析这则材料，学生会发现这则材料中的关键句就是螃蟹所说的话——你的邻居所承受的痛苦却是一颗异常美丽的珍珠。据此，学生可以立意为——成功必须经过艰辛和痛苦，成功的喜悦与创造过程的艰辛密不可分

【材料】

有一个生长在孤儿院的男孩，悲观地问院长：像我这样没人要的孩子，活着究竟有什么意思呢?院长交给他一块石头，说：明天，你拿这块石头去卖，但不是真卖，不论别人出多少钱，绝对不能卖。第二天，男孩蹲在市场的角落，真有好多人要买那块石头，而且价钱越出越高。晚上，院长要他明天拿到黄金市场去叫卖。在黄金市场，竟有人出比昨天高十倍的价钱要买那块石头。最后，院长叫男孩到宝石市场去卖这块石头，结果，石头的身价较昨天又涨了十倍，甚至被传扬成稀世之宝。院长对男孩说：生命的价值也就像这块石头一样，一块很不起眼的石头，由于你的珍惜而提升了它的价值。

【分析】

很多同学以珍惜为话题，写珍惜友谊、写珍惜时间、珍惜幸福生活、珍惜学习机会等，都未免偏颇。只要我们再全面深入地进行分析，就会明白这则材料的主旨才是话题——只要自己看重自己，珍惜自己，你的生命就有意义、有价值。材料对珍惜有了更具体的限制。

3、由果溯因法：

事物都是互相的，有很多事物就是以因果关系的形式存在的。写材料作文，审题时如果能由材料中列举的现象或结果推究出造成所列现象或结果的本质原因，往往能找到最佳的立意。

【材料】

一个六岁的孩子，放学回家后，拿起刀子就要切苹果。只见他让苹果横躺下，一边是花蒂，一边是果把，刀子放在中间。刚要切，爸爸赶忙喊到：切错了！切错！话音刚落，苹果早已被切开，儿子拿起一半给爸爸看，喊到：爸爸快看，好漂亮的一颗五角星！只见苹果的横断面上，由果核的轮廓组成了规则的五角星。

【分析】

为什么会出现五角星图案？是小孩子不按常规而横切苹果。可引申出结论：创造性思维能获得意料不到的成功。

【材料】

一个小女孩迷上了小提琴，每晚都在家里拉个不停。家人不堪这种锯床腿的干扰，每次都向小女孩求饶。小女孩一气之下跑到一处幽静的树林，独自演奏了一曲。突然，她听到一个老妇人的赞许声：拉得真不错！老人继而说：我的耳朵聋了，什么也听不见，只是感觉你拉得不错！于是，小女孩每天清晨都来树林里为老人拉琴。每奏完一曲，老人都会连声赞许：

谢谢，拉得真不错！终于有一天，小女孩的家人发现，小女孩的琴拉得早已不是锯床腿了，便惊奇地问她有什么名师指点。这时，小女孩才知道，树林中的那位老妇人竟是著名的器乐教授，而她的耳朵也从未聋过。

【分析】

赞美的力量

4、由物及人法：

写材料作文时，有寓意的材料或叙述物的材料，需要学生采用由物及人的横向联想法进行立意，即由材料中的物联想到人，进而联想到与材料内容相类似的人生哲理、社会现象等，从而提炼出写作的观点。

【材料】

据《深圳风采周刊》报道，不久前浙江嘉定徐行镇发生了一件怪事，一位朱姓村民家中的小猫竟被老鼠活活咬死了。德国海德堡大学教授穆勒博士在分析研究城市老鼠猖獗的原因时指出：当代城市中的猫，处于一种恶性循环中，一方面是因为猫已普遍家养，有充足的食物而不必以捕鼠为生；另一方面是因为猫无法从老鼠体内获取一种名为牛磺酸的物质——这种物质能提高猫的夜视能力，于是现在家养的猫几乎丧失了夜视能力，捕鼠的能力也就越来越差，因此老鼠咬死猫就不奇怪了。

【分析】

分析类似的材料时，学生要把握这样一个原则——一切非人的东西都要联想到人。上述材料中的主要叙述对象是小猫，立意时学生可以把小猫想象成人，如青少年，把饲养小猫的主人想象成青少年的父母，并由小猫被老鼠活活咬死联想到如今的青少年由于父母溺爱、家庭生活条件优裕等，逐渐丧失了自食其力的能力，从而提炼出这样的立意——只有放手让孩子在生活的风雨中经受磨炼，才能培养他们的生存能力。

5、分析关系法：

【材料】

一位大学生，在校花销吃紧，写信向在乡下种地的父亲要钱。信只有三个字——爸：钱。儿这封三字信传开以后，人们议论纷纷。请以这位大学生同学的身份就此给他写一封信。

【分析】

这则材料的中心内容就是三字信。材料中的人物关系是父与子的关系，其正常关系是骨肉关系、亲情关系，可是在儿子的三字信中，除了钱连接关系外，再也没有其他，甚或一两句问候语。说明儿子与父亲是一种不正常的关系，究其原因是儿子缺乏礼貌，缺乏孝心，缺乏对在乡下日夜操劳的父母的安慰。因此，以中学同学的身份给他写信就要劝导、教育他要懂得孝敬父母。若不从此入手，就会在花销紧要节约上大做文章，而不能切中问题的要害。

6、明确褒贬法：

有些材料作文，材料中的语句常常蕴含着命题者的褒贬情感，审题时学生必须充分捕捉这些语言信息，细致体会命题者的感情色彩，这样才能根据命题者的感情倾向确立最佳的立意角度。

【材料】

武汉市的珞珈山，是武汉大学的所在地。山上有闻名遐迩的樱花园。每年的樱花时节，游人如织。总见一些青年朋友穿着和服在樱花丛中摄影留念。一次，一位在武汉留学的韩国青年见此大为不解，她对她的导师说：他们为什么要穿着和服去照像呢？我们韩国也有樱花，但从没有人穿着和服去同樱花照像。她的导师苦笑了一下，无言以对。

【分析】

这则材料从导师的苦笑无言以对来看，表现了导师对那些穿着和服照像的青年人的不满和鄙视。导师的心声体现了命题者的意图，也体现了材料的主旨，即批评那些穿和服照像的

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