英语学科知识与教学能力试题
2012年下半年中小学和幼儿园教师资格考试
英语学科知识与教学能力试题(初级中学)
注意事项：
1．考试时间为120分钟，满分为150分。
2．请按规定在答题卡上填涂、作答。在试卷上作答无效，不予评分。
一、单项选择题(本大题共30小题，每小题2分，共60分)
1．__________River Ganges is the most sacred river to Hindus and is also a lifeline to millions of Indians who live along its course and depend 6n it for their daily needs．
A．The
B．／
C．A
D．An
2．This is the first time l__________her sin9，and I hope it is the last．A．hear
B．had heard
C．heard
D．have heard
3．__________Kelly likes to sin9，her twin sister prefers to dance．
A．As
B．While
C．Since
D．Although
4．Being a direct relative of the deceased，her claim to the estate was__________ ．A．optional
B．compulsory
C．1egitimate
D．prominent
5．The lexical relation between damp and m0／st is__________．
A．synonymy
B．antonymy
C．hyponymy
D．homonymy
6．The mode of operation in passing laws in the U．S．Congress has many__________，but there is no attempt being made to improve it．
A．options
B．solutions
C．advantages
D．drawbacks
7．Which of the following sets of English sounds differs only in one distinctive feature?
A.／f／／θ／／s／／∫／
B．／f／／θ／／z／／∫／
C．／f／／θ／／z／／3／
D．／f／d／／z／／3／
8．Which of the following correctly describes the word stress?
A．Origin，Original，Originality
B．oRigin，oRiginal，oRiginality
C．Origin，oRiginal，origiNAlity
D．oRigin，oRiginal，originality
9．In attempting to investigate the complex nature of second language learnin9，we have to appealto ideas not only from linguistic analysis，but from all the following fields EXCEPT__________．
A．education
B．psychology
C．sociology
D．mythology
10．Which of the following is a slip of tongue?
A．Black shoes．
B．Black holes．
C．Black bloxes．
D．Black boxes．
11．A teacher handed out a list of twenty“if’’sentences and asked students to discuss and find out the grammatieal rules．What is the teacher’s grammar teaching method?，
A．Deduction．
B．Presentation．
C．Consolidation．
D．Induction．
12．When you focus on“utteI'OXICe function”and“expected response”by using examples like“apology／acceptance．inform／acknowledge”，you ale probably teaching language at the__________.
A.lexical level
B．discourse level
C．story level
D．grammatical level
13．Asking students to explain new words in a text with known words is NOT all act of__________.
A．elicitation
C．management
D．production
14．Which of the following is an accuracy-oriented speaking activity? A．Identifying particular phonemes on the tape·
B．Acting out the roles in the classroom．
C．Greeting people informally in pairs．
D．Having discussion in groups．
15．Which of the following is NOT suitable pre-listening activity?
A．Writing a similar text．
B．Discussing a relevant picture．
C．Writing questions about the topic．
D．Learning vocabularies about the topic．
16．Writing exercises such as completion，reproduction，compression，and translation are mainly the type of exercises used in__________．
A．incentive writing
B．guided writing
C．free writing
D．creative writing
17．Student：I’m very down．My dad get seriously ill last week，and l’m…Teacher：N0．Not get．Say got because it’S in the past．The conversation above shows that the teacher__________．
A．focuses on accuracy only
B．1acked confidence in the student
C．had a good rapport with the student
D．failed to understand what the student said
18．If a teacher gets an incorrect answer from students，it is most appropriate for him or her to say“__________”in order to encourage them．
A．N0．I don’t like your answers．
B．Nonsense，it is not what l want!
C．Your answer is far beyond the point．
D．You missed the point，but I’m glad you mentioned another point．
19．When a student said in class，“I goed there yesterday．”the teacher responded，“Say it again，please．”The response is all example of__________．
A．recast
B．modification
C．Dositive feedback
D．postponed feedback
20．When students engage in group work，the teacher moves around to provide help if necessary and make sure they are doing the task properly．This is called__________．
B．obse／ving
C．monitoring
D．evaluating
请阅读Passage One，完成第21—25小题。
Passage One
Coasts mark the area where dry land meets oceans or other large bodies of water．They are one of the most active environments found on Earth．The coasted landscape is ever changing． It reflects the conflicting processes erosion of and deposition．It is a landscape that is affected by the interac-tions of the Earth，the Moon，and the Sun．
Coasts are among the most beautiful and inspiring landscapes on the planet，whether they are scenes of torrential storms or serene calm．Throughout recorded history，humans have sought to live on or near coasts． Although coasts account for only lo percent of Eaah’s land surface，they serve as home to tw0．thirds of the world’s human population．
Coasts and shore．coastline and shoreline，are commonly used in place of each other．Techni- cally，they are different areas along a coastal hmdscape．The line that marks‘the boundary between water and land is the shoreline． It constantly fluctuates because of the regular action of waves and tides．The shore is that strip of ground borderi ng a body of water that is alternately covered or ex- posed by waves or tides：The boundaries of the shore are marked by the shoreline at its farthest sea-ward(10w tide)and farthest landward(high tide)．
Tides is the Deriodic rising and falling of water in oceans and other large bodies of water in re- sponse to the gravitational attraction of the Moon and the Sun upon Each．Although the Sun is larger than the M00n．the Moon is closer to Earth and，therefore，its gravitational force is approximately2．2 times greater．The gravitational pull of the Moon creates two types of tides：high and low．A tidal bulge occuYs in the oceans on the side of Each nearest the Moon，at the same time，a second tidal bulge occurs on the opposite side of Earth．This second bugle forms because the force of the Moon’s gravity pulls the solid body of Eaah slightly away from the water on Eaah’s far side．These bugles are high tides．The areas between the tidal bugles experience low tide．
As Earth rotates．the tides move over its surface．It takes approximately 24 hours and 50 mi-nutes for a given point on Earth to make a complete cycle relative to the Moon，and two lunar tidal cvcles occur during this time．Thus，the average time between high tides is 1 2 hours and 25 mi-nutes．This is a generalized explanation of titles．They do not move evenly and predictably over Earth’s surface．Variations in the depth of the oceans and the distribution of landmasses combine with other factors to produce highly complex tidal behavior．
The coast and coasdine begin where the shore ends at its high tide mark(farthest landward)．The line between the coast and the shore at high tide is the coastline．The coast extends landward from the coastline to the first major change in terrain features，which may be miles inland．This could be a highland or a forest or some other type of terrain．Sometimes，the change between the coast and the adjacent terrain is not so distinct．
21．All of the following statements ale true about coastal landscape EXCEPT__________．A．It is an area of stagnancy．
B．It is an area of continuous change．
C．It is an area of erosion and deposition．
D．It is an area shaped by the interaction of the Earth，the Moon，and the Sun．22．How many people live on or near coasts?
A．About lo percent of human population．
B．About 25 percent of human population．
C．About 67 percent of human population．
D．About 75 percent of human population．
23．The underlined word fluctuate in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to__________．A．forecast
B．alter
C．stable
D．strike
24．The gravitational force of the Sun and the Moon upon Earth depends on__________．A．their size
B．their weight
C．their distance to Earth
D．the depth of the oceans
25．One lunar tidal cycle lasts__________．
A．24 hours and 50 minutes
B．12 hours and 25 minutes
C．a month
D．haIf a month
请阅读Passage Two。完成第26—30小题。
Passage Two
Respect is not included in the marriage VOWS．No illustrated books show how to achieve it．Andyet it is central to a lastin9，satisfying marriage．
What is this thing called respect?It is not the same as admiration．“When you fall in love，you admire the other．”says Dr．Alexander Symonds，associate clinical professor of psychiatry at theNew York University School of Medicine，“You look up to someone--much the way a child idealizesa parent．”
Such romantic admiration thrives and even depends on the il lusion that hi；or she
is“perfect for you．”That’s why it doesn’t last．You come to see that the person you married isn’t exactly what you expected，”says Francine Gaborone，“There are differences of personality，of approaches tolife，‘different ways of doing things．”You can try to change your mate back into your fantasy． But for the marriage to last and growit’s better to agree to disagree，to learn to let each other be．Only by taking this path Call you beginto develop real respect toward each other．
“I have one patient whose husband loves sports，especially tennis，”says Dr．Symonds．“Shewould prefer to go to the theatre，or to stay at home and read．She could simply say，‘We have dif-ferent tastes．’Instead，she says，‘How can he waste his time and money that way?’She puts himdown．”
The put-down is the chief symptom--and weapon--of lack of respect，or contempt．“Contemptis the worst kind of emotion．”says Symonds．“You feel the other pemon has no worth．”
We’ve aU seen maITiages in which one or both partners attack the other quite savagely in the guise of“It，s for your own good．”Any“good”is undone．by the hostile tone．A wife nags her hus-band to be more ambitious and makes him feel like a failure because he prefers craftsmanship orcommunity pmjects to the competitive business world．Or a husband accuses his wife of wasting time whenever she gets together with a friend：“Why isn’t she doing something productive?”
In good marriage partners nurture each other’s self-esteem．They may experience humorous incomprehension of one another’s preferences，but they never make their loved person feel like an idiot．“Martyr’s idea of a vacation is to go down to basement on a sunny day and spend time wood-working，”says Dr．Alexander Symonds of her husband，psychiatrist and surgeon Martin Symonds.
But there’s fondness in the gibes and firm support for the other’s right to be himself．Respect is expressed in words like，“Sure，I’11 come with you．Just don’t be mad if I fall asleep.”
That’s the paradox of a good marriage：only by respecting each other as you are do you oPenthe doorto change．The root meaning of the word respect is“to look at"．Respect is a clear yet lov-ing eye．It sees what i8陀ally there，but it also sees what is potentially there and helps bring it tofruition． Respect is the art of love by which married couples honor what is unique and best in each other．26．According to the author。respect__________.
A．means accepting each other’s faults
B．means valuing each other’s differences
C．should be included in the marriage VOWS
D．is as important to a satisfying marriage as admiration
27．According to the author，which of the following is the most harmful to a marriage? A．Admiration of your partner．
B．Idealization of your partner.
C．Contempt of your partner．
D．Disillusion of your partner.
28．The underlined phrase agree to disagree in Paragraph 4 means that__________. A．one should realize that no two people are the same
B．one should be keen to find out his or her partner’s merits
C．one should face the reality that his or her partner is not a perfect person D．one should realize that lle or she should appreciate differences on the part of this or her partner
29．The passage suggests that i f you respect your partner，you will__________. A．help him or her to improve
B．change yourself to tolerate h．im or her
C．change him or her into what you expect
D．show your incomprehension of his hobbies in a humorous way
30．The underlined word undone in Paragraph 7 suggests that__________.
A．what you said reversed what you meant
B．what yotI said was not what you meant
C．what you said meant nothing to your partner
D．what you said failed to touch the heart of your partner
二、简答题(本大题1小题，20分)根据题目要求完成下列任务。用中文作答。
31．“My friend speaks very well English．”是某学生的语误。简述这句话所要表达的意图(4分)，指出该语误可能存在的两个问题(8分)，并写出至少两种正确的表达方式(8分)。
三、教学情境分析题(本大题1小题，30分)
根据题目要求完成下列任务，用中文作答。
32．下面是某教师在语音教学中使用的练习：
任务要求：根据该教师设计的练习回答下列问题。
(1)分析其教学目标。(10分)
(2)分析其设计思路。(20分)
四、教学设计题(本大题1小题，40分)
根据提供的信息和语言素材设计教学方案。用英文作答。
33．设计任务：根据下列学生信息和语言素材，设计一节英语听说课的教学方案。
该方案应突出以下要点：
●teaching objectives
●teaching contents
●key and difficult points
●major steps and time allocation
●activities and justifications
教学时间：45分钟
学生概况：某城镇普通中学八年级(初中二年级)学生，班级人数40人。多数学生已经达到《义务教育英语课程标准(201 1年版)》三级水平。学生课堂参与积极性一般。
语言素材：
1．A[解析]River Ganges“恒河”，属于江河湖海这一类名词，故前面要加定冠词the，所以选择A项。
2．D[解析]本题考查的是现在完成时的用法。This is／was the first(second，
third．…)time that．．．结构，后面的谓语动词要用现在完成时／过去完成时。
3．B[解析]本题句意为：凯利喜欢唱歌，而她的双胞胎妹妹喜欢跳舞。while在此作连词，表示对比，意为“然而”。故选择B项。
4．C[解析]本题句意为：作为死者的直系亲属，她继承遗产是合法的。A项意为“可选择的”；B项意为“义务的”；C项意为“合法的，正当的”；D项意为“突出的，显著的”，
5．A[解析]本题句意为：damp和moist的词汇关系是同义关系。A项意为“同义关系”：B项意为“反义关系”；C项意为“上下位关系”；D项意为“同音异义”，damp和moist 都有“潮湿的”之意，所以选择A项。
6．D[解析]本题句意为：美国议会中制定法律的模式有很多的弊端，但没人设法去改进。A项意为“选择”；B项意为“解决方案”；C项意为“优势，特点”；D项意为“缺点，弊端”，所以选择D项。
7．A [解析]A项所有音标都是清辅音。
9．D[解析]A项意为“教育学”；B项意为“心理学”；C项意为“社会学”；D项意为“神话学”，“神话学”是指关于神话故事的科学研究，与二语学习无关，所以选择D项。10．C[解析]题干的意思是：以下哪一个属于口误?A、B、D三项都不是口误，C项想表达的是黑色的盒子，即black boxes，属于口误，所以选择C项。
11．A[解析]演绎法是英语语法教学中常用的一种方法，一般是老师写出很多例句，然后引导学生分析语法规则。A项意为“演绎法”；B项意为“描述法”；C项意为“巩固法”；D项意为“归纳法”。所以选择A项。
12．B[解析]A项意为“词汇上”；B项意为“语篇上”；C项意为“故事上”；D项意为“语法上”，根据题干表述可知，通过apology(道歉)／acceptance(接受)，inform(通知)／ac-knowledge(收到)的例子来集中探讨“言语功能”以及“期待反应”时，属于语篇的教学。所以选择B项。
13．C[解析]“管理”不是用已知词汇解释新词汇的一种手法。A项意为“启发”；B项意为“强化”；C项意为“管理”；D项意为“再现”，所以选择C项。
14．A[解析]A项意为“识别录音中的特殊语音”B项意为“在课堂上扮演不同的角色”；C项意为“两人一组用非正式的方式打招呼”；D项意为“分组讨论”，识别录音中的特殊语音属于听力的准确性，所以选择A项。
15．A[解析】A项意为“写一篇相关的文章”；B项意为“讨论相关的图片”：C项意为“写与话题相关的问题”；D项意为“读与话题相关的问题”。听前活动指的是在听材料之前让学生做好听音准备的各种教学活动。一般有学习新单词、观看相关图片、提出启发性问题或介绍相关背景知识等活动。写一篇相关的文章，时间太长，不属于听前准备活动。所以选择A项。
16．B[解析]A项意为“激励性写作”；B项意为“指导性写作”；C项意为“自由写作”；D项意为“创造性写作”。写作练习，例如完整的范丈，复制，压缩，转化，这些主要都是指导性写作中会用到的练习步骤。所以选择B项。
17．A[解析]根据题干表述可知，该教师只强调了表述的准确性，而没有对学生提供的其他信息作出应有回应。所以选择A项。
18．D[解析]D项“虽然你没有答出要点，但是我很高兴听到其他的观点”，符合文意，所以选择D项。
19．D[解析]A项意为“重铸，彻底改动”；B项意为“修正，修改”；C项意为“积极反馈”；D项意为“推迟反馈”。根据题干表述可知，老师只是让学生再说一遍，而没有对学生的答案给予评价和纠正，显然学生的回答是存在错误的，这种现象属于“推迟反馈”。
20．A[解析]A项意为“引导”；B项意为“观察”；C项意为“监督”；D项意为“评价”。
学生在参与小组活动时，教师在四周走动，必要时可以提供帮助，以确保学生们正确地完成任务，这种方式是“引导”。所以选择A项。
21．A[解析]根据文章第一段最后三句话可以判断选项B、C、D是正确的。选项A表达的意思是海岸景观是停止不动的，与文中表达意思矛盾，所以A项不正确。
22．C[解析]根据文章第二段最后一句中的tw0．thirds判断，大约67％的人住在沿海地区或临近海的地区。
23．B[解析]题干中的fluctuate意为“波动，涨落”。A项意为“预报，预测”；B项意为“改变，更改”；C项意为“稳定的，牢固的”；D项意为“打，撞击”。其中与题干表述近义的是B项。
24．C[解析]根据文章第四段中的第二句“Although the Sun is largerthan the Moon．theMoon is closer to Earth and，therefore，its gravitational force is approximately 2．2 times greater．”判断可知，地球对太阳和月球的引力大小是由它们与地球之间的距离决定的。
25．B[解析]根据文章第五段的第二句“It takes approximatelv 24 hours and 50 minutes…
and two lunar tidal cycles occur during this time．”判断可知，一次月潮持续12小时25分。
26．D[解析]A项意为“接受彼此的缺点”；B项意为“评价彼此的不同处”；C项意为“应该包含在结婚誓言里”；D项意为“(尊重)和赞赏对一个令人满意的婚姻同等重要”。
根据文章大意判断可知，D项符合文意，故选D项。
27．C[解析]根据文章第六段第二句“Contempt is：the worst kind of emotion”可知．轻视伴侣对婚姻是最有害的。
28．C[解析]画线部分意为“同意(彼此的)不同点”，即他／她应面对他／她的伴侣并非一个完美的人的事实，故选C项。
29．D[解析】根据文章倒数第三段第一、二句“In good marriage…self-esteem．They may experience humorous incomprehension of one another’S preferences…”可知，文章建议如果你尊重你的伴侣，你可以用幽默的方式化解对伴侣的爱好的不理解。
30．A[解析]根据文意，画线部分在原句中意为“(用充满敌意的语气说话，任何‘好的事情’都会被)毁灭、误解”，即你说的话和你想表达的本意相反。故选A项。
二、简答题
31．[参考答案]这句话所要表达的意图是：我的朋友英语讲得非常好。
该语误可能存在的两个问题：一是认为副词修饰动词时，应紧跟动词；二是受到汉语思维的影响，认为修饰语应放在中心语的前面。
正确的表达方式：My Mend speaks English very well．
My friend’S oral English is good．
三、教学情境分析题
32．[参考答案](1)教学目标：
知识与技能：
掌握同音词的正确发音：ship，sheep slip，sleep live，leave
掌握现在进行时的结构：be动词+υ…ing
情感与态度：
能够辨别目标单词的正确发音。
根据语义能够正确区分英语中的同音词。
(2)设计思路：
该教师设计的语音教学练习重点放在了听力理解和语法规则上，采用听录音的方式，应该教会学生正确掌握目标单词的发音；采用现在完成时的例句形式，应该教会学生用现在进行时表达生活中的场景和情感。该教师考虑到了英语语音中同音的这一现象，并通过例句进行语音教学，可以进一步提高学生对英语的学习热情，增强英语学习的兴趣。例句引用的都是现在进行时的句子，能够强化和巩固学生已学过的时态知识，但是这种形式比较单一，教师可以组织学生讨论已学过的同音词，另外还可以考虑从多个角度设计练习。
四、教学设计题
33．Teaching objectives：
Knowledge and skills objectives：
Students will be able to grasp these words：space mllseum，subway，aquarium，go skating Grasp the sentence pattern“Have you ever been to…?／I have never been to…”and using it to introduce their travel’S experience．
Process and methods objectives：
Through individual work，pair work and group work，improving Ss’ability of independent thinking and cooperation．
Emotion，attitude and values objectives：
Share your travel’S experience with others and enhance mutual understanding of each other．
Teaching contents：
Words：space museum，subway，aquarium，go skating
Sentence pattern：Have you been to…?(Yes，I have．／N0，I haven’t．)，I have never been to…
Key and difficult points：
Key points：Grasp the words and sentence pattern and learn to introduce their travel’s experi-ence．
Difficult points：How to improve their interest in joining the class．
Major steps and time allocation：
Lead in(4ˊ)
Presentation(20ˊ)
Practice(10ˊ)
Production(10ˊ)
Homework(1ˊ)
Activities and justification：
Lead in(4ˊ)
Activity：Good morning to you，look at our city’S map in my hand，I think you have been to some place．So tell me where you have been to．
Reason：The map will attract Ss’interest and the teaching content would be naturally led in．
Presentation(20ˊ)
Activity 1：Practice in pairs and ask your partners with the sentence pattern“Have you ever been to…?”
Activity 2：Look at the map above and role play conversations．Talk about where you have been，where you want to 90，and how you are going to get there．
Reason：These two activities can help Ss practice what they have just learned and cultivate Ss awareness of cooperation and competition．
Practice(10ˊ)
Activity 1：Invite several groups to come to the front to introduce where they have been to and give some evaluation．
Activity 2：Listen to the tape and finish task 2b．
Reason：
Production(10ˊ)
Activity：Talk about where you want to go and image what scene you want to see there. Reason：Cultivate Ss’creativity．
Homework(1ˊ)
Please do a survey of your friends to find out places they have been to. Reason：The homework would review what they have learned in class and promote the commu-nication between Ss and their friends as well．
2014年中学教师资格证考试英语学科知识与教学能力(初级中学)试题
及答案(一)
一、单项选择题(本大题共30小题，每小题2分，共60分)
1．Mrs Black__________and didn’t look up when her husband entered the room．A．went on to write
B．went on with writing
C．went on writing
D．went on write
2．I never drive __________ 60km on the road．
A．more fast than
B．faster than
C．much fast than
D．more faster than
3．She call’t do it __________ ，but she could ask someone else to do it．A．sheB．her
C．hers
D．herself
4．Alas!It was not__________easy__________all that．
A．very；as
B．S0；as
C．t00；to
D．such；as
5．He was so_________that he couhtn’t even afford the carfare(车费)．A．poor
B．rich
C．clever
D．bright
6．The sun light was coming in__________the window．
A．past
B．pass
C．through
D．across
7．This book ismore difficult for the students in Grade One．
A．rather
B．quite
C．too
D．very
8．A lof of people in the world are__________in the future of China．
A．interest
B．interesting
C．interests
D．interested
9．Would you please keep silent?，I'he weather report__________and l want to listen．A．is broadcast
B．is being broadcast
C．has been broadcast
D．had been broadcast
10．Paradise Lost is a masterpiece by__________．
A．Christopher Marlow
B．John Mihon
C．William Shakespeare
D．Ben Johnson
11．Classification of vowels are made up of the followings EXCEPT__________．A．the position of the tongue
B．the openness of the mouth
C．tlle shape of the lip
D．the width of the Vowels
12．A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a siven language is a__________．
A．phoneme
B．allophone
C．phone
D．allomorph
13．Which of the foHowing does not belong to abilities of learning? A．Observation ability．
B．Cognitive ability.
C．SeIf-studv ability．
D．Problem。solving ability.
14．Which of following concepts does not meet the middle school English curriculum criteria?
A．Teaching based on students．
B．Teaching based on language．
C．Teaching based on teachers．
D．Teaching practice based on theories．
15．When some relevaIlt subject theories are used in English teachin9，we need the help of__________．
A．philosophers
B.statisticians
C．1inguists or foreign language teachers
D．relevant scholars
16．Forming comprehensive language application ability is based on the integrated deVeloPment of language skills．1anguage knowlfldge，emotional attitude，learning strategics and culture aware’ness．Among__________is the prerequisite of improving learning efficiency and deVeloping independent study ability．
A．1anguage skills
B．emotional attitude
C．1earning strategics
D．culture awareness
17．The functions of teaching objectives are to guide the measurement and evaluation，__________，and to guide students’learnin9．
A．to guide the application of teaching strategy
B．to guide teachers’lesson preparation
C．to guide teachem to find out teaching rule
D．to guide students to master tPaching rule
18．What’s the starting point and destination of English courseg
A．habit formation
B．1anguage usage
C．knowledge impartation
D．students’development
19．Teachers and students should consider correction as__________.
A．a form of punishment
B．a form of criticism
C．a form of encouragement
D．a form of motivation
20．Which of the foilowing statements about assessment is NOT true? A．Summative assessment is mainly based on testin9．
B．Testing is a pan of assessment，only one means of gathering information about a student.
C．English teaching should put summative assessment at first.
D．Formative assessment focuses on the final product or result of learning rather than the process of learning．
信息来源：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/663972076.html, 考教师网
请阅读Passage One。完成第21-25小题。
Passage One
You never see him．but they’re with you every time you fly．They record where you are going，how fast vou’re traveling and whether everything on your airplane is functioning normally．Their ability to withstand almost any disaster makes them seem like something out of a comic book．They’re known as the black box．When planes￡all from the sky，as a Yemeni airliner did on its way to Comoros Islands in the India ocean June 30，2009，the black box is the best bet for identifying what went wrong．So whena French submarine(潜水艇)detected the device’s homing
signal five days later，the discoverymarked a huge step toward determining the cause of a tragedy in which l 52 passengers were killed．
In l958．Australian scientist David Warren developed a flight-memory recorder that would trackbasic information like ahitude and direction．That was the first mode for a black box，which becamea requirement on all U．S．commercial flights by l960．Early models often failed to withstand cra’shes．however，so in l 965 the device was completely redesigned and moved to the rear of theplane—tlle area least subject to impact--from its original position in the landing wells(起落架舱)．The same year，the Federal Aviation Authority required that the boxes，which were never actually black，be painted orange or yellow to aid visibility．Modem airplanes have two black boxes：a voice recol-der，which tracks pilots’conversations，and a flight．data recorder，which monitors fuel levels，engine noises and other operating functions thathelD investigatorS reconstruct the aircraft’s final moments．Placed in an insulated(隔绝的)case andsurrunded by a quarte卜inch．thick panels of stainless steel，the boxes can withstand massive force and temperatures up to 2．000 T．When submerged，they’re also able to emit signals from depths of 20．000 ft．Experts believe the boxes from Air France Flight 447，which crashed near Brazil on June 1．2009,are in water nearly that deep，but statistics say they’re still likely to turn up．In the approxi- matelv 20 deep．sea crashes over the past 30 years，only one plane’s black boxes were never recovered．21．What does the author say about the black box?
A．It ensures the normal functioning of an airplane．
B．The idea for its design comes from a comic book．
C．Its ability to ward off disasters is incredible．
D．It is an indispensable device on an airplane．
22．What information could be found from the black box on the Yemeni airliner? A．Data for analyzing the cause of the crash．
B．The total number of passengers on board．
C．The scene of the crash and extent of the damage．
D．Homing signals sent by the pilot before the crash．
23．Why was the black box redesigned in l 965 ?
A．Because new materials became available by that time．
B．Because too much space was needed for its installation．
C．Because the early models often got damaged in the crash．
D．Because the early models didn’t provide the needed data．
24．Why did the FederM Aviation Authority require the black boxes be painted orange or yellow?
A．To distinguish them from the co]our of the plane．
B．To caution people to handle them with care．
C．To make them easily identifiable．
D．To confoITll to international standards．
25．What do we know about the black boxes from Air France Flight 447 7 A．There is still a good chance of their being recovered．
B．There is an urgent need for them to be reeonstructed．
C．They have stopped sending homing signals．
D．They were destroyed somewhere near Brazil．
请阅读Passage Two，完成第26—30小题。
Passage Two
Crippling health care bills，long emergency-room waits and the inability to find a primary care physician just scratch the surface of the problems that patients face daily．
Primary care should be the backbone of any health care system．Countries with appropriate pri-mary care resources score highly when it comes to heahll outcomes and cost．The U．S．takes the opposite approach by emphasizing the specialist rather than the primary care physician．
A recent study analyzed the providers who treat Medicare beneficiaries(老年医保受惠人)．
The startling finding was that the average Medicare patient saw a total of seven doctors--two primary care physicians and five specialists--in a given year．Contrary to popular belief，the more physicians taking care of you don’t guarantee better care．Actually，increasing fragmentation of care results in a corresponding rise in cost and medical errors．
How did we let primary care slip 80 far?The key is how doctors are paid．Most physicians are paid whenever they perform a medical service．The mort-a physician does，regardless of quality or outcome。the better he’s reimbursed(返还费用)．Moreover，the amount a physician receives leans heavily toward medical or surgical procedures．A specialist who performs a procedure in a 30-minute visit can be paid three times more than a primary care physician using that same 30 minutes to dis-cussa patient’s disease．Combine this fact with annual government threats to indiscriminately cut re-imbursements，physicians are faced with no choice but to increase quantity to boost income．
Primary care physicians who refuse to compromise quality are either driven out of business or to cash-only practices，further contributing to the decline of primary care．
Medical students are not blind to this scenari0．They see how heavily the reimbursement deck is stacked against primary care．The recent numbers show that since l997，newly graduated U．S．medical students who choose primary care as a career have declined by 50％．This trend results in emergency rooms being overwhelmed with patients without regular doctors．
How do we fix this problem?
It starts with reforming the physician reimbursement system．Remove the pressure for primary care physicians to squeeze in more patients per hour，and reward them for optimally(最佳地) managing their diseases and practicing evidence-based medicine．Make primary care more attractive to medical students by forgiving student loans for those who choose primary care as a career and rec.onciling the marked difference between specialist and primary care physician salaries．We’re at a point where primary care is needed more than ever．Within a few years，the first wave of the 76 million Baby Boomers will become eligible for Medicare．Patients older than 85，who need chronic care most．will rise by 50％this decade．
Who will be there to treat them?
26．The author's chief concern about the current U．S．health care system is__________．A．the inadequate training of physicians
B．the declining number of doctors
C．the shrinking primary care resources
D．the ever-rising health care costs
27．We learn from the passage that people tend to believe that__________．A．the more costly the medicine，the more effective the cure
B．seeing more doctors may result in more diagnostic errors
C．visiting doctors on a regular basis ensures good health
D．the more doctors taking care of a patient，the better
28．Faced with the government threats to cut reimbursements indiscriminately，primary care physi-cians have to__________．
A．increase their income by working overtime
B．improve their expertise and service
C．make various deals with specialists
D．see more patients at the expense of quality
29．Why do many new medical graduates refuse to choose primary care as their career? A．They find the need for primary care declinin9．
B．The current system works against primary care．
C．Primary care physicians command less respect．
D．They think working in emergency rooms tedious．
30．What suggestion does the author give in order to provide better health care? A．Bridge the salary gap between specialists and primary care physicians．B．Extend primary care to patients with chronic diseases．
C．Recruit more medical students by offering them loans．
D．Reduce the tuition of students who choose primary care as their major．
二、简答题(本大题1小题，20分)
根据题目要求完成下列任务，用中文作答。
31．什么是形成性评价?为什么在英语教学过程中应以形成性评价为主?
三、教学情境分析题(本大题1小题，30分)
根据题目要求完成下列任务。用中文作答。
32．教学片段：
(1)某教师在讲授有关奥运会的阅读理解时，让学生课前通过上网查资料或昕新闻收集一些
英语知识与教学能力
《英语学科知识与教学能力》（初级中学） 一、考试目标 1．英语学科知识与能力 具有扎实的英语语言基础知识和语言能力；具备从事初中英语教学所需要的英语语言能力；能理解有关英语国家的语言、历史和文化等相关知识。 2．英语学科教学知识与能力 掌握外语教学基本理论、英语教学专业知识与国家英语课程标准内容等学科教学知识，并能用以指导初中英语教学。 3．英语学科教学设计能力 能够根据英语学科特点，针对初中学生的认知特点、语言水平和学习需要选择并设计合理的教学内容，形成完整合理的教学方案。 4．英语学科教学实施能力 理解初中英语课堂教学实施的基本原则和方法，具备实施语言课堂教学的基本能力；能够根据教学设计，结合教学实际情况，采用恰当的教学手段，引导学生进行有效学习。 5．英语学科教学评价知识与能力 了解初中英语课堂教学评价的基本知识和方法，能够对学生的语言学习进行恰当的评价；了解教学反思的基本方法和策略，能够对自己的课堂教学实践进行反思，提出改进的思路。 二、考试模块内容与要求 （一）语言知识与能力 1．掌握英语语言的基础知识，了解语言研究中与英语教学相关的基本概念和知识，并能在课堂教学中加以运用。 2．具有良好的英语语言运用能力，包括用英语进行书面表达、获取教学资源和信息、表达思想情感和与学生良好沟通的能力；能够筛选并改编适合初中学生英语水平的语言材料。 3．能够在语篇中理解英语国家的语言、历史和文学等相关的社会文化知识。
（二）语言教学知识与能力 1．了解外语教学基本理论，理解语言观、语言学习观、语言教学观等对初中英语教学的指导作用。 2．理解《义务教育英语课程标准（2011年版）》的目标内容（语言技能、语言知识、情感态度、学习策略和文化意识），以及课程标准的其他相关知识，并能在教学设计与实施中运用。 3．掌握英语语言知识（语音、词汇、语法、语篇等）的教学基本原则、讲解和练习方法。 4．掌握英语语言技能（听、说、读、写）的教学原则和训练方法。 5．能结合中外社会文化语境，设计并实施英语知识和技能的教学与训练。 （三）教学设计 1．了解初中学生的认知特点、已有的英语知识、语言能力和学习需求，能够说明教学内容与学生已学知识之间的联系。 2．理解课程标准的目标要求，能够根据学生的特点选择恰当的教学内容。 3．能够根据教学内容和学生特点设定合理、明确与具体的教学目标。 4．能够根据教学目标创设相关的教学情景，设计有效的教学活动，安排合理的教学过程，筛选适当的辅助教学材料。 5．能够根据教学内容和教学过程，设计有效的学习评估活动。 （四）教学实施与评价 1．掌握英语课堂教学的基本步骤与方法，能够创设教学情景，激发学习动机，引导学生参与语言学习活动。 2．掌握指导学生学习的方法和策略，能依据英语学科和学生的特点，根据教学实际情况，恰当地运用语言讲解、练习、提问、反馈等方法，帮助学生有效学习。 3．掌握课堂管理的基本方法，熟悉课堂活动的常用组织形式，能在教学活动中以学生为中心组织教学，能在课堂教学的不同阶段发挥教师的作用。 4．掌握课堂总结的方法，能适时地对教学内容进行归纳、总结与评价，科学合理地布置作业。 5．掌握基本的现代教育技术，能够针对不同的教学内容与教学目标，整合多种资源，选择恰当的辅助教学手段进行有效教学。 6．了解形成性评价和终结性评价的知识与方法，并在初中英语教学中合理运用。 7．了解教学案例评析的基本方法，能够对教学案例进行评价。 8．了解教学反思的基本方法和策略，能够对自己的教学过程进行反思并提出改进思路。
英语学科知识与教学能力经验分享
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第一部分教材教法 第一章小学英语课程标准 1、英语课程的性质工具性 instrumentality 人文性 humanity 2、小学英语课程的基本理念 1）注重素质教育，体现语言学习对学生发展的价值 2）面向全体学生，关注语言学习者的不同特点和个体差异 3）整体设计目标，充分考虑语言学习目标渐进性和持续性 4）强调学习过程，重视语言学习的渐进性和持续性 5）优化评价方式，着重评价学生的综合语言运用能力 6）丰富课程资源，拓展英语学习渠道 3、英语课程的设计思路：共九级，从小学三年级开始，一级为三四年级水平，二级为五六年级的目标要求，九年级结束达到五级，6年级结束达到二级P18 九级 6年级2级九年级五级 4、英语课程总目标：使学生形成初步的综合语言运用能力，促进心智发展，提高综合人文素养 5、小学英语课程的内容标准： 1）语言技能一级语言技能：听做说唱玩演读写视听，二级语言技能：听说读写，玩演视听 2）语言知识语音 pronunciation词汇语法 grammar以及用于表达常见话题和功能的语言形式 3）情感态度affect 兴趣动机自信意志合作精神 4）学习策略P25： 认知：为了完成具体的学习任务而财务的步骤和方法 调控:学生对学习加以计划、实施、反思、评价和调整的行动和步骤 交际：学生为了争取更多的交际机会、维持交际以及提高交际效果而采取的行动 资源策略：学生合理并有效利用多种媒体进行学习和运用英语的方式和方法 5）文化意识cultural understanding ▲小学英语教学中，如何渗透策略的培养：反思与监控、根据学习风格调整、注重交流和相互学习、提供必要指导（题） 6、教学建议: 1)面向全体学生，为每个学生学习英语奠定基础 2）注重语言实践，培养学生的语言运用能力 3）加强学习策略指导，培养学生的自主学习能力 4）培养学生跨文化交际意识，发展跨文化交际能力 7、小学英语教材编写建议原则：思想性原则、科学性、趣味性、灵活性 科学性原则：教材内容的编排要符合学生认知发展水平和语言习得的过程 8、教材的特征（英语教材是学生学习和教师教学的重要内容和手段，使英语课程资源的核心部分） 1）引发学生的好奇、兴趣和注意力make students feel at ease 2)帮助学生建立自信，满足学生的需求meet students’ needs 3)可以为学生提供运用目的语进行交际的机会，注重语言运用的真实性（expose students to language in authentic use） 4)能够考虑到语言教学的积极影响往往会延迟以及学生之间学习风格learning style和情感态affective factors的差异。
全国教资统考高中英语学科知识与能力试题答案
全国教资统考高中英语学科知识与能力试题答 案 WTD standardization office【WTD 5AB- WTDK 08- WTD 2C】
2019年3月全国教资统考高中英语学科知识与能力试题答案 二、简答题(本大题1小题，20分) 31.【答题要点】 优点：?PPT的使用能够将教材内容生动活泼地呈现在学生面前，使静态、枯燥的语言材料变得直观、具体，富有感染力，从而调动学生深入学习的积极性，激发学生的学习兴趣;?PPT的使用可以丰富教学内容和形式，提供有利于学生观察、模仿、尝试、体验真实语言的语境，使英语学习更好地体现真实性和交际性特征。 问题：?使用PPT有时候会本末倒置，分散学生的注意力，比如学生的注意力可能被一张漂亮的图案等吸引，在一定程度上反而造成了相反的效果。?使用PPT时在一定程度上增加了教师的工作量，即制作PPT, 并且一味地追求使用PPT有时会使教师忽略课程的重点和难点。 建议：? 教师在使用PPT时，要注意目的性、恰当性、合理性，PPT的使用不能替代师生课堂上真实的语言交流、思维碰撞、情感互动和人际交往活动。?教师应当有针对性地选择课型，在制作PPT时不要忽视可见的内容和对知识点的重视。 三、教学情境分析题(本大题1小题，30分) 32.【答题要点】 (1)该教师采用的评价属于质性评价范畴下的表现性评价。 (2)该评价表主要作用有：第一、克服了传统学业测验的弊端，实现多元化评价;第二、有助于发挥学生学习主体性;第三、有助于教师关注学生对知识的综合运用能力。 (3)改进措施有：第一、增加评价维度并且细化每个维度的评价标准以增加其效度;第二、将“笑脸”改为具体的评价语言;第三、增加评价主体。评价主体不仅是教师，还可以是学生甚至家长。 四、教学设计题(本大题1小题，40分) 33.【答题要点】 Teaching type: Reading class Teaching contents: This lesson is from senior high school, and it mainly talks about the life of Mark Twain. Before becoming a writer, Mark Twain tried different jobs and went to different places, which laid a good foundation for Mark Twain’s writing career. Teaching Objectives: (1) Knowledge objectives ① Students are able to know the experiences of Mark Twain before he became a writer.
信息技术与英语学科教学设计
信息技术与小学英语课程整合教学设计 Unit 2 Where is the science museum? A let’talk 教学设计 石门镇小辛庄中心小学王彩莲 一、教材分析 本课的内容是人教版小学六年级英语上册Unit 2 where is the science museum? part A let’s talk。这节课主要是以问路为主要话题展开，设计了问路时的一系列情景对话和任务型活动，通过本节课的学习，学生能够运用句型:”Where is the...?并作答，提高学生在日常生活中运用所学语言描述“问路”以及“指点方向”的能力，培养学生协作能力以及乐于助人的思想. 二、学情分析 小学六年级学生已经学了将近三年的英语，已掌握了基本的听、说、读、写能力，已具备了一定的自学能力。因此可在教学中充分发挥他们的自主精神，培养他们的自学能力。但他们仍然具有儿童的一些基本特性，如好奇心强，好表现，善模仿等。我采用了学生最乐于接受的学习方式游戏、活动。 学生学习的方式有：协作学习。当面对难度较大的学习任务时鼓励学生采取小组合作的方式，这是因为"协作学习"更方便英语的交流和体验，有利于培养学生与他人合作的能力，同时信息差异也更能激燃起学生的创新火花。 三、教学方法及媒体设计 （1）利用集视频、音频、图片、文字为一体的多媒体课件，生动活泼的动画，刺激学生的视觉、听觉，进而激发学生的兴趣。 （2）利用任务型活动设计路程，让学生按照本课语言在同桌或小组间进
行交流，环环相扣，形成一条任务链。使学生在一个良好的氛围中团结协作，进行语言的交际练习，提高学生的英语口语素养。 四、教学目标 知识目标：能够听、说、认读句型：“Where is the cinema / post office /…, please? It’s next to the hospital/cinema/…并能在实际情景中灵活运用。 能力目标：1.能够掌握四会句型：Where is the cinema, please? It’s next to the hospital. 2.能够听懂Let’s try部分，并能根据录音内容选择正确的答案。 情感态度价值观：通过问路指路，培养学生协作能力以及乐于助人的思想。 五、教学重点和难点 教学重点：熟练掌握本课时的重点句型：Where is the cinema / post office /…, please? It’s next to the hospital/cinema/….并能在实际情景中灵活运用。 教学难点：学生认读书写四会句子。 六、教学具及相关资料准备：多媒体课件、纸、一顶警察帽子、刘云头饰 七、教学过程 （一）、Preparation （1）热身：利用TPR活动教学法，师生同唱一首歌谣，让学生在一种祥和的气氛中进入课堂，这样能很快吸引住学生，同时还渲染了学生学习英语的良好气氛，使学生和老师在欢快的问候中很快地进入了兴奋的状态。这
英语学科知识与教学能力
英语学科知识与教学能力 第一部分：语言知识与能力 第一章：英语语言基础知识 第二章：语言学与英语教学 第一节：语言学机器与英语教学的相关基本概念 一、语言学的基本概念： (一) 、语言学：语言学就是把语言作为研究对象的一个领域或一门学科。 (二) 、普通与杨学与应用语言学 普通语言学(Linguistics)是对人类语言的看法和研究结果的理论概括，是研究与样的本质、发展和起源的类型和分类的语言学分支学科。 应用语言学(Applied Linguistics )是研究语言在各个领域中实际应用的语言分支。边缘学科：社会语言学(Sociolinguistics )、心理语言学(Psycholinguistics )、生理语言学(Physiological Phonetics)、计算机语言学(Computational Linguistics)、语体学(Stylistics)、信息论(Information Theory)、词典学(Lexicography)、翻译(Translation)、言语病理学(Speech Pathology)、言语矫治(Speech Therapy)。 (三) 规定语言学( Prescriptive Linguistics )与描写语言学( Descriptive Linguistics ) (四) 历时语言学(Diachronic Linguistics )与共时语言学(Synchronic Linguistics ) (五) 口语与文字 (六) 语言和言语：语言(Lan gue)是一套音义结合的符号系统，一个语言集团所共有的语言系统；言语(Parole)则是人们运用语言这种工具进行交际的过程或结果，指说话者在具体的场合下可能说出或理解的具体话语。 (七) 语言能力与语言行为 二、外语教学中的基本概念 (一)对比分析(Contrastive Analysis ) 1认定语言时间的异同 2、降低学习的难度 3、决定教学重点 4、预测错误的发生 (二)错误分析 1负迁移(negative transfer)指语言教学中，母语模式妨碍学生学习外语的模式。 2、过度类推或概括错误(over-ge neralization) 3、语用错误(pragmatic failure )按照本民族文化的习惯用目的语来表达，结果违反了目的与国家的文化习俗或交际规则。 第二节：语言学与语言教学的关系 一、语言学语言教学：语言学是语言教学的基石。 二、语言学家与语言教师 第三章：语言能力目标要求 第一节：语言表达能力和沟通能力
最新教师资格证考试《中学英语学科知识与教学能力》试题及答案
一、单项选择题(本大题共30小题，每小题2分，共60分) 1．Those robots can walk like__________． A．human B．humans C．humen D．humens 2．She with her friends__________to visit their teacher every week． A．go B．going C．goes D．went 3．I don’t think the poor__________always poor．Working hard__________very important．A．is；is B．are；are C．are；is D．is；are 4．Would you mind__________the window? A．I closing B．my closing C．me closing D．me close 5．It has been__________since we went out to play last time． A．some time B．sometime C．sometimes D．some times 6．Mr．Green works in a__________building． A．thirty stories high B．thirty-stories high C．thirty-stories-high D．thirty-story high 7．Many children would__________watch TV than do sports． A．rather B．1ike C．want D．love 8．It’S very nice__________you__________my parents your best wishes． A．of；sending B．of；to send C．for；to send D．for；sending 9．If you want to go to the movie tonight，S__________I． A．do B．am
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英语句子成分 在上两讲中，我们简要地介绍了英语句子的类型以及它们的一般用法。那么，英语句子内部是如何构成的呢？或者说，一个英语句子可以分成哪些部分呢？ 曾有很多学生回答我：句子是由单词构成的呀。是的，表面上看，句子是由一个一个词构成的。对于一些简短的句子，我们只要把词意串起来就能读懂了。但是，对于复杂一点的句子，仅从单词的角度来分析是不能准确把握句子的意思的。我们举个例子。例如，一座楼房，是由一块块砖构成的。但是，一块块砖堆到一起就是楼房了吗？就能住人、办公了吗？肯定是不行的。一座楼有它的结构，要分成一间间房子，再组成一层层的楼层，然后才能成为楼房。英语句子也是这样，一个个单词由连词和介词等连接起来组成词组(也叫短语), 单词和短语再组成“意群”，最后才构成句子。这些短语就是句子的成份。 例如： The students of Class Two are seriously reading the book written by Lao She. 按句子成份划分，此句为： The students of Class Two are seriously reading the book written by Lao She. (主语) (定语) (谓语) (状语) (谓语) (宾语) (定语) 按意群划分，此句为： The students of Class Two are seriously reading the book written by Lao She. 我们在阅读和写作的时候，一般要先分清句子的各个成份。对于一些较长的句子，则需要在分清成份的基础上，再整理出意群，最后才能总体把握句子的意思。 英语句子究竟有哪些成分呢？一般地讲，句子成份可以分为主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语等。 对于这些专门用语，大部分初学者感到很玄乎。在教学实践中也常常发现，不管老师讲得多么详细，有些人就是搞不懂。原因可能是，这些用语都是专门的语法词汇，都代表着特定的概念，理解起来是有点困难。但是，我要说一点：要想学好英语语法，这些术语我们是回避不掉的，它们的概念我们必须要搞清楚。否则，我们在以后学习英语各种从句的时候，就会遇到更大的麻烦。 要掌握这些句子的成份，提两点建议：一是要记住这些名称，因为以后在分析句子的时候用的都是这些词语，不记住是不行的；二是最关键的，就是要理解这些成份的含义，要搞明白它们究竟是什么意思。如果要理解它的意义，记几条定义、记几条用法规则很简单，但是，最重要的是要“悟”出它的意义，要靠自己多思、多想，因为有些内容是无法讲清楚的，它的变化很多。只有抓住了各个成份的本质，才能应对它的各种变化，才能做到运用自如。 下面，就简要地讲一下英语各种成份的基本含义及用法。每种成份的详细用法及变化，我们到中级教程再详细讲解。 一、主语
初中英语学科知识与教学能力试题及答案
初中英语学科知识与教学能力试题及答案 Document serial number【NL89WT-NY98YT-NC8CB-NNUUT-NUT108】
《英语学科知识与教学能力》（初中) 一、考试目标 1．英语学科知识与能力 具有扎实的英语语言基础知识和语言能力；具备从事初中英语教学所需要的英语语言能力；能理解2．英语学科教学知识与能力 掌握外语教学基本理论、英语教学专业知识与国家英语课程标准内容等学科教学知识，并能用以指3．英语学科教学设计能力 能够根据英语学科特点，针对初中学生的认知特点、语言水平和学习需要选择并设计合理的教学内4．英语学科教学实施能力 理解初中英语课堂教学实施的基本原则和方法，具备实施语言课堂教学的基本能力；能够根据教学5．英语学科教学评价知识与能力 了解初中英语课堂教学评价的基本知识和方法，能够对学生的语言学习进行恰当的评价；了解教学二、考试模块内容与要求 （一）语言知识与能力 1．掌握英语语言的基础知识，了解语言研究中与英语教学相关的基本概念和知识，并能在课堂教2．具有良好的英语语言运用能力，包括用英语进行书面表达、获取教学资源和信息、表达思想情3．能够在语篇中理解英语国家的语言、历史和文学等相关的社会文化知识。 （二）语言教学知识与能力 1．了解外语教学基本理论，理解语言观、语言学习观、语言教学观等对初中英语教学的指导作用2．理解《义务教育英语课程标准（2011年版）》的目标内容（语言技能、语言知识、情感态度、3．掌握英语语言知识（语音、词汇、语法、语篇等）的教学基本原则、讲解和练习方法。 4．掌握英语语言技能（听、说、读、写）的教学原则和训练方法。 5．能结合中外社会文化语境，设计并实施英语知识和技能的教学与训练。 （三）教学设计
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