英语语言学试题.jiueduiyouyongtxt

英语语言学试题（5）
一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)

1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a () study.
A. comparativeB. diachronic
C. up-to-dateD. descriptive

2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is () phonetics.
A. auditoryB. acoustic
C. articulatoryD. none of the above three

3. What the element ‘-es’ indicates is third person singular,??present tense, the element ‘-ed’ past tense, and ‘-ing’ progressive aspect.??Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also ().
A. phonemes B. morphemes
C. allophonesD. phones

4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ()theory.
A. speech actB. TG
C. principles-and-parametersD. minimalist programme

5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ().
A. predication analysisB. stylistic analysis
C. componential analysis D. proposition analysis

6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the (-) because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.
A. locutionary act B. illocutionary act
C. perlocutionary act D. constative act

7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar (? ).
A. Sir William Jones B. John Firth
C. M. A. K. Halliday D. F. D. Saussure

8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another bilingual speaker,??a speech situation known as (? ).
A. discourse role-switching B. activity role-switching
C. social role-switching D. code-switching

9. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners’(? ).
A. second language B. first language
C. foreign language D. interlanguage

10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is around (? ).
A. 7800 B. 6800
C. 5800 D. 4800
二、填空题(每小题1分，共10分)

11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study.

12. When pitch,??stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i________.

13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.

14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.

15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions.

16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.

17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family t

ree, and to reconstruct the p________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.

18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.

19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language.??This is known as language t________.

20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is called a ________.
三、判断说明题(判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内填“T”，错误的填“F”，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分)

21. Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic. ( )
22. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. ( )
23. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, always being the sum total of the meanings of its components. ( )
24. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. ( )
25. Componential analysis is a way proposed by the generative semanticists to analyze meaning. ( )
26. Linguists found that it would be possible to give an adequate description of meaning even if the context of language use was left unconsidered. ( )
27. It is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into the periods of Old English, Middle English and Modern English. ( )
28. When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge. ( )
29. Linguistic lateralization in terms of right hemispheric dominance for language is found to exist in an overwhelming majority of human beings. ( )
30. In order to identify the areas of learning difficulty, an interlingual contrastive procedure Contrastive Analysis was developed. ( )

四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)

31. competence and performance
32. minimal pair
33. morphology
34. finite clause
35. sense and reference
36. Cooperative Principle
37. semantic broadening
38. language planning
39. the critical period hypothesis
40. instrumental motivation vs.??integrative motivation

五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)

41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?
42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.
The girl ate the orange.
43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.
King: Where is Polonius?
Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.
If your messenger find him not there,
seek him i’ the other place yourself.
But indeed, if you fin

d him not within
this month, you shall nose him as you
go up the stairs into the lobby.
Act IV, Scene iii



英语语言学试题（9）


I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)

1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.
A. a particular language
B. the English language
C. human languages in general
D. the system of a particular language

2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________.
A. voiceless, bilabial, stop
B. voiceless, labiodental, fricative
C. voiced, bilabial, stop? ?? ???D. voiced, labiodental, fricative

3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is known as a(n) __________.
A. derivational morpheme
B. free morpheme
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free form

4. In the phrase structure rule "S→NP VP", the arrow can be read as __________.
A. is equal to??B. consists of
C. has??D. generates

5. "I bought some roses" __________ "I bought some flowers".
A. entails B. presupposes
C. is inconsistent with
D. is synonymous with

6. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.
X: Who was that you were with last night?
Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?
A. quality B. quantity
C. relation D. manner

7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.
A. phrases B. sentences
C. morphemes D. utterances

8. In a speech community people have something in common __________a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.
A. socially B. linguistically
C. culturally D. pragmatically
9. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people? __________.
A. language and speech
B. visual and spatial skills
C. reading and writing? ?? ???D. analytic reasoning

10. In general, the __________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child's second year.
A. babbling? ? B. one-word
C. two-word? ? D. multiword

Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)

11. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguistic f? ?? ???before they can do anything else.
12. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s? ?? ?? ?? ?rules.
13. An independent u

nit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a f___________ morpheme.
14. A sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".
15. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s? ?? ???.
16. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C? ?? principle proposed by J. Grice.
17. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of cultural t? ?? ?? ?? ?across generations.
18. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the s attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.
19. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as "s speech," and speech as "overt thought." In such a case, speaking and thinking take place simultaneously.
20. It is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.

Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false , you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)

21. (? ? ) An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the "best authors" for language usage.
22. (? ? ) In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.
23. (? ? ) We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.
24. (? ? ) Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properites.
25. (? ? ) The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.
26. (? ? ) Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.
27. (? ? ) In first language acquisition children's grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.
28. (? ? ) The sentences "He crazy" and "He be sick all the time" are both acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.
29. (? ? ) Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system.
30. (? ? ) Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.

Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, usin

g one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)

31. synchronic linguistics
32. displacement
33. a minimal pair
34. derivational affixes
35. syntax
36. language transfer
37. hyponymy
38. sentence meaning
39. lingua franca
40. cerebral cortex

Ⅴ. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)

41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.
42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.
语言学试题参考答案
一 单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）
1、C 2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D
6、B 7、B 8、C 9、A 10、D

二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）

11、knowledge
12、bilabial
13、morphology
14、sentence
15、complete
16、representatives
17、coinage
18、delete
19、critical
20、interlanguage

三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）

21、F
Actually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.

22、F
Voicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.

23、F
The meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".

24、F
Apart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.

25、F
Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.

26、T

27、T

28、F
They have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.

29、F
The true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"

30、T

四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）

31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.

32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.

33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.

34、The rules that govern which affix can be added

to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.

35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences

36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.

37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.

38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.
9、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".

40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.

五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）

41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.
1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→ /fi:v/(Middle English)→ /faiv/(Modern English)
2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.
3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle--spindle.
4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result o

f sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".
评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。

42、The acquisition of a second language is dependent on a combination of factors. The rate and ultimate success in SLA are affected not only by learners' experience with optimal input and instruction, but also by individual learner factors. The learner factors that have captured the attention of SLA researchers include age, motivation, acculturation, and personality:
1) Age The optimum age for SLA does not always accord with the maxim of "the younger the better." But it has been demonstrated that adolescents are quicker and more effective L2 learners than young children. The early teenagers are good L2 learners because their flexibility of the language acquisition faculty has not been completely lost and their cognitive skills have developed considerably to facilitate the processing of linguistic features of a new language.
2) Motivation Adults are motivated to learn a second language because of a communicative need. If the learners have a strong instrumental need to learn a second language or have a strong interest in the way of life of native speakers of the language they are learning, they are most likely to succeed.
3) Acculturation The more a learner aspires to acculturate to the community of the target language, the further he or she will progress along the developmental continuum.
4) Personality The generally outgoing adult learners learn more quickly and therefore are more successful than the generally reserved ones.