英语四级读美文【11】
Unit 11 Traffic and Travel交通旅行
Text 1 Train Travel Advertising
A mtrak(美国铁路客运公司) was experiencing a down-slowing in ridership (客运量) along the lines comprising its rail system. Of major concern to Amtrak and its advertising agency DD
B Needham, were the long-distance western routes where ridership had been declining significantly.
At one time, trains were the only practical way to cross the vast areas of the west. Trains were fast, very luxurious, and quite convenient compared to other forms of transportation existing at the time. However, times change and the automobile became America’s standard of convenience. Also, air travel had easily established itself as the fastest method of travelling great distances. Therefore, the task for DDB Needham was to encourage consumers to consider other aspects of train travel in order to change their attitudes and increase the likelihood that trains would be considered for travel in the west.
Two portions of the total market were targeted: 1) anxious fliers —those concerned with safety, relaxation, and cleanliness and 2) travel lovers —those viewing themselves as relaxed, casual, and interested in the travel experience as part of their vacation. The agency then developed a campaign that focused on travel experiences such as freedom, escape, relaxation, and enjoyment of the great western outdoors. It stressed experiences gained by using the trains and portrayed(描绘) western train trips as wonderful adventures.
Advertisements showed pictures of the beautiful scenery that could be enjoyed along some of the more famous western routes and emphasized the romantic names of some of these trains (Empire Builder, etc.). These ads were strategically placed among family-oriented TV shows and programs involving nature and America in order to most effectively reach target audiences. Results were impressive. The Empire Builder which was focused on in one ad. enjoyed a 15 percent increase in profits on its Chicago to Seattle route.
[A] adventures [B] campaign [C] comprising [D] declining [E] impressive [F] portions [G] profits [H] relaxed [I] romantic [J] scenery [K] transportation
铁路旅行广告
美国铁路客运公司铁路系统所管辖的各条线路的客运量都在下降，而最令美国铁路客运公司及其广告代理DDB尼达姆焦虑的就是其西部长途线路客运量的明显下降。
铁路曾经是穿越西部广大地区的惟一的交通方式，同当时的其他交通工具相比，火车速度快、豪华而且舒适。然而时代不同了，汽车在美国成了更加便利的交通工具；而且，飞机很容易就确立了作为长距离旅行最快的交通工具的地位。因此，DDB尼达姆的任务就是鼓励消费者考虑乘坐火车旅行的其他好处，从而改变人们的态度，增加他们在西部旅行时选择火车的可能性。
他们从整个市场中选定两部分人：一部分是对飞行焦虑的人，他们关心安全、舒适和卫生；另一部分是旅游爱好者，他们愿意非常放松、随意，把旅行过程当作整个假期的一部分。随后代理处发起了一场以自由、逃避压力、松弛和享受西部户外景色等旅行体验为中心的运动。强调乘坐火车旅行得到的各种体验，并且把在西部乘火车旅行描绘成奇妙的历险。广告展出了许多在一些比较有名的西部路线上可以欣赏到的美丽风光的照片，并且突出一些火车的浪漫名称，如“帝国开拓者”等等。这些广告都很有策略地安排在适合全家人观看的电视剧和有关自然与美国的节目中，以期最为有效地接触到目标观众。结果令人印象深刻，比如在一则广告中被重点介绍的“帝国开拓者”，从芝加哥到西雅图线路的利润增加了15个百分点。
难句解析
1. Therefore, the task for DDB Needham was to encourage consumers to consider other aspects of train travel in order to change their attitudes and increase the likelihood that trains would be considered for travel in the west.
【分析】复合句。句中was后面为不定式作表语，其中in order to引导两个并列关系的短语表目的，其中that引导定语从句修饰the likelihood。
2. The agency then developed a campaign that focused on travel experiences such as freedom, escape, relaxation, and enjoyment
of the great western outdoors.
【分析】复合句。that 引导定语从句修饰campaign，such as后四个词语并列，of the great western outdoors 作后置定语修饰enjoyment。
3. Advertisements showed pictures of the beautiful scenery that could be enjoyed along some of the more famous western routes and emphasized the romantic names of some of these trains(Empire Builder, etc.).
【分析】并列复合句。第一个分句中of the beautiful scenery 为后置定语，修饰pictures，that 引导的定语从句修饰the beautiful scenery。第二个分句中of some of these trains 为后置定语，修饰the romantic names。
下面我们学习文中标红的高频词#09#09高频词汇
comprise* /k5m9praIz/ @@ vt.构成，组成；包含，包括
【联想】com(共同) ＋prise(奖赏) →奖赏包含大家的努力→包含
【引申】〈同义〉consist of由…组成｜contain vt.包含，容纳｜include vt.包括，包含｜involve vt.包含，含有
【活用例句】Women comprise a high proportion of part-time workers. 兼职工人中妇女占绝大部分。
decline* /dI9klaIn/ @@ n. & vi.下降，减少；衰退v.谢绝，拒绝
【联想】谢绝(decline)背我过斜坡(incline)
【搭配】a rapid decline 迅速下降；decline in profits 利润减少；on the decline在消减，在衰退；decline an invitation谢绝邀请
【引申】〈同义〉weaken v. (使)变弱，(使)减弱
【活用例句】I offered to give them a lift but they declined. 我主动邀请他们搭车，但他们婉言谢绝了。/Industry in Britain has been in decline since the 1970s. 英国工业自20 世纪70 年代以来一直在走下坡路。
transportation /8tr{nspO:9teISFn/ @@ n.运输，运输系统，运输工具
【引申】〈同根〉transport vt.运输n.运输系统，运输工具
【听力例句】Transportation in the future won’t be limited to the ground；many people predict that traffic will quickly move to the sky.将来的交通将不仅仅限于在地上，很多人预言说交通将很快可以移到天空。[05.6]
portion* /9pO:SFn/ @@ n.一部分；一份
【联想】port(看作part 部分) ＋ion →一部分
【引申】〈同义〉part n.一部分
【听力例句】They are a small portion of the prison population. 他们是监狱里总人数的一小部分。[02.1]
同义↓
proportion* /pr59pO:SFn/ @@ n.比例，部分；均衡，相称
【词根】pro(许多) ＋portion(一部分)→按比例分成小份→比例，部分
【短语】in proportion to... 按照…的比例，与…成比例
【活用例句】When carbon is added to iron in proper proportions the result is steel. 往铁中加入适量的碳，铁就会变成钢。派生↓
proportional /pr59pO:SFnl/ @@ a. (to)比例的，成比例的
【词根】来自proportion(比例) ＋al(…的)→成比例的
【听力例句】So the figures for the growth of towns and cities represent proportional growth of unemployment and underemployment, a growth in the number of hopeless and despairing parents and starving children.因此，满足不断壮大的城市和城镇需要的人口数量的增长，相应地代表着失业人口、未充分就业人口、绝望的双亲和饥饿的孩子的数量的增长。
[07.12]
relaxed a.放松的；轻松自在的，悠闲的
【搭配】a relaxed atmosphere无拘无束的气氛
【引申】〈同根〉relaxation n.松弛，缓和
【听力例句】A pickpocket needs targets who are relaxed and off guard.扒手行窃的目标是那些放松的和没有警觉的人。[04.1] campaign* /k{m9peIn/ @@ n. (政治或商业性)活动，运动；战役vi.参加(或发起)运动，参加竞选
【词根】camp(营地) ＋aign(=plain)平原→在平原扎营→准备开战→战役
【搭配】an advertising campaign 广告宣传活动；campaign for better working conditions 为更好的工作条件而发起运动
【引申】〈同义〉movement n.运动
【活用例句】The party is all geared up for the forthcoming election campaign.该党为即将来临的竞选活动已完全作好了准备。adventure* /5d9ventSF(r)/ @@ n.异乎寻常的经历，奇遇；冒险，冒险活动
【词根】ad(表加强) ＋venture(冒险)→奇遇
【活用例句】They set out on a daring space adventure. 他们着手进行一项大胆的太空探险。
派生↓
adventurous /5d9ventSFr5s/ @@ a.有冒险精神的，大胆开拓的；新奇的
【搭配】adventurous tourists探险的旅游者；adventurous dishes新奇的菜肴
【活用例句】My husband loves adventurous life while I enjoy a more peaceful domestic life.我丈夫喜欢充满冒险的生活，而我则喜欢宁静的家居生活。
scenery* /9si:n5rI/ @@ n.风景，景色；舞台布景
【词根】来自scene(风景；布景) ＋ry(表总称)
【引申】〈同义〉landscape n.风景，景色｜view n.景色，风景｜scene n.景色，景象
【活用例句】The scenery was beautiful beyond description.那风景美丽得难以形容。
romantic /r5(U)9m{ntIk/ @@ a.浪漫的，多情的；传奇性的；不切实际的，空想的
【发音】该词是音译词“罗曼蒂克”→浪漫的
【搭配】a romantic view of life 对于生活不切实际的想法
【活用例句】When I was young, I had romantic ideas of becoming a writer. 我年轻时曾幻想要成为一名作家。impressive* /Im9presIv/ @@ a.给人印象深刻的；感人的
【词根】来自impress(使铭记) ＋ive(…的)
【搭配】impressive results令人印象深刻的结果；an impressive speech感人的演说
【听力例句】Your company has an impressive reputation and I always want to work for a smaller company.贵公司声誉很好，并且我一直希望为一家小一些的公司工作。[06.6]
同根↓
impress /Im9pres/ @@ vt.给…以深刻的印象，使铭记；印，压印
【联想】在申请书上盖印(impress)就表示(express)领导同意
【搭配】impress sb with... 以(因) …给某人留下印象；impress sth on sb使某人铭记某事物；impress... on /in sth把…压印在某物上/压入某物
【阅读例句】When advertisers create a brand, for example, they want to impress consumers with the brand and its image.举个例子，广告商创造了一个品牌，他们想让人们对这个品牌形象留下深刻的印象。[08.6]
profit* /9pr((e7))fIt/ @@ n.利润，收益；益处vi.有益于，得益于
【搭配】make a profit on... 在…上受益；net / gross profit 纯(毛)利；profit by / from得益
【引申】〈同义〉advantage n.利益，好处｜benefit n.益处，好处｜earnings / gain n.收益，利润〈反义〉loss n.损失【听力例句】As much of their business is seasonal, they do a good deal of the work themselves in order to make a profit.因为他们的很多生意是季节性的，所以为了盈利他们自己也要做大量的工作。[03.9]
下面我们学习文中标黑的常用词#09#09常用词汇
method* /9meT5d/ @@ n.方法，办法；秩序，条理
【搭配】a reliable method of data analysis 可靠的数据分析方法；an alternative method 交替法
【引申】〈同义〉scheme n.计划，方案；阴谋v.密谋
【活用例句】She has a very scientific method of dealing with political problems.她处理政治问题的方法很科学。consumer /k5n9sju:m5(r)/ @@ n.消费者，用户，消耗者
【搭配】a consumer society消费社会；consumer demand消费者的需求
【活用例句】Tax cuts will boost consumer confidence after the recession. 减税将增强消费者在经济衰退后的信心。casual / 9k{ZjU5l/ @@ a.漠不关心的；随便的，偶然的；不定期的
【联想】平常的(usual)时候可以穿非正式的(casual)服装
【搭配】casual clothes便服；worked as a casual laborer当临时工
【阅读例句】This casual use would probably cause little confusion if people didn’t attach too much importance to opinion. 如果人们不过分看重这个词，任意使用也不会造成什么混乱。[03.9]
outdoors* /8aUt9dO:z/ @@ ad.在户外，在野外n.户外，野外
【活用例句】Children of all ages should be outdoors several hours a day.各个年龄段的孩子每天都应户外活动几个小时。wonderful /9w((f6))nd5f(U)l/ @@ a.令人惊奇的，极好的，奇妙的
【活用例句】Wonderful dreams may come true or may vanish into thin air.美梦也许会成真，也许会成为泡影。
同义↓
fantastic /f{n9t{stIk/ @@ a.难以相信的；极好的；异想天开的；奇异的
【词根】是fantasy的形容词形式
【听力例句】Look! The view is fantastic, could you take a picture of me with the lake as a background?快看!景色太美了，你能给我拍一张以这个湖为背景的照片吗? [04.1]
route* /ru:t/ @@ n.路线，路程
【联想】r＋out(外面的) ＋e→r和e形路线是通往外面的
【引申】〈同义〉course n.路线，航线
【阅读例句】If you know exactly what you want, the best route to a job is to get specialized training. 如果你明确你想干的工作，那么求职的最佳途径是接受那方面的专业训练。[03.9]
audience /9O:dj5ns,9O:dI5ns/ @@ n.听众，观众，读者
【词根】audi(听) ＋ence(…的人)→听的人→听众
【听力例句】Each speech is different because she tailors her remarks to each audience. 她做的每一次演讲都是不同的，因为观众不同，她的演讲也不同。[08.12]
Text 2 The Future Automated Highway System
Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse. They see a day in the not too distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to rust. Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to stay. They hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable future.
The motorcar will undoubtedly change significantly over the next 30 years. It should become smaller, safer, and more economical, and should not be powered by the gasoline engine. The car of the future should be far more pollution free than present types.
Regardless of its power source, the auto in the future will still be the main problem in urban traffic congestion (拥挤). One proposed solution to this problem is the automated highway system. When the auto enters the highway system, a retractable (可伸缩的) arm will drop from the auto and make contact with a rail, which is similar to those powering subway trains electrically. Once attached to the rail, the car will become electrically powered from the system, and control of the vehicle will pass to a central computer. The computer will then monitor all of the car’s movements.
The driver will use a telephone to dial instructions about his destination into the system. The computer will calculate the best route, and reserve space for the car all the way to the correct exit from the highway. The driver will thenbe free to relax and wait for the buzzer (蜂鸣器) that will warn him of his coming exit. It is estimated that an automated highway will be able to handle 10,000 vehicles per hour, compared with the 1,500 to 2,000 vehicles that can be carried by a present- day highway.
[A] abandoned [B] dial [C] destination [D] foreseeable [E] handle [F] pessimistic [G] proposed [H] reserve [I] significantly [J]
vehicle [K] automated
未来的汽车公路系统
一些悲观的专家认为汽车一定会被停止使用。他们预计不远的将来会有一天所有的汽车都被抛弃并任其生锈。但是，其他一些权威人士认为汽车会一直保留。他们认为在可预见的未来，汽车会继续作为城市交通的主要手段。
毋庸置疑，在未来30年汽车会有重大的变化。它会变得更小、更安全、更经济，且不再用汽油发动机来驱动。未来的汽车应该远比现在的汽车污染少。
且不管它的机动设备，未来的汽车仍然是城市交通拥挤的主要问题。针对这个问题提出的一个解决方案是自动化的公路系统。当汽车进入公路系统时，一个可伸缩臂将从汽车上落下并与一个轨道接触，该轨道与那些电动地铁轨道类似。一旦与轨道接触，汽车就会从系统得到电力驱动，对车辆的控制就会传给一个中央计算机。然后这台计算机就会监控汽车的一切运动。
司机用一部电话将关于他目的地的指令拨入系统。计算机就会计算出一条最佳路径，并为这辆汽车通往公路正确出口的整条道路保留空间。然后司机就可以自由地休息，等待蜂鸣器到达出口时提醒他。据估计一条自动化公路每小时能应付10000 辆汽车，而相比之下，目前一条公路每小时只能容纳1500到2000辆汽车。
难句解析
1. When the auto enters the highway system, a retractable arm will drop from the auto and make contact with a rail, which is similar to those powering subway trains electrically.
【分析】复合句。主要由两个表承接关系的谓语构成，中间由and 连接，句首的when 引导的是时间状语从句，第二个并列分句是which 引导非限制性定语从句修饰a rail。
2. The driver will then be free to relax and wait for the buzzer (蜂鸣器) that will warn him of his coming exit.
【分析】复合句。其中包括that 引导的定语从句，修饰buzzer。warn sb of sth 为固定搭配“提醒某人某事”。
3. It is estimated that an automated highway will be able to handle 10,000 vehicles per hour, compared with the 1,500 to 2,000 vehicles that can be carried by a present day highway.
【分析】多重复合句。It 为形式主语，真正的主语为that引导的从句。该从句中compared with...highway 为过去分词短语作状语，其中that引导定语从句修饰the 1,500 to 2,000 vehicles。
下面我们学习文中标红的高频词#09#09高频词汇
pessimistic /8pesI9mIstIk/ @@ a.悲观(主义) 的
【联想】pessi(音似“百事”) ＋mistic(音似：mistake 错误)→百事皆有错→悲观(主义的)
【引申】〈反义〉optimistic a.乐观(主义)的〈同根〉pessimism n.悲观，悲观主义｜pessimist n.悲观论者，悲观主义｜pessimistically ad.悲观地
【写作例句】People under constant stress tend to become pessimistic about life.人长期处于压力之下会对生活感到悲观。abandon* /59b{nd5n/ @@ vt.丢弃，遗弃，抛弃；放弃
【联想】a ＋band(乐队) ＋on →一个乐队在演出→放纵自己，抛弃约束
【搭配】abandon dozens of homes抛弃几十座房屋；abandon one’s wife and child抛妻弃子
【引申】〈同义〉discard vt.丢弃，抛弃｜reject vt.摈弃；拒绝
【活用例句】The broken bike was found abandoned by the river side.人们发现那辆损坏的自行车被扔在河边。
同义↓
discard* /dIs9kA:d/ @@ vt.丢弃，抛弃
【词源】来自扑克牌戏，dis ＋card(纸牌)→将这张牌扔掉、不要→引申得来“放弃”之意。
【搭配】discard one’s old friends抛弃老朋友；discard old beliefs 摒弃过去的信仰
【引申】〈同义〉desert v.抛弃：desert the baby after giving birth 生下婴儿后将其抛弃
foreseeable /fO:9si:5bl/ @@ a.可预见的，可预知的
【引申】〈同根〉foresee ▲vt.预见;预知：foresee the trouble预见困难
【活用例句】The house needs a new roof, but we can’t afford one in the foreseeable future.房子需换屋顶，但是在短期内我们
是换不起的。
significantly ad.意味深长地，值得注目地
【引申】〈同根〉significant a.相当数量的；意义重大的｜significance n.意义；重要性
【阅读例句】The motorcar will undoubtedly change significantly over the next 30 years. It should become smaller, safer, and more economical, and should not be powered by the gasoline engine.在未来30年里，汽车将会发生重大变化。它应该变得更小、更安全、更经济，并且不用汽油作燃料。[02.1]
propose* /pr59p5Uz/ @@ v.提议；打算；提名，推荐；求婚
【词根】pro(=before) ＋pose(放置)→放在前面→计划
【搭配】propose to do sth 建议做某事；propose a motion提出建议；propose marriage求婚
【引申】〈同义〉plot v. & n.计划；情节
【活用例句】After consistent efforts and several refusals, he proposed again to the lovely girl and succeeded. 经过不懈的努力并且遭到几次拒绝之后，他又向那个女孩求婚并且成功了。
派生↓
proposal /pr59p5Uzl/ @@ n.提议，建议；求婚
【词根】来自propos(e)(提议；求婚) ＋al(表状态)
【听力例句】The period of engagement is the time between the marriage proposal and the wedding ceremony.订婚期是指订婚以后婚礼以前的一段时期。[05.6]
同义↓
recommendation /8rek5men9deIS5n/ @@ n.劝告；建议
【词根】来自recommend(推荐) ＋ation(名词后缀)
【搭配】follow sb’s recommendations 听从某人的劝告
【提示】recommendation后面所跟的表语从句或同位语从句要求用虚拟语气结构，其形式为：(should)＋动词原形。【引申】〈同义〉advice n.忠告，建议｜proposal n.提议，建议｜suggestion n.建议
【听力例句】He gave her the job on her uncle’s recommendation.经她叔父介绍,他让她担任了这工作。
同根↓
recommend /8rek59mend/ @@ vt.推荐，举荐；劝告，建议；使成为可取，使受欢迎
【联想】re(再) ＋com(一起) ＋mend(修)→该书是大家一修再修的成果，强力推荐
【提示】①recommend后不能直接加不定式作宾语，但可接双宾语，如：recommend him a good novel给他推荐一本好的小说。②在意为“建议”时，后接的从句用虚拟语气结构，其形式为：(should)＋动词原形。
【阅读例句】This is why White recommends that you approach the parents first. 这就是怀特建议先和父母接触的原因。
[08.12]
automate /9O:t5meIt/ @@ vt.使自动化
【词根】auto(自动) ＋mat(行动) ＋e→使自动化
【活用例句】This part of the assembly process is now fully automated.装配过程的这一部分现在是全自动的.
同根↓
automatic /8O:t59m{tIk/ @@ a.自动的；不假思索的n.自动手枪，有自动装置的汽车
【词根】auto(自动) ＋mat(行动) ＋ic(…的)→自动的
【阅读例句】It would be nice if we all received automatic pay increases equal to our merit, but “nice”isn’t a quality attributed to most organizations. 如果我们的薪水能按照我们的业绩自动上涨就好了。但是这种“良好的素质”不是大多数单位所具有的。[04.1]
vehicle* /9vi:Ikl/ @@ n.交通工具，车辆；传播媒介；工具，手段
【词根】veh(带来) ＋icle(物)→带来物的工具→车辆
【搭配】motor vehicles 机动车辆；a vehicle for sth(表达思想的)手段，工具
【阅读例句】Television provides an ideal vehicle for this type of communication.电视就为这种交流提供一个理想的媒介。
[08.6]
dial /9daI5l/ @@ n.钟(或表) 面；标度盘，拨号盘#09 vt.拨(电话号码)，打电话给
【联想】dia(through) ＋l(形状像电话线)→通过电话线来连接→打电话给
【搭配】dial the number拨号
【活用例句】Put in the money before dialing. 先投钱再拨号。
destination /8destI9neISFn/ @@ n.目的地，终点；目标，目的
【联想】destin(看作destine预定) ＋ation(名词后缀)→预定的地方→目的地
【活用例句】Hardly do anyone knows the destination in their life, even fewer know how to achieve it. 很少有人知道自己一生的目标，能够知道怎样去实现的人就更少了。
reserve* /rI9z((ae)):v/ @@ vt.保留，留存；预订n.储备(物)；保留；自然保护区
【词根】re(再) ＋serv(保持) ＋e →再保持→保留
【搭配】reserve one’s opinion保留自己的意见；reserve a table预订餐桌；a reserve price底价；a nature reserve 自然保护区
【引申】〈同义〉preserve vt.保护，维持；保存：preserve historic interests保护古迹｜conserve vt.保护，保藏，保存：conserve one’s strength保存体力〈同根〉observe vt.注意到；观察；评说｜deserve vt.应受，应得
【活用例句】There are a few seats on buses reserved for senior citizens and the pregnant. 公共汽车上设有一些老人和孕妇的专座。
派生↓
reservation /8rez59veISFn/ @@ n.保留；预定；保留区，保留地
【词根】来自reserv(e)(预订；保留) ＋ation(名词后缀)
【搭配】make reservation(s)预订；accept sth without reservation 无保留(条件)地接受某事物
【活用例句】If you want to have dinner on Valentine’s Day in a Western style restaurant, you’d better make reservations earlier. 情人节这天，你如果想在西式餐厅用晚餐最好早些预订。
同义↓
conservation /8k((e7))ns59veISFn/ @@ n.保存，守恒；(对自然资源的)保护，管理
【词根】con(加强)＋serv(保持)＋ation→一再保持→保护，保存
【活用例句】Water and soil conservation confers benefit on generation and gives benefaction on offspring.水土保持，利在当代，功在千秋。
handle* /9h{ndl/ @@ vt.处理，应付，对待；操作
【词根】来自hand(手) ＋le(表重复动作)→不断地用手→操作
【引申】〈同义〉deal with 处理，应付｜cope with 应付，处理
【活用例句】He handles an axe like a born woodsman. 他用起斧子就像是一个生在森林中的人。
下面我们学习文中标黑的常用词#09#09常用词汇
rust /r((f6))st/ @@ n.铁锈v. (使)生锈
【联想】我不相信(trust)金戒指会生锈(rust)
【搭配】rust spots锈斑
【活用例句】Water had got in and rusted the engine. 发动机进水生锈了。
同义↓
erode /I9r5Ud/ @@ v.腐蚀，侵蚀；受腐蚀
【活用例句】As other countries became more successful, U.S. support for liberal trade began to erode.随着其他国家越来越成功，美国国内支持自由贸易的力量渐见减弱。
派生↓
erosion /I9r5UZFn/ @@ n.侵蚀，腐蚀
【词根】是动词erode 的名词形式。类似的转化有：explode( v.爆炸)→explosion( n. )；include( v.包括)→inclusion( n. ) 【活用例句】Erosion of the white cliffs along the south coast of England has always been a problem but it has become more serious in recent years.英格兰南部沿海石灰悬崖的侵蚀一直以来都是个严重的问题，但最近几年问题变得更加突出。urban /9((ae)):b5n/ @@ a.城市的，市内的
【谐音】“饿奔”→初到大都市讨生活，饿得狂奔→城市的
【搭配】the quality of urban living城市生活的质量；urban areas 市区
【引申】〈反义〉rural a.乡下的，农村的｜suburban a.郊区的
【阅读例句】Regardless of its power source, the auto in the future will still be the main problem in urban traffic congestion.不管用什么能源，在将来汽车仍然是城市交通拥挤的主要原因。[02.1]
engine /9endZIn/ @@ n.发动机，引擎；机车，火车头
【搭配】the roar of airplane engines 飞机引擎的轰鸣声
【引申】〈派生〉engineer n.工程师v.设计，操纵；engineering n.工程(学)，工程师行业
派生↓
engineer /8endZI9nI5(r)/ @@ n.工程师v.设计，操纵
【搭配】engineered a plot拟定一项计划；engineered the building of a bridge指导建造一座桥梁
【活用例句】She engineered the whole thing from start to finish.这事从头至尾都是她策划的。
instruction* /In9str((f6))kSFn/ @@ n.命令，指示；用法说明；教学，教导
【搭配】give instructions to do sth 指挥(命令)做某事；receive instruction 接受教导
【引申】〈同根〉instruct vt.教导；命令〈同义〉command n.命令，指挥，控制
【阅读例句】By almost any measure, there is a boom in Internet-based instruction. 几乎没有采取任何措施，网络教育开始兴起繁荣。[07.12]
calculate* /9k{lkjUleIt/ @@ vt.估计，推测；计算；计划
【词源】拉丁文，指小圆石。古代商人用小圆石来计算得失损益，古罗马的算盘也是用calculus作为算珠。calculate“计算”一词即源于此。
【搭配】It is calculated that... 据计算…；calculate on / upon指望着，期待着
【引申】〈同根〉calculator n.计算器｜calculation n.计算，核算〈同义〉estimate vt.估计｜count vi.数，计算｜compute v.计算，估算｜speculate vt.推测，推断｜suspect vt.推测，怀疑n.嫌疑犯a.可疑的
【活用例句】The government has to calculate the likely effects on revenues of a big drop in the oil price.政府必须估算出油价大幅度下降对财政收入可能产生的影响。
exit /9eksIt,9egzIt/ @@ n.出口，通道；安全门；退场v.离开，退出
【词根】ex(out) ＋it(to go)→走出去的道→出口
【搭配】make for the exit as quickly as possible 尽快朝出口走去
【活用例句】They exited the plane through a rear door.他们从后门走下飞机。
Text 3 Ban on Drunken Driving
Drunken driving, sometimes called America’s socially accepted form of murder, has become a national epidemic. Every hour of every day about three Americans on average are killed by drunken drivers, addingan incredible 350,000 over the past decade.
A drunken driver is usually defined as one with a 0.10 blood alcohol content or roughly three beers, glasses of wine or shots of whisky drunk within two hours. Heavy drinking used to be an acceptable part of the American alcohol image and judges were merciful in most courts, but the drunken slaughter(残杀) has recently caused so many well-publicized tragedies, especially involving young children, that public opinion is no longer so tolerant.
Twenty states have raised the legal drinking age to 21, reversing a trend in the 1960’s to reduce it to 18. After New Jersey
lowered it to 18, the number of people killed by 18 to 20-year-old drivers more than doubled, so the state recently upped it back to 21.
Reformers, however, fear raising the drinking age will have little effect unless accompanied by educational programs to help young people to develop “responsible attitudes”about drinking and teach them to resist peer pressure to drink.
Tough new laws have led to increased arrests and tests and in many areas already, to a marked decline in fatalities(灾祸). Some states are also penalizing(判罚) bars for serving customers too many drinks. A tavern (酒馆)in Massachusetts was fined for serving six or more brandies to a customer who was“obviously intoxicated(喝醉的)”and later drove off the road, killing a nine-year-old boy.
As the fatalities continue to occur daily in every state, some Americans are even beginning to speak well of the 13 years national prohibition of alcohol that began in 1919, which President Hoover called the “noble experiment”. They forget that legal prohibition didn’t stop drinking, but encouraged political corruption and organized crime. As with the booming drug trade generally, there is no easy solution.
[A] arrests [B] acceptable [C] accompanied [D] booming [E] epidemic [F] incredible [G] legal [H] merciful [I] prohibition [J] responsible [K] tolerant [L] upped
禁止酒后驾车
酒后开车, 被称为美国社会公认的谋杀形式, 如今已经变成一种全国流行病。平均每天每小时有三个美国人被酒后开车的司机撞死，在过去十年里死亡人数合计达350000 人, 这是一个惊人的数字。
通常血液中酒精含量达0.10或在两小时内大约喝了三扎啤酒、几杯葡萄酒或几小杯威士忌的司机被视为酒后驾驶。过去大量的饮酒是美国饮酒形象可以接受的一部分，大多数法院的判决对此都很宽容。但是最近，酒后杀人导致如此多的广为人知的惨案，特别是还涉及到了小孩，公众的看法就不再那么宽容。
与1960年将法定饮酒年龄降低到18岁的趋势相反，20个州已经将其提到21岁。当新泽西州将法定喝酒年龄降到18岁后，被18到20岁的司机撞死的人比原来的二倍还多，所以最近新泽西州又将其提高到了21岁。
然而，一些改革家担心提高法定饮酒年龄起不到任何效果，除非伴随教育项目来帮助年轻人培养对饮酒“负责的态度”，并教会他们抵制和同龄人去喝酒的压力。
严格的新法律增强了拘留和检查，并且已在许多地方使得意外死亡事故有了显著的降低。一些州还对卖给顾客太多酒的酒吧判罚。马萨诸塞州的一个酒馆被罚就是因为卖给一个“明显喝醉的”顾客六杯以上的白兰地，后来这个顾客开车上路，造成了一个九岁的小男孩的死亡。
由于每个州每天死亡事故不断出现，一些美国人甚至开始称道开始于1919年的历时13年的全国禁酒令，胡佛总统曾称该禁酒令为“高尚的试验”。他们忘记了法律禁令阻止不了喝酒，反而助长了政治上的腐败和有组织的犯罪。就像毒品交易得到广泛而急速的发展一样，没有简单的解决办法。
难句解析
1. Heavy drinking used to be an acceptable part of the American alcohol image and judges were merciful in most courts, but the drunken slaughter has recently caused so many well-publicized tragedies, especially involving young children, that public opinion is no longer so tolerant.
【分析】并列复合句。前两个分句之间是并列关系，由and连接，它们与第三个分句是转折关系，由but连接，第三个分句中involving young children 为现在分词短语作伴随状语，将so...that... 结构分开，that后边的成分表结果。
2. Reformers, however, fear raising the drinking age will have little effect unless accompanied by educational programs to help young people to develop “responsible attitudes”about drinking and teach them to resist peer pressure to drink.
【分析】复合句。fear 后为宾语从句，其主语为动名词短语raising the drinking age，unless accompanied by... 是条件状语从句，并省略了成分，其中to develop... 和teach... 均为help的宾语。
3. As the fatalities continue to occur daily in every state, some Americans are even beginning to speak well of the 13 years national prohibition of alcohol that began in 1919, which President Hoover called the “noble experiment”.
【分析】多重复合句。as引导时间状语从句，主句中that和which引导的两个定语从句均修饰the 13 years national prohibition of alcohol。
下面我们学习文中标红的高频词#09#09高频词汇
epidemic /8epI9demIk/ @@ n.流行病a.流行性的
【词根】epi(around) ＋dem(人民) ＋ic(…的)→在人民之间的→流行性的
【搭配】the outbreak of flu epidemic 流感的爆发
【活用例句】The epidemic disease was kept under control by the authorities’ vigorous action.当局采取有力措施，控制住此种传染病的蔓延。
incredible /In9kred5bl/ @@ a.难以置信的
【词根】in(not) ＋cred(相信) ＋ible(…的)→不能相信的
【引申】〈同根〉credit n.信任，信用vt.相信〈同义〉unbelievable a.难以置信的
【活用例句】It was incredible that Robinson could survive in that kind of deserted island. 罗宾逊能在那样的荒岛上生存真令人难以置信。
acceptable* /5k9sept5bl/ @@ a.可接受的
【词根】来自accept(接受) ＋able(…的)→可接受的
【搭配】an acceptable proposal可接受的提议
【引申】〈同缀〉共享-able“能”→tolerable a.可容忍的｜changeable a.可改变的〈同义〉receivable a.可接受的
【阅读例句】Most countries have preferences about which format is most acceptable. 大多数国家对于哪种格式更易于接受都有自己的偏好。[06.6]
merciful /9m((ae)):sIf5l/ @@ a.仁慈的，慈悲的，宽大的
【引申】〈同义〉generous a.宽宏的，大方的〈反义〉cruel a.残酷的，悲惨的｜cruelty n.残忍，残酷
【活用例句】The merciful king saved him from death. 仁慈的国王免他一死。
tolerant /9t((e7))l5r5nt/ @@ a.忍受的，容忍的，宽容的；能耐…的
【词根】来自tolerate ( v.忍受，容忍)
【搭配】be tolerant of frost 耐霜；be tolerant of different views容忍不同的意见
【引申】〈同根〉tolerance n.宽容，容忍；忍耐力｜tolerate vt.容许，承认；容忍，忍受
【活用例句】We must struggle against this prejudice for a more tolerant attitude to our beliefs.我们必须努力克服这种偏见, 从而在信仰上采取更为宽容的态度。
legal* /9li:gl/ @@ a.法律(上) 的；合法的；法定的
【词根】leg(法律) ＋al(…的) →法律(上) 的
【搭配】legal documents法律文本；legal language 官方语言
【阅读例句】No matter what steps governments take to provide water more efficiently, they must change their institutional and legal approaches to water use.不论政府采用何种措施更加有效地提供水源，他们必须从制度上和法律上改变利用水资源的方法。[01.6]
同根↓
legislation /8ledZIs9leISFn/ @@ n.法律的制定(或通过)；法律，法规
【词根】leg(法律) ＋islation(名词后缀)
【完形例句】Thanks to more recent legislation, flights with at least one attendant are starting to install emergency medical kits to treat heart attacks.基于前不久的立法，飞机上至少有一个乘务员配备急救箱以应对心脏病。[05.12]
up* /((f6))p/ @@ v.提高…的价格；提高…的数量
【引申】〈同义〉raise v.增加，提升
【活用例句】The buyers upped their offer by $1000. 买方把出价增加了1000美元。
accompany* /59k((f6))mpFnI/ @@ vt.陪伴；伴随
【联想】ac(表加强) ＋company(公司；陪伴)→陪伴
【搭配】be accompanied by附有，伴随；be accompanied with带有，兼有
【引申】〈同义〉come along 陪伴｜go with 伴随
【活用例句】The singer was accompanied at / on the piano by her sister.那位演唱者的姐姐用钢琴给她伴奏。responsible* /rI9sp((e7))ns5bl/ @@ a.需负责任的，承担责任的
【词根】来自re ＋spons(约定) ＋ible(…的)→遵守约定的→负责的
【搭配】be responsible for sth 对某事负责；a responsible person责任感强的人；a responsible job要职
【引申】〈同根〉respond vi.答复，回应｜response n.答复，回应：in response to... 作为对…的反应｜responsibility n.责任心；义务
【活用例句】All pilots are responsible for their passengers’ safety. 凡是飞机驾驶员均应对乘客的安全负责。
arrest* /59rest/ @@ n.逮捕，拘留
【联想】ar(表强制) ＋rest(休息)→强制休息→拘留；停止
【搭配】under arrest 被拘留
【阅读例句】If Sept. 11 had never happened, the airport workers would not have been arrested and could have gone on quietly living in America, probably indefinitely. 如果“9·11事件”压根就没发生过，说不准这些机场的工人就不会被捕，而且在美国平静地生活着。[06.6]
prohibition /8pr5UI9bISFn/ @@ n.禁止；阻止；[美] 禁酒令
【搭配】prohibition against drunken driving 禁止酒后开车
【活用例句】The prohibition against smoking on school grounds is strictly enforced.校园内严禁吸烟。
同根↓
prohibit* /pr59hIbIt/ @@ vt.禁止，不准
【词根】pro(前，向前) ＋hibit(拿住)→提前拿住→禁止，阻止
【搭配】prohibit sb from doing sth禁止某人做某事；prohibit the growth of economy 妨碍经济增长
【写作例句】For the sake of people’s health and the protection of wild animals, it’s well worth prohibiting us from eating wild animals.为了人们的健康和对野生动物的保护，禁止我们吃野生动物是很值得的。
同义↓
ban* /b{n/ @@ n. [常接on] 禁止，禁令vt.取缔，查禁；(from)禁止
【联想】禁止(ban)那辆面包车(van)通行
【搭配】a banned drug一种违禁药物
【引申】〈反义〉approval n.赞成，同意｜consent n.准许，同意｜permission n.许可，允许
【活用例句】Due to the careless violation of the traffic regulation, Charlie’s been banned from driving for a year. 由于粗心违反了交通规则，查理被禁止驾驶一年。
近形↓
bar /bA:(r)/ @@ vt.闩(门、窗等) ，在…设栅栏；阻止；阻塞n.酒吧间；条，块；(门、窗等的) 闩
【联想】酒吧(bar)里摆满了酒罐子(jar)
【活用例句】Fallen trees barred the way.倒下的树木阻塞了道路。
boom* /bu:m/ @@ n. & vi.激增；繁荣；迅速发展；(发出)隆隆声
【联想】蜜蜂在花(bloom)上发出嗡嗡声(boom)
【搭配】an oil boom 石油工业的繁荣；the booming business生意日趋繁荣
【引申】〈同义〉flourish v.繁茂，繁荣
【活用例句】Stocks may boom today, but drop tomorrow.股票可能今天暴涨，但明天又下跌。
prosperity /pr((e7))9sperItI/ @@ n.兴旺，繁荣
【词根】pro(向前) ＋sper(希望) ＋ity→希望向前→繁荣
【引申】〈同根〉prosperous a.繁荣的，兴旺的
【阅读例句】The positive side of Henry Ford statement can be seen in the prosperity that business has brought to U.S. life. 福特说法中的积极一面可以从商业已经给美国生活带来的繁荣中看到。[03.6]
下面我们学习文中标黑的常用词#09#09常用词汇
murder* /9m((ae)):d5(r)/ @@ vt. & n.谋杀，凶杀
【联想】在一个雷声(thunder) 不断的夜晚发生了一起谋杀(murder) 案。
【搭配】commit murder 犯谋杀罪；a murder investigation谋杀调查
【活用例句】He denies murdering his wife’s lover. 他否认谋杀了妻子的情人。
roughly /9r((f6))flI/ @@ ad.概略地，粗糙地
【引申】〈同义〉summarily ad.概要地，概略地
【活用例句】The Antarctica is a continent centered roughly on the South Pole.南极洲是一片大致以南极为中心的大陆。well-publicized a.广为人知的
【引申】〈同缀〉well-known a.众所周知的，著名的；well-informed a.有见识的，消息灵通的；well-preserved a. (指老人)不显老的
【活用例句】Margaret had said in a well-publicized interview during the election campaign that she expected her reforms to take at least ten years.在大选期间，玛格丽特在一次电视采访中说，她的改革计划至少需要十年。新闻界对这个采访进行了广泛的报道。
trend* /trend/ @@ n.倾向, 趋势
【联想】tend(倾向)加r 还是倾向(trend)
【搭配】climatic trend 气候趋势；set the trend (在风尚、式样上)开个头，带个头
【引申】〈同义〉tendency n.趋势，趋向｜current n.涌流，趋势｜direction n.方向，趋势｜tide n.潮流，趋势
【写作例句】Nowadays, it’s a trend for the youth to buy their own private cars or houses in installments. 现在，年轻人倾向于分期付款购买自己的车或房子。
peer /pI5(r)/ @@ n.同龄人，同等地位的人；贵族vi.仔细看，费力看
【联想】我们的同龄人(peer)更爱喝啤酒(beer)
【搭配】peer into the shadows 往阴暗处仔细看；peer closely at the photograph 仔细端详着照片
【活用例句】He went to the window and peered out. 他走到窗前仔细往外瞧。
tough* /t((f6))f/ @@ a.困难的，难对付的；严格的；(肉等食物)老的；结实的；难解的
【谐音】“塔夫”→像塔一样的壮夫→强健的
【搭配】a tough childhood苦难的童年；a tough pair of shoes一双结实的鞋子
【引申】〈近形〉rough a.粗糙的；粗野的，喧闹的；艰难的，不愉快的
【听力例句】The learner has to go through several tough tests. 学员必须要通过很多严格的考试。[02.1]
fine* /faIn/ @@ vt.罚款n.罚款，罚金
【引申】〈同义〉punish v.惩罚
【活用例句】If the building project to be completed by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.如果延误了本月底应该完成的建筑工程，那么建筑公司将受到处罚。
noble* /9n5Ubl/ @@ a.高尚的，宏伟的；贵族的，高贵的n.贵族
【联想】诺贝尔(Nobel) 奖是一种高贵的(noble) 奖项
【活用例句】The more noble, the more humble.人越高尚，越谦虚。
crime* /kraIm/ @@ n.罪，罪行；犯罪
【联想】cri(看作cry哭) ＋me (我) →我哭了，因为法院宣判我犯罪→犯罪
【搭配】commit a crime犯罪；a capital crime 死罪
【引申】〈同根〉criminal n.罪犯，犯罪者
【听力例句】Crime is increasing worldwide. There is every reason to believe the trend will continue through the next few decades. 全世界的犯罪率正在上升。每个原因都使我们相信，在未来的几十年中，这种趋势将继续。[08.12]
同义巧辨crime, offence, violation
这三个词都含“犯法，违法”的意思。crime指“严重违反法规的犯罪行为，该罪犯应受到法律制裁”；offence指“违反法规、教规或道德标准等的行为”，其严重程度比crime轻；violation指“违反规则、违背条约或侵犯权利等的行为”。
Text 4 Road Politeness
It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver’s seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd roadhog (妨碍其他车辆行驶的司机), the rude and inconsiderate(不顾及别人的) driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a “Be Kind to Other Drivers”campaign；otherwise it may get completely out of hand. Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge(报仇) when subjected to wild behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don’t even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it. However, improper politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear away；or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of approaching vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.
A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams once at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists can’t even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of roadsmanship(驾车技术). Y ears ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart. [A] amazes [B] atmosphere [C] approaching [D] acknowledgement [E] filter [F] hazard [G] horrible [H] relieving [I] subjected [J] temptation[K] tolerate [L] violently [M]blockages
道路礼貌
人们固然可以指责交通堵塞，汽油的费用和现代生活的快节奏，但道路礼貌问题却也逐渐变得可怕起来。每个人都知道最和蔼的人在驾驶中能变成穷凶极恶的人。当然了，油箱里装满优质汽油倒是好事，但是驾驶室里要是坐着横冲直撞的司机就完全是另一回事了。你可能会容忍偶然妨碍其他车辆行驶的、粗鲁的和不顾及别人的司机，但现在讲礼貌的司机却成了常规中的例外了。或许这种情形在呼吁一场“善待其他司机”的运动；否则情况将变得完全不可控制。
道路文明不仅是礼貌的问题，还是考验司机是否具有正确判断力的问题。当遭遇野蛮行为的时候，需要头脑冷静的脾气好的司机才能抵制复仇的诱惑。另一方面，少许的礼貌对减轻驾车的紧张大有帮助。通过友善的示意或挥手表示感谢来回应礼貌的举动有助于创造亲切而宽容的氛围，这种氛围在现代交通环境中是非常必要的。但现在这样礼貌的感谢太少了。现在有些司机在遇到这种情形的时候，甚至熟视无睹。
然而，不合适的礼貌也可能是很危险的。典型的例子就是在别人从一侧超车时急刹车让路，虽然不让的话道路也能很快疏通；或者是某个人示意小孩穿越斑马线进入车道，而正驶来的车辆可能无法及时停下来。同样的例子还有就是让老妇人不管何时何地都去过马路。公路上没有一两具这些老奶奶的尸体，这总是让我大为惊奇。
一个非常遵守交通规则的老司机告诉我，如果驾车者都曾经学过正确地进入车流中而不引起让人焦躁的交通堵塞，那该多好。不幸的是，现在的驾车者甚至都不能学会驾驶，更不用说掌握精湛的驾车技术了。几年前专家警告我们，轿车拥有人数的急剧增加更需要公路的使用者能够互谅互让。现在是要求我们所有人将这点铭记在心的时候了。
难句解析
1. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of good will and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions.
【分析】简单句。主语较长，其中in response to 表目的，作状语。宾语atmosphere 和tolerance 并列，介词短语of good will 为后置定语，修饰an atmosphere，介词短语in modern traffic conditions 作状语。
2. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear away；or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of approaching vehicles that may be unable to stop in time.
【分析】多重复合句。其中the driver 和the man 为并列表语，who 引导的两个定语从句分别修饰这两个词，when 引导时
间状语从句，其中第二个who 引导的定语从句中that 引导定语从句用来修饰vehicles。
3. A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams once at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper.
【分析】多重复合句。whose引导非限制性定语从句修饰driver, told me后边所有部分是省略了that的宾语从句，从句中又包括if引导的条件状语从句，介词短语without... blockages作分句的状语，句末that 引导的定语从句用来修饰blockages。
下面我们学习文中标红的高频词#09#09高频词汇
horrible /9h((e7))r5bl/ @@ a.令人恐惧的，骇人听闻的；极讨厌的，使人不愉快的
【搭配】horrible weather糟透了的天气；a horrible crime骇人听闻的罪行
【引申】〈同根〉horrify vt.惊吓，恐吓｜horror n.震惊，恐惧；厌恶
【听力例句】Now I’m afraid of looking back, since the past life seemed a horrible dream. 现在我还怕回忆，因为过去的生活看起来像一场噩梦。[03.6]
tolerate /9t((e7))l5reIt/ @@ vt.容许，承认；容忍，忍受
【谐音】“逃了忍他”→用逃避来容忍他→容忍的
【引申】〈同根〉tolerance n.忍受，容忍〈同义〉bear vt.忍受，忍耐｜endure vt.忍受，容忍｜stand vt. [用于否定、疑问句] 容忍，忍受｜suffer vt.忍受，承受，容忍｜swallow v.吞下，咽下；承受n.燕子；吞
【活用例句】The school cannot tolerate students cheating on their exams. 学校不容许考试作弊。
endure /In9djU5(r)/ @@ vt.忍受，容忍vi.忍受，忍耐；持久，持续
【联想】end(结束)＋ure→坚持到结束→忍受，持久
【活用例句】At last she felt it impossible any longer to endure his company.她终于感到再也无法忍受和他作伴。temptation /temp9teISFn/ @@ n.诱惑，引诱
【词根】tempt(诱惑) ＋ation(名词后缀)
【搭配】give way to temptation 经不住诱惑；be proof against any temptation 不会受任何诱惑
【引申】〈同义〉inducement n.引诱，劝诱；引起，导致
【写作例句】In modern society, many temptations exist which people cannot resist.现代社会中存在着太多人们无法抗拒的诱惑。
subject* /9s((f6))bdZIkt/ @@ n.题目；科目；对象a. (to)受…支配的；在…条件下；s5b9dZekt；vt. (to)使服从，使遭受
【搭配】subject to others’ rule 屈服于别人的统治；be subjected to abuse 受到辱骂
【引申】〈反义〉object n.对象，目标
【活用例句】Smokers are more subject to heart attacks than non-smokers. 吸烟的人比不吸烟的人容易患心脏病。
relieve* /rI9li:v/ @@ vt.减轻，解除
【词根】relieve 是relief 的动词形式，类似于believe →belief
【搭配】relieve sb of解除某人的(负担等)，减轻某人的(痛苦等)；relieve the tension缓和紧张局面
【引申】〈同义〉lighten v.减轻，(使)轻松
【活用例句】I went for a walk to relieve the boredom of the day. 一天下来感到无聊得很，我去散步调整一下。acknowledgement /5k9n((e7))lIdZm5nt/ @@ n.承认；感谢，致谢
【搭配】bow one’s acknowledgement鞠躬答礼；in acknowledgement of 感谢，答谢
【引申】〈同义〉appreciation n.感谢，感激｜gratitude n.感谢的心情｜thanks n.感谢
【活用例句】We are sending you a small sum of money in acknowledgement of your help.为感谢你的帮助我们寄上一小笔钱。同根↓
acknowledge /5k9n((e7))lIdZ/ @@ vt. (as)承认，承认…的权威；告知收到，确认；对…表示谢忱，报偿
【联想】ac(表加强) ＋knowledge(知识)→强化知识→承认…的权威
【提示】acknowledge与其同义词admit, confess和反义词deny用法相同，后接动名词作宾语，不接不定式作宾语
【阅读例句】The executives acknowledge that they try to swing national eating habits to a food created in America, but they deny that amounts to economic imperialism. Frito-Lay公司高层管理者承认，他们试图把各国的饮食习惯都转向到一种美国创造出来的食物，即薯片上；但是他们否认把这一行动等同于经济上的帝国主义。[05.12]
派生↓
acknowledged /5k9n((e7))lIdZd/ @@ a.公认的
【搭配】an acknowledged authority公认的权威
【引申】〈同义〉accepted a.一般承认的，公认的
【活用例句】He is an acknowledged expert in this field. 在这个领域他是公认的专家。
atmosphere /9{tm5sfI5(r)/ @@ n.大气层；空气；气氛，环境
【搭配】a smoky atmosphere 烟雾腾腾；have an unpleasant atmosphere in the office 办公室里有一种不愉快的气氛
【引申】〈同根〉atmospheric a.大气的；有艺术氛围的；朦胧的
【活用例句】A heavy and oppressing atmosphere dominated the conference. 一种凝重而压抑的气氛弥漫着整个会议。violently /9vaI5l5ntlI/ @@ ad.激烈地，猛烈的
【词根】violent (猛烈的，激烈的) ＋ly (副词后缀)
【活用例句】She had never thought he’d blow up so violently.她从来没有想到他会生这样大的气。
同根↓
violent /9vaI5l5nt/ @@ a.使用暴力的，强暴的;猛烈的，强烈的，激烈的
【搭配】a violent dislike/ contras t极度的厌恶/ 反差；a violent attack猛烈的攻击
【活用例句】Quite a few violent scenes were cut from the film before it came to show.这部电影在放映前删去了不少暴力镜头。同根↓
violate* /9vaI5leIt/ @@ vt.违反，违背；亵渎；侵犯，妨碍
【谐音】发音像“why late”→违反制度迟到了→违反，违背
【搭配】violate her privacy侵犯了她的隐私；violate the human right违反人权；violate a grave亵渎坟墓
【引申】〈派生〉violation n.违反
【活用例句】Drivers who violate traffic regulations will be fined and their licence will be suspended. 违反交通规则的司机会被罚款并扣驾驶执照。
hazard /9h{z5d/ @@ n.危险，公害vt.尝试着做(或提出)；冒…风险
【谐音】“骇人的”→危险
【搭配】a hazard to health 对健康的危害；run / take the hazard 冒险，冒险尝试
【引申】〈同义〉venture v. & n.风险，冒险
【活用例句】Careless drivers hazard other people’s lives as well as their own.粗心大意的驾驶者拿他人和自己的生命冒险。approach* /59pr5UtS/ @@ v.靠近，接近n.靠近；途径
【词根】ap(表加强) ＋proach(接近)→一再接近→靠近
【搭配】approach from the north 从北面过来；approach the town接近城镇
【引申】〈同义〉access n.接近，进入｜come near 走近，接近
【活用例句】It was very strange how hostile she was to all the beautiful girls approaching her husband. 很奇怪，她对所有接近她丈夫的漂亮女孩都心存敌意。
amaze /59meIz/ @@ vt.使大为惊奇，惊愕
【联想】am(是) ＋aze(音似“艾滋”)→查出是艾滋病→使惊奇
【搭配】be amazed at (by)... 对…大为惊奇
【引申】〈同义〉astonish vt.使惊讶｜surprise vt.使惊奇
【活用例句】We were amazed at / by the change in his appearance.他的样子变得使我们大为惊讶。
派生↓
amazement /59meIzm5nt/ @@ n.惊奇，惊愕
【搭配】to sb’s amazement(=to sb’s surprise)使某人惊奇的是
【引申】〈同根〉amazing a.令人惊异的
【活用例句】To our amazement, the visiting team won. 令我们感到惊讶的是，客队居然赢了。
filter /9fIlt5(r)/ @@ n.过滤器vt.过滤vi.透(过)；走漏，慢慢传开
【谐音】“非要它”→香烟的过滤嘴是非要它不可的
【搭配】filter out dust particles 过滤掉尘粒；filter through the curtain从窗帘透了进来
【活用例句】More details about the crash are filtering through. 空难的进一步详情慢慢传开了。
blockage /9bl((e7))kIdZ/ @@ n.封锁；妨碍
【词根】block(堵塞，阻塞) ＋age(名词后缀)
【活用例句】There’ s a blockage in the pipe.管道堵塞了。
同根↓
block* /bl((e7))k/ @@ n.堵塞(物)；一排房屋；街区；(木、石等) 块#09 vt.堵塞，阻塞；阻碍，阻挡
【短语】block in (the plan of a house) 画(房屋的设计)草图；block off (the sun)挡住(阳光)，隔开；block (the drain) up 堵塞(下水道)
【活用例句】There is a block in the pipe and the water can’t flow away.管子里有阻塞物，水流不出去。/ The main roads of the city have been blocked off. 城市的主干道路被封锁了。/One door had been blocked up. 一扇门被封死了。
同义↓
obstacle* /9((e7))bst5kl/ @@ n.障碍(物) ，妨碍
【词根】ob(反) ＋sta(站立) ＋cle →站在反对立场
【搭配】be an obstacle to...对…是个障碍；put obstacles in the way of(=to prevent) 阻止
【引申】〈同义〉barrier n.障碍，隔阂：communication barrier 交流障碍
【活用例句】His reluctance to compromise is an obstacle to his political success. 他不肯妥协是他政治上成功的一个障碍。
下面我们学习文中标黑的常用词#09#09常用词汇
pace* /peIs/ @@ n. (一)步；步调，速度；步子，节奏vi.踱步
【联想】在太空(space)中踱步(pace)
【短语】keep pace with... (与…)保持一致；(与…)并驾齐驱；set the pace 起带头作用
【活用例句】I prefer the relaxed pace of life in the country. 我喜欢乡间那种悠闲的生活节奏。
manner* /9m{n5(r)/ @@ n.风度，礼貌；态度，举止；方式，方法
【联想】man(男人) ＋ner →做男人就得有风度→风度
【搭配】have a good manner 有良好的举止；be irritated by sb’s rude manner被某人粗鲁的举止所激怒；cultivate /develop manners 培养气质；display / show manners显示风度
【引申】〈同义〉bearing n.举止，风度
【活用例句】He was speaking in a very strange manner. 他用一种非常奇怪的方式讲话。
odd* /((e7))d/ @@ a.奇特的，古怪的；不固定的；不经常的
【联想】奇奇(odd)相加(add)为偶
【引申】〈同义〉strange a.奇怪的｜crazy a.荒唐的；发疯的，着迷的｜insane a.荒唐的；疯狂的
【阅读例句】But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher. 但
是，斯托科发现一件奇怪的事情：学生之间打手语的方式和任课老师的手语不一样。[04.6]
rude /ru:d/ @@ a.粗鲁的，不礼貌的；粗糙的，粗陋的
【活用例句】Beckham was fined for making a very rude gesture at the football fans. 贝克汉姆向球迷做非常粗鲁的手势，因此被罚款。
同义↓
bold /b5Uld/ @@ a.鲁莽的；勇敢的；粗(字)体的，黑(字)体的
【联想】b＋old(年长)→年长的人通常不会太冒失
【搭配】in bold type用黑；粗体字的；a bold action / warrior大胆的行动/ 无畏的武士
【活用例句】All the key words in the article are printed in bold type so as to attract readers’ attention.文章中所有关键词都粗体印刷，以便引起读者的注意。
temper /9temp5(r)/ @@ n.脾气；韧度vt.调和，使缓和；使回火
【联想】情绪(temper)会影响体温(temperature)
【搭配】lose one’s temper 发火，生气；keep one’s temper 忍住气，不发火；be in a good / bad temper 心情好/ 坏
【引申】〈同义〉mood n.心情，情绪
【活用例句】The heat in this coastal town is tempered by cool sea breezes. 这个海滨小镇由于清凉的海风而变得不那么炎热了。
resist* /rI9zIst/ @@ v.抵抗；抗(病等)，耐(热等)；忍住，拒受…的影响
【词根】re(反) ＋sist(站) →反着站→反抗
【搭配】resist change抵制变革；resist arrest拒捕；resist the new technology抵制新技术；resist the charms of money 经得住金钱的诱惑
【引申】〈同义〉defy vt. (公然)违抗，藐视；使成为不可能；挑衅｜withstand vt.经受，承受，抵住
【阅读例句】People who are well are likely to be better able to resist disease and to fight disease when it strikes. 健康的人可以更好地抵抗疾病，生病时可以更好地与疾病作斗争。[06.12]
派生↓
resistant /rI9zIst5nt/ @@ a. (to)抵抗的，抗…的，耐…的
【引申】〈同根〉resistance n.反抗；抵抗力
【活用例句】Many old people are resistant to change of any kind. 许多老人拒绝任何形式的变革。
rare* /re5(r)/ @@ a.稀有的，罕见的；出类拔萃的；(空气等)稀薄的；(肉)煎得嫩的
【联想】稀有的(rare)东西需小心(care)对待
【搭配】a rare word冷僻词；a rare beauty百里挑一的美人
【引申】〈派生〉rarely ad.不经常，难得〈同义〉scarce a.稀少的，罕见的〈反义〉ordinary a.平常的；平庸的
【活用例句】Parliament has passed an Act forbidding the killing of rare animals.国会通过了一项法令，禁止捕杀珍稀动物。allow* /59laU/ @@ vt.允许，准许；允许…进入；同意给；承认
【联想】al(允许)＋low(低)→低头承认→点头同意
【提示】allow接动名词作宾语：allow doing sth；接不定式作宾补：allow sb to do sth。
【听力例句】They must also make a plan which will allow them to become self-supporting.同时还要制定一个自力更生的计划。
[06.6]
stream /stri:m/ @@ n.溪流；一股，一串v.流(出)，涌(出)
【搭配】a constant stream of complaints 接连不断的抱怨
【活用例句】Tears streamed down her face.泪水顺着她的脸往下流。/ His head was streaming with blood. 他头上流着血。
新机考练习
Exercise 11
(Part 1)一、语篇词汇听写
Hollywood is 1 up for the Academy Awards, or Oscars, which will be presented later this month. The nominees came together
this week for a luncheon, where they talked about his year’s Oscar 2.
The race for the Oscar statuette has its share of Hollywood 3 and relative newcomers. Kate Winslet is a nominee for Best Actress for her 4 as a former Nazi guard in The Reader. This is her sixth nomination, her fourth as 5 actress, but she has yet to win. Other acting nominees include Angelina Jolie for the 6 drama, Changeling, and Anne Hathaway for the 7 tale, Rachel Getting Married. Frank Langella is nominated for his role as former U.S. President Richard Nixon in Frost/Nixon and Sean Penn for Milk, the story of gay activist Harvey Milk. Oscar veteran Meryl Streep is a nominee for Doubt, a tale of 8 in the Catholic Church, and Philip Seymour Hoffman is a Supporting Actor nominee for his role in the film. The late Heath Ledger is up for an Oscar as Supporting Actor for his role as the sinister Joker in the latest Batman movie, The Dark Knight. Winslet 9 the roster. Robert Downey Jr., a nominee for his supporting role as a self-absorbed Hollywood actor in Tropic Thunder, admits the offbeat role in a 10 is not the surest path to an Oscar nomination. The adventure will continue February 22, when the Oscars will be presented in Hollywood.
1._______
2._______
3._______
4._______
5._______
6._______
7._______
8._______
9._______ 10._______
(Part 2)二、句子词汇听写
1. Deserts and high mountains have always been a ______to the movement of people from place to place.
2. Government reports, examination compositions, documents and most business letters are the main situations in which formal language is used.
3. Although a teenager, Fred could being told what to do and what not to do.
4. Crime is increasing worldwide, and there is every reason to believe the will continue into the next decade.
5. Many a delegate was in favor of his that a special committee be set up to investigate the incident.
三、句段选择填空
Infants are the most cold-ridden group, 1 more than six colds in their first years. Boys have more colds than girls up to age three. After the age of three, girls are more susceptible than boys, and teenage girls average three colds a year 2 boys’ two. The general incidence of colds continues to 3 into maturity. Elderly people who are in good 4 have as few as one or two colds annually.
1. [A] getting [B] averaging [C] having
2. [A] than [B] with [C] to
3. [A] increase [B] descend [C] decline
4. [A] taste [B] health [C] mood
How should we get 5 of nuclear waste in an environment-friendly way? Where can we 6 distribute it? One idea is to put this radioactive waste inside a thick container, which is then dropped to the deep bottom of the ocean. But some scientists believe that this way of 7 nuclear waste could kill fish and other living things in the oceans or interfere 8 their growth.
5. [A] grasp [B]hold[C] rid
6. [A] safely [B]rationally[C]regularly
7. [A]scattering[B]preserving[C]discarding
8. [A]in[B]with[C]against
练习答案
一、
1.【答案】gearing。注意要用gear的ing形式。
2.【答案】race。注意不要误写为“rise”。
3.【答案】veterans。注意veteran复数形式及其拼写。
4.【答案】role。注意her与role中/r/音的连读。
5.【答案】leading。注意不要误写为“linking”。
6.【答案】crime。注意不要误写为“cream”。
7.【答案】romantic。注意此单词的拼写。
8.【答案】suspected child abuse。注意child与abuse间的连读。
9.【答案】is impressed with。注意不要丢掉is。
10.【答案】comedy-action film。注意comedy与action间的连读及连字符。
二、
1.【答案】barrier。注意此单词的拼写，不要误写为“bear”。
2.【答案】legal。注意不要误听作“lingual”。
3.【答案】resist。注意辨音，不要误听作“persist”或“insist”。
4.【答案】trend。注意不要误写为“tend”。
5.【答案】proposal。注意此单词的拼写，不要误写为“propose”。
三、
1. 选[B]。语境词汇题。后文的teenage girls average three colds a year...是一个很好的提示，根据复现原则，选[B]averaging。本句的意思为：婴儿是最容易感冒的人群，一岁前平均感冒六次以上。其他两项均不符合题意。
2. 选[C]。逻辑推理题。girls average three colds a year和boys’ two之间存在一种比较关系，因此要在能表比较的[A]、[C]两项中做出选择。[A]than表示比较时，一般在句中要有明显的比较级词汇，而文中没有，故不选。[C]to也可以表示比较，例如：I prefer baseball to tennis.(我喜欢棒球胜过网球。) ，故为答案。[B] with不能表示比较和对比。
3. 选[C]。语境词汇题。上文描述了婴儿平均每年感冒六次、小男孩和小女孩的感冒情况以及青少年期的平均每年感冒两三次，由此可见，感冒的频率是随年龄的增长而逐渐降低的。因此[D]decline“下降，减少”符合题意。[A]increase“增加，加大”不符合句子逻辑；[B]descend“(空间上)下降，(财产、权利等)遗传”包含“下降”之意，但不符合本题的语境，故也不选。
4. 选[B]。固定搭配题。能用于be in good ～的结构中，且能和colds 形成语义共现的只有[B]health，be in good health 为固定短语，表示“身体健康”。[A]taste常用于be in good ~结构中，表示“品味高，格调高”；[D]mood用于be in a good ~结构中，表示“心情很好”。
5. 选[C]。固定搭配题。句意：我们应该如何以对环境有益的方式来处理这些废料呢?本题要根据短语搭配和文意进行选择。能够同时与句中get和of搭配的选项有两个，即hold和rid。从句义看，我们应该做的不是要get hold of(抓住)核废料，而是应该get rid of(处理掉)这些废料。因此，rid是答案。本题易误选[B]，原因是没有看清文意。
6. 选[A]。词义辨析题。本题要求选填一个副词来修饰句中的动词distribute(分散放置)。也就是说以什么样的方式去放置这些废料。需要运用上下文关系判断。上文中提到“以对环境有益的方式来处理”，即“安全地处置”，所以选项[D]safely是答案。选项[B]“理智地”和选项[C]“定期地”均不符合语义。
7. 选[C]。词义辨析题。本题要求填入一个动名词，可根据上下文文意判断。本句中的this way指的是上文的“把核废物装箱沉海的方法”。实际上就是“丢弃”核废物的方法，因而不可能是“散布”(scatter)，更不可能是“保存”(preserve)。所以答案是discarding, 意为“扔掉，丢弃”。其他项都不符合文意。
8. 选[B]。考查固定搭配题。本题要求填入一个介词与interfere搭配。本句中信息词interfere只能与in和with搭配。interfere in表示“干涉，介入；干预”，interfere with意为“阻碍，妨碍，妨害”，用在这里比较恰当，表示这些核废物妨害了海里生物的生长。因此答案是with。本题易误选[A]，但它不能与宾语their growth连用，不适用于本句。