翻译and作文
?四级段落翻译技巧
?outline
? 1. 主语的选择
? 2. 无主句的翻译
? 3. 调整语序
? 4. 词性转换
? 5. 合译法
? 6. 减译法
?7. 英汉语序的差异
?8. 倍数
?9. 汉译英有用的句型
?10.节日等翻译
? 1. 主语的选择
? 1.1 主谓搭配要合理
?CH：现在全世界各地都在学习中国功夫。
?EN：Nowadays, Chinese Kung fu is being learned all across the world.
?CH：中国人交朋友，最重要的原则是“诚”和“信”。
?EN: Chinese people try to maintain two most important principles in friendship: sincerity and faithfulness.
? 1. 主语的选择
? 1.2 突出句子的话题
?CH：茶的品种不同，制法也不同。
?EN：Tea differs in type and method of production.
?CH：人们学习功夫的目的是防卫而不是攻击。
?EN：People learn Kung fu not to attack but to defend.
?CH：最能代表中国功夫的是太极拳。
?EN：Tai Chi is the best representative of Kung fu.
?CH：筷子的用料种类各有不同，选材包括竹子、木材、玉石、象牙、塑料、金银等。?EN：Chopsticks can be made of a variety of materials, including bamboo, wood, jade, ivory, plastic, gold and silver.
? 1. 主语的选择
? 1.3 注意句子平衡
?CH：浏览北京、上海、西安，最好是在春、秋两季。
?EN：Spring and autumn are the best times to tour cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Xi’an.?CH：游览西湖及周围景点花上两天时间较为合适。
?EN：It is advisable for tourists to take two days to tour West Lake and the scenic spots around it.
?CH：上海品种繁多的小吃、糕点和手工艺品、纺织品，会使你感到满意。
?EN：You will be satisfied with a wide variety of snacks, cakes, handicrafts and textiles in Shanghai.
? 2. 无主句的翻译
?方法一：译成被动句
?CH:自古以来，各种典礼和祭祀都要用酒。
?EN: Liquor has been used since ancient times in ceremonies and sacrifices.
?CH: 通常把茶分成清茶、红茶、花茶三类，味道各有不同。
?EN: Tea is often classified into green tea, black tea and flower tea, each with its own taste.
?CH: 由于中国功夫的发展，产生了中国人的狭义精神。
?EN: With the development of Chinese Kung fu, a chivalrous spirit was adopted in China. ? 2. 无主句的翻译
?方法二：添加主语
?CH: 中国历史上产生了许多杰出的哲学家、思想家、政治家、军事家、科学家和文学艺术家，留下了浩如烟海的文化典籍。
?EN: In its history, China has produced many outstanding philosophers, thinkers, statesmen, strategies, scientists, writers and artists and left us numerous volumes of literature.
?CH: 学习中国功夫，多半在深山的寺院里面。
?EN: To learn Chinese Kung fu, one would stay at a temple in secluded mountains. ?CH: 生于忧患，死于安乐，要居安思危，有备无患。
?EN: One prospers in worries and hardships, while perishing in ease and comfort. We must think of danger in times of safety and always be prepared for the worst.
? 2. 无主句的翻译
?方法三：译成存在句、祈使句等特殊句型
?There be/ happen to be/ seem to be/ come/ enter/ occur
?CH: 从前没有商场，也没有公共聚会的地方，市镇上只有庙会。
?EN: There used to be no shopping malls or any places for public gatherings except temple fairs in the cities and towns.
?CH: 必须在中国社会发扬孝顺父母的美德。
?EN: It is necessary to promote the virtue of filial piety in Chinese society.
?“必须…” : It is necessary/ essential/ imperative/ important to do
? 3. 调整语序
? 3.1 句内语序调整
? 3.1.1 定语位置的调整
?CH: 千百年来，中华民族一次次战胜了天灾人祸，渡过了急流险滩。
?EN: Over the millennia, the Chinese nation has weathered numerous disasters, both natural and man-made, and surmounted all kinds of difficulties and challenges.
? 3. 调整语序
? 3.1 句内语序调整
? 3.1.2 状语位置的调整
?CH: 中国通过丝绸之路给西域各国带去了丝绸织物、火药和印刷术。
?EN: China brought silk, gunpowder, and printing techniques to the West via the Silk Road. ?CH: 老子教导人们要谦和，一个人要想长久生存，要想避免危险，柔弱和谦和是最重要的条件。
?EN：Lao Zi preaches modesty because softness and modesty are the most important elements to avoiding danger and living a long life.
? 3. 调整语序
? 3.2 句间语序的调整
?CH: 一个人不论做什么事，都不要使字句的父母感到羞耻，这才是真正的孝顺。
?EN: One is truly filial when he never puts his parents in shame no matter what he does. ?CH: 如果有人认为中国人好用武力，动不动就用拳脚来解决问题，那就大错特错了。?EN: It is utterly wrong to imagine that Chinese people are liable to use force and resolve problems through violence.
? 4. 词性转换
? 4.1 动词
? 4.1.1 汉语动词转换成英语名词
?CH: 上海的发展，从一个侧面反映了中国所发生的巨大变化。
?EN: The growth of Shanghai is one reflection of the tremendous changes that have taken place in China.
?CH: 中国人发明了火药，却从没有用来制造枪炮侵略别人。
?EN: Chinese people invented gunpowder, but have never used it to make guns for invasion.
? 4.1.2 汉语动词转换成英语介词, eg. 看见=at the sight of; 想到= at the thought of ? 4. 词性转换
? 4.2 名词的转译
?CH:按照古人的说法，四级的特征是“春生、夏长、秋收、冬藏”。
?EN: According to traditional proverbs, the four seasons are characterized by different events: birth in spring, growth in summer, harvest in autumn and storage in winter.
? 4.3 形容词的转译
?CH: 在中国人的生活当中，酒和茶是不可缺少的东西。
?EN: Liquor and tea are necessities in the life of Chinese people.
? 5. 合译法：使用从句
?状语从句
?中国人喝茶的历史较短，三国以后江南人才开始喝茶。
?Tea has a shorter history in China since people south of the Yangtze River began to drink tea only after the Three Kingdoms period.
?定语从句
?香港是购物天堂，对各国游客产生了巨大的诱惑力。
?Hong Kong is a shopping mecca that greatly attracts tourists from all over the world. ?和平是促进发展的前提条件，发展则是维护和平的重要基础。
?Peace is the prerequisite for development, which is in itself one of the important foundations for peace.
?同位语从句
?发展是硬道理，我们都必须坚持这一原则。
?We should all embrace the principle that development is the absolute truth.
? 5. 合译法：使用非谓语动词
?分词
?长江是世界上第三大河，全长6300千米，流域面积180万平方千米。
?The Yangtze River is the third longest river in the world, stretching 6,300 kilometers with
a basin of 1.8 million square kilometers.
?故宫始建于600年前，是世界上最大的古代宫殿建筑群。
?Initially built 600 years ago, the Imperial Palace is the largest ensemble of ancient royal buildings in the world.
?动词不定式
?中国的房子通常都坐北朝南，以便接受冬天的阳光和夏日的清风。
?Chinese houses usually face the south so as to have warm sunshine in winter and cool breezes in summer.
?1000年前，唐朝开辟通向西域的丝绸之路，是为了把丝绸、茶叶、瓷器等销往世界。?The Tang Empire opened up the Silk Road 1,000 years ago to sell silk, tea and porcelain to other parts of the world.
? 5. 合译法：使用短语
? 1. 使用名词短语
?月饼是圆的，象征团圆的意思。
?The mooncakes are round, a symbol of the reunion of the family.
?随着时代的进步，中国人的娱乐方式也改变了。
?The advances of time have brought about changes in the entertainment preferred by Chinese people.
? 2. 使用介词短语
?北京是世界历史文化名城，有3000多年的历史，有着众多的名胜古迹。
?Beijing is a famous historical and cultural city in the world, with numerous sites of interest and a history of 3,000 years.
?泰山位于山东中部，海拔1545米，占地426平方千米。
?Mount Tai is located in the middle of Shandong Province at an elevation of 1,545 meters with an area of 426 square kilometers.
? 6. 减译法
? 1. 省略或替代形式重复的词
? 2. 省略或替代语义重复的词
? 3. 省略范畴词
?名词（现象、事业、局面、状态、情况等）在前文有具体内容的情况下往往成立范畴词，只补充或说明具体内容所属的范畴，并不表达具体的意义。
?CH: 不仅对人如此，就是国与国之间相处，中国人也秉持着谦虚的态度。
?EN: In addition to personal relationships, Chinese people are modest in relationship with other countries.
?CH: 不仅对人如此，就是国与国之间相处，中国人也秉持着谦虚的态度。
?EN:
? 6. 减译法
? 3. 省略范畴词
?名词（现象、事业、局面、状态、情况等）在前文有具体内容的情况下往往成立范畴词，只补充或说明具体内容所属的范畴，并不表达具体的意义。
?CH: 不仅对人如此，就是国与国之间相处，中国人也秉持着谦虚的态度。
?EN: In addition to personal relationships, Chinese people are modest in relationship with other countries.
?CH: 耍狮子、舞长龙、划龙舟这些活动不但可以达到娱乐的目的，同时也培养人们的合作精神。
?EN: The activities of the lion dance, the long dragon dance and dragon boat rowing are performed not only to entertain, but also to train the performers to be cooperative. ?7.英汉语序的差异
? 1. 英汉语序的差异
?英汉语序的排列顺序的差异主要体现在定语、状语和并列成分方面
? 1.1 定语
?英语根据“主观-客观两极性”的原则，把更多属于中心词客观性质的修饰成分放在离中心词比较近的地方，而把更多属于说话人对中心词性质的判断和评价的修饰成分放在离中心词比较远的地方。而汉语没有一定之规，主要看说起来是否顺口? A small round wooden table 一张木制小圆桌
? A new international economic order 国际经济新秩序
?社会主义的现代化强国 a powerful, industrial, socialist country
?强大的社会主义工业国 a powerful, industrial, socialist country
?英语在某些固定词组中，单个形容词作定语时按习惯放在中心词后面
?Court Martial 军事法庭
?Secretary General (of the U.N) 联合国秘书长
?7.英汉语序的差异
? 1. 2 状语
?英语状语的位置顺序：方式、地点、时间
?汉语顺序：时间、地点、方式
?We ate to our heart’s content at her home last Sunday. 我们上星期天在她家饱餐了一顿。
? 1.3 并列成分
?几个成分并列出现时，
?英语按逻辑上的轻重、前后、因果或部分-整体的顺序排列
?汉语一般将较大、较强、较极端、或给人印象较深的成分放在前面
?Elementary and high school 中小学
?Private and public 公私
?手疾眼快quick of eye and deft of hand
?衣食住行food, clothing, shelter and transportation
?经风雨，见世面face the world and brave the storm
?8. 倍数
? 1. 比原来增加或减少多少
?英语表达：
?1) increase/ decrease, etc. by
?Cost of TV sets was reduced by 70%.
?2) –er than
?This plot is three times larger that that one. 这块地比那块地大3倍
? A is twice less than B. A比B小三分之二（汉语不说“减少多少倍”，而说“减少几分之几”）
?3）register (there be) an X increase
?Output value of the factory registers a 20% increase. 该厂的产值增加了20%。?There’s a 10% increase of the new houses built this year. 今年新建房屋增加了10%。?8. 倍数
? 2. 增加或减少到原来的多少
?1) increase/ decrease etc
?The output increases 3.5 times as against 1988. 产量是1988年的3.5倍。（净增2.5倍）
?2) as…as
?Tom has as much again as Dick. Tom有的是Dick的两倍。
?3）by a factor of
?The new type of equipment will reduce the error probability by a factor of five. 新型设备将使差错率减少到原来的五分之一（减少了五分之四）。
?4) the size (amount/ figure, etc.) of
?The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球体积是月球体积的49倍。
?5) double/ triple
?The output doubles (is double) that of 1988. 产量是1988年的两倍
?9. 汉译英有用的句型
? 1. 名词A…to +名词B+ as/what + 名词C… +名词D
?公园对于都市正如肺对于人的身体一样。
?Parks are to the city as/ what lungs are to the body.
?我们离不开空气，犹如鱼离不开水。
?Air is to us what water is to fish.
?读书对于思想，好比运动对于身体一样。
?Reading is to mind what exercise is to the body.
?9. 汉译英有用的句型
? 2. 不是…(干什么事情)的时候
?This wouldn’t be the best time for…
?这还不是他向老板透露这个消息的时候。
?This wouldn’t be the best time for them to disclose the news to the boss.
?这还不算她开始她的舞蹈生涯的时候。
?This wouldn’t be the best time for her to start her dancing career.
? 3. 接受：there is a growing acceptance by…
?越来越多的家长接受了孩子们社会化以及参加各种各样的社会活动的事实。?There is a growing acceptance by the parents of their children’s socialization and participation in various social activities.
?9. 汉译英有用的句型
? 4. 意识到： a great public awareness exists about…
?越来越多的社会大众意识到了在住房和教育方面存在的普遍性问题。
? A great public awareness exists about the prevailing problems of housing and education. ?在该国，有越来越多的社会大众已经意识到他们法律系统中存在的具有强大势力的偏见和歧视行为。
? A great awareness exists about the prevailing prejudices and discriminatory practices in the legal system.
? 5.无人喜欢失望，但是，失望却是经常发生的事情。
?Disappointments are unwelc ome, but regular visitors to everyone’s life.
?句型：…are unwelcome, but regular visitors to everyone’s life
?沮丧和寂寞令人讨厌，却经常是我们的不速之客。
?Depression and loneliness are unwelcome, but regular visitors to everyone’s life.
?9. 汉译英有用的句型
? 6. 在…方面想尽了办法
?to leave no stone unturned in doing something
?在追求这一目标的过程中，他想尽了一切办法。
?He left no stone unturned in pursuit of this aim.
?7. 左右为难，陷入两难境地
?be torn between A and B
?面对两种选择，大多数的人往往举棋不定。
?Facing two choices, most people will find themselves torn between them.
?马克既对社会学感兴趣，又酷爱音乐舞蹈，他很难作出选择。
?Mark was torn between his interest in sociology and his strong love for music and dance. ?10. 节日等翻译
? 1. …有xx年历史
?…has a history of more than xx years.
?中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期特别流行。
?Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
? 2. 人们用SS（东西）来做某事
?People do sth with SS
?SS be used to do sth
?人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。
?译文1：People often make their home beautiful with paper cuttings.
?译文2：People often beautify their home with paper cuttings.
?人们必须采取措施来保护环境。
?译文：Measures should be adopted/taken to protect the environment.
?10. 节日等翻译
? 3. 农历yy时候是中国传统的xx节日
?Xx Festival is one of the Chinese traditional festivals held on the Nth day of the Yth lunar month.
? 4. （某月某日的）xx节日是为了纪念某某人
?XX Festival (on the Nth day of the Yth lunar month) is celebrated in memory of 某某人? 5. 据说在这一天，人们都做什么事情
?It is said that on that day, people will do the following activities
? 6. 关于节日，有很多传说，其中，某个传授最为出名。
?There are many legends about this festival, among which 某个传说is the most well-known.
?相传，某个人与多少年前做了某件事
?According to legend, 某人did sth XX years ago.
?According to legend, 某事was done by 某人XX years ago.
?10. 节日等翻译
?7. 某东西最初是由某人发明的。
?某个东西was originally invented by 某人。
?8. 经过数百年不断的改进，某个东西已经成为了什么样子。
?After hundreds of years of continuous improvement，某个东西has become什么样子. ?9. 在古代，人们用某个东西来做某事，但现在主要是用作什么事情。
?In the ancient times，people used 某个东西to do sth，but now it was used mainly for 什么purposes.
?10. 某个东西在中文里意味着某些事情
?In Chinese,某个东西means事情1,事情2 and事情3.
?10. 节日等翻译
?11. 某个东西常常作为礼物交换或作为饰品祈求好运和辟邪。
?某个东西is often a jewelry used for gift exchange or praying for good luck and warding off evil spirits.
?12. 某个东西代代相传，现在已经在中国和世界各地越来越受欢迎。
某个东西passes down from generation to generation, and then it has become increasingly popular in China and around the world.
?使用于类似剪纸和中国结的翻译
?四六级常见作文模式
?样卷作文分析
?1998年6月作文：
?For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Do
“Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck. You should write at least 120 words and you should bare your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck
? 1. 有些人认为某些数字会给你好运；
? 2. 我认为数字与运气无关。
?例文1：
?Some peopl think that certain numbers will bring good luck to them. Numbers such as
six，eight, sixteen and eighteen are regarded as lucky numbers. There are also people who think that their success is related to certain numbers.
?However. some other people think numbers have nothing to do with their luck.
They believe in their own abilities rather than “lucky numbers“.They don't do things according to certain numbers.
?I think it is a person‘s own business whether he believes in a certain number or
not. The most important thing is that he has done the work by himself and has done it quite well. As to the belief of numbers, it ’s their personal choice.
?批改例文1：14分作文
?Some peopl (拼写错误) think that certain numbers will bring good luck to them.
Numbers such as six，eight, sixteen and eighteen are regarded as lucky numbers. There are also people who think that their success is related to certain numbers.
?However. some other people think numbers have nothing to do with their luck.
They believe in their own abilities rather than “lucky numbers“. They don't do things according to certain numbers.
?I think it is a pe rson‘s own business whether he believes in a certain number or
not. The most important thing is that he has done the work by himself and has done it quite well. As to the belief of numbers, it ’s their (前后指代不一致，应用his) personal choice.
?评语：这篇文章内容切题，思想表述清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，除个别小错误
外基本上无语言错误。
?例文2：
?Some people think that some numbers will bring them good luck. Eight is always
regarded as a lucky number just because it sounds like having much money. Some young people also choose a date in which there is “8” to hold the ir wedding. They think it will bring them wealth.
?But some people think that number is nothing to do with luck. They say, “Number
is just a number. Success or failure is more decided by one's effort.” They don’t think “six”
will make things easy or "four" will make them unfortunate.
?I think number is not important. If you think a good number would make you less
worry about what you will do, you can choose it. But at the same time you should remember good luck can’t fall from the sky just because you choose a good date to begin.
It is yourself who really bring good luck and success.
?批改例文2：11分作文
?Some people think that some numbers will bring them good luck. Eight is always
regarded as a lucky number just because it sounds like having much money. Some young people also choose a date in which there is(此处缺少冠词，应插入an) “8” to hold their wedding. They think it will bring them wealth.
?But some people think that number is(应改为has，固定搭配) nothing to do with luck.
They say, “Number is just a number. Success or failure is more（无比较之意，应改为mainly，“主要地”）decided by one's effort.” They don’t think “six” will make things easy or "four" will make them unfortunate.
?I think number is not important. If you think a good number would(时态错误，应改
为will) make you less worry（在less后用形容词形式，应改为worried) about what you will do, you can choose it. But at the same time you should remember good luck can’t fall from the sky just because you choose a good date to begin. It is yourself who really bring good luck and success.
?评语：这篇文章内容切题，表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。
?例文3：
?Somebody think that ‘‘Lucky Numbers” will bring them good luck. In China, if your
telephone number is “888888”, you will feel very happy and think that you will be rich.
?But somebody think that number is noth ing about luck. They have many “lucky
numbers”, but they don’t luck at all.
?I think number is nothing about luck too. People hope “Lucky Numbers” bring good
luck. But that is only willing，like mothers hope their children being good forever. We can get hope from “Lucky Numbers” and let our life more colorful. But we will never depand on it. We must depand on our ability，not some numbers．Perhaps we will feel better for “lucky Numbers” and conect them with some lucky things. But it‘s only our feelings. ‘‘Lucky Numbers” will bring nothing but hopes.
?批改例文3：8分作文
?Somebody (主谓不一致，与后文中them指代不一致，应改为Some people) think
that ‘‘Lucky Numbers” will bring them good luck. In China, if your telephone number is “888888”, you will feel very happy and think that you will be rich.
?But somebody(主谓不一致，应改为other people) think that number is nothing
about（应改为has nothing to do with, 固定搭配）luck. They have many “lucky numbers”,
but they don’t luck (系表结构，luck是名洞，应改为aren't lucky) at all.
?I think number is nothing about((应改为has nothing to do with, 固定搭配)luck
too. People hope “Lucky Numbers”（时态错误，应插入will）bring good luck. But that is only willing（应改为a wish. willing 是“情愿的”之意），like mothers（应插入who，因为like后不能引导句子）hope their child‘。“being (to be 才表示将来的动作)good forever. We can get h ope from ’Lucky Numbers‘ and let our life （应插入become，let sb.／sth. do sth是固定搭配）more colorful. But we will never depand (拼写错误，应改为depend) on it. We must depand (拼写错误，应改为depend) on our ability，not some numbers．Perhaps we will feel better for(介词错误，应改为with) ”lucky Numbers’ and conect(拼写错误，应改为connect) them with some lucky things. But it‘s only our feelings. ‘‘Lucky Numbers” will bring nothing but hopes.
?评语：这篇文章内容基本切题，但有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯，语
言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。
?例文4：
?As the development of economicy, more and more people thought that a “Lucky
Numbers” can bring good luck．But I thought another people‘s point were right, they said that numbers were not concented with luck.
?Long long ago, the knowledge is poor，people can not decide one thing depend on
scientise．They thought everything has been certain indenficate by god．But today, it is surperised that there are still many people would believe that.
?In recently, a lot of people believed that the number“8”means “get rich”. the
number“4”means “die”. If somebody's phone number has many 4，they would unhappy.
But if it's“8”they will very very happy. I thought it's a fun．
?So I thought “Lucky Numbers” don’t bring good luck．
?例文4：5分作文
?As (介词用法错误，应改为with) the development of economicy (拼写错误，应改为
economy), more and more people thought（时态错误）that a（冠词与被修饰词不一致）“Lucky Numbers" can bring good luck．But I thought（时态错误）another people's point(语义错误, 应改为other people's point of view) were（时态错误，且主谓不一致，应改为is）right, they said (时态错误，应改为say) that numbers were (时态错误，应改为are) not concented(拼写错误，应改为connected) with luck.
?Long long ago, the knowledge is（时态错误，应改为was）poor，people can (时态错
误，应改为could）not decide one thing（否定句中应用anything指一切事物，并且定语从句修饰anything时，应用that引导，所以改为anything that) depend (时态错误，改为depended) on scientise (拼写错误，应改为science)．They thought everything has been certain indenficate(无此词，可改为determined) by god．But today, it is surperised(表示主动意义时，应改为surprising) that there are still many people would （结构错误，应改为who）believe that.
?In recently(语义及用法错误，应改为nowadays), a lot of people believed （时态错误，
应改为believe）that the number“8”means “get rich(动词或动词短语不直接作宾语，应改为getting rich)”. the number“4”means “die(动词或动词短语不直接作宾语，应改为death)”. If somebody's phone number has many 4 (修饰语与被修饰语不一致，应改为4s)，they would(句中无动词且时态错误，应改为will be) unhappy. But if it's“8”they will(句中无动词，应插人be) very very happy. I thought (时态错误，应改为think) it's a
fun (语义错误，应改为funny)．
?So（用词不当）I thought (时态错误，应改为think)“Lucky Numbers”don’t bring good
luck．
?评语：这篇文章内容基本切题，但思想表述不清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重语言
错误。
?例文5：
?In some people opinion. the member really bring good luck. because their belive that
something since numbers bring good luck. The numbers to be used people vey important in scoity.
?On the other hand, they don't believe that lucking number can bring somebody
good luck. because numbers is numbers. it is without "Good Luck".
?I don't belive that lucking mumbers can bring me good luck. I think at arleary by
have chance. Human being shoule have a kind of a heast. that it is uprosould. In a wony. I wish Good Luck with me, but don't belive Lucking mumber bring me anything.
?得分：2分。
?评语：这篇文章备理不清，不成篇章。除个别句子外，内容基本无法理解，语言错
误严重且数量多，很多句子或没主语，或被动词，根本不能成立，至于拼写错误、指代错误更是不胜枚举，字数又不足。
? 1.1 论说文
? 1.1.1 观点对比型
?例：Reading Selectively or Extensively
?1，有人认为读书要有选择
?2，有人认为应当博览群书
?3，我的看法
?四部分：introduction---观点一---观点二---conclusion
?常用句型：
?引入部分：
?1, …has become a heated topic among people today. Opinions vary from person to
person
? 2. There is no consensus of opinions (much disagreement/ an argument) among people
concerning ( over/ as to/ on)…
? 3. Nowadays, people are divided on the question as to whether …
? 4. when asked about … different people will offer different answers
? 5.nowadays the rapid development of … has given rise to the issue of whether…
?观点1：
? 1. some people suggest/ think/ maintain/believe/ hold the opinion/ argue/feel that
? 2. some people are inclined to / tend to think that
? 3.many people prefer to think that
?观点2：
? 1. however/ but/ yet/ while other people hold a different point of view. They insist
that
? 2. on the contrary / in contrast, there are still many people who do not agree, and they
claim / argue/ believe that
? 3. however, other people prefer
? 4. while others think … is a better choice
?我的观点
? 1. for my part / as to me/ as far as I am concerned, I’d like to agree to the former/
latter opinion
? 2. I am in favor of… I am on the side of …
? 3. only after we have taken into consideration all aspects of the problem can we make
the right decision.
? 1.1.2 问题解决型
?例：Traffic Problems in Cities
?1, 城市交通出现的问题越来越多
?2，城市的交通问题原因所在
?3，如何解决这些问题
?三大部分：问题陈述部分---原因分析部分---问题解决部分
?陈述
?With the development of modern industry, more and more people are concerned
about the problem of…
?Nowadays, …has become a serious problem we have to face
?Although…has brought convenience to us, many people have begun to realize that it is
the source of trouble as well
?分析
?There ar e several reasons for this problem. First… Second…finally
?The reasons can be listed as follows. For one thing… for another…
?It is no easy to find out the reasons for the problem, which involves several different
factors. On the one hand… on the other hand… finally
?解决
?People have figured out many ways to solve this problem. Firstly…secondly…finally…
?By doing… we can not only… but also
?There is no easy approach to this issue, but … might be of some help
?期望
?Only when we …can we…
?I am looking forward to the day when people can live together in more harmony
?I am confident that a perfect solution will be found in future
? 1.1.3 论证道理型
?例practice makes perfect
?1，如何理解“熟能生巧”
?2，例如，英语学习
?3，又如
?三部分：格言或道理的意义或原因---举例或事实证明---结论
?格言
?As the saying g oes, “…” I think there is some truth in it.
? A famous saying goes that… it means that..
?证明
?Take … for example
? A good case in point is..
?There is abundant evidence to support..
?结论
?From what have been discussed above, we may come to/ draw/ reach the conclusion
that
?In a word/ in summary/ in conclusion/ in brief/ in short/ to sum up, it is important that …
?Personally/ as far as I am concerned/ for my part/ as for me/ I think…
? 1.1.4 说明利弊型
?例：positive and negative aspects of sports
? 1. 运动的积极因素
?2，运动的消极因素
?3，我的体会
?某事物或现象---优缺点---态度或看法
?优点部分
?There are several advantages in… the first/ biggest advantage is that
?The advantages of…can be seen as follows. First…besides…
?缺点部分
?However, …just like anything else, has its negative side as well
?In the meantime, we can not ignore the disadvantages of…
?利大于弊
?As to me, I think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.
?Anyway, I still hold … has more advantages than disadvantages.
? 1.2 描写型
? 1.2.1 空间描写型
?To the right/ left, there is …
?At the far end of…,you can find/see…
?As soon a s you enter …,…will greet your eyes.
?This will lead you to…
?At the back of …is..
?The path ends in front of ..
?…is situated in the center of …
?Eg, our university, our dormitory
? 1.2.2 步骤描写型
?The first thing to do is…
?Having been through with this step, you ma y…
?What’s next is…
?As long as you follow these steps strictly, you will certainly …
?The last thing you have to do is…
?Do not panic in case the step did not work well enough.
? 1.2.3 人物描写型
?…is 174 cm tall, weighs about 59kg and is twenty-two years old.
?…is pretty, with big brown eyes and a round face.
?…is always dressed in dressed in dark colored jackets and light colored jeans.
?…is always warm-hearted, willing to help others and can get well along with others.
? 1.2.4 图表描写型
?引出数据出处部分
?From the chart/ graph/ tab le/ diagram, we can see…
?The chart/ graph/ table/ diagram shows/ displays/ reflects/ reveals that
?As can be seen from the chart/ graph/ table/ diagram
?It is clear/ apparent from the chart / graph/ table/ diagram that
?数据比较
?…accounts for/ takes up 20% of al l.
?On the top of the list is…, which accounts for 70%
?At the bottom of the list is …, which takes up 20% only
? A is ranked first, followed by B at 20% and C at 15%
?The figure reached the highest/ lowest point in…
?The number increased/ rose suddenly/ dramatically/ rapidly/ substantially/
considerably/ sharply from…to…
?During 1990-2000, there was a sudden/ rapid/ dramatic/ substantial/ sharp/
considerable rise/ boom in the number of private cars from…to…
?The ten years from 1990-2000 witnessed/ saw a steady growth of private cars
from …to…
?The number of private cars increased/ rose (fell/ dropped/ declined/ decreased) by
20%
?The number of private cars was roughly / about/ approximately doubled/ tripled
between 1990 and 2000.
? 1.3 应用文
1，格式：信头---收信人姓名地址---称呼---正文---结束语---签名
2，申请信，求职信
1).I am writing to apply for admittance to your university/ college as a visiting scholar/for study in…
2). Your advertisement in this morning’s Business Weekly…appeals to me because…I offer my qualifications in the hope that you will consider me for the job.
3). My former employers will tell you that I am neat, accurate and painstaking in my work, that
I am tactful and courteous, and that I am resourceful, loyal to the job, and of pleasing personality.
4). Thank you for your time and consideration.
5). Look forward to hearing from you soon.
6). I am looking forward to the pleasure of a personal interview.
3, 邀请信
1)It is with the greatest pleasure that I write to invite you to attend the meeting.
2)It gives me the greatest pleasure to invite you to visit this exhibition.
3)John and I would be very happy If you and Mr. Green could come to dinner on Saturday
the ninth at seven o’clock. We do hope you can join us.
4)It’s ver y kind of you to ask us to dinner this coming Saturday evening, but, to our regret,
we can’t accept it.
5)I am sorry not be able to accept your kind invitation to lunch on the fourteenth.
Unfortunately my plans have been changed, and I will be returning to China on Monday.
6)Mr. Green and I are delighted to accept your kind invitation to dine with you at the
Beijing Hotel on Sunday, at eight o’clock, and are looking forward to that evening with great pleasure.
4,批评，抱怨，投诉
?I am writing to express my dissatisfacti on with/ at…
?I am writing to complain about…
?To improve the situation/ solve the above problem, it is advisable for you to take the
following measures.
?I must warn you that unless you do something about the situation I will be forced to
take legal action.
?To be frank, I am not prepared to put up with the situation any longer.
?There are some problems with the flat that I wish to bring to attention. For one thing,
there is… for another,…
5，感谢信
?Thank you very much for the kindness you have given me during my stay in Paris. I
have really enjoyed my visit there.
?I warmly appreciate your hospitality.
?I don’t know how to thank you for your kindness to me.
?I inform you with gratitude that your parcel reached me.
?It was thoughtful and generous of you to send me such a beautiful and fancy gift.
?With deepest gratitude I write you here a few lines.
?I am writing to thank you, on behalf of my wife and on my own behalf, for the lovely
time we had at your party last night
?2．实用句型：
? 2.1.比较
?1）The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.
?2) The advantages of A are much greater than those of B.
?3) It is reasonable to maintain that ________. But it would be foolish to claim that
________.
?4) Like anything else, it has its faults.
?5) Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.
?6) People used to think ________, but things are different now.
?7) It is true that A ________, but the chief faults/ defects are ________.
?8) A and B have several things in common.
?2．实用句型：
? 2.2. 原因
?1） A number of factors are accountable for this situation.
?2) A number of factors might lead to / contribute to / account for / the phenomenon
/ the problem.
?3) The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that ________.
?4) The factors that contribute to this situation include ________.
?5) The change in ________ largely results from the fact that _________.
?6) One of the most common factors / causes is that ________, another contributing
factor / cause is ________.
? 2.3．后果
?1）It may give rise to a host of problems.
?2) The immediate result it produces is ________.
?3) It will exercise a profound influence upon ________.
?4) Its consequence can be so great that ________.
?2．实用句型：
? 2.4. 批驳
?1) It is true that ________. But one vital point has been left out.
?2) There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important
fact.
?3) Some people say ________, but it doesn’t hold water.
?4) A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.
?5) Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that ________.
?2．实用句型：
? 2.5. 过渡
?1) But many people feel puzzled about / at / over ________, so this essay is intended
to ________.
?2) In that case, however, I prefer to ________ rather than ________.
?3) What this survey reveals is cold and hard, so the top priority task for us to set
about is to ________.
?4) Most people have realized the seriousness / potential of what this survey exposes,
but ________.
? 2.6. 证明
?1) No one can deny the fact that ________.
?2) Recent studies indicate that ________.
?3) There is sufficient evidence to show that ________.
?4) According to the statistics proved by ________, it can be seen that ________.
?2．实用句型：
? 2.7. 图表
?1) According to the chart / graph, ________.
?2) As can be seen from the table, ________.
?3) As shown in the diagram, ________.
?4) From the information / statistics given in the graph, we can see / estimate that
________.
?5) The number / percentage of ________ nearly / almost doubled, as compared with
that of ________ last year.
?6) The number / percentage of ________ decreased / dropped about 2 and a half
times compared with ________.
?7) By comparison with ________, it jumped / shot up / increased / soared / rose /
decreased / fell / dropped from x to y percent.
?8) During the period 1999 --- 2002, there was a sudden jump / rise / increase in the
number of people who ________.
?2．实用句型：
? 2.8. 论证
?1) A good case in point is ________.
?2) ________ is often cited as an example.
?3) The main problem with this argument is that it is ignorant of the basic fact that
________.
?4) Certainly no other reason in my decision is more crucial than the one as follows. ?5) A particular notable case of this matter is ________.
?2．实用句型：
? 2.9. 开篇
?1) When asked about ________, the majority would support A. Others, however, like
me, regard B as their propensity.
?2) When faced with ________, quite a few people claim that ________, but other
people think of _______ as ________.
?3) Despite the fact that A enjoys considerable advantage of ________, it cannot be
compared with B in several main aspects.
?4) Nowhere in the world has the issue of ________ been so much debated as in our
society.
?5) Nowadays, some may hold the opinion that ________. But others have a negative
attitude. As far as I am concerned, I agree with ________.
?6) Despite the fact that the majority hold the opinion that ________, I doubt
whether the argument can bear much analysis.
?7) Some people argue as if it is a general truth that ________. But to be frank, I can’t
agree with them for the following reasons.
?8) There are numerous reasons why ________, and I would explore only a few of the
most important ones here.
?9) Never in our history has the idea that ________ been so popular.
?2．实用句型：
? 2.10. 结尾
?1) Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that
________.
?2) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that
________.
?3) It’s necessary that steps should be taken to ________.
?4) To solve the above mentioned problem, we must ________.
?5) With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.
?6) In summary / short, if we continue to ignore the above mentioned issue, more
problems will crop up.
? 3. 句子错误
? 3.1 指代方面
?1) Sometimes teachers will inform students of the heavy burden they have to bear.
?Sometimes teachers will inform students of the heavy burden students / teachers have
to bear.
?2) Television provides us with a vivid, colorful world, which enables us to enjoy life
thoroughly.
?Programs provide us with a vivid, colorful world, which enables us to enjoy life
thoroughly.
? 3. 句子错误
? 3.2 修饰与搭配
?1) To keep the air clean, we must move the factories which give off poisonous gases to
the countryside.
?To keep the air fresh, we must move the factories which give off poisonous gases to the
countryside.
?2) At the age of six, my father began to give me English lesson.
?At the age of six, I began to learn English from my father.
?3) Having carried out economic reforms in our country, people’s living standard has
greatly improved.
?Having carried out economic reforms in our country, people have greatly improved
their living standard.
? 3. 句子错误
? 3.3 平行方面
?1) While we reduce the number of vehicles, the speed of traffic can be increased.
?While the number of vehicles can be reduced, the speed of traffic can be increased.
?While we reduce the number of vehicles, we can increase the speed of traffic.
?2) The price of milk isn’t higher than grain.
?The price of milk isn’t higher than that of / the price of grain.
?3) Before I selected the new course, my teacher warned me of the difficulty of the
course and how long it lasted.
?Before I selected the new course, my teacher warned me of the difficulty of the course
and the length of it.
?Before I selected the new course, my teacher warned me how difficult the course was
and how long it lasted.
? 3. 句子错误
? 3.4 语法方面
?Narrow streets easily cause to happen many traffic accidents.
?Many traffic accidents happened due to the narrow streets.
? A great change has been taken place since then.
? A great change has taken place since then.
?But it may occur new problems.
?New problems may occur.
? 3. 句子错误
? 3.5 赘言问题
?1) In my opinion, I believe the free medical system is in need of reform.
?2) People try to find a solution to solve the problem.
?3) Many visitors who visit our city have the impression that there are few trees in the
street.
?Many visitors to our city have the impression that there are few trees in the street.
?4) The reason why people choose to live in the country is because there is no pollution
or noise there.
?Because --- that
? 3. 句子错误
? 3.6 汉化问题
?Nowadays young people who seek to go abroad are becoming more and more.
? A growing number of young people seek to go abroad。
?With the development of cities, green land becomes more and more less.
?With the development of cities, the number of green land is on the sharp decline.
?Smoking will do harm to our body.
?Smoking will do harm to our health.
?We should put our hearts into the study.
?We should put our mind into the study.
?Direction :
１．许多人喜欢在除夕夜观看春节晚会
２．但有些人提出取消春节晚会．
３．我的看法．
?The approach of the Chinese Lunar New Year poses a national issue concerning the
necessity of holding the CCTV Spring Festival Gala. Its established status is being challenged by a growing number of people, especially by younger generations. It is increasingly difficult to cater for all tastes.
?Some individuals deem that it should be canceled or replaced by other programs.
These young people focus their attention on other forms of celebration instead of immersing themselves in TV. Despite that, the majority of mid-aged people and senior citizens uphold the importance of the traditional performance. The most striking feature of this gala is its traditionally close link with ordinary people's lives.Most of people view this gala as an annual staple on the traditional Chinese Spring Festival Eve. They all have
a restless night and glue their eyes on the television.
?I am not supportive of the view that the grand gala should be abandoned.
Undoubtedly, it plays a vital role in the celebration of Chinese New Year. To increase its appeal and meet young adults' need, the upcoming performance should invite some big names including super stars from Hongkong and Taiwan. We are all eagerly anticipating this unforgettable evening show.
?点评:
?本次四级考试作文总体上来说并不是很难。但表现出两个出人意料：一是体裁，二
是题材。
?对于体裁来说，本次四级作文属于正反对比论证类的文体。比较出人意料，又回
到了老的考查模式。很多学生把考前死背的作文模板派上了用场。但是这只能得到最基本的分数。虽然模板对于考查学生的语言表达并不益处，但还能测试出考生的语言基本功。从四级考试写作的测试目的来看，还是注重考查学生对基本语法、基本词汇运用能力的掌握情况。所以除了模板之外，考生还要在基本表达上狠下功夫，只有在平时多操练，在考场上才游刃有余。除此之外，学生还要在作文中多采用闪光点，这样就会使作文在基本分数上有所提升，有所突破。
?对于题材，本次四级作文的话题是关于人们对于春节晚会的不同看法，属于社会
生活类话题，一反常态，没有再次考查校园类话题。但是对于当代大学生来说，与大学生有关的社会话题也是需要关注的，这也说明考试方向的变化：校园类话题与社会热点话题同等重要,这一点对于未来考四级的学生的作文备考的方向有一定的
指导意义。
实用英文写作与翻译作业与参考答案21
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翻译&作文
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初一英语作文带翻译
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英语翻译题20套(带答案)
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翻译文章
Appendix Research Car from the Academe From October, 1979 to September, 1981, about 35 student engineers and instructors at four technical universities in West Germany worked full time to create a research car. They were sponsored in part by a grant from the BMFT. The project was coordinated by Professor Bert Breuer in Darmstadt. The result is a roomy family car with sedan/wagon profile, diesel power, and front-wheel drive. The project came into being under the same BMFT program in which Audi, Mercedes-Benz, and V olkswagen participated. But in September, 1981 it was announced that only the Uni-Car (University-Car) qualified for continued BMFT funds. Support for the other projects was terminated. This left the car companies to pursue their research an development work independently. Whether the Uni-Car is better than what the motor industry can com up with or not, it is worth a closer look. A lot of thought has gone into it, and some of the solutions are daring yet realistic. The universities placed greater emphasis on passive safety than the car companies. Throughout the car, its designers have aimed for new solutions in simplified maintenance, easier repairs, and longer life. Suitability for mass production also has been a fundamental requirement. Foremost among the design objectives was a 25-mpg average fuel
四级英语作文和翻译
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英语翻译及写作评分标准
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高中英语作文范文与翻译
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初二优秀英语作文带翻译 初二优秀英语精选作文带翻译篇一 Ｔhis summer, Ｉ mo*e to a new city with my parents, and Ｉtransfer to a new school. Ｉused to li*e in the countryside, so my new life is so different from before. Ｔhe school is a little far from my home, so Ｉ go to school by bus. Ａfter school, Ｉ ha*e many acti*ities in school. Ｃlassmates are friendly to me. Ｉ learn Ｅnglish now. Ｉt's so interesting that Ｉ like it *ery much. Ｂesides, life in city is different. Ｔhere are many interesting places to go. Ａt weekends, my parents take me outside. Ｗe go to the park, the zoo or go shopping. Ｂut we are not so familiar with our neighbors. Ｉ think we should build good relationship with them. 这个夏天，我和爸爸妈妈搬到了一个新的城市生活，我也转到了新的学校上学。以前，我住在乡下，所以我现在的生活和以前有很大不同。学校离我的家稍远，所以我要坐公交车去上学。课后，我在学校有很多活动。同学们对我也很友好。现在我开始学英语了，这门课程很有趣，我很喜欢。另外，在城市里的生活也很不一样，有很多好
unit 1(SS)课文译文、翻译作文参考及单词用法(1)
Unit 1 Translation of the Text A 商品进出口 对大多数国家来说，进出口是国际收入和支出的主要来源。进出口的对象主要指的是货物和服务。有形产品，由于其出入境的可见性常被看作是有形进出口。这些概念广泛应用于商品进出口的实际操作中。 出口 间接出口 许多间接出口贸易中都会涉及中间人。有好几种中间人： 收费代理商 收费代理商扮演着联系你的产品或服务与特定的外国购买商的“掮客”的角色。一般来说，代理人或掮客并不会履行订单，而是把它们交给你，让你来决定。 出口代理公司（EMC） 出口代理公司是“不在场”的出口部门，向潜在的海外买家推荐你的产品以及其他公司的产品。 出口贸易公司（ETC） 出口贸易公司的作用，许多都和出口代理公司一样。然而，作为买卖双方的中间人，他以需求为动力，以交易的达成为导向。这样的定位对于制造商来说就能减少与出口相关的风险。 出口贸易商/出口代理商 出口贸易商或出口代理商会买进产品然后重新包装来出口，他们承担全部的风险，把产品卖给自己的顾客。 直接出口 虽然间接出口有许多的优点，但是直接出口也有自己的优势。虽然初期投入比较多，相关风险也比较大，但是其利润也相应更高一些。 销售代表 海外销售代表相当于制造商在国外的代理人。他们利用公司的产品目录和样品向潜在顾客宣传产品。 代理商 常被理解错误的“代理商”其真正含义是经授权，甚至拥有代理权的能代表其所代理的公司做承诺的代理人。 海外经销商 海外经销商是从出口商手中购买货物（通常以很低的折扣购买）然后转手卖出获利的商人。海外经销商一般会对产品提供支持和服务，这样就减轻了出口商相应的责任。 国外零售商 公司也会直接将产品卖给海外零售商，虽然在这样的交易中，产品一般仅限于消费品。这种方式主要依赖于和国外零售商直接打交道的巡回推销员。 直销给用户 美国公司可能将自己的产品或服务直接卖给国外的用户。买家可能是国外政府机构，例如医院等。 进口 一个国家进口就意味着另一个国家出口。进口就是产品或服务被其他国家的买家购买的过程，意思与出口刚好相反。
翻译和答案571011
Unit5元素周期表 1.随着对原子的描述越来越详尽，我们发现自己处于进退两难之地。涉及着100 种元素，我们怎样使这些元素保持连续性。一种方法是用元素周期表，周期表把原子信息列成表。它记录着一种元素含有多少质子和电子，它使我们可以计算出大多数元素同位素的中子数。周期表也存有每种元素的电子排列情况。周期表最不寻常的是它的发展是在人们还不知道原子中含有质子和中子之前。 2.道尔顿提出了他的原子模型后不久（一种不可再分的粒子，它的质量取决于 它的性质），化学家开始根据原子质量来排列元素。当得出这种元素表，科学家们观测到元素的规律。例如，那些出现在特定的位置重的元素有某些相似性，这一观点已经越来越明显。当时已知的约60种元素中，第二种和第九种元素表现出相似性，第三种与第十种元素，第四种与第十一种元素也都具有相似的性质。 3.1869年，门捷列夫，一个俄国化学家，提出了他们的元素周期表。他列表时 考虑到原子质量和元素某种特性的周期性。这些元素主要是按原子质量递增的顺序排列的。在特别情况下，门捷列夫把较重的元素放在较轻元素之前。 他这样做是为了在相同列上的元素有相似的化学性质。比如，他把蹄（原子质量=128）放在碘（原子质量=127）之前，因为蹄的性质和硫及硒相似，而碘的性质和氯及溴相似。 4.门捷列夫i在他的周期表中列了许多气体，在他的周期表中留下了一些空格， 他非但没有将那些空格看成缺憾，反而大胆地预测还存在着未被发现的元素。而且，他还预测了许多未知元素的性质。在接下来的几年里，许多气体被填充在新发现的元素中。这些元素的性质通常和门捷列夫预测的非常接近。这些伟大创新的预测使门捷列夫的元素周期表被广泛接受。 5.我们都知道，一种元素的性质主要取决于原子最外层能级上的电子数。Na 在它的最外层能级（第三层）有一个电子，Li原子在它的最外层（第二层）有一个单独的电子。Na和Li的化学性质相似。He和Ne原子已将所有能级排满，它们性质也相似，就是不容易发生化学反应。很明显，不仅具有相似性电子构型（排列）的原子有相似的化学性质，而且，某种电子排列会比其他的排列更稳定。 6.在门捷列夫的元素周期表中，大多数情况下元素是按照原子质量排列的。这 种排列也揭示了元素化学的周期性。因为电子数决定了元素的化学性质，所以电子数也应该决定元素在周期表中的位置。在现代元素周期表中，元素是按照原子序数来排列的。注意，这个数表明在一种元素的中性原子中有多少质子和中子。现代元素周期表，根据原子序数的递增而排列的，而门捷列夫周期表是以原子质量的递增来排列的，通常原子序数的增加是与原子质量的增加同步的。在特殊情况下，原子质量落后于原子序数，因为原子质量是质子和中子质量的而加和，故原子质量并不完全随原子序数增加而增加。有可能一种较低原子序数的原子有更大的原子质量。因此可以在元素周期表上看出来。Ar原子的质量比k原子的质量重。Te原子比I原子质量重。 7.现代元素周期表的竖列叫做族。每一族的元素在最外层能级上有相同的电子 数，因而有相反的化学性质，水平的行叫做周期。每一新周期预示着主电子能级的开始。例如，na从第三行开始。它的最外电子层是第三层第一个电子，因为每一行就开始了一个新的能级，所以我们可以从上到下预测原子的大