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E-commerce critical success factors East vs. West

E-commerce critical success factors:East vs.West

Tae Kyung Sung *

College of Business,Kyonggi University,#94-6Yiui-Dong,Youngtong-Gu,Suwon 443-760,South Korea Received 15February 2003;received in revised form 18January 2004;accepted 1September 2004

Abstract

The three main purposes of this paper are to (1)identify critical success factors (CSFs)for electronic commerce (EC),(2)investigate the explanatory power of these CSFs on firm performance,and (3)compare differences in evaluating CSFs and explaining impact of CSFs on performance among in Korea,Japan,and USA.Through a literature review and interviews with managers in EC firms,a list of 16CSFs consisting of 111items was compiled.Questionnaires were administered to managers of EC companies in Seoul,Korea,Tokyo,Japan,and Texas,USA.Survey results show that CSFs have very significant explanatory power for firm performance in all three countries.While security,privacy,and technical expertise are the most explanatory CSFs in Korea,evaluation of EC operations,technical expertise,and ease of use show most explanatory power in USA.

Keywords:Electronic commerce;Critical success factors;Firm performance

1.Introduction

Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD)officially acknowledges electronic commerce (EC)as a new way of conducting business [1].In this report,OECD recognizes that EC has the potential to radically alter economic activities and the social environment.Particularly,the enormous growth of EC along with the rapid development of information technology (IT)is having a

*Tel.:+82312499457;fax:+82312499401.E-mail address:tksung@kcfe.or.kr.

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profound impact on the world economy.EC allows regional businesses and economies to be less local and more global in keeping with long-term trends toward market liberalization and reduced trade barriers [2].Accordingly,EC is considered to be an unavoidable alternative for companies of the 21st century [3,4].

When the term b EC Q was first introduced,it was understood as simple as transactions over the Internet [5].However,as EC evolves,the horizon of EC expands as the conduct of selling,buying,logistics,or other organization-management activities via the Web [6].A step further,Weill and Vitale [7]define EC as doing business electronically by completing business processes over open (nonproprietary)networks.According to U.S.Department of Commerce,almost half of the U.S.workforce will be employed by industries that are either major producers or intensive users of information technology products and services by 2006.Internet-related jobs grew 29%between the first quarter of 1999and the first quarter of 2000compared to 6.9%growth of non-Internet related jobs during the same period.The Internet economy generated an estimated US$830billion in revenue in 2000,a 58%increase over 1999[8].The number of U.S.firms engaging in EC has increased from just under 8%in 1999to over 35%by the end of 2000[9].

There is a critical question emerging under this explosive EC growth.What is management b best practices Q of successful EC firms?In this respect,the primary purpose of this paper is to explore what are the critical success factors (CSFs)for EC companies.Another related question is the validity of these CSFs.Do CSFs actually impact firm performance?Thus,the secondary purpose is to investigate explanatory power of selective CSFs on firm performance.OECD [2]report indicates that there is a great difference on the growth of EC and impact of EC over economy and society across the nations in the world.This leads to another academically and practically insightful question.Are there any differences in evaluating CSFs and explaining impact of CSFs on performance across the nations?In this paper,Korea,Japan,and USA are selected to perform comparative analyses on theses issues.

The structure of the remainder of the paper is as follows.The following section reviews the literature on CSFs and performance measures.Then the research design section describes operational measures and data collection processes.Next,survey results are presented and important research findings and implications are discussed.Finally,Section 5summarizes findings,draws the conclusions,and provides future research directions.2.Literature review

2.1.Critical success factors for electronic commerce

There have been few studies explicitly examining CSFs for EC.Rather,most studies implicitly suggest a range of important factors or issues,which may be considered to be CSFs.

Huff et al.[10]emphasize nine CSFs for EC firms:First,add value in terms of convenience,information value,disintermediation,reintermediation,price,and choice;Second,to focus on a niche market and then expand;Third,maintain flexibility;Fourth,segment geographically;Fifth,get the technology right;Sixth,manage critical perceptions;Seventh,provide exceptional customer services;Eighth,create effective connectedness;and ninth,understand the Internet culture.Through case studies,Tabor [11]suggests that a synergistic relationship between business strategy and strategic fit is the

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T.K.Sung/Technological Forecasting&Social Change73(2006)1161–11771163 critical factor for EC success.Plant[12]studies the success factors associated with over40organizations in the US and Europe and identifies the following seven CSFs:financial impact,competitive leadership, brand,service,market,technology,and site metrics.

Hahn and Noh[13]use critical failure factors(CFFs)to explore the factors that inhibit the growth of EC.They listed44variables and through empirical study,they categorized them into the following six CFFs:lower level of data security,inconvenient use,unstable systems,lack of information mind,dissatisfied purchasing,and social disturbance.Regression analysis on perform-ance variables further indicates that unstable system,unsatisfied purchasing,and lower level of data security affect satisfaction while unstable systems and lower level of data security affect usage. CFFs that affect users’expectation of EC usefulness are unsatisfied purchasing,social disturbance, and inconvenient use.

Hagel and Rayport[14,15]discuss the implications of consumers taking control of their own information as a result of EC strategy.Their work suggests the importance of information security and privacy as key EC success factors.E(electronic)-Loyalty is targeted by Reichheld and Schefter[16]to emphasize the trust of customers to a specific EC company.Manchala[17]also confirms the importance of trust as a critical factor.

To explore web-based electronic commerce opportunities,Riggins[18]presents a framework that identifies15key ways to add value to an organization’s e-commerce strategy.The extent to which each of these is utilized represents critical success factors.Similarly,Barua et al.[19]suggest eight key drivers for EC operational success:system integration,customer orientation of IT,supply orientation of IT, international operation of IT,customer-related processes,supplier-related processes,customer e-business readiness,and supplier e-business readiness.

A number of studies emphasize the importance of EC strategy[20–27].Athey[18]stresses that EC requires leadership as challenges for the future.Customer orientation is another critical factor discussed by Elofson and Robinson[29],Fulkerson[30],and Gonsalves et al.[31].Hoffman and Novak[32] suggest a new marketing paradigm for EC and a number of researches explore the importance of marketing including pricing mechanisms[17,33–36].

Another stream of research is on the issue of evaluation and assessment of EC operations and web sites[22,33,37–39].These researches suggest that effectiveness of EC operations and web sites should be evaluated as EC is considered a strategic necessity.

In summary,the literature review on CSFs for EC indicates a broad range of issues including security of information and systems,privacy of customer information,stability of systems,cost of operations, metrics for EC operations and web sites,ease of use,proper presentation of information about goods and services,customer orientation,EC strategy,EC expertise in both technical and managerial perspectives, payment,delivery,competitive price,speed,services,variety of goods and services,web design, marketing,trust and loyalty of customers.

From extensive literature review,16CSFs are identified.The results are summarized in Table1.The CSFs in the upper part of Table1are factors mentioned by at least three studies and there are total of16 CSFs surpassing this standard.Even though the categorization of16CSFs is somewhat arbitrary, derivation of CSFs based on literature review is the only feasible methodology since there have been no comprehensive and empirical studies on CSFs of EC.

To develop the operationalization of each CFS,careful examination of literature has been done to identify specific items to measure CSFs.A total of125items were compiled for16CSFs and there are five to nine items for each CSF.

T.K.Sung/Technological Forecasting&Social Change73(2006)1161–11771165 2.2.Performance of EC firms

How to measure the success of EC firms?For example,the most successful online seller, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/684937687.html,,which had less than US$1billion in revenue in2000,was worth more than long established corporations including Delta Airlines,Kmart,Apple Computer,and Barnes and Noble[40]. Also,as of2001,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/684937687.html, had not produced a profit.Even Andy Grove,Chairman of Intel,once mentioned b What’s my ROI on e commerce?Are you crazy?This is Columbus in the New World.What was his ROI?Q But in view of such a broad range of often conflicting views and orientations regarding EC success,it is time for researchers to develop valid and reliable measures to evaluate success of EC firms.

Most studies on EC success have been centered on levels of national economy,industry,and web sites [41–46].There have been few studies that measure the organizational performance of EC companies as does this research.

Organizational performance is a multi-faced construct that defies measurement by a single item and is also an area where much research work is needed[47].IS researchers have utilized a variety of dependent variables to represent firm performance,including perceptual measures such as IT assimilation[48],and objective measures such as ROA,and Tobin’s q[49,50].Tobin’s q ratio(or simply,the q ratio),which is defined as the capital market value of the firm divided by the replacement value of its assets,represents a market-based measure of firm value that is forward looking,risk adjusted, and less susceptible to changes in accounting practices[51].The q ratio has been widely used in business,economics,and finance literature as a measure of business performance[52–55].More recently,the q ratio has also been used in the IS literature to examine the association between IT and firm performance[49,50].Thus,the use of Tobin’s q as a performance measure is applicable in this study.

In addition to using a market-based measure,EC CSFs and firm performance will also be assessed through return on assets(ROA),a widely used accounting measure in the IT business value literature [56,57].Using both marketing and accounting measures of firm performance,we can expect more valid research findings and the comparability of measures.

In this study,objective measures of firm performance will be used.Since measures of CSFs will be gathered through questionnaires from managers’perceptions,an objective measure of firm performance eliminates potential concerns about methods bias and provides the basis for a robust test of CSFs on firm performance.Also two widely used measures of firm performance are Tobin’s q ratio, and ROA[58].

3.Research methodology

3.1.Two-staged data collection

A two-staged data collection methodology was adopted.In the first stage,in depth interviews were conducted to verify CSFs extracted from literature review.Twenty high level EC managers from20 Korean EC companies participated in this https://www.wendangku.net/doc/684937687.html,ing a7-point Likert scale(Very Strongly Agree–Strongly Agree–Agree–Neutral–Disagree,Strong Disagree–Very Strongly Disagree),the list of16CSFs along with125items was presented to interviewees to evaluate the importance of each item to EC success.The list was written in English and each participant has a good command of written English. Items that scored lower than4were removed from the list.After the evaluation,interviewees were asked

to eliminate duplicate or similar items and to integrate them if possible.This process removed 14items from the original list.Then each of 20participants was asked to recategorize 111items into 16CSFs in terms of their commonality.After this grouping,all 20participants discussed the recategorization for further refinement and generalizations.There was only slight deviation from the original categorization of CSFs.These recategoized CSFs were used for the second stage empirical assessment.

In the second stage,uniform questionnaires were administered to EC companies in Korea.Japan,and USA.A preliminary version of the questionnaire was pilot-tested for accuracy and reliability.The same 20study participants in the first stage were asked for the review.Respondents reviewed the questionnaire in the presence of one of the authors and provided feedback regarding wording,understandability,and applicability of the instrument.The original questionnaire used a 7-point Likert scale.However,respondents at the pilot-test indicated that a 5-point scale was more comfortable to answer since they tended to avoid the extreme points.Also there is a number of studies supporting this argument that Korean culture prohibits people to express extreme opinions [59–62].Thus,the 5-point Likert scale (Strongly Agree–Agree–Neutral–Disagree,Strong Disagree)was adopted for the study.Questionnaire was written in English to maintain the compatibility among three countries.There were no noticeable problems due to English in Korea and Japan.Special assistance was provided by researchers in case participants encounter problems in understanding English.3.2.Sample

About 400EC companies were listed at Chamber of Commerce in Korea at the end of December 2000.There are different types of EC firms,from pure-play like Amazon to bricks-and-clicks like Barnes and Noble.This study included all types of EC firms since it was almost impossible to exactly classify all EC firms into different types.Also most of pure-players are small-and medium-sized firms and could not provide accurate information regarding Tobin’s q and ROA.For the sake of convenience,only EC firms in the metropolitan area of Seoul were targeted.This pre-screen process resulted in a sample of 320firms.To avoid contaminating the sample,recently established companies (that could not provide Tobin’s q and ROA)were eliminated.Two hundred and thirty five EC firms were left and were designated as the target sample.The questionnaire was administered to top EC managers at 235EC companies from January 15,2001to January 19,2001by one nationwide Korean newspaper agency.To secure high response rate,newspaper agency reporters visited each EC firm and solicited participation.Out of 203questionnaires returned,7were unusable.Therefore,the final response rate was 83.40%(196questionnaires).Demographic analysis (comparison of size and sales between respondent and non-respondent companies)did not reveal any significance to suspect sample bias.

In Japan,a faculty member at University of Tokyo administered questionnaires.The same above procedure was adopted and EC firms in the metropolitan area of Tokyo were targeted.The questionnaires were administered from August 5–August 25,2001.The final response rate was 47.4%(312questionnaires were distributed and 148were returned).

In the USA,the State of Texas was selected as the sample frame.This is because one of the authors was participating state-wide EC surveys conducted by the University of Texas at Austin and Great Austin Chamber of Commerce.The University of Texas at Austin and Great Austin Chamber of Commerce designated 358companies as target sample after careful pre-screening process.The questionnaire was distributed to EC managers at 358EC companies from October 1to October 31,2001.A total of 152questionnaires were returned and 15were unusable.Therefore,the final response rate was

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T.K.Sung/Technological Forecasting&Social Change73(2006)1161–11771167 38.27%(137questionnaires).Even though this response rate is not quite high compared to Korean sample,it surpasses Brown’s[64]suggested level of20%in social studies.Again demographic analysis was performed and analysis did not reveal any significance to suspect sample biases in Japan or USA.

3.3.Measures

From the first stage of data collection,16factors that consist of111items were identified.Table2 shows the16CSFs as well as a number of items and sample items for each CSF.There were between4 and8items for each factor.

As discussed in Literature review,two performance measures of firm performance are employed: Tobin’s q as a market-based measures and ROA as an accounting measure.Each participating EC firm was asked to provide raw financial data and these data were checked with the official data from Korea Table2

CSFs and sample items

CSFs No.of items Sample items

Customer relationship6Is Web page customized for each customer? CUSTOMER How much sensitive to needs of customers? Privacy of information7Is there any illegal use of customer information? PRIV ACY Do you honor privacy rights?

Low-cost operation7What is cost/revenue ratio?

LOWCOST What is overhead cost ratio?

Ease of use8How EASE to recognize menu?

EASE Is web page sequence logical?

EC strategy6Is there EC strategy?

STRATEGY Is strategy integrated with IT strategy?

Technical EC expertise6Do you have EC expert(s)in company? EXPERTISE Do you have necessary EC technology?

Stability of systems8How often system is disconnected?

STABILITY How constant system is working?

Security of systems8Do you have enough protection from hacking? SECURITY How secure customer information?

Plenty of information8Is there enough Information about goods/services? PLENTY Is information relevant?

Variety of goods/services7Is there variety of goods/services?

V ARIETY Do you carry top-brand goods/services?

Speed of systems8How fast is retrieval time?

SPEED Is speed fluctuates at peak and off times? Payment process6Is customer payment safe?

PAYMENT Do you accept variety of payment?

Services8Do you provide A/S?

SERVICES Do you have technical service hot lines?

Delivery of goods/services8How accurate your delivery to customers? DELIVERY Are Goods delivered are the same as on the screen? Low price of goods/services4Are your prices of goods/services are competitive? LOWPRICE Are Shipping and handling charges are reasonable? Evaluation of EC operations6Do you have metrics for EC?

EV ALUATION Do you have metrics for web sites?

Stock Exchange (KSE)and Korea Chamber of Commerce.If there were discrepancies between two sources of data,the authors contacted EC firms to provide explanations or correct data.Tobin’s q and ROA are derived from these verified data.The same procedure was applied in Japan and USA.The means of Tobin’s q and ROA of all three countries are in comparable to the average ratios reported in other studies [49].

Summary statistics for all research variables are displayed in Table 3.The second column of the Table 3represents the mean score for each CSF,which was derived by averaging the scores of corresponding items for the particular CSF.Averaging the scores of the items to represent the score of CSF was well justified since all measures pass the reliability and validity test (described in the next section).3.4.Reliability and validity

Reliability refers to the stability of measures over a variety of conditions [63].The amount of error made by any measure is determined by Cronbach’s alpha test applied to inter-item scores and to the overall measures.The results of reliability test on CSFs measures are shown in Table 2.There is no absolute standard for interpreting Cronbach’s alpha.Brown [64]recommends the minimum value of 0.80for tests measuring attitudes or values.More generally,Nunally [63]argues that the satisfactory level of exploratory study is 0.7or above.Cronbach’s alphas (a )are on the far right column of Table 2and all variables suffice the Nunally’s standard and close to Brown’s recommendation.Therefore,reliability of measures is concluded to be satisfactory.

To verify the content validity of measures,factor analysis was performed.As Table 4shows,all 16CSFs has high loadings (above 0.5000)on one of four components.Thus,the content validity of CSFs

Table 3

Descriptive statistics of research variables CSFs

No.of items Korea (n =196)Japan (n =148)USA (n =137)Mean S.D.Cronbach’s a Mean S.D.Cronbach’s a Mean S.D.Cronbach’s a CUSTOMER 6 3.546 1.0870.854 4.0800.7080.813 3.6330.7930.789PRIV ACY 7 3.1050.7350.787 3.0830.7400.788 3.6420.9610.819LOWCOST 7 3.1570.5260.832 3.1320.5340.822 3.1000.7020.835EASE

8 3.5600.8300.812 3.448 1.0310.753 3.2040.8240.774STRATEGY 6 2.8700.7680.715 3.1950.7400.864 2.9340.7450.758EXPERTISE 6 3.1840.8390.763 3.2030.8440.822 2.9780.7850.823STABILITY 8 2.9310.9100.809 2.9750.9230.781 2.5000.7350.846SECURITY 8 2.7580.7780.775 2.7300.7960.776 3.4990.8340.831PLENTY 8 2.9470.7870.829 3.4930.8390.738 4.0620.6740.798V ARIETY 7 3.2450.8670.809 3.2180.8380.820 3.2410.7300.725SPEED 8 3.6170.8130.835 3.6190.8240.799 2.8360.7740.775PAYMENT 6 3.1890.7750.736 2.9590.7680.803 3.1660.5330.819SERVICES 8 2.4360.7390.787 2.4510.7540.755 2.9850.9230.843DELIVERY 8 4.0660.7080.758 2.8910.7460.717 3.3580.6310.789LOWPRICE 4 3.3810.6570.848 3.3570.6370.802 3.1730.8250.742EV ALUATION 6 2.8090.7560.723 2.8130.7710.793 2.7540.8070.767Tobin’s q N/A

1.1230.255N/A

1.0210.254N/A

1.3230.257N/A

ROA

20.013

4.247

13.912

4.256

15.021

4.288

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T.K.Sung/Technological Forecasting&Social Change73(2006)1161–11771169 Table4

Factor analysis on research variables

CSFs Components

1234 PLENTY0.68570.37980.18720.0646 PAYMENT0.70580.26260.04670.1747 V ARIETY0.70050.2498à0.19820.3077 LOWPRICE0.5543à0.17910.25290.3154 SERVICES0.6178à0.17790.3045à0.0273 DELIVERY0.50660.06870.30610.1837 SECURITYà0.02110.55450.01700.2278 STABILITY0.37100.69110.12710.0056 EV ALUATION0.37990.52810.38730.0195 EXPERTISE0.15950.64910.1617à0.0301 SPEED0.10290.66280.09780.1614 CUSTOMER0.17560.03640.7062à0.1190 STRATEGY0.36790.24500.63360.0802 PRIV ACY0.01620.17330.13450.8091 LOWCOST0.03060.22370.38630.6904 EASE0.22540.2686à0.00230.6523 Variance Explained 2.9009 2.3109 1.8274 1.7618 measures is generally supported.The factor analysis was performed for the validity purpose only.So the meaning of each component is not discussed.Subsequent analyses were performed on individual CSF, not component since major concern is how each individual CSF affects the success of EC.

To further examine the predicative validity of CSFs measures,correlation analysis of CSFs on two performance measures was performed(Table5).In the case of Tobin’s q,correlation coefficients of all16 CSFs in Korea,15in Japan,and13in USA are statistically significant at the alpha level of0.05.In terms of ROA,correlation coefficients of15CSFs in Korea,13in Japan,and13in USA are statistically significant at the alpha level of0.01.This correlation analysis indicates that CSFs have considerable association with performance measures.Therefore,the CSFs measures are considered to be predicatively valid.

4.Results and discussions

Korean respondents rate DELIVERY(of goods/services)1as the most critical success factor,fol-lowed by SPEED(of systems),EASE(of use),CUSTOMER(orientation),and LOWCOST(operation). On the other hand,SERVICES is evaluated as the least critical factor,followed by SECURITY(of systems),EV ALUATION(of EC operations),(EC)STRATEGY,and STABILITY(of systems)(refer to Table6).

Japanese respondents perceive CUSTOMER(orientation)as the most critical success factor,followed by SPEED(of systems),PLENTY(of information),EASE(of use),and LOWPRICE(of Goods/ Services).SERVICES is rated as the least critical factor,followed by SECURITY(of systems), EV ALUATION(of EC operations),DELIVERY(of goods/services),and PAYMENT(Process).

1For the detailed discussion of each CSF,please refer to Table2.

In contrast to Korean and Japanese respondents,USA respondents evaluate PLENTY (of information)as the most critical success factor,followed by PRIV ACY (of information),CUSTOMER (orientation),SECURITY (of systems),and DELIVERY (of goods/services).STABILITY (of systems)is rated as the least critical factor,followed by EV ALUATION (of EC operations),SPEED (of systems),(EC)STRATEGY ,and (technical EC)EXPERTISE.

Korean,Japanese,and USA respondents all rate CUSTOMER (orientation)as very important and EASE (of Use)and V ARIETY (of Goods/Services)as well.Interestingly,Korean and Japanese respondents evaluate SPEED (of systems)as very critical while USA respondents rate otherwise.SECURITY (of systems)is rated very highly by USA respondents,but very low by Korean and Japanese respondents.

To further investigate whether there are statistically significant differences in recognizing CSFs among Korean,Japanese,and USA respondents,ANOV A (ANalysis Of V Ariance)was performed (refer to Table 7).ANOV A analysis indicates that respondents rate CSFs quite differently among three countries except PLENTY (of information),V ARIETY (of Goods/Services),EV ALUATION (of EC operations),LOWCOST (operation),(EC)STRATEGY ,and CUSTOMER (Orientation).Korean and Japanese respondents evaluate STABILITY (of systems)and SPEED (of systems)significantly higher than USA respondents.On the other hand,USA respondents rate PRIV ACY (of information),SECURITY (of systems),PLENTY (of information),and SERVICES significantly higher than Korean and Japanese respondents.

The above analysis shows that Korean and Japanese EC managers are more concerned about smooth and efficient operations while USA EC managers are more interested in ethical and legal issues of EC.This may be contributing to the fact that Korean and Japanese EC market is in the beginning stage and will face these ethical and legal issues in the near future.Also these gaps in evaluating CSFs may stem from differences in cultural background of the two nations.Koreans and Japanese are well known for

Table 5

Correlation analysis on critical success factors CSFs

Tobin’s q ROA Korea Japan USA Korea Japan USA PLENTY 0.5010***0.2951***0.09200.5231***0.2746***0.0661PAYMENT 0.4223***0.4971***0.2740***0.3922***0.5245***0.3192***V ARIETY 0.3998***0.3733***0.3988***0.3979***0.3317***0.3620***LOWPRICE 0.2182***0.1639**0.4296***0.1842***0.11360.3604***SERVICES 0.1800***0.1474**0.5138***0.2009***0.1421*0.5134***DELIVERY 0.1549**0.2597***0.1566*0.1361*0.3466***0.0958SECURITY 0.3826***0.3217***0.3420***0.4340***0.3660***0.3236***STABILITY 0.4719***0.4744***0.1756**0.4889***0.4767***0.1517*EV ALUATION 0.4035***0.4236***0.3507***0.3640***0.3592***0.3859***EXPERTISE 0.4785***0.4333***0.4997***0.4569***0.4337***0.5255***SPEED 0.4192***0.3162***0.4113***0.4156***0.3162***0.3499***PRIV ACY 0.3261***0.2914***0.1554*0.3034***0.2821***0.2344***LOWCOST 0.2861***0.2494***0.3019***0.3372***0.2986***0.2863***EASE

0.3142***0.1827**0.4992***0.3265***0.2321***0.5014***CUSTOMER 0.1741**0.10480.3802***0.2511***0.06670.3592***STRATEGY

0.3218***

0.3835***

0.3049***

0.3986***

0.3757***

0.3626***

*,**,and ***denote coefficients are statistically significant at a level of 0.10,0.05,and 0.01,respectively.

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T.K.Sung/Technological Forecasting&Social Change73(2006)1161–11771171 Table6

Rank order of CSFs among Korea,Japan,and USA

Rank Korea Japan USA

1DELIVERY 4.0663CUSTOMER 4.0800PLENTY 4.0620 2SPEED 3.6173SPEED 3.6188PRIV ACY 3.6423 3EASE 3.5595PLENTY 3.4925CUSTOMER 3.6326 4CUSTOMER 3.5459EASE 3.4482SECURITY 3.4988 5LOWPRICE 3.3810LOWPRICE 3.3572DELIVERY 3.3577 6V ARIETY 3.2449V ARIETY 3.2179V ARIETY 3.2409 7PAYMENT 3.1888EXPERTISE 3.2026EASE 3.2044 8EXPERTISE 3.1837STRATEGY 3.1948LOWPRICE 3.1727 9LOWCOST 3.1565LOWCOST 3.1320PAYMENT 3.1655 10PRIV ACY 3.1046PRIV ACY 3.0832LOWCOST 3.1004 11PLENTY 2.9473STABILITY 2.9754SERVICES 2.9854 12STABILITY 2.9311PAYMENT 2.9589EXPERTISE 2.9781 13STRATEGY 2.8699DELIVERY 2.8909STRATEGY 2.9343 14EV ALUATION 2.8087EV ALUATION 2.8131SPEED 2.8358 15SECURITY 2.7577SECURITY 2.7302EV ALUATION 2.7536 16SERVICES 2.4362SERVICES 2.4513STABILITY 2.5000 their collectivism,which dictates standardized products with uniform services.Also Koreans and Japanese would like to have fast services.These may be the reason why Korean and Japanese EC managers feel that SPEED(of systems)and DELIVERY(of goods and services)are more important than others.On the other hand,Americans emphasize individualism.They respect individual ability and personal taste.In this sense,it is not surprising to see that PRIV ACY(of information)and SECURITY (of systems)are more important.

To investigate the importance of each individual CSFs on firm performance,regression analysis was performed(Table8).The CSFs in total have very significant explanatory power for firm performance in Korea,Japan,and USA sample(over50%for all six analyses and statistically significant at the alpha level of0.05).There seems to be no differences in explanatory powers among three countries and due to firm performance measures.

In the analysis of Korean sample,SECURITY(of systems),PRIV ACY(of information), (technical EC)(technical EC)EXPERTISE,PLENTY(of information on goods/services),V ARIETY (of goods/services),EV ALUATION(of EC operations)are statistically significant in explaining firm performance measured by Tobin’s q.In terms of ROA,PLENTY(of information and goods/ services),SECURITY(of systems),V ARIETY(of goods/services),PRIV ACY(of information), (technical EC)EXPERTISE,and STABILITY(of the systems)are CSFs that contribute to firm performance.Whether Tobin’s q or ROA is used,SECURITY(of systems),PRIV ACY(of information),(technical EC)EXPERTISE,PLENTY(of information about goods/services),and V ARIETY(of goods/services)are the most explanatory CSFs on firm performance.This analysis can be interpreted to mean that customers would use EC if they felt comfortable about navigating EC for plenty of information about and a variety of goods/services without technical difficulty in a secure and private way(Table8).

In Japan,PAYMENT(process),SECURITY(of systems),DELIVERY(of goods/services), STABILITY(of the systems),EV ALUATION,(technical EC)EXPERTISE,and PRIV ACY(of information),and PRIVACY(of information)are statistically significant in explaining firm

Table 7

Analysis of variance on CSFs among Korea,Japan,and USA CSFs

Korea Japan USA F -statistics Probability PLENTY 2.9473 3.4925 4.0620116.970.0001PAYMENT 3.1888 2.9589 3.1655 1.090.2979V ARIETY 3.2449 3.2179 3.24090.010.9270LOWPRICE 3.3810 3.3572 3.17277.780.0055SERVICES 2.4362 2.4513 2.985445.170.0001DELIVERY 4.0663 2.8909 3.3577 5.520.0192SECURITY 2.7577 2.7302 3.498886.940.0001STABILITY 2.9311 2.9754 2.500026.410.0001EV ALUATION 2.8087 2.8131 2.75360.530.4674EXPERTISE 3.1837 3.2026 2.9781 6.570.0107SPEED 3.6173 3.6188 2.835892.520.0001PRIV ACY 3.1046 3.0832 3.642345.120.0001LOWCOST 3.1565 3.1320 3.10040.600.4395EASE

3.5595 3.4482 3.204411.540.0007CUSTOMER 3.5459

4.0800 3.6326 2.320.1282STRATEGY 2.8699 3.1949 2.93430.950.3293Tobin’s q 1.1227 1.0212 1.322887.160.0001ROA

20.0125

13.9118

15.0213

22.24

0.0001

Table 8

Regression analysis of CSFs on performance CSFs

Tobin’s q ROA Korea Japan USA Korea Japan USA PLENTY 0.0574**à0.04240.0237 1.0640**à0.74980.1638PAYMENT à0.02490.1055***à0.0047à0.1750 1.9612***0.2096V ARIETY 0.0427*0.0323à0.00350.6769*0.1409à0.0816LOWPRICE 0.00440.01190.0382à0.2123à0.0422à0.1117SERVICES 0.00160.00440.03170.11640.01630.6533DELIVERY 0.0083à0.0666**0.01140.0864à0.4207à0.1198SECURITY 0.0725***0.0772***à0.0228 1.4129*** 1.4793***à0.2029STABILITY 0.02400.0423*0.01790.5448*0.6830*0.2259EV ALUATION 0.0389*0.0547**0.0827***0.14860.2859 1.5205***EXPERTISE 0.0712***0.0838***0.0989***0.9979*** 1.2911*** 2.1312***SPEED 0.0285à0.01120.04230.4279à0.18090.2298PRIV ACY 0.0522**0.0450*0.00550.7042*0.69830.3950LOWCOST 0.01610.00150.04300.65940.51390.5867EASE

0.03550.00720.1096***0.51410.2272 1.8081***CUSTOMER 0.00610.0198à0.00010.34950.0459à0.2063STRATEGY à0.02580.0092à0.0643**à0.00620.3686à0.6711R -Square 51.01%50.36%54.89%52.75%50.96%55.72%F -Statistics 11.658.319.1312.498.519.44Pr b F

0.0001

*,**,and ***denote coefficients are statistically significant at a level of 0.10,0.05,and 0.01,respectively.

T.K.Sung /Technological Forecasting &Social Change 73(2006)1161–1177

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T.K.Sung/Technological Forecasting&Social Change73(2006)1161–11771173 performance measured by Tobin’s q.In terms of ROA,PAYMENT(process),SECURITY(of systems),DELIVERY(of goods/services),STABILITY(of the systems),EV ALUATION,and (technical EC)EXPERTISE are CSFs that contribute to firm performance.Whether Tobin’s q or ROA is used,PAYMENT(process),SECURITY(of systems),DELIVERY(of goods/services), STABILITY(of the systems),EV ALUATION,and(technical EC)EXPERTISE are the most explanatory CSFs on firm performance.

In USA sample,EV ALUATION(of EC operations),(technical EC)EXPERTISE,EASE(of use),and (EC)STRATEGY are statistically significant in explaining firm performance measured by Tobin’s q.In terms of ROA,EV ALUATION(of EC operations),(technical EC)EXPERTISE,and EASE(of use)are CSFs that contribute to firm performance.Whether Tobin’s q or ROA is used,EV ALUATION(of EC operations),(technical EC)EXPERTISE,and EASE(of use)are the most explanatory CSFs on firm https://www.wendangku.net/doc/684937687.html,A sample shows quite consistency in explaining contribution of CSFs on firm performance either measured by Tobin’s q or ROA.

Unlike simple rank comparison of CSFs,regression analysis shows that each country has different sets of CSFs that have strong explanatory power on firm performance.(Technical EC)EXPERTISE shows statistically significant explanatory power on firm performance in all three countries.PRIV ACY (of information),PLENTY(of information on goods/services),and V ARIETY(of goods/services)have strong explanatory power in Korea while PAYMENT(process),SECURITY(of systems),DELIVERY (of goods/services),and STABILITY(of the systems)in Japan and EV ALUATION(of EC operations) and EASE(of use)in USA show statistically significant explanatory power,respectively.

It is very surprising to see that most explanatory CSFs on firm performance in all countries are not included in the top5CSF list which was rated by EC managers.These ratings of CSFs are perceptional and relative since EC managers evaluate each CSF based on their prior experience. Thus,these individual judgments may not accurately reflect the objective contribution of CSF on firm performance.Also,this irony may contribute to the fact that firm performance is measured by ROA and Tobin’s q EC managers rate CSFs in terms of overall operation,not particularly paying attention to ROA or Tobin’s q.To EC managers,ROA or Tobin’s q may just be one aspect of firm performance.Thus,ROA or Tobin’s q may be a good surrogate measure for firm performance,but is not a perfect measure and this is reason why many academicians point out that more refined organizational performance measured is expected[47].

The strong correlation coefficients between CSFs and performance but low t-ratio’s of CSFs in the regression analysis may suggest that too many CSFs are being included in the study.In short,some CSFs are overlapped with other CSFs and may be eliminated.

There are number of negative correlation coefficients of some CSFs(e.g.,LOWPRICE,PAYMENT) in the regression analysis and it may be the results of multi-collinearity among some CSFs.Multi-collinearity appears when there exist strong relationships among independent variables in the regression analysis.This observation also supports the above argument that a number of CSFs may be reduced.

5.Summary and conclusions

The three main purposes of this paper are to(1)identify critical success factors(CSFs)for EC companies,(2)investigate explanatory power of these CSFs on firm performance,and(3)compare differences in CSFs and impact of CSFs on performance among Korea,Japan,and USA.

Through the literature review and interviews,a list of 16CSFs that consist of 111items was complied.Questionnaires were administered to EC managers at 235Korean EC companies,312Japanese companies,and 358USA EC companies in Texas.The final response rate was 83.40%(196questionnaires)for Korean sample,43.7%(148returns)for Japanese sample,and 38.27%(137questionnaires)for USA sample.

Korean,Japanese,and USA respondents all rate CUSTOMER (orientation)as very important and EASE (of Use)and V ARIETY (of Goods/Services)as well,and DELIVERY (of goods/services)in the top five of CSFs.Interestingly,Korean and Japanese respondents evaluate SPEED (of systems)as very critical while USA respondents rate otherwise.SECURITY (of systems)is rated very highly by USA respondents,but very low by Korean and Japanese respondents.Regression analysis shows that CSFs in total have very significant explanatory power for firm performance in Korea,Japan,and USA sample.There seems to be no differences in explanatory powers among three countries and due to firm performance measures.Each country has different sets of CSFs that have strong explanatory power on firm performance.(Technical EC)EXPERTISE shows statistically significant explanatory power on firm performance in all three countries.PRIV ACY (of information),PLENTY (of information on goods/services),and V ARIETY (of goods/services)have strong explanatory power in Korea while PAYMENT (process),SECURITY (of systems),DELIVERY (of goods/services),and STABILITY (of the systems)in Japan and EV ALUATION (of EC operations)and EASE (of use)in USA show statistically significant explanatory power,respectively.

This research has several limitations.First,the research setting is limited to metropolitan area of Seoul in Korea,Tokyo in Japan,and state of Texas in the USA.Also the sample sizes (N =196,148,and 137)may not be large enough to carefully examine all CSFs and their relationships with firm performance.Second,there may be more important CSFs that this study does not accommodate.Third,two firm performance measures (objective,marketing measure and traditional,accounting measure)may not adequately represent corporate performance.As Delone and McLean [47]point out,organizational level performance measures need to be refined.Fourth,this study does not consider different types of EC firms such as pure-play like Amazon or bricks-and-clicks like Barnes and Noble.This may have some serious impact on the revenue measures.Fifth,as described in Results and discussion,the strong correlation coefficients between CSFs and performance but low t -ratio’s as well as number of negative correlation coefficients of some CSFs in the regression analysis may suggest that there are some overlapped CSFs in the study.There are several directions in which this research can be extended.One is to replicate this research with a larger population setting including EC companies in other countries.The second is to comprehensively include more CSFs for further investigation and empirically and carefully validate CSFs.The third research direction concerns the dependent variable.More reliable and valid organizational level performance measures should be devised and empirically tested.Fourth is to attempt a comparative study of CFSs between EC firms and traditional off-line firms.This attempt may produce different sets of CSFs for on-line and off-line firms.

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T.K.Sung/Technological Forecasting&Social Change73(2006)1161–11771177 Tae Kyung Sung is a Professor of MIS at Kyonggi University,Korea.He received his PhD in MIS from the University of Texas at Austin in1988and his BBA from SungKyunKwan University.Currently Dr.Sung serves as Research Fellow of IC2 Institute,Director of e-Business Institute,and Editor-in-Chief for the Journal of MIS Research.Dr.Sung’s research interests include information systems strategy,planning,and management,fraud detection and prevention,data mining and applications, business innovation,and knowledge/technology/information sharing and transfer.

大学英语精读第一册课文翻译全

Unit1 课程开始之际，就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其时。 Some Strategies or Learning English 学习英语绝非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种。 1. 不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差？其实，责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑，必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习，有用的词汇必须牢记，而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2．密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过，为什么我们说我对英语感兴趣是I'm 湩整敲瑳摥椠?湅汧獩屨，而说我精于法语则是???潧摯愠?牆湥档？你可曾问过自己，为什么以英语为母语的人说获悉消息或秘密是汜慥湲琠敨渠睥?牯猠捥敲屴，而获悉某人的成功或到来却是汜慥湲漠?潳敭湯?环猠捵散獳漠?牡楲慶屬？这些都是惯用法的例子。在学习英语时，你不仅必须注意词义，还必须注意以英语为母语的人在日常生活中如何使用它。 3．每天听英语。经常听英语不仅会提高你的听力，而且有助你培养说的技能。除了专为课程准备的语言磁带外，你还可以听英语广播，看英语电视和英语电影。第一次听录好音的英语对话或语段，你也许不能听懂很多。先试着听懂大意，然后再反复地听。你会发现每次重复都会听懂更多的东西。 4．抓住机会说。的确，在学校里必须用英语进行交流的场合并不多，但你还是可以找到练习讲英语的机会。例如，跟你的同班同学进行交谈可能就是得到一些练习的一种轻松愉快的方式。还可以找校园里以英语为母语的人跟他们随意交谈。或许练习讲英语最容易的方式是高声朗读，因为这在任何时间，任何地方，不需要搭档就可以做到。例如，你可以看着图片18 / 1 或身边的物件，试着对它们详加描述。你还可以复述日常情景。在商店里购物或在餐馆里吃完饭付过账后，假装这一切都发生在一个讲英语的国家，试着用英语把它表演出来。 5．广泛阅读。广泛阅读很重要，因为在我们的学习环境中，阅读是最重要、最可靠的语言输入来源。在选择阅读材料时，要找你认为有趣的、不需要过多依赖词典就能看懂的东西。开始时每天读一页是个好办法。接下去，你就会发现你每天可以读更多页，而且能对付难度更高的材料。6．经常写。写作是练习你已经学会的东西的好方法。除了老师布置的作文，你还可以找到自己要写的理由。有个笔友可以提供很好的动力；与某个跟你趣味相投但来自不同文化的人进行交流，你会学到很多东西。经常写作的其他方式还有记日记，写小故事或概述每天的新闻。语言学习是一个积累的过程。从读和听中吸收尽量多的东西，然后再试着把学到的东西通过说和写加以运用，定会大有收益。 Unit2 弗朗西斯·奇切斯特在六十五岁时开始了只身环球航行。本文记述的就是这一冒险故事。 Sailing Round the Word 弗朗西斯·奇切斯特在独自驾船作环球航行之前，已有好几次让他的朋友们感到吃惊了。他曾试图作环球飞行，但没有成功。那是1931年。好多年过去了。他放弃了飞行，开始航海。他领略到航海的巨大乐趣。奇切斯特在首届横渡大西洋单人航海比赛中夺魁时，已经五十八岁。他周游世界的宿愿重又被唤起，不过这一次他是要驾船环游。由于他患有肺癌，朋友们和医生们都认为他不该去，但奇切斯特决意实施自己的计划。

新视野大学英语全部课文原文

Unit1 Americans believe no one stands still. If you are not moving ahead, you are falling behind. This attitude results in a nation of people committed to researching, experimenting and exploring. Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor. "We are slaves to nothing but the clock,” it has been said. Time is treated as if it were something almost real. We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it; we also charge for it. It is a precious resource. Many people have a rather acute sense of the shortness of each lifetime. Once the sands have run out of a person’s hourglass, they cannot be replaced. We want every minute to count. A foreigner’s first impression of the U.S. is li kely to be that everyone is in a rush -- often under pressure. City people always appear to be hurrying to get where they are going, restlessly seeking attention in a store, or elbowing others as they try to complete their shopping. Racing through daytime meals is part of the pace

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小学三年级日记100字小学三年级春节日记范文三篇篇一今天晚上最著名的就数春节欢晚会，当时钟才转到七点三十五时，我便迫不及待的打开电视，爬进被窝。终于开始了，听说今年的导演是冯小刚，风格肯定和往日不同，被人亲切的称为冯氏春晚。看到一半，瞌睡虫便朝我爬来。不过我却对一些节目流连忘返，冯巩的送礼最让我印象深刻，在笑声与开心的背后，却告诉人一个深刻的道理，也反应了社会的黑暗，与领导的清廉，当然最重要的还是孝顺，这毕竟是中国流传千年的文化。还有乐于助人的风气表演小品、各个名族舞蹈与歌曲、法中50周年纪念日(法中歌手合唱)、韩国帅哥和中国歌手合唱.......虽然我只看了一半，但我已被那千姿百态的节目吸引了。篇二为什么说春节是快乐的呢?这都是因为除夕那天晚上放烟花。除夕那天晚上我和爸爸去放烟花。我左手拿着冲天炮、右手拿着震天响、脖子夹着降财伞，和爸爸下了楼。

我先点燃了冲天炮，啪、啪、啪、啪、啪，这五响形成了一条龙和龙年快乐四个字，我大声喊道：“xx万岁!” 接着，我点燃了震天响，“轰”的一声巨响，把我吓的胆战心惊。我想：“这声音可能跟沉香救母时，劈开华山的声音一样大。” 然后我点燃降财伞，只听“嘭”的一声，一个带金元宝的降落伞掉到了我的头上。“哈哈，我变成小富翁了，耶!” 最后我回到家吃年夜饭，汤圆又香又甜，粘粘的，味道好极了，我最爱吃了! 我爱过春节，春节美好又快乐! 篇三今天吃晚饭之前，我跟妹妹和弟弟说：“吃饱饭以后放鞭炮吧，放那个窜花的!”妹妹和弟弟听了异口同声、兴高采烈地说：“好啊!好啊!”

吃饱饭以后，我就向爸爸借了个打火机，拿了个鞭炮就出去了。我一看说明：不能手持。妹妹和弟弟都犯浑了：不能手持那怎么放啊?我灵机一动：昨天晚上放了个冲天炮啊!把这个鞭炮插在那里面。好了，准备就绪!我说：“放!!!! 一放我们才明白：原来不是五颜六色的而是一个颜色的，不过也挺好看的! 以后我还要放鞭炮! 内容仅供参考

大学英语第一册课文翻译

新编大学英语（第二版）第一册阅读文参考译文 Unit One 以生命相赠 1 炸弹落在了这个小村庄里。在可怕的越南战争期间，谁也不知道这些炸弹要轰炸什么目标，而他们却落在了一所有传教士们办的小孤儿院内。 2 传教士和一两个孩子已经丧生，还有几个孩子受了伤，其中有一个小女孩，8岁左右，她的双腿被炸伤。 3 几小时后，医疗救援小组到了。救援小组由一名年轻的美国海军医生和一名同样年轻的海军护士组成。他们很快发现有个小女孩伤势严重。如果不立即采取行动，显然她就会因失血过多和休克而死亡。 4 他们明白必须给小女孩输血，但是他们的医药用品很有限，没有血浆，因此需要相配血型的血。快速的血型测定显示两名美国人的血型都不合适，而几个没有受伤的孤儿却有相配的血型。 5 这位医生会讲一点越南语，忽视会讲一点法语，但只有中学的法语水平。孩子们不会说英语，只会说一点法语。医生和护士用少得可怜的一点共同语言，结合大量的手势，努力向这些受惊吓的孩子们解释说，除非他们能输一些血给自己的小伙伴，否则她将必死无疑。接着问他们是否有人愿意献血来救小女孩。 6 对医生和护士的请求，孩子们（只是）瞪大眼睛，一声不吭。此时小病人生命垂危。然而，只有这些受惊吓的孩子中有人自愿献血，他们才能够得到血。过了好一会儿，一只小手慢慢地举了起来，然后垂了下去，一会儿又举了起来。 7 “噢，谢谢，”护士用法语说。“你叫什么名字？” 8 “兴，”小男孩回答道。 9 兴很快被抱到一张床上，手臂用酒精消毒后，针就扎了进去。在整个过程中，兴僵直地躺着，没有出声。 10 过了一会儿，他发出了一声长长的抽泣，但立即用那只可以活动的手捂住了自己的脸。 11 “兴，疼吗？”医生问。 12 兴默默地摇了摇头，但一会儿忍不住又抽泣起来，并又一次试图掩饰自己的哭声。医生又问是不是插在手臂上的针弄疼了他，兴又摇了摇头。

新视野大学英语第一册Unit 1课文翻译

新视野大学英语第一册Unit 1课文翻译学习外语是我一生中最艰苦也是最有意义的经历之一。虽然时常遭遇挫折，但却非常有价值。我学外语的经历始于初中的第一堂英语课。老师很慈祥耐心，时常表扬学生。由于这种积极的教学方法，我踊跃回答各种问题，从不怕答错。两年中，我的成绩一直名列前茅。到了高中后，我渴望继续学习英语。然而，高中时的经历与以前大不相同。以前，老师对所有的学生都很耐心，而新老师则总是惩罚答错的学生。每当有谁回答错了，她就会用长教鞭指着我们，上下挥舞大喊：“错！错！错！” 没有多久，我便不再渴望回答问题了。我不仅失去了回答问题的乐趣，而且根本就不想再用英语说半个字。好在这种情况没持续多久。到了大学，我了解到所有学生必须上英语课。与高中老师不同，大学英语老师非常耐心和蔼，而且从来不带教鞭！不过情况却远不尽如人意。由于班大，每堂课能轮到我回答的问题寥寥无几。上了几周课后，我还发现许多同学的英语说得比我要好得多。我开始产生一种畏惧感。虽然原因与高中时不同，但我却又一次不敢开口了。看来我的英语水平要永远停步不前了。直到几年后我有机会参加远程英语课程，情况才有所改善。这种课程的媒介是一台电脑、一条电话线和一个调制解调器。我很快配齐了必要的设备并跟一个朋友学会了电脑操作技术，于是我每周用5到7天在网上的虚拟课堂里学习英语。网上学习并不比普通的课堂学习容易。它需要花许多的时间，需要学习者专心自律，以跟上课程进度。我尽力达到课程的最低要求，并按时完成作业。我随时随地都在学习。不管去哪里，我都随身携带一本袖珍字典和笔记本，笔记本上记着我遇到的生词。我学习中出过许多错，有时是令人尴尬的错误。有时我会因挫折而哭泣，有时甚至想放弃。但我从未因别的同学英语说得比我快而感到畏惧，因为在电脑屏幕上作出回答之前，我可以根据自己的需要花时间去琢磨自己的想法。突然有一天我发现自己什么都懂了，更重要的是，我说起英语来灵活自如。尽管我还是常常出错，还有很多东西要学，但我已尝到了刻苦学习的甜头。学习外语对我来说是非常艰辛的经历，但它又无比珍贵。它不仅使我懂得了艰苦努力的意义，而且让我了解了不同的文化，让我以一种全新的思维去看待事物。学习一门外语最令人兴奋的收获是我能与更多的人交流。与人交谈是我最喜欢的一项活动，新的语言使我能与陌生人交往，参与他们的谈话，并建立新的难以忘怀的友谊。由于我已能说英语，别人讲英语时我不再茫然不解了。我能够参与其中，并结交朋友。

小学三年级日记200字范文

【篇三】小学三年级日记200字范文今天，妈妈去加班，我做完作业没什么可干，见家里的地板很脏，就拿起笤帚扫起了地。我先从阳台上扫起，从里到外，仔仔细细地把每一个角落都扫得干干净净。扫完地看时间还早，就趁着高兴找来拖把准备拖地。我学着妈妈的样子，先把拖把放入水中泡一会儿，洗净，使劲拧干，就认认真真地拖了起来。妈妈回到家，看到我的劳动成果，特别高兴，说：“以后你每做一件家务事，妈妈就给你一块钱，给你买学习用品。”我特别高兴，心想：通过自己的劳动得来的工资一定很特别，因为它们是用自己的汗水换来的，有一种特别的意义。现在，我的钱包里已经攒下了2元钱，虽然不是很多，但我却倍加珍惜，因为，那是我的第一份劳动收入。【篇四】小学三年级日记200字范文上午，我和老爸去上街，正好遇到了红灯，我们只好停了下来。这时，我看见一位老奶奶在路边卖老母鸡。她把鸡的两只脚紧紧的捆在一起摆在地上卖。突然，有一只鸡跳了起来，夸张的是它居然用绑着的那两只脚跳着跳过了马路。而老奶奶并没有察觉，看见大伙儿边说边笑，这才发现她的一只鸡已经跑了，她连忙起身过了马路去抓鸡了。我见了这一幕，我忍不住哈哈大笑起来。这鸡太厉害了，两条腿腿都被绑起来了，竟然还可以独脚跳着过马路。究竟是什么力量让它变得如此勇敢呢？我猜想它肯定是为了逃命。老奶奶为了追鸡跑的气喘吁吁，一定很生气，因为她想呀鸡脚都绑得紧紧，还差点让它给跑了。这一幕确实很搞笑，我想对鸡说：“我很同情你，但没有办法，因为你是一道美味的菜哦！【篇五】小学三年级日记200字范文包饺子是中国的传统饮食习俗，更是一种重要的文化习俗，无论在北方还是南方，我们都爱包饺子、更爱吃饺子，特别是在北方过春节的时候，那可少不了它啦！饺子馅香，皮儿韧，说起来好吃，做起可难啦，先说和面吧，先要将上好的精面反复的搓揉，直到很有韧性才行，再将它搓成一条条的圆柱状，再用刀把它搓成一小团一小团的，然后再拿擀面杖将它压成扁扁的，最后再在上面撒上一层干面粉，这样，皮儿就做成啦！再说说做馅儿的吧，做馅可以做猪肉馅、牛肉馅、羊肉馅、也可以做蟹肉馅，还可以做成素菜馅、豆腐馅等等，里面还可以夹上葱子、韭菜什么的，切得细细柔柔的馅儿被皮儿包起来，咬在嘴里不用说有多好吃呢！做好的饺子可以蒸、可以煮、还可以油炸，那可是好吃极啦！还有的人喜欢在过年的时候在一大堆饺子里挑一个出来，拿一枚硬币包进馅儿里去，如果有谁吃到了这一个特殊的饺子，那就表示这个人很幸运、很有福气，会有一年的好运气在等着他呢（她）！这时候，满桌子吃饺子的人都会惊喜地叫起来，过年的气氛就会更欢快、热闹啦！啊，饺子，饺子，中华民族的传统饮食，我们都爱吃你，美味的饺子！【篇六】小学三年级日记200字范文今天是大年三十，家家户户每个人的脸上都洋溢着喜庆。有的人忙着在贴春联，有的人忙着准备年夜饭，还有的人忙着挂大红灯笼…最热闹的就要数年三十的晚上。我们一家人吃完年夜饭，就开始着手准备放鞭炮，烟花。美丽的烟花在天空中绽放，好像对我说新年快乐。放完鞭炮，我就开始放孔明灯。孔明灯是在三国时期诸葛亮发明的，那时候诸葛亮用他来传递信息的。先打开塑料袋，把孔明灯小心翼翼的展开，不弄把它弄破，要不然就会漏气会让他飞不起来的，然后把一块蜡固定在孔明灯内部的铁丝上，接着再让老爸用打火机把蜡点燃，蜡是正方形的点火的时候把正方形的对角点燃，在蜡点燃的同时再让妈妈和爸爸小心翼翼的拎起孔明灯的上方两只角，把它拎在半空中，火一点点在燃烧，孔明灯渐渐的膨胀起来，然后手端起孔明灯下端的园环上，慢慢的抬高孔明灯，逐渐放开手，孔明灯就飞上天去了，孔明灯慢慢慢慢的飞向天空，飞向远空在黑夜中就像一颗小星星。对着孔明灯许下我的心愿：希望在新的一年家人健康幸福。

Azsbaby大学英语精读第一册课文翻译

七夕，古今诗人惯咏星月与悲情。吾生虽晚，世态炎凉却已看透矣。情也成空，且作“挥手袖底风”罢。是夜，窗外风雨如晦，吾独坐陋室，听一曲《尘缘》，合成诗韵一首，觉放诸古今，亦独有风韵也。乃书于纸上。毕而卧。凄然入梦。乙酉年七月初七。 -----啸之记。第一单元想知道怎样提高你的成绩而又不必花太多的时间去学习吗？听上去是不是好得令人难以置信呢？那就读读看吧…… 怎样改进你的学习习惯你也许是个智力一般的普通学生。你在学校的学习成绩还不错，可你也许会觉得自己永远也成不了优等生。然而实际情况未必如此。你要是想取得更好的分数，也还是能做到的。是的，即使中等智力水平的学生，在不增加学习负担的情况下，也能成为优等生。其诀窍如下： 1.仔细安排你的时间。把你每周要完成的任务一一列出来，然后制订一张时间表或时间分配图。先把用于吃饭、睡觉、开会、听课等这样一些非花不可的时间填上，然后再选定合适的固定时间用于学习。一定要留出足够的时间来完成正常的阅读和课外的作业。当然，学习不应把作息表上的空余时间全都占去。还得给休息、业余爱好和娱乐活动留出一定的时间，这一点很重要。这张作息表也许解决不了你所有的问题，但是它会使你比较清地了解你是怎样使用你的时间的。此外，这张表还能让你安排好各种活动，既有足够的时间工作，也有足够的时间娱乐。 2.寻找一个合适的地方学习。选定某个地方作为你的“学习区”。这可以是家里或者学校图书馆里的一张书桌或者一把椅子，但它应该是合适的，而且不该有干扰。在你开始学习时，你应能够全神贯注于你的功课。

3.阅读之前先略读。这就是说，在你仔细阅读一篇文章之前，先把它从头至尾迅速浏览一遍。在预习材料时，你就对它的内容及其结构有了大致的了解。随后在你正式开始阅读时，你就能辩认出不太重要的材料，并且可以略去某些章节不读。略读不仅使你的阅读速度提高一倍，还有助于提高你的理解能力。 4.充分利用课堂上的时间。上课时注意听讲意味着以后少花力气。要坐在能看得见、听得清的地方。要作笔记来帮助自己记住老师讲课的内容。 5.学习要有规律。课后要及早复习笔记。重温课堂上提到的要点，复习你仍然混淆不清的地方，阅读教科书上讲到这些内容的有关章节。如果你知道第二天老师要讲述的内容，那你就要把这部分材料先浏览一下。这样做有助于你听懂下一堂课。如果你定期复习笔记和课本，你就能更深刻地领会这些材料的内容，你的记忆也会保持得更长久。定期复习是提高考试成绩的有效途径。 6.树立正确的考试态度。考试的目的在于显示你掌握某一科目的程度。一次考试不及格，天是不会塌下来的。因此，不必为个别的一次考试而过分担心。不错，考试是要评定分数的，但考试也让你知道自己在哪方面还需要进一步下功夫钻研，另外，考试还有助于你进一步巩固所学到的新知识。还有另外一些能帮助你提高学习效果的方法，这里只提到寥寥几种。你尝试过这几种方法之后，或许还会发现许多别的方法。跟同学们一起聊聊他们的学习方法，让他们分享你所发现的某些行之有效的学习方法。改进学习习惯一定会提高你的学习成绩。第二单元 65岁的弗朗西斯·奇切斯特打算单独进行一次环球航行，这就是那次冒险的故事。环球航行弗朗西斯·奇切斯特在独自驾船环球航行之前，已有好几次让他的朋友们感到吃惊了。他曾试图作环球飞行，但没有成功。那是在1931年。好多年过去了，他放弃了飞行，开始航海。他领略到航海的巨大乐趣。奇切斯特在首届横渡大西洋单人航海比赛中夺魁时，已经58岁。他周游世界的宿