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英语故事

Ludwig van Beethoven (1)

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Ludwig van Beethoven (1)Musicologists usually break up the great Ludwig van Beethoven’s career into three periods: early, middle, and late. But to add a touch more flavor, you could call them the “I’m young and getting my feet wet” period, followed by the “Since I’m going deaf, I’m gonna get wacky and break some rules”period, and finally the glorious, isolated-by-deafness, “There are no external influences, all resources come from within” period.

Life

Ludwig van Beethoven was born on December 16, 1770 in Bonn, Germany, and baptized on December 17. Interestingly enough, till his 40th year Beethoven suffered from what is famous as his “birth-year delusion”—he claimed to have been born in 1772.

Family Antecedents

Bonn was the seat of the Archbishop Elector of Cologne in the 18th century. Beethoven’s musically talented grandfather, Ludwig van Beethoven (Senior), had come from Flanders to settle in Bonn on the invitation of the Elector. He worked in the Elector’s choir, first as a baritone singer and then as Kapellmeister (band leader). He married a Bonn girl, Marie Poll. Of the several children they had, only one—Johann —survived.

Beethoven’s father, Johann van Beethoven, also took to music but his abilities were mediocre. He managed to become a tenor singer in the Electoral Choir due to the influence of Ludwig Senior. He married Maria Magdalena Keverich Laym, daughter of the chief cook at the Court of the Elector of Treves, Ehrenbreitstein. They had seven children of whom only three survived—Ludwig, Caspar Karl and Nikolaus Johann. The Beethoven family lived in the poorer part of Bonn. The rough-hewn rebellious streak in Beethoven was the result of this early influence.

Education

Beethoven had little formal education. He studied at the Tirocinium for four years and had to drop out at the age of 11. He managed to get a smattering of Latin and French, but he could never spell correctly in any language. He was later exposed to a few good books, ranging from Walter Scott’s novels to Persian poetry.

Early Musical Training

Beethoven’s training in music started when he was just four to five years old. His father wanted to make a child prodigy of his son like Mozart. He forced young Beethoven to practise on the piano for long hours, so much so that Beethoven would start crying. But over a period of time, Beethoven developed a taste for music. Johann was confident enough of his eight-year old son’s talent to display him in a public concert on March 26, 1778. The success of this concert encouraged him to arrange music lessons for the child with other teachers.

The first tutor Beethoven had was Van den Eeden, a court organist too old to be of any help to him. The young Beethoven got to practise the organ everyday by playing for the morning mass in the churches of Bonn. His next tutor was Tobias

Friedrich Pfieffer, a skilled pianist. Pfieffer and Johann would come late at night, totally drunk, and drag the poor little boy from bed to the piano. Beethoven found a better teacher in his maternal uncle Franz Rovantini who was the court violinist. But this came to an abrupt end with his death in 1781.

Court Apprenticeship

In late 1781, Beethoven became an apprentice of Christian Gottlob Neefe, the new court organist. Neefe trained Beethoven in playing the organ and the piano. He recognized his apprentice’s genius and made him his assistant as court organist in 1782. Neefe helped Beethoven publish his first composition Variations on a March by Dressler in 1783.

In 1784, Maximilian Francis became the new Archbishop Elector of Cologne. He was a man of culture deeply interested in music. He transformed Bonn into a culturally vibrant city and invited several opera companies to Bonn. This is how Beethoven became familiar with the works of such composers as Gluck and Salieri. The court now had an orchestra of 31 pieces. Beethoven was appointed to play the viola at the age of 14 and was later made the deputy court organist. He was paid a salary

of 150 gulden a year.

Meeting Mozart

Beethoven’s blossoming talent brought him recognition, and in 1787, the Elector allowed him to go to Vienna to study musical composition under Mozart. Beethoven impressed Mozart with his inventiveness but the lessons did not last long. Mozart’s father had died and Beethoven himself had to rush back to Bonn where his mother was on her deathbed. His mother died of tuberculosis on July 17, and this caused untold grief to Beethoven.

The grief of losing his wife and the progressive deterioration of his voice made Johann turn to alcohol even more. Incidentally, Beethoven’s grandfather and grandmother were also heavy drinkers, and he too acquired this addiction later in life. Beethoven had to take up the responsibility of the family and supplement his income by giving piano lessons to Eleonore and Lorenz, children of the deceased chancellor Joseph von Breuning. Intimate contact with this cultured family made him more refined.

Through the Breuning family, Beethoven got several offers from wealthy families to teach music. Here he also came

in contact with Count Ferdinand von Waldstein, a music lover. He used to gift money to Beethoven and told him that the gifts were from the Elector. Seeing the plight of the Beethoven family, he used his influence to get Beethoven’s father superannuated and half his pension paid directly to Beethoven.

When the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II died in 1790, Waldstein asked Beethoven to compose the funeral ode. The performance had to be cancelled because the musicians found some of the passages too difficult to play. Beethoven also added a piece in honor of Leopold II who became the new emperor. He later dedicated his Piano Sonata No.21 in C Major, Opus 53, to Waldstein and named it after him.

Meeting Haydn

Franz Joseph Haydn, the greatest Viennese composer of the time stopped at Bonn on his way back from a successful trip to London in 1790. Beethoven met Haydn and presented a recently composed cantata. Haydn was suitably impressed and he offered to take him in as his student. The Elector permitted Beethoven to go to Vienna to study under Haydn and agreed to keep him on his payroll. Beethoven left for Vienna on November 1792. Napoleon’s army occupied Bonn soon after, and Beethoven never

returned to the place of his birth.

Musical Training in Vienna

Beethoven arrived in Vienna as a promising young man of 22. He was short, stocky and dark-complexioned. He had an unattractive pockmarked face with a broad and flat nose, and deep-set eyes. His only weapon to conquer the new city, which had very high standards so far as music was concerned, was his musical talent. But the very next month his father died of dropsy of the heart. The Elector not only agreed to continue his share of the father’s pension, he even doubled it. He also granted three measures of grain for the education of his brothers who had moved in with him.

Haydn started teaching Beethoven for a nominal fee. Soon Beethoven started deviating from the orthodox rules of composition as he found the accepted techniques inadequate. Haydn found these innovations unacceptable. Beethoven felt he didn’t have much to learn from Haydn, and therefore quit in 1793. He next went to the organist of St. Stephen’s Cathedral, Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, to learn counterpoint. These lessons helped him to develop a comprehensive technique. Beethoven’s next teacher was Antonio Salieri, the director

of the Vienna Opera. He trained Beethoven in vocal composition. Beethoven’s rebellious attitude towards formal musical theory was something that all his teachers found difficult to handle. A series of concerts in 1795 marked the end of Beethoven’s formal training in music.

The First Phase, 1792–1802

Most of the compositions of Beethoven in the first phase consist is of chamber music, based especially on the piano. Though he attempted to break away from the conventions, the influence of Haydn and Mozart is clearly seen in these early pieces. He always succeeded in surprising the audience by bringing in unexpected elements through techniques derived from improvisation.

Beethoven’s first public performance was held at the Burgtheater on March 29 and 30, 1795 for the benefit of the widows of the Society of Tone Artists. At this first public appearance as a pianist in Vienna, he played his Opus 19, Piano Concerto No.2. He played the piano in a concert organized by Konstantine Mozart. He also wrote some of the dances for the ball of the Society of Fine Artists held on November 22. Beethoven played his own piano concerto at a grand musical

concert given by Haydn at the Redoutensaal. Beethoven published his Opus 1, Three Trios for Piano, Violin and Cello on October 17, 1795. The world of music had discovered someone to carry on the legacy of Mozart.

The occupation of Bonn by the French Revolutionary forces had resulted in the discontinuance of the financial aid to Beethoven. Beethoven had become famous as a pianist and he came to be regarded highly for his improvisations. He found two patrons in Vienna. Prince Karl Lichnowsky invited him regularly for his Friday musicals and provided him with free boarding and lodging for sometime. Later in 1799, Beethoven dedicated his Opus 13, Piano Sonata No.8 “Pathétique”to him. He had a more enthusiastic patron in Prince Lobkowitz, himself a great violinist. In spite of quarrels, their relationship lasted lifelong.

Beethoven went on concert tours to Berlin and Prague during the next three years. His plans for further tours had to be cancelled when Napoleon’s army neared Vienna in 1797. Beethoven contributed to the war effort by composing music for a war song Ein grosses deutsches Volk sind wir. The French army overran Vienna. But since Beethoven had Republican sympathies, he admired Napoleon. He had no qualms about attending the

French ambassador General Bernadotte’s receptions. Beethoven presented his two major piano concerti, the Septet and the First Symphony in 1800, and the Moonlight Sonata in 1801.

Deafness: Heiligenstadt Testament

Beethoven began realizing even before 1800 that he was gradually becoming deaf. For a musician there could not be a greater calamity. He couldn’t muster enough strength to disclose this to the public. He became very irritable and stopped going to social functions. He first revealed his affliction to his close friends Franz Gerhard Wegeler and Carl Amanda in 1801. But Beethoven had not given up hope. He went to Heiligenstadt, a small village near Gottingen, whose sulfur baths were believed to have medicinal properties. One day he saw a shepherd playing a pipe but he could not hear anything. It was then that the severity and finality of his disorder struck him. He realized that he could hear only the louder sounds of an orchestra. On October 6, 1802, he wrote the Heiligenstadt Testament.

Beethoven addressed the Heiligenstadt Testament to his brothers “to be read and executed after his death”. But he never sent it to them, and it was discovered among his papers

only after his death. The document shows how much he suffered in silence on knowing of the irreversible and progressive nature of his deafness. The loss of hearing implied he would neither be able to enjoy music nor revel in simple human company. The testament shows the strength of character of the man who faced the grim reality.

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篇一：励志小故事(中英文对照) 2上帝那里没有现成的果实 三个人千辛万苦找到了上帝，请求他给予帮助。上帝问他们各需要什么。第一个人说他要一座大宅院；第二个人说，他要一个农庄；第三个人说他要一块大金条。上帝说他可以满足他们的需要。于是上帝给了第一个人一堆砖头，给了第二个人一把种子，给了第三个人一把沙子。 no ready-made fruit in god’s hand three guys finally got the god through trials and errors. they were eager to ask god for help. right after the god asked what they want, the first man claim a big courtyard, the second a farmstead, and the third a bar of gold. god promised them. at last, the first man was given a pile of bricks, the second a bag of seed and the third a mass of sand. 3虫子的压力 有这么一种虫子，它的体长还不到一毫米，也许因为在电子显微镜下看起来像一头黑熊，所以人们叫它雄虫。它主要生活在淡水的沉渣，潮湿土壤以及苔藓植物的水膜中。最近日本冈山大学物理学家小野文久发现了一个惊人的现象：当20只小熊虫被放入密封的容器内，在实验室制造的7.5万个大气压下，20只熊虫只有两只死亡，其余的18只安然无恙。7.5万个大气压！它相当于每平方豪米要承受700多千克重物的压力，它足以上淀粉瞬间变性，生米顷刻为熟饭。自然条件下，地球上也只有180千米的地幔深处才拥有如此大的压力。 至今没有人能弄清楚熊虫为何如此能忍。不只是出于对这种超强生命力的尊重还是怀疑，有人叫它地狱之虫。一个长度不超过1毫米的微不足道的虫子，能承受命运给他如此的压力，相比较而言，我们这些自称是高级动物，智慧生命，万物之灵的人呢？在人的现实生活中，有多少小小的心结，小小的压力构成我们所谓的生存压力。在这样的压力下又有多少悲观失落之人将美好的人生称作地狱？现在一比才觉得，其实我们的压力就好比是真空，我饿美女的地狱就是天堂中的天堂。在那一刻，我在心里默默地鞠了一躬，不是为熊虫，而是感谢造物主没有把这样的压力降在人间。 worm’s pressure this is a worm whose body is no less than one millimeter. it is called 熊虫(xc) perhaps for the reason that it looks like a black bear under the microscop. the xc usually habited in the slurry of fresh water, wet soil and the 水膜 of moss plants. recently, there was an amazing news discovered by 日本冈山大学物理学家小野文久: when 20 little xc were placed in a sealed container under the 7.5 万个大气压 making in experiment condition, there were only two died and the other 18 have no trouble at all. 7.5 万个大气压, equal to over 700 kilogram stress per square meter, which is powerful enough to它足以上淀粉瞬间变性 and the rice ready to eat. in natural condition, this pressure can only be found in the 地幔 beneath the earth 180 kilogram. 9.豪华大厦意味着衰落 珀金森的―办公大楼法则‖是：某个组织的办公大楼设计得越完美，装饰得越豪华，该组织离解题的时间越进。 他发现，有许多生意兴隆的公司影响巨大的组织都设在不起眼的地方，住在简陋的房屋里，一旦搬进豪华的大厦，便转到衰退的轨道。例如，圣彼得教堂、罗马教堂、梵蒂冈教堂等宗教组织，就是在极盛时期开始修建这些教堂，宗教组织的实力就开始走下坡路了。国际联盟大厦、凡尔赛宫、白金汉宫、英国殖民部办工大楼等政治组织的大楼，都是在落成典礼之后，组织权势便发生大幅度的下降，甚至带来了厄运。

英语小故事演讲稿

英语故事 jack is a young boy. he lives with his mother. they live in a small house. the family is poor. their cow, betsy, gives them milk. 杰克是一个年轻小伙子，他与妈妈相依为命。两人同住在一 间小屋子里，家里很穷。他们养了一只母牛，名叫贝琪，这 只牛供给他们牛奶喝。 one day, betsy has no milk. jack and his mother are hungry. jack, we need money, says his mother. take betsy to the market and sell her. 有一天，贝琪没有奶水了。杰克和妈妈肚子饿 坏了。 "杰克，我们需要钱。"妈妈说。"把贝琪带到市场去卖了吧。" jack isnt happy because he likes betsy. sadly, he walks her to the market. a man is standing on the road. he wants betsy. he has five beans in his hand. he shows them to jack. these beans are special. they can grow very high, he says. do you want them? 杰克很不开心，因为他喜欢贝琪。他难过地带着贝琪走到市场。一名男子站在路上，他 想要贝琪。他手中有五颗豆子，便把这些豆子拿给杰克看。 "这些豆子可是很特别的哟，它们会长得很高，"他说。"你想要吗？" jack likes the beans, so he gives betsy to the man. at home, his mother sees the beans. she is very angry. jack, we need money! she says. what can we buy with beans? 杰克很喜欢这些豆子，于是就把贝琪给了这个 男子。回到家，妈妈看到这些豆子非常生气。 "杰克，我们需要的是钱！"她说。"我们能用豆子买什么东西呢？" jack goes to bed. he is very sad. his mother throws the beans out the window. soon, a beanstalk is growing. it grows and grows and grows and grows! now, it is in the sky! 杰克伤心地睡觉去了。他的妈妈把豆子丢到窗外。 很快地，一株豆茎长出来。它长呀长的，现在已经 长到天上去了！ jack wakes up early. he sees the beanstalk. where does it go? jack goes up the beanstalk. he goes up and up and up. finally, he is at the top. 杰克很早就醒了，他看见了豆茎。这株豆茎会通往哪里去呢？杰克沿着豆茎爬上去。他

英文励志 小故事

A young man asked Socrates the secret to success. Socrates told the young man to meet him near the river the next morning. They met. Socrates asked the young man to walk with him toward the river. When the water got up to their neck, Socrates took the young man by surprise and ducked(vt. 将……猛按入水) him into the water. The boy struggled to get out but Socrates was strong and kept him there until the boy started turning blue. Socrates pulled his head out of the water and the first thing the young man did was to gasp(vi.喘息) and take a deep breath of air. Socrates asked, “What did you want the most when you were there?” The boy replied, “Air.”Socrates said, “That is the secret to success. When you want success as badly as you wanted the air, then you will get it.There is no other secret.” 一个年轻人向苏格拉底询问成功的秘诀，苏格拉底让年轻人第二天早晨到河边见他。他们见面后，苏格拉底叫年轻人和他一起走向河里，当河水淹至他们的脖子时，苏格拉底出其不意地抓住年轻人并把其压入水中，那人想要挣出水面，而强壮有力的苏格拉底将他摁在水中直到他变得无力抗争，脸色发青。苏格拉底将他的头拖出水面，这个年轻人所做的第一件事就是大口喘息后，深吸一口气。苏格拉底问：“当你闷在水里的时候你最想要的是什么？”年轻人回答说：“空气。”苏格拉底说：“那就是成功的秘诀。当你像渴望空气一样渴望成功， 你就能够获得它！没有其他的秘密了。”

少儿英语小故事一分钟：十二生肖的故事

少儿英语小故事一分钟：十二生肖的故事 Do you know what you are? There is a small white rabbit, there is a big tiger... No, how is a rat, not a cat? There is a story here. Long long ago, one day, people said: “we want to choose twelve kinds of animals as people’s zodiac, a year of animal.” How many animals are there in the world? How to choose the law? So, set a good day, this day, the animals to register, the first choice to the twelve animals for the twelve zodiac. Cats and mice are neighbors and good friends. They all w ant to sign up. The cat said: “we have to get up early in the morning to sign up, but I love to sleep, how to do?” The mouse said: “don’t worry, don’t worry, you sleep in spite of your sleep, I wake up, call you get up. Let’s go together.” The cat was very happy, said: “you are my good friend, thank you.” On the morning of the day, the mouse woke up, but it was light. Friend cat thing to forget. I went to sign up for myself. The rat was chosen. Cats? Because the cat to sleep late, get up too late, as it arrived, twelve kinds of animal has been selected. The cat had not been chosen, and it was a rat. After this, the cat saw the mouse to eat it, the rat had to run all the way. Now or so. 你知道自己属什么吗？有属小白兔的，有属大老虎的...有属猫的吗？没有，怎么有属老鼠的，没有属猫的呢？这里有个故事。 很久很久以前，有一天，人们说：“我们要选十二种动物作为人的生肖，一年一种动物。”天下的动物有多少呀？怎么个选法呢？这样吧，定好一个日子，这一天，动物们来报名，就选先到的十二种动物为十二生肖。猫和老鼠是邻居，又是好朋友，它们都想去报名。猫说：“咱们得一早起来去报名，可是我爱睡懒觉，怎么办呢？”老鼠说：“别着急，别着急，你尽管睡你的大觉，我一醒来，就去叫你，咱们一块儿去。”猫听了很高兴，说：“你真是我的好朋友，谢谢你了。”

英语故事4分钟演讲稿.doc

英语故事4分钟演讲稿 编制：______________ 版本：______________ 修订：______________ 日期：______________

篇一 in order to protect our environment from being polluted, i will do some publicity with my classmates to explain the harmfulneof pollution.through this people will be able to realize the serious pollution human beings have made to the nature and realize the importance of a clean environment. in future they will reduce pollution in their daily life. harmony with the environment is that we live in on earth, who is a natural son, and not only to natural persons as the conqueror, as we all know, there is only one earth and the mountains on earth, the animals. plant human cells, if it damaged, destroyed nature organizations, to the eradication of mankind. therefore, the environment must be linked with social ethics, character education and practice acts as an important element of it. everyone must fulfil its responsibilities and obligations to protect the environment. environmental problems are becoming more and more serious all over the world. for example, cars have made the air unhealthy for people to breathe and poisonous gas is given off by factories. trees on the hills have been cut down and waste water is being poured continuously into rivers.furthermore, wherever we go today, we can find rubbish carelessly disposed. pollution is, in fact, threatening our existence. the earth is our home and we have the duty to take care of it for ourselves and for our later generations. fortunately, more and more people have realized these problems. measures have been taken to cope with

小学生英语励志小故事

小学生英语励志小故事 很多小学生都会有找一些英语励志小故事来看的习惯，那么小学生英语励志小故事都有哪些呢?一起来看看吧。 The bat, the birds,and the beasts There was a big fight between the birds and the beasts. The bat did not join in the fight. Some birds said to the bat, "Come with us." But he replied, "I am a beast." Later on, some beasts said to him, "Come with us." But he replied, "I am a bird." At last the fighting ended peacefully. The bat first went to the birds, and wanted to join in the celebration, but they all turned against him. He then went to the beasts, but was also driven away. 蝙蝠、鸟和野兽

鸟与野兽宣战，蝙蝠没有参战。 鸟对蝙蝠说：“加入我们吧。”蝙蝠回答说：“我是野兽。” 后来，一些野兽对蝙蝠说：“加入我们吧。”但是蝙蝠回答说：“我是鸟。” 当鸟和野兽宣告停战和平时，交战双方明白了蝙蝠的欺骗行为。 蝙蝠来到鸟类当中，他们都敌视他，蝙蝠去野兽那里，也被赶走。 寓意: 两面三刀的人，最终不会有好的下场。 Hercules and Pallas When Hercules was walking in the forest, he saw a ball lying on the ground. He kicked it because it blocked his way. To his surprise, the ball did not roll away, but grew much bigger than before. So he kicked it again much harder.

一分钟英语小故事带翻译-愚蠢的蜻蜓

一分钟英语小故事带翻译-愚蠢的蜻蜓 A small river has two small puddles, the two small puddle inside, a lived a dragonfly eggs, another lived a frog eggs. Over time, these two eggs have grown, the frog's egg becomes a small tadpoles, while the dragonfly's eggs become a dragonfly larvae. Dragonfly larvae, eyeing the tadpole, and tadpoles are afraid of it, dragonfly larvae hate immediately jump to where the tadpoles in a puddle, and with their bayonets in the belly of the tadpole mercilessly a knife and digest it. However, although the two pools close to it, but not together. The dragonfly's larva thought： wait, one day, I will do it! Time to make a hurried journey without stop run forward, the dragonfly larvae become dragonflies, tadpoles become frogs. Dragonfly moment did not stop to devour the desire of the tadpole. Now, the time is ripe, he could fly and dragonflies eagerly flew to the above where the frog pool, want to eat it, but the dragonfly never thought, was so afraid of their own small tadpoles turned into a big frog! And he spat out his tongue, and bound himself with his tongue, and then he went back to his mouth with his tongue.

励志小故事(中英文对照)

2上帝那里没有现成的果实 三个人千辛万苦找到了上帝，请求他给予帮助。上帝问他们各需要什么。第一个人说他要一座大宅院；第二个人说，他要一个农庄；第三个人说他要一块大金条。上帝说他可以满足他们的需要。于是上帝给了第一个人一堆砖头，给了第二个人一把种子，给了第三个人一把沙子。 No Ready-made Fruit in God’s Hand Three guys finally got the God through trials and errors. They were eager to ask God for help. Right after the God asked what they want, the first man claim a big courtyard, the second a farmstead, and the third a bar of gold. God promised them. At last, the first man was given a pile of bricks, the second a bag of seed and the third a mass of sand. 3虫子的压力 有这么一种虫子，它的体长还不到一毫米，也许因为在电子显微镜下看起来像一头黑熊，所以人们叫它雄虫。它主要生活在淡水的沉渣，潮湿土壤以及苔藓植物的水膜中。最近日本冈山大学物理学家小野文久发现了一个惊人的现象：当20只小熊虫被放入密封的容器内，在实验室制造的7.5万个大气压下，20只熊虫只有两只死亡，其余的18只安然无恙。7.5万个大气压！它相当于每平方豪米要承受700多千克重物的压力，它足以上淀粉瞬间变性，生米顷刻为熟饭。自然条件下，地球上也只有180千米的地幔深处才拥有如此大的压力。 至今没有人能弄清楚熊虫为何如此能忍。不只是出于对这种超强生命力的尊重还是怀疑，有人叫它地狱之虫。一个长度不超过1毫米的微不足道的虫子，能承受命运给他如此的压力，相比较而言，我们这些自称是高级动物，智慧生命，万物之灵的人呢？在人的现实生活中，有多少小小的心结，小小的压力构成我们所谓的生存压力。在这样的压力下又有多少悲观失落之人将美好的人生称作地狱？现在一比才觉得，其实我们的压力就好比是真空，我饿美女的地狱就是天堂中的天堂。在那一刻，我在心里默默地鞠了一躬，不是为熊虫，而是感谢造物主没有把这样的压力降在人间。 W orm’s Pressure This is a worm whose body is no less than one millimeter. It is called 熊虫(XC) perhaps for the reason that it looks like a black bear under the microscop. The XC usually habited in the slurry of fresh water, wet soil and the 水膜of moss plants. Recently, there was an amazing news discovered by 日本冈山大学物理学家小野文久: when 20 little XC were placed in a sealed container under the 7.5 万个大气压making in experiment condition, there were only two died and the other 18 have no trouble at all. 7.5 万个大气压, equal to over 700 kilogram stress per square meter, which is powerful enough to它足以上淀粉瞬间变性and the rice ready to eat. In natural condition, this pressure can only be found in the 地幔beneath the earth 180 kilogram. Till now, nobody have an idea about the tolerance of XC. Someone also call it worm of hell out of admiration or suspicion. A worm, with its length less than one