学术英语(社科)unit1-8 听力大案及原文
Listening
Businesses are structured in different ways to meet different needs.
The simplest form of business is called an individual or sole proprietorship. The proprietor(经营者) owns all of the property of the business and is responsible for everything.
For legal purposes, with this kind of business, the owner and the company are the same. This means that the proprietor gets to keep all of the profits of the business, but also must pay any debts.
Another kind of business is the partnership. Two or more people go into business together. An agreement is usually needed to decide how much of the partnership each person controls.
One kind of partnership is called a limited liability partnership. These have full partners and limited partners. Limited partners may not share as much in the profits, but they also have less responsibilities for the business.
Doctors, lawyers and accountants often form partnerships to share their risks and profits. A husband and wife can form a business partnership together.
Partnerships exist only for as long as the owners remain alive. The same is true of individual proprietorships.
But corporations are designed to have an unlimited lifetime. A corporation is the most complex kind of business organization.
Corporations can sell stock as a way to raise money. Stock represents shares of ownership in a company. Investors who buy stock can trade their shares or keep them as long as the company is in business.
A company might use some of its earnings to pay dividends(红利) as a reward to shareholders. Or the company might reinvest the money into the business.
If shares lose value, investors can lose all of the money they paid for their stock. But shareholders are not responsible for the debts of the corporation.
A corporation is recognized as an entity(实体)——its own legal being, separate from its owners.
A board of directors control corporate policies. The directors appoint top company officers. The directors might or might not hold shares in the corporation.
But not all corporations are traditional businesses that sell stock. Some nonprofit groups are also organized as corporations.
Script for listening task
Task 1 p40-41
Keys：
1.BACDA
2.particular; concrete; in the light of the past; outside his regard; as near the earth as a politician
Listening
Keys to After-class tasks
Task 2
FTFF
Script for listening:
People differ in many ways. One difference is in how attractive they are. The actor Brad Pitt, for instance, is a handsome man. In part for this reason, his movies attract large audiences. Not surprisingly, the large audiences mean a large income for Mr. Pitt.
How prevalent are the economic benefits of beauty? Labor economists Daniel Hamermesh and Jeff Biddle tried to answer this question in a study published in the December 1994 issue of The American Economic Review. Hamermesh and Biddle examined data from surveys of individuals in the United States and Canada. The interviewers who conducted the survey were asked to rate each respondent’s physical appearance. Hamermesh and Biddle then examined how much the wages of the respondents depended on the standard determinants --- education, experience, and so on--- and how much they depended on physical appearance.
Hamermesh and Biddle found that beauty pays. People who are deemed to be more attractive than average earn five percent more than people of average looks. People of average looks earn five to 10 percent more than people considered less attractive than average. Similar results were found for
men and women.
What explains these differences in wages? There are several ways to interpret the ―beauty premium‖.
One interpretation is that good looks are themselves a type of innate ability determining productivity and wages. Some people are born with the attributes of a movie star; other people are not. Good looks are useful in any job in which workers present themselves to the public--- such as acting, sales, and waiting on tables. In this case , an attractive worker is more valuable to the firm than an unattractive worker. The firm’s willingness to pay more to attractive workers reflects its customers’ preferences.
A second interpretation is that reported beauty is an indirect measure of other types of ability. How attractive a person appears depends on more than just heredity. It also depends on dress, hairstyle, personal demeanor, and other attributes that a person can control. Perhaps a person who successfully projects an attractive image in a survey interview is more likely to be an intelligent person who succeeds at other tasks as well.
A third interpretation is that the beauty premium is a type of discrimination, a topic to which we return later.
Listening
Keys to textbook tasks
1.demography; the scientific study of population
2.standard measures; births; deaths; the number of those moving in and out; general
statistics; identify trends
1.the number of births per 1000 people in a given year
2.the number of deaths per 1000 people in a given year
3.the number of live births per 1000 women of the world
4.18
Listening script:
The scientific study of population is known as demography. The word comes from the Greek for ―measuring people‖. But counting heads is only a small part of what demographers do. They also attempt to calculate the growth rate of a population and to assess the impact of such things as the marriage rate and life expectancy, the sex ratio, the age structure on human behavior and the structure of society. They are interested in the distribution of population and in movements of people. Put another way, demographers study the effects of such numbers on social trends.
Demographers use a number of standard measures in translating a locality’s raw totals--- births, deaths, the number of those moving in and out--- into general statistics that allow them to identify trends. The birthrate is the number of births per 1000 people in a given years. Suppose there were 900 births in a city of 50000 in a specific year. Demographers calculate the birthrate for the city by dividing the number of births (900) by the population (50000) and multiplying the result (0.018) by 1000 to get 18. The birthrate in developed countries is 1.6; in less developed countries it is 4.0. The death rate is the number of deaths per 1000 people in a given year. The fertility rate is the number of live births per 1000 women of the world. As mentioned earlier, population and population growth rates are highest in developing nations and lower in Western nations. These rates are also complicated by mass movements of refugees to and from certain countries. By 1994 the population of refugees was over 23 million, up from about 10 million refugees worldwide in 1983. Mass movements of people into and out of Afghanistan, Somalia and Mozambique have contributed to this sharp increase. Famine and political upheaval are usually behind these mass exoduses.
Listening
Task 1
1) culture identity 2) ethnic identity
3) cultural group 4) ethnic group
2.
1) Culture identity embodies standards of behavior and the ways in which beliefs, values, and attitudes are transmitted to the younger generation. It also entails the ways in which kinship relationships and marital and sexual relationships are structured.
2) Ethnic identity refers to the geographic origin of a minority group within a country or culture.
3) Cultural group refers to a set of people who embrace core beliefs, behaviors, values, and norms and transmit them from generation to generation.
4) Ethnic group is a set of people who are embedded within a larger cultural group or society and who share beliefs, behaviors, values, and norms that are also transmitted from generation to generation.
Dictation
One’s cultural identity is an important aspect of being human. Cultural identity evolves from the shared beliefs, values, and attitudes of a group of people. It embodies standards of behavior and the ways in which beliefs, values, and attitudes are transmitted to the younger generation. Cultural identity also entails the ways in which kinship relationships and marital and sexual relationships are structured. Examples of the vast array of cultural identities in the United States include Anglo American, Italian American, African American, and Asian American – to name just a few
Script:
One’s cultural identity is an important aspect of being human. Cultural identity evolves from the shared beliefs, values, and attitudes of a group of people. It embodies standards of behavior and the ways in which beliefs, values, and attitudes are transmitted to the younger generation. Cultural identity also entails the ways in which kinship relationships and marital and sexual relationships are structured. Examples of the vast array of cultural identities in the United States include Anglo American, Italian American, African American, and Asian American – to name just a few.
Cultural identity transcends ethnic identity, or ethnicity, which refers to the geographic origin of a minority group within a country or culture. Whereas many people learn about their specific ethnic identities from their parents, many more children are born with parents from several ethnic groups. As this increases in the United States, more young people are unclear about their ethnic identity
and are simply calling themselves American.
A cultural group is a set of people who embrace core beliefs, behaviors, values, and norms and transmit them from generation to generation. Most cultures contain subgroups called co-cultures, distinct cultural of social groups living within the lesbians. An Ethnic group is a set of people who are embedded within a larger cultural group or society and who share beliefs, behaviors, values, and norms that are also transmitted from generation to generation. Ethnicity plays a major role in determining what we eat and how we work, relate, celebrate holidays and rituals, and feel about life and death an illness.
Unit 6
Listening
Keys to textbook tasks
Task 1
1.
1) blogger: someone’s online record of the websites he or she visits.
2) Web logger: one-person Internet blabbermouths who pop off to anyone who will listen
2.
1). TV has coped well with technological change
2). almost 37 hours a week watching television
3). people are constantly messaging and tweeting about them, and discussing them on Facebook.
4). more than two million in America last year
5). more than 600 today
6). paying for greater television choice
Script:
Task 1
Internet journalism has been greatly influenced by the so-called ―bloggers‖. In the strict sense, a blogger is someone’s online record of the websites he or she visits. Blogger is a contraction of ―Web logger‖. Web loggers have been called one-person Internet blabbermouths who pop off to anyone who will listen. They criticize each other but some of the best take on, sometimes unfairly, the big newspapers and networks. They provide a kind of instant feedback loop for media corporations. Some equate them with the more lively editorial pages of earlier times. Web loggers are having an important impact on the ―old media‖as well as on public opinion over salient political and social issues.
Task 2
Newspapers are dying; the music industry is still yelping about iTunes; book publishers think they are next. Yet one bit of old media seems to be doing rather well. In the final quarter of 2009 the average American spent almost 37 hours a week watching television. Earlier this year 116 million of them saw the Super Bowl-- a record for a single programme. Far from being cowed by new
media, TV is colonizing it. Shows like ―American Idol‖and ―Britain’s Got Talent‖draw huge audiences partly because people are constantly messaging and tweeting about them, and discussing them on Facebook.
Advertising wobbled during the recession, shaking the free-to-air broadcasters that depend on it. But cable and satellite TV breezed through. Pay-television subscriptions grew by more than two million in America last year. The explosive growth of cable and satellite TV in India explains how that country has gone from two channels in the early 1990s to more than 600 today. Pay-TV bosses scarcely acknowledge the existence of viewers who do not subscribe to multichannel TV, talking only of people who have ―yet to choose‖ a provider. This is not merely bluster. As our special report this week explains, once people start paying for greater television choice, they rarely stop.
Unit 7
Listening
Task 1
1) puts a barrier up
2) just the connection
3) quite unreliable
4) could break at any moment
Task 2
FFTFT
Script:
Interviewer: Today’s ―big story‖ is the Information Society. We’ll focus on some of the issues and, of course, the language behind the top ic. ―Information and communications technology‖, the ―information society‖, the ―digital divide‖--- these terms have become buzz words in the modern world. But what do they all mean?
Interviewee: This is a way of looking how society has changed. If we look back to a hundred years ago, we were talking about the Industrial Revolution--- countries becoming economic powers, developing their businesses through the use of machines. Now the emphasis has shifted to information, and technology is a tool by which people can gain that information--- be it through computers, on the Internet, or maybe over a mobile phone. And that’s what we are talking abut here: using technology as a tool to get ac cess to information, to find out what’s happening in the world.
Interviewer: And why is this such an important area? Why does it feature in the list of World Service Big Stories, do you think?
Interviewee: Say you are a farmer in Senegal, and you want to find out what the price is for the mangos or the pineapples that you’re growing. When you come to sell them to the trader, you don’t know what the price of that pineapple is in the capital. You have to take, at face value, what you’re offered for it. But sa y you had a mobile phone, and that on that mobile phone, you could find out what the price of pineapples was in the capital, that would put you in a much stronger position when it came to selling your goods, and you would get a much better price for your crops. That would make a very big difference to how much money you earned every month.
Interviewer: So let’s say we’re talking about telephones and computers as you’ve suggested, what do we mean when we say there’s a ―digital divide‖?
Interviewee: this all comes down to having access to information--- being able to find information about crop prices, about the latest research, even news about what’s happening in your country or in your part of the world easily. In industrialized countries it’s all around us. Apart from
newspapers and radio stations, we now have the Internet, or you can even get this sort of information on your mobile phone. The problem for developing countries is that they don’t have access to that information.
Interviewer: Success in the modern world depends on having access to up-to-date information--- whether for business, farming, education, healthcare--- for every aspect of life. And in this so-called ―information society‖, there’s a digital divided between the haves and the have-nots---- those who are able to access information and those who aren’t. But the ability to access information depends on more than just having the right technological equipment.
Interviewee: there are several big problems wen it comes to the internet access. One of the big ones is that a lot of the material on the Internet is in English, and that instantly puts a barrier up to a lot of people in the world because they have to speak at least some English to understand the information there. The other thing is just the connection. To connect to the Internet, you need to connect either through cables or you can do it through radio waves. But in many parts of the developing world, what you have is a very slow connection over a telephone line. Telephone lines in a lot o f these parts of the world are quite unreliable, they’re a bit crackly, they might have some interference on the line. So what you then have is an Internet connection that, not only is slow, but could break at any moment. This is a huge problem for the developing countries.
Interviewer: We’ve talked a bit about the Internet, then, the difference that can make to people’s lives. What about the phone? And particularly the mobile phone?
Interviewee: This is almost more revolutionary than the Internet itself. B ecause what you’re finding now is that in countries like Nigeria, almost everybody will have a mobile phone. In the past they would have had to rely on trying to get a normal landline, something connected with wires to the local exchange, and the problem i s there wouldn’t be many of these telephones, they would expensive. But now mobile phones are opening the world of communication to just about everybody. So, selling goods is easier; sharing ideas is much more possible now than in the past; or even just giving advice to colleagues or friends.
Unit 8
Listening
Keys to After-class tasks
Summaries：politically correct means socially correct according to the views of those who were politically left of center. There are three kinds of political correctness. Type A refers to new ways of saying things, avoiding giving offence to members of minority groups. For examples, person is preferred to man/woman, Ms to Miss/Mrs and physically challenged to disabled. Type B refers to terms used to attack those thought to be politically incorrect. Words such as sexist, racist, Eurocentric are examples. Type C refers to terms indicating a positive program for addressing wrongs. Expressions such as multiculturalism and affirmative action are cases in point.
Listening script
Well, good evening ladies and gentlemen. I’m giving a talk on political correctness. Can you hear me at the back?
What is political correctness? What is it? Well, let’s look at the appearance of the term. In the 1980s, in the United States, then in this country, we suddenly had a number of strange inventions in the language. For example, The Washington Post newspaper, on 12th of March 1984, we read about a writer called Langer. Langer is saying that novelists have a duty higher than the one they owe to their art, that is the art of writing, of course, and in their private vision of world, they have
a duty to be politically correct. And again The Washington Post in the following year, ―it is the only caffeinated coffee served by the waitpersons,‖ they’re called in the politically correct Tacoma Café in Tacoma Park. Well, what’s all this about? What does politically correct mean in its sense? Well, I would suggest in the original sense in the States, politically correct meant socially correct according to the views of those who were politically left of center. It was a descriptive term.
Now let’s look at some examples of politically correct language. There are at least three categories, I suggest, of politically correct language. Let’s call them A, B and C. So A. There are new ways of saying things, avoiding giving offense to members of minority groups. Now what’s a minority group here? A group referred to as a minority is one which is in ways disadvantaged or oppressed. So the traditional categories here of minority group would include women, and in some countries blacks, perhaps the elderly and so on. So the new way of saying things, for, instead of ―man‖ or ―woman‖, we could say ―person‖. That would be politically correct usage because it is regarded as discriminatory to distinguish between men and women, we’re all persons. Or again, it became very fashionable to use ―Ms‖, ms, instead of ―Miss‖ or ―Mrs.‖ as a title for a woman. Or again ―s’he‖, or ―he/she‖, that, in place of ―he‖ or ―she‖. Or again, ―black‖ or ―negro‖. The quality of the language here is rather important. Blacks, themselves, in the States came to dislike the term ―negro‖, preferring to be called Black, with a capital ―B‖. Again, of ―poor‖, poor people, we talk of ―disadvantaged‖ people or perhaps ―exploited‖, but ―disadvantaged‖ seems more neutral. Then, what about male homosexuals, for example? Well, the term ―gay‖changed its meaning dramatically. ―Gay‖ used to mean cheerful, happy and so on, but now, it’s normally, it’s taken to mean male homosexual. Then there is the suffix ―challenged‖. So, some people would say, not ―disabled‖, perhaps somebody has a damaged leg, not ―disabled‖but ―physically challenged‖. And for ―old‖, we might say ―experientially enhanced‖, or something of that sort. So, so much for ways of saying things without giving offence to minority groups.
Next among these examples, Category B, let’s call it. Terms to attack those thought to be politically incorrect. Now, such terms are very important weapons and can be sued to destroy a person’s reputation. So, for example, ―sexist‖, a sexist is somebody who talks disparagingly of a woman or worse. A ―racist‖ is somebody who regards himself or themselves as a member of a superior race. An ―ageist‖ is somebody, normally not always, a hostile suffix. If you say someone is sexist, racist, ageist or whatever, you are attacking them. You’re attacking them as morally uncouth. Then, there are other terms used in attacking offensive people in politically correct method. For example, ―Eurocentric‖. A Eurocentric person is somebody who thinks that European culture is the center of world culture and talks and behaves as if that were so. European culture is somehow superior to the cultures of other centers. Or a ―homophobe‖. Have you heard this term? Homophobe is somebody who is said to discriminate against homosexuals. Phobe, P H O B E, being the Greek root for somebody who dislikes or fears something.
A third category, let’s call it C here, for example, terms indicating a positive program for addressing wrongs. For example, ―multiculturalism‖. Now, multiculturalism is the attitude which recognizes many centers of cultural interest in the world rather than only a white male Anglo-Saxon, or European, at it were. And ―affirmative action‖is another expression which is used to indicate putting things right that are wrong. So affirmative action might include promoting people with the advantaged groups and so on.
大学英语听说3听力原文和答案
大学英语听说3听力原文和答案 Unit 1 Reservations Part A Exercise 1 1. M: I’d like to book a double room with bath for four nights. W: Sorry, sir. We’re full up(全满). Can I recommend the Park Hotel to you? It is quite near here. Q: What does the woman suggest that the man do? 2. M: I’d like to see Mr. Jones this afternoon, please. W: I’m sorry but Mr. Jones will be busy the whole afternoon. Can you manage at 10:30 tomorrow morning? Q: What does the woman say to the man? 3. W: Can I book two tickets for the show ―42nd Street‖ on Sunday night, Oct. 31st? M: Sorry, madam. All the tickets on that night are sold out. But tickets are available for Nov.3rd(十一月三号). Q: When can the woman see the show? 4. M: I’d like to reserve(预订)two tickets on Flight 6051 to Edinburgh, for October 20th. W: Sorry, Sir. We’re booked up(预订一空的) on the 20th .But we still have a few seats available on the 21st. Q: When does the man want to leave for Edinburgh? 5. W: Garden Restaurant. May I help you?
研究生学术英语听力答案
第一章 1. What is an academic topic? ---A topic studied in schools by university professors and by scholars, around which a discipline and a body of literture have grown up. 2. What does research mean? ---Reading and study of various kinds of evidence, mainly but not exclusively drawn from written materials. 3. What kinds of materials may research be based on? ---Printed materials, written materials that are not printed, spoken materials, visual materials, and digital documents from the Internet. 4. What does “operating in a scholarly way” mean? ---Building new knowledge by analyzing and learning from what others have done and adding fresh insights to it. 5. What is the length of a typical research paper? ---10-15 double-spaced pages / 3000-5000 words. 第二章 1. What are the four elements discussed in the lecture? ---Subject, topic, question and thesis. 2. Which is supposed to be more specific, a subject or a topic? ---A topic. 3. What is an appropriate topic characterized by? ---It can be covered adequately and interestingly in just 10-15 pages. 4. Why was Lincoln able to win the election of 1860? ---Because of his ambiguous position on slavery/By not taking a very firm or clear stand on slavery. 5. What is the function of the thesis of a research paper? ---The thesis states what you want to say about the topic－your conclusion based on your research and thought. 6.How do you judge whether a topic is appropriate or not? ---It can be covered adequately and interestingly in just 10-15 pages. 第三章 1. What is a good topic? A good topic: ? is not merely a narrative, ? is not too broad, ? is not too narrow, ? has research sources, ? has not been overdone, and ? interests you. 2. What is a good working thesis? A good working thesis: ? can be stated in a single clear sentence, ? is a positive, non-obvious statement, and ? can be tested through research. 3.What kind of thesis is a good working thesis? ·It can be stated in a single clear sentence. ·It is a positive,non-obvious statement ,and ·It can be tested through research. 第四章 1. What is plagiarism? ---A kind of theft. 2. What does the word “publishing” mean according to the professor? ---Something printed in book/magazine form or anything posted on the Internet. 3. What are the four different types of plagiarism? ? Buying, borrowing, or reusing a paper. ? Claiming as your own a piece of writing from a published source. ? Quoting words, sentences, paragraphs, or pages from another writer’s work without giving that writer credit. ? Copying another writer’s sequence of ideas without giving that writer credit. 4. What transitional words does the professor use to introduce the four different types of plagiarism? ---First, next, also, finally. 5. What will you teacher or advisor do when you commit plagiarism? You teacher or your advisor will refuse to write a letter of recommendation. 6.what does the speaker mean when he explains the point “citing sources in a scholarly fashion”? Following standard rules and procedures to explain where you found the facts and ideas you are borrowing. 7.What does “publishing” also refer to? “Publishing” also refers to the act of posting an item on the Internet. 第五章 1. What is common knowledge? ? Information that you and your friends all know. ? Any information that could be easily obtained from many sources and that is not open to dispute or varying interpretations. (also) 2. What is a fact? ---An event in the real world that practically everyone can point to and agree on. 3. What is an opinion or interpretation? ---A personal spin (remark), attitude, or feeling to the real- world event, which not everyone will agree on.
学术英语(社科)8单元A翻译学习资料
学术英语(社科)8单 元A翻译
UNIT8 Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power 硬实力，软实力，巧实力 People often associate power of a nation with military might or economic strenght. Is these s omething more to the concept of power? The answer is in the affirmative, at least to some who study political science. This unit explores the complex nature of power and how it impacts international relations. 人们常把权力一个国家军事实力和经济实力。这些东西更是对权力的概念吗？答案是肯定的，至少对一些学习政治科学的人来说是肯定的。本单位探讨了权力的复杂性及其对国际关系的影响。 The complex nature of power 权力的复杂性 1. “Until human nature change, power and force will remain at the heart of international relatio ns,” according to a top U.S. official. Not everyone will agree with such a gloomy realpolitik assessment, but it underlines the crucial role that power plays in diplomacy. When the goals and interest of states conflict, which side will prevail is often decided by who has the most p ower. 一位美国高级官员表示：“直到人类的本质变化，力量和力量将留在国际关系的核心。不是每个人都会同意这样一个令人沮丧的现实的评估，但它强调，在外交上起着关键作用的力量。当国家的目标和利益发生冲突的时候，哪一方会获胜，往往取决于谁拥有最多的权力。 2. Power is the term we will use here to represent the sum of a country's capabilities. Because power in common usage carries the connotation of “hit-over-the-head” or “make you” capabilities, it is very important to stress that power as used here is more than that. As we will explore in the following pages, power can be based on positive persuasion as well as negative coercion. Indeed, power has many forms. Military muscle, wealth, and some others are fairly obvious and tangible. Others such as national willpower and diplomatic skills are much less obvious and intangible. 我们将用这一术语来表示一个国家能力的总和。因为普通的力量有“击中头部”或“使你的能力”的内涵，所以强调使用这里的力量是非常重要的。正如我们将探讨在以下页面中，权力可以基于积极的说服和消极的强制。事实上，权力有很多形式。军事力量，财富，和其他一些是相当明显的和有形的。其他如国家意志和外交技巧是不太明显的和无形的。
学术英语_医学__光盘__听力原文
UNIT 1 Welcome to Insidermedicine In Depth. I'm Dr. Susan Sharma. Focusing time and energy on the most personally meaningful aspects of their work may help physicians avoid burnout, according to a survey published in the Archives of Internal Medicine. Here are some consequences of physician burnout, published in the Annals of Internal Medicine: ?Increased risk for substance abuse ?Damage to personal relationships, and ?Increased risk for developing inappropriate prescribing patterns Researchers from the Mayo Clinic in Rochester surveyed over 550 physicians in the department of internal medicine at a large academic medical center. The survey included questions about job satisfaction, emotional well-being, and the aspects of the jobs that were the most meaningful. As many as 34% of respondents met the criteria for burnout, including emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a low sense of personal accomplishment. The 88% who said they spent at least 20% of their working time on activities they found to be the most meaningful had about half the burnout rate of those who did not. Today's research highlights the need to optimize career fit among physicians in order to reduce burnout rates. For Insidermedicine In Depth, I'm Dr. Susan Sharma.1 UNIT 2 So I work in marketing, which I love, but my first passion was physics, a passion brought to me by a wonderful school teacher, when I had a little less gray hair. So he taught me that physics is cool because it teaches us so much about the world around us. Tonight I'm going to spend the next few minutes trying to convince you that physics can teach us something about marketing. So, quick show of hands —Who studied some marketing in university? (Show of hands.) Who studied some physics in university? (Show of hands.) Ooh, pretty good. And at school? (Show of hands.) Okay, lots of you. So, hopefully this will bring back some happy, or possibly some slightly disturbing memories. (Laughter.) So, physics and marketing: We'll start with something very simple, Newton's law: "The force equals mass times acceleration." This is something that perhaps Turkish Airlines should have studied a bit more carefully (Laughter.) before they ran this campaign. (Laughter.) But if we rearrange this formula quickly, we can get to acceleration equals force over mass, which means that for a larger particle, a larger mass, it requires more force to change its direction. It's the same with brands. The more massive a brand, the more baggage it has, the more force is needed to change its positioning. And that's one of the reasons why Arthur Andersen chose to launch Accenture rather than try to persuade the world that Andersen's could stand for something other than accountancy. It explains why Hoover found it very difficult to persuade the world that it was more than vacuum cleaners, (Laughter.) and why companies like Unilever and P&G keep brands separate, like Oreo and Pringles and Dove, rather than having one giant parent brand. So the physics is (that) the bigger the mass of an object, the more force is needed to change its direction. The marketing is, the bigger a brand, the more difficult (it) is to reposition it. So think about a portfolio of brands or maybe new brands for new ventures. Now, who remembers Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle? Getting a little more technical now. So this says that it's impossible, by definition, to measure exactly the state, i.e., the position, and the
学术英语社科课文翻译
学术英语社科课文翻译 学术英语课文翻译 Unit1 人们如何做出决策 理性的人认为在保证金 1.经济学家通常假设人是理性的。理性的人们系统地,有目的地做最好的,他们可以实现他们的目标,考虑到可用的机会。当你学习经济学,你会遇到公司决定雇佣多少工人,有多少他们的产品生产和销售利润最大化。你也会遇到那些决定花多少时间工作和买什么商品和服务产生的收入来实现最高水平的满意度。 人们会对激励做出反应 6.激励是诱发一个人采取行动,如惩罚或奖励的预期。因为理性的人们通过比较成本和效益做出决定,他们会对激励做出反应。你会发现激励在经济学的研究中发挥核心作用。一位经济学家甚至认为整个字段可以简单地总结:“人们会对激励作出反应。其余的评论。” 11.考虑一下安全带法律改变司机的coat-benefit计算。安全带使得事故成本更低,因为他们减少受伤或死亡的可能性。换句话说,安全带减少缓慢而谨慎驾驶的好处。人们应对安全带,因为他们将改善路况,驾驶速度更快,不仔细。安全带带法的结果,因此,大量的事故。安全驾 1 驶的下降有一个明确的,行人造成负面的影响,他们更有可能发现自己在一次事故中但(与驱动程序)没有添加保护的利益。 12.起初,这个讨论的激励和安全带似乎是闲置的猜测。然而在1975年的一个经典研究,经济学家萨姆peltznab汽车安全法认为,有许多这样的效果。根据贝特兹曼的证据,这些法律产生了每次车祸的死亡事故。他的结论是,最终的结果是小司机死亡人数的变化,增加行人死亡的数量。 13.peltman对汽车安全的分析是一个另类的一般原则的例子,人们会对激励作出反应。在分析任何政策时,我们必须考虑不仅直接影响还不太明显的间接影响,通过激励工作。如果政策改变了激励,它会使人们改变他们的行为。 Unit2 1.每个研究领域都有它自己的语言和思考方式。数学家谈论定理、积分以及向量空间。心理学家谈本能、以及认知的不一致。律师谈论犯罪地点、侵权行为以及约定的禁止翻供。
新视野大学英语听力原文(第二版)第一册
Unit One Optional Listening 1 Boy(B): Hey, Grandma, what’s in this box? Grandma(G): Oh, nothing really…just a few old keepsakes. B: Keepsakes? G: Young man, you know what a keepsake is! B: No, I don’t. I really don’t. G: Well, it’s something you keep. It’s something that gives you a lot of memories. B: Oh. What’s this? G: Now don’t go just digging around in there!... Hmmm, let’s see… that’s my first diary. B: Can I …? G: No, you can’t read it! It’s personal! I wrote about my first boyfriend in there. He became your grandfather! B: Oh, OK… Well then, what’s that? It has your picture in it. G: That’s my passport. You can see, I traveled to Europe by ship. B: What’s that big book? G: My yearbook, it’s my high school book of memories. B: Class of 1961! Boy, that’s old! G: That’s about enough out of you, young man. I think it’s time we put this box away and… Optional Listening 2 1. At the age of thirteen, I took my first trip alone. 2. I went to visit my grandparents in Los Angeles. 3. I felt very nervous about traveling so far, 4. but my mother said, “Don’t worry. You’ll be fine.” 5. I got on the airplane and talked for a long time to a very nice woman who sat next to me. 6. My grandparents met me at the airport and took me to their home. 7. I stayed there for two weeks, 8. and I had so much fun with them! 9. It was my first time in Los Angeles, 10. and I saw lots of really interesting places. 11. In the end, I didn’t want to go home! Optional Listening 3 Making memories A popular new hobby is scrapbooking---making beautiful books to hold special memories. Scrapbook pages can include photos, drawings, journal entries. It’s not hard to make a scrapbook that you will enjoy for many years. Here are the steps. 1. Choose a theme for your scrapbook pages. Some examples: “School days,”“Family travel,”“Memories of my grandparents,”“Baby’s first year.” 2. Select photos for each page. Two or three really good photos are better than ten so-so photos. 3. Find other paper keepsakes to use with your photos. Look for old newspaper clippings, postcards, tickets, report cards, letters--- anything made of paper. Use your imagination!
学术英语_社科Unit9五单元原文及翻译
Unit 9 Cultural globalization 1. Much of the early development of different languages, customs, and other diverse aspects of world cultures resulted from the isolation of groups of people from one another. It is not surprising ,then ,that a degree of cultural amalgamation has occurred as improved transportation and communication have brought people of various societies into ever-frequent contact . Analyzing the blurring of culture differences inevitably includes a great deal about fast food, basketball , rock music, and other such aspects of pop culture , but such analysis dose not trivialize the subject.Instead，a long-standing bottom-up line of political theory argues that the world?s people can build on commonplace interactions and increasing cultural commonalities that engender familiarity with and confidence in one another to create a global civil society that might evolve into a global nation. By the same process, if transnational civil societies develop, then regional and even global schemes of governance could conceivably form and supplement or supplant the territorial state. Scholars who examine the bottom-up progress of transnational integration look for evidence in such factors as the flow of communications and commerce between countries and the spread across borders of what people wear, eat, and do for recreation. 不同语言、习惯以及世界文化的其他各个方面的早期发展，源于人类群体之间的隔离。然而，不断改善的交通和通讯使得不同社会的人们更频繁地联系，一定程度的文化融合随之出现，这并不令人惊讶。分析文化差异的模糊性，不可避免的包括了大量关于快餐、篮球、摇滚音乐以及流行文化其他相关方面内容，但是这种分析并没有使主题变得简单。相反，一种长期存在的自下而上的政治理论观点认为，世界人民可以在普遍的交流和逐渐增加的文化共性的基础上存在，文化共性使人们彼此产生熟悉感和信任感，从而建立一个可能发展成全球国家的全球公民社会。在这个过程中，如果跨国公民社会形成，那么区域的甚至全球的治理方案就有可能形成，并且弥补或者取代领土国家。研究跨国一体化自下而上进程的学者们，正在国家之间通信和贸易的流通中，在人们吃、穿、娱乐方式的跨境影响中寻找证据。 2. While it is premature to talk of a world culture，and indeed that may never come，there is significant evidence of cultural amalgamation in the world。The leaders of China once wore …Chinese tunic suits ?；now they wear Western-style business suits。When dressing informally ，people in shanghai，Lagos ，and Mexico City are more apt to wear jeans，T-shirts，and sneakers than their country?s traditional dress.Young people everywhere listen to the same music,with,for example”Disturbia”by Rihanna on the Top-10 charts in many countries in additional to the United States in 2008.And whatever it means to our gastronomic futures ,Big Macs,fries,and milk shakes are consumed around the world. 虽然现在谈论世界文化为时尚早，而且它事实上可能永远不会出现，但确实存在世界文化融合的重要证据。中国的领导人曾经一度穿中山装；现在他们穿西装。
西南交大学术英语社科课文翻译
西南交通大学学术英语考试课文翻译（1,3,4,7,8） Unit1 人们如何做出决策 理性的人认为在保证金 1.经济学家通常假设人是理性的。理性的人们系统地,有目的地做最好的,他们可以实现他们的目标,考虑到可用的机会。当你学习经济学,你会遇到公司决定雇佣多少工人,有多少他们的产品生产和销售利润最大化。你也会遇到那些决定花多少时间工作和买什么商品和服务产生的收入来实现最高水平的满意度。 6.激励是诱发一个人采取行动,如惩罚或奖励的预期。因为理性的人们通过比较成本和效益做出决定,他们会对激励做出反应。你会发现激励在经济学的研究中发挥核心作用。一位经济学家甚至认为整个字段可以简单地总结:“人们会对激励作出反应。其余的评论。” 11.考虑一下安全带法律改变司机的coat-benefit计算。安全带使得事故成本更低,因为他们减少受伤或死亡的可能性。换句话说,安全带减少缓慢而谨慎驾驶的好处。人们应对安全带,因为他们将改善路况,驾驶速度更快,不仔细。安全带带法的结果,因此,大量的事故。安全驾驶的下降有一个明确的,行人造成负面的影响,他们更有可能发现自己在一次事故中但(与驱动程序)没有添加保护的利益。 12.起初,这个讨论的激励和安全带似乎是闲置的猜测。然而在1975年的一个经典研究,经济学家萨姆peltznab汽车安全法认为,有许多这样的效果。根据贝特兹曼的证据,这些法律产生了每次车祸的死亡事故。他的结论是,最终的结果是小司机死亡人数的变化,增加行人死亡的数量。 对汽车安全的分析是一个另类的一般原则的例子,人们会对激励作出反应。在分析任何政策时,我们必须考虑不仅直接影响还不太明显的间接影响,通过激励工作。如果政策改变了激励,它会使人们改变他们的行为。 UNIT3 1、失去一份工作可能是最痛苦的经济事件在一个人的生活。大多数人们依靠自己的劳动收入来维持他们的生活标准许多人会从他们的工作得到的不仅是收入，还有自己的成就
大学英语听力教程2原文
第一部分 1.Woman:This is my family. I'm married. My husband's name is Bill. We have two children — a boy and a girl. Our little girl is six years old, and our little boy is four. Jennie goes to kindergarten, and Aaron goes to nursery school. My father lives with us. Grandpa's great with the kids. He loves playing with them and taking them to the park or the zoo. 2.Man:This is a picture of me and my three sons. We're at a soccer game. Orlando is twelve, Louis is ten, and Carlos is nine. All three of them really like sports. Orlando and Louis play baseball. Carlos is into skating. 3.Man:This is my wife June, and these are my three children. Terri on the right is the oldest. She's in high school. She's very involved in music. She's in the orchestra. Rachel — she's the one in the middle — is twelve now. And this is my son Peter. He's one year older than Rachel. Rachel and Peter are both in junior high school. Time really flies. June and I have been married for twenty years now. 4.Woman:This is a picture of me with my three kids. The girls, Jill and Anne, are both in high school. This is Jill on the right. She'll graduate next year. Anne is two years younger. My son Dan is in college. It seems like the kids are never home. I see them for dinner and sometimes on Saturday mornings, but that's about it. They're really busy and have a lot of friends.第二部分 John:It's super, Mary. It's just what I wanted. Mary:Well, I know you said your old calculator was no good any more. John:Well, it wasn't that it was no good. It just wouldn't do all the things I need to do at work. And it certainly wouldn't remember telephone numbers for me like this one. Mary:I suppose you're going to start putting in numbers straightaway. John:I've put in one while we've been chatting. I've put in our solicitor's number. You know how often I need to call him on company contracts. Mary:So what others are you going to put in?
现代大学英语听力3原文及答案
Unit 1 Task 1 【答案】 A. unusual, whatever, escape, traditions, present, grey, moulded, shape, here B. 1) Students were forbidden to play games, to sing (except sacred music), to hunt or fish or even to dance. 2) When people went anywhere on a visit, the pretty English girls all kissed them. 3) Erasmus, Bacon, Milton, Cromwell, and Newton (or Wordsworth, Byron, Tennyson, etc.) 【原文】 My coming to Cambridge has been an unusual experience. From whatever country one comes as a student one cannot escape the influence of the Cambridge traditions---and they go back so far! Here, perhaps, more than anywhere else, I have felt at one and the same time the past, the present and even the future. It‘s easy to see in the old grey stone buildings how the past moulded the present and how the present is giving shape to the future. So let me tell you a little of what this university town looks like and how it came to be here at all. The story of the University began, so far as I know, in 1209 when several hundred students and scholars arrived in the little town of Cambridge after having walked 60 miles from Oxford. Of course there were no colleges in those early days and student life was very different from what it is now. Students were of all ages and came from anywhere and everywhere. They were armed; some even banded together to rob the people of the countryside. Gradually the idea of the college developed, and in 1284, Peterhouse, the oldest college in Cambridge, was founded. Life in college was strict; students were forbidden to play games, to sing (except sacred music), to hunt or fish or even to dance. Books were very scarce and all the lessons were in the Latin language which students were supposed to speak even among themselves. In 1440 King Henry VI founded King‘s College, and the other colleges followed. Erasmus, the great Dutch scholar, was at one of these, Queens‘ College, from 1511 to 1513, and though he wrote that the college beer was ―weak and badly made‖, he also mentioned a pleasant custom that unfortunately seems to have ceased. ―The English girls are extremely pretty,‖ Erasmus said, ―soft, pleasant, gentle, and charming. When you go anywhere on a visit the girls all kiss you. They kiss you when you arrive. They kiss you when you go away and agai n when you return.‖Many other great men studied at Cambridge, among them Bacon, Milton, Cromwell, Newton, Wordsworth, Byron and Tennyson. Task 2 【答案】 A. 1) a) 2) b) 3) a) 4) c)