文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › A Little Book of Language书评

A Little Book of Language书评

A Little Book of Language书评
A Little Book of Language书评

《语言的简史》评述

David Crystal 著

1.引言

David Crystal是出生在北爱尔兰的英国著名语言学家和学者,早年曾跟随Randolph Quirk进行过关于英语应用调查的研究,至今其研究和著作主要涉及语调、文体学、应用语言学、儿童语言和教学、词汇学等领域;值得一提的是,他最出名的著作是由剑桥大学出版社出版的剑桥语言百科全书和剑桥英语语言百科全书。

《语言的简史》(A Little Book of Language)是David Crystal于2010年出版的一本语言学著作,由于其文笔深入浅出、通俗易懂而深受各国读者喜爱,至今已被翻译成希腊语、葡萄牙语等多国语言,大大有助于更多语言爱好者认识和理解学习预言。其书中许多东西值得学习,让读者受益匪浅。

2.内容简介

本书可以分为三个部分,共40章。下文将简要介绍各部分内容,并对本书做一个简评。

2.1 儿童语言习得的过程

第一部分包括第1——9章。

第1章.儿语。第1章从儿语开始写起,指出了母亲与婴儿对话的方式特点,并举例说明了为何会有此特点。婴儿从母亲独特的说话方式中获得兴趣,这对语言习得尤为重要,虽然这个阶段的婴儿还不能说话并且掌握语言。

第2章,从喊叫到话语。最初的婴儿只会喊叫,但饥饿和疼痛引发的叫声有所不同,另外婴儿也会通过笑来表达满足——这些反应,全世界的婴儿表现大体相同。但是一年后,不同国家的婴儿表达饥饿、疼痛、满意的声音就有了语言上的不同。本章以三个月为一个考察单位,观察英法中三国的婴儿发声的相同和不同,并分析婴儿习得语言的先后顺序(先是节奏,然后是语调)。

第3章,学习理解。本章分析了婴儿的学习步骤,由看到听,学习如同呼吸一样自然,不久就会掌握一定的词汇量,并通过作者儿子的具体例子进行说明。

第4章,产生振动。前面的章节提到,婴儿可以理解他经常听到的词或句子,但对他来说,熟练运用发声器官去发音,却要经过一番练习。气流从肺部开始往上,经过气管、咽喉,到达声带,根据需要使声带振动或不振动。振动影响到音高、音色,因而我们的耳朵可以分辨不同声音的区别。

第5章,发出声音。本章运用浊辅音【d】和清辅音【t】的例子来说明相同发音部位,振动和不振动发音的区别,同时指出要发好这些音需要很多练习,另外多个辅音连在一起使用和鼻音【n】【m】的发音尤其需要练习。

第6章,发现语法。只是单个的语音不表达意义,但将多个音按一定顺序发出便产生意义。通过这一点,小孩可以在18个月大的时候,已经掌握大约50个词并可以简单运用一些语言了。此时,小孩说话的时候可以连词成句,这也是他们开始发现语法的时候,以后随着年龄的增长,他们所掌握的语法也渐渐的由简单到复杂。

第7章,进行对话。小孩5岁大的时候,已经掌握他们母语里所有的发音、上百种语法和上千个词,可以进行一场对话了,但是他们应当遵循谈话基本原则——按次序说话,即听——说——听——说——听。对话过程中,小孩不得不学着去有礼貌地与人对话,认真去听,进行反馈,并理解说话者的意思。

第8章,学习读写。小孩从很小就接触到语言的书写形式并且潜移默化中进行着阅读练习,尽管存在许多阅读困难(如字母和发音不完全对应、书写形式和发音不完全对应、字

母大小写、字母印刷体千差万别),但是大多小孩几年间就可以学会阅读,并明白音节顺序和逐个读出字母的技巧。许多小孩在学前就能进行简单读写练习,但大多数小孩在上学后学会读写。

第9章,掌握拼写。一般来说,语言习得的过程到第8章就应该完成了,但是由于文中所述,即使是一个对母语掌握很好的阅读者,拼写也显得尤为困难,拼写过程比较复杂并且容易出错,况且拼写不仅是评判人的部分标准,还对网络实用影响重大,所以将它归入语言习得部分,以显示其对语言的重要意义。本章之处标准拼写发展的原因——便于不同人之间书写形式的相互理解和书面交流,并引述英语发展史来说明英语拼写的复杂性。但尽管英语拼写不易掌握,但因为标准拼写形式的存在,英语依旧具有世界通用性和古今通用性。2.2 语内、语际和历时、共时语言现象

第二部分包括第10——31章。

第10章,拼写规则和变化。本章从共时性和历时性两方面说明英语拼写的不同和变化,其中共时性主要对比英国英语和美国英语的拼写不同,历时性列举了Samuel Johnson对拼写的整理和印刷、出版商对拼写的影响,继而又引到标点符号的用法和意义,并就西班牙语和英语标点的不同做出比较,还举出网站名称的例子说明即使在英语中新的规则也会随标点系统的发展而出现,值得我们不断学习。

第11章,语法规则和变化。本章首先用简单的话语和例子介绍语法,然后举出六个全部正确、意义相似的语法例子,并通过例子说明标准语法和不标准语法的来源、应用以及在学校里的实用现状。

第12章,口音和方言。本章主要分析口音和方言两个术语的不同,并对分别对其进行了解释和相关拓展。方言主要是属于特定地区的特殊谈话方式,有其独特的语法规则;而口音则只与发音有关,口音可以展示人的来源地、社会背景等信息。

第13章,双语现象。各国语言、口音各有特色,很多人精通两门或多门语言。现在由于移民等许多原因,各国家、城市都出现了说不同母语的人,他们既要保持自己的母语,又要学习当地语言,就成了多语人群。多语言问题如果处理不当,就会引发群众不满甚至动乱,如在西班牙、巴基斯坦就出现了语言问题处理不当引发的事件。当今时代的双语化已经成为许多国家所面临的重大问题,需要引起足够的重视。

第14章,世界上的语言。本章首先举例说明了方言和语言的不同,同时指出语言由不同的方言构成,然后通过单词比较寻找其相似性,并得出结论——欧洲几种语言中表达同一个事件的词有其共同根源,进而推导出这几种语言有共同根源;接下来更进一步指出世界上所有语言(大约6000种)都可以据此分类。按照对比寻找相似性方法,1785年,William Jones 提出了印欧语言同源的假设,后来人们将这个源语言叫做Indo-European。

第15章,口语来源。本章首先举例说明世界上存在许多孤立语言和难以确定关系的语言,然后开始探究口语的来源时期,通过对于语言机制声音器官和大脑的考察,推测出人类简单语言和基本完善语言交流出现的大致时期,并简单说明了语言出现的意义。

第16章,书写来源。本章首先用七个交通信号牌来引入书写文字的特征和意义,然后描述了文字符号的发展历史:墙壁刻画符号——粘土塑形——项链记事——印章——标签——楔形文字。楔形文字是世界上已知的第一套真正的书写系统。

第17章,现代书写。本章主要讲了英语书写形式的发展以及最终成形。最初是图片书写,但因其局限性加入了奇特符号;又因为符号和读音的关系发展成为音节书写(此处对比日语和英语书写、读音的不同),以后出现了字母书写;字母组合表示发音的方法满足了音和形的双重需要,书写形式最终成形。最后,本章还对比了英语和其它语言(如法语、德语、西班牙语)的不同。

第18章,手语。本章主要讲述手语的存在、使用者、使用范围和特点,即手语不是对

口语简单姿势翻译,其形式与口语大相径庭,而且各地手语不同,基本上不可以相互交流。

第19章,语言对比。本章主要对比了语言间的不同,其中包括语音不同、语调不同、语法不同、语序不同、词汇不同、意义表达不同、对话方式不同,参与对比的语言主要有英语、汉语、拉丁语、西班牙语等。

第20章,灭亡的语言。本章首先指出语言有健康和不健康之分,许多语言处在濒临灭亡的险境,并就语言灭亡分析原因,倡议人们保持双语或保护语言,最后本章列举了语言复苏的例子。

第21章,语言改变。本章首先指出语言随人类改变而不断改变,并分析改变原因;接下来文章详细展示了语言变化的各个部分,包括词汇、结构、语法、发音、书写、标点符号、对话方式的变化。

第22章,语言变体。语言变体有很多,不仅由受地域影响而产生的口音和方言,影响语言变体的因素还有年龄、性别、种群、社会阶层、个体关系和实际应用情况,本章对这些影响及其相应语言变体都进行了说明。

第23章,工作语言。本章主要围绕工作环境下的语言变体展开,举出各种例子阐明其语言风格独特、与众不同。

第24章,俚语。本章首先通过例子介绍和解释俚语,同时指出对语言学家来说,俚语也难以搞明白,接下来本章呈现了俚语的变化快、难监测、非正式等,都属于俚语的特点。

第25章,词典。本章一开始通过两串问题和对问题不同的回答引出对于词典的应用,并以各人为例解释了词典应用的原因,同时指出有必要及时更新词典。章节最后点出了词典编纂学和词典编纂者两个概念。

第26章,词源学。本章首先给出定义——词源学是对词的历史和来源的研究的一门学问。以“salary(工资)”和“sausage(香肠)”两个词为例子,探究其来源和发展史;然后围绕词义的改变展开章节,最后得出结论——所有的词都有其历史,包括人名和地名(这里为下面章节做好铺垫)。

第27章,地名。本章主要举例分析地域命名的不同原因。

第28章,人名。本章主要围绕人名构成、获得元婴、变化和变化原因、变化方法、绰号展开。

第29章,电子革命。电子革命使语言应用发生改变,本章距离分析了电子通讯交流语言的特点,主要围绕简短特点和产生意义进行。

第30章,文本。本章围绕文本用语展开,通过举例分析、探究原因、应用等,展示文本语言特点,让人对文本语言有相应了解。

第31章,语言玩乐。人们喜欢用语言玩乐,通过有趣的声音、双关用法等达到搞笑效果。本章列举例子,展现语言的玩乐效果,并分析人类喜欢以语言玩乐的原因。

2.3 语言运用和研究

第三部分包括第32——40章。

第32章,为什么使用语言。本章主要分析使用语言的目的,大体分为交流、娱乐、表明身份、表达情感、与人相处(避免尴尬)、改变世界,其中每一项都有解释或例子说明。

第33章,语言感情色彩。同样的事情可以有不同的表达方式,不同的表达方式会带有不同的感情色彩,即内涵义。所以在阅读时需要特别注意,才能留意到文字表达的感情。这些感情的应用是为了左右读者的情绪和思考方式,由此引入了言辞(rhetoric)的概念。年轻人从小就会受到父母和老师言辞的影响,在这里,语言除了具备交流功能外,还能使人以特定方式思考问题。

第34章,政治正确性。近年来,语言中对人的描述方式发生变化,避免了一些无礼的称呼。本章距离说明了称呼语言的变化,去除了很多敏感、冒犯性的词汇,这种政治正确性

的出发点是好的,但实际应用如何现在尚且难以评说。

第35章,文学语言。文学指人们用语言进行的艺术创造,通常包括小说和非小说,也可分为书写形式和口语形式。在文学中,文学作品的作者试图用最高效的方法运用语言,以达到感动人的目的。本章通过列举各种例子来解释文学语言以及其对生活的影响。

第36章,发张风格。本章表明风格是使用语言的各人方式,每个作者都有个人风格,就如同每个人的衣着一样,可以根据情况不同而改变。在学校,我们学习正式的说话和写作风格,离开学校我们不得不掌握更多其它风格。接下来引入语感,语感帮助我们选择语言风格;最后本章还阐述了如何发展各人风格和进行文体分析。

第37章,语言的复杂性。语言是人类学习的最复杂的东西。本章主要分析语言复杂性的原因,具体从语言的目的、来源、意义、形式等方面来分析,最后指出语言的重要性。

第38章,语言学。语言学是关于语言的科学。语言学家是研究语言的人。本章主要介绍语言学家的目的和工作,以及语言学的研究领域,并指出语言学是一门需要研究的学科。

第39章,应用语言学。本章主要介绍语言学的应用。首先举出Tom的例子讲明语言官能治疗专家的帮助性来引入应用语言学,接下来通过一连串问题的提出来说明语言学的应用性和应用领域。

第40章,你的语言世界。本章主要围绕使语言世界变得更好,作者提出六点建议;章节最后作者的五点见解发人深省,尤其是语言是门大学问,充满乐趣。

3.简评

David Crystal用简单易读的语言、充分的材料和例子、明确的观点和道理、恰到好处的连接、严密的顺序安排组合起来的这本《语言的简史》(A Little Book of Language),可谓是一本集趣味性、知识性、科学性为一体的一本“小书”,但它的价值不因为小而贬值,就像本书最后作者说的那样——“这是一本关于语言的‘小书’,但语言是一门大学问。”这本书给所有的语言爱好者打开了一扇窗户,通过这扇窗户,我们可以看到一个广阔的语言世界。其中,作者多列举语言事实,少写结论,将理论融入事实中的风格,让人乍一看若有所缺,细看之下却明白这正是其高明之处。另,本书每一章结束之后都有相应的知识补充,如同趣味阅读一样,让人既放松了情绪,又获得了确切的知识补充,真是锦上添花。当然,谁也不能“一书写尽天下理”,这本书所涵盖的知识范围毕竟有限,想要了解更多和语言相关的知识,还需要我们去拜读更多的大家之作。

参考文献

David Crystal. 2010. A Little Book of Language. New Haven: Yale University Press.

戴炜栋,2010,新编简明英语语言学教程,上海:上海外国语教育出版社。

感官动词和使役动词

感官动词和使役动词 默认分类2010-05-28 23:14:26 阅读46 评论0 字号:大中小订阅 使役动词,比如let make have就是3个比较重要的 have sb to do 没有这个用法的 只有have sb doing.听凭某人做某事 have sb do 让某人做某事 have sth done 让某事被完成(就是让别人做) 另外: 使役动词 1.使役动词是表示使、令、让、帮、叫等意义的不完全及物动词,主要有make(使,令), let(让), help(帮助), have(叫)等。 2.使役动词后接受词,再接原形不定词作受词补语。 He made me laugh. 他使我发笑。 I let him go. 我让他走开。 I helped him repair the car. 我帮他修理汽车。 Please have him come here. 请叫他到这里来。 3.使役动词还可以接过去分词作受词补语。 I have my hair cut every month. 我每个月理发。 4.使役动词的被动语态的受词补语用不定词,不用原形不定词。 (主)He made me laugh. 他使我笑了。 (被)I was made to laugh by him. 我被他逗笑了。 使役动词有以下用法: a. have somebody do sth让某人去做某事 ??i had him arrange for a car. b. have somebody doing sth.让某人持续做某事。 ??he had us laughing all through lunch. 注意:用于否定名时,表示“允许” i won't have you running around in the house. 我不允许你在家里到处乱跑。 ******** 小议“使役动词”的用法 1. have sb do 让某人干某事 e.g:What would you have me do? have sb/sth doing 让某人或某事处于某种状态,听任 e.g: I won't have women working in our company. The two cheats had the light burning all night long. have sth done 让别人干某事,遭受到 e.g:you 'd better have your teeth pulled out. He had his pocket picked. notes: "done"这个动作不是主语发出来的。 2.make sb do sth 让某人干某事 e.g:They made me repeat the story. What makes the grass grow?

The way常见用法

The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法: 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which(最为正式的用法) 3)the way + 省略(最为自然的用法) 举例:I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法: 在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2)The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3)The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4)The way =because

写作指导:如何写英文影评及练习含答案

如何用英语介绍一部电影 【写作任务】 假定你是李华,你校英文爱好者协会准备在电影周期间展播一部英文电影。请你根据提示,给该协会负责人Ted写一封信,向他推荐美国电影《马戏之王》(The Greatest Showman)。 注意:1. 词数100左右(开头和结尾已给出,但不计入总词数); 2. 可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。 Dear Ted, I’m writing to recommend The Greatest Showman to you for our school Film Week. _____________________________________________________________________ _________________ I am looking forward to your consideration of this film. Yours, Li Hua 【写作指导】 一、审题定调 介绍一部电影时,我们常用夹叙夹议的方式,即用记叙的方式介绍电影的剧情,用议论的方式发表自己的看法。介绍电影情节时要抓住重点,电影评论部分要客观公正。 在介绍电影情节时,多用一般现在时和一般过去时,人称多用第三人称。二、谋篇布局

因为该信件的开头和结尾部分已给出,所以我们只需要写出正文部分即可。正文可分为三部分: 第一部分:电影简介(上映日期、类型、导演等); 第二部分:剧情简介; 第三部分:发表评论。 三、组织语言 第一部分:电影简介(上映日期、类型、导演等)。 第二部分:剧情简介。 第三部分:发表评论。 【范文展示】 普通范文

感官动词的用法

感官动词 1.see, hear, listen to, watch, notice等词,后接宾语,再接省略to的动词不定式或ing形式。前者表全过程,后者表正在进行。句中有频率词时,以上的词也常跟动词原形。 注释:省略to的动词不定式--to do是动词不定式,省略了to,剩下do,其形式和动词原形是一样的,但说法不同。 see sb do sth 看到某人做了某事 see sb doing sth 看到某人在做某事 hear sb do sth 听到某人做了某事 hear sb doing sth 听到某人在做某事 以此类推... I heard someone knocking at the door when I fell asleep. (我入睡时有人正敲门,强调当时正在敲门) I heard someone knock at the door three times. (听到有人敲门的全过程) I often watch my classmates play volleyball after school. (此处有频率词often) (了解)若以上词用于被动语态,须将省略的to还原: see sb do sth----sb be seen to do sth hear sb do sth----sb be seen to do sth 以此类推... We saw him go into the restaurant. → He was seen to go into the restaurant. I hear the boy cry every day. → The boy is heard to cry every day. 2.感官动词look, sound, smell, taste, feel可当系动词,后接形容词。 He looks angry. His explanation sounds reasonable. The cakes smell nice.

The way的用法及其含义(二)

The way的用法及其含义(二) 二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语: 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势,忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中

世界是平的 英文影评

Review of “Outsourced” “Outsourced”is a typical fish-out-of-water tale about a young American telemarketer who learns that his job is being shipped overseas. Todd Anderson (Josh Hamilton) spends his days managing a customer call center in Seattle until his job, along with those of the entire office, are outsourced to India. Todd rejects but when his boss informs him that quitting would mean losing his stock options, he has to go to train his Indian replacement Puro (Asif Basra). Out of constant cultural misunderstandings, Todd (Josh Hamilton) is frustrated with everything in India. He eats food by using left hand which is taboo in India. Left hand is considered as dirty hand, which is used for clean something. That’s why Todd (Josh Hamilton) can’t find toilet paper in washroom. It is quite different from America. Also Todd (Josh Hamilton) sees the personal questions, which asked by the hostess, as an embarrassing invasion of his privacy. She questions Todd during his classes, tells him he needs to know more about India. Because of cultural diversity, Todd (Josh Hamilton) has difficulty making the call center employees understand what their American customers expect. In order to get the length of a call down to six minutes, Todd (Josh Hamilton) teaches the Indian employees to speak in American way. While an employee Asha (Ayesha Dharker) questions Todd (Josh Hamilton) during his classes, tells him he needs to know more about India. She becomes his

英语中感官动词的用法

英语中感官动词的用法 一、感官动词 1、感官动词(及物动词)有:see/notice/look at/watch/observe/listen to/hear/feel(Vt)/taste(Vt)/smell(Vt) 2、连缀动词(含感官不及物动词) be/get/become/feel/look/sound/smell/taste/keep/stay/seem/ appear/grow/turn/prove/remain/go/run 二、具体用法: 1、see, hear, smell, taste, feel,这五个动词均可作连系动词,后面接形容词作表语,说明主语所处的状态。其意思分别为"看/听/闻/尝/摸起来……"。除look之外,其它几个动词的主语往往是物,而不是人。 例如:These flowers smell very sweet.这些花闻起来很香。 The tomatoes feel very soft.这些西红柿摸起来很软。 2、这些动词后面也可接介词like短语,like后面常用名词。 例如:Her idea sounds like fun.她的主意听起来很有趣。 3、这五个感官动词也可作实义动词,除look(当"看起来……"讲时)只能作不及物动词外,其余四个既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词,此时作为实义动词讲时其主语一般为人。 例如:She smelt the meat.她闻了闻那块肉。 I felt in my pocket for cigarettes.我用手在口袋里摸香烟。 4、taste, smell作不及物动词时,可用于"t aste / smell + of +名词"结构,意为"有……味道/气味"。 例如:The air in the room smells of earth.房间里的空气有股泥土味。 5、它们(sound除外)可以直接作名词,与have或take构成短语。 例如:May I have a taste of the mooncakes?我可以尝一口这月饼吗?taste有品位、味道的意思。 例如:I don’t like the taste of the garlic.我不喜欢大蒜的味道。 She dresses in poor taste.她穿着没有品位。 look有外观,特色的意思,例:The place has a European look.此地具有欧洲特色。 feel有感觉,感受的意思,watch有手表,观察的意思。例:My watch is expensive.我的手表很贵。 6、其中look, sound, feel还能构成"look / sound / feel + as if +从句"结构,意为"看起来/听起来/感觉好像……"。 例如:It looks as if our class is going to win.看来我们班好像要获胜了。 7、感官动词+do与+doing的区别: see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性,真实性;+doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性。 I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"

(完整版)the的用法

定冠词the的用法: 定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸 或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way...

《傲慢与偏见》英文书评

The comment of "Pride and prejudice" Pride and Prejudice is a novel written by the famous English writer, Jane Austen, who was the sixth children in a family of seven and was born in the village of steventon in Hampshire in 1775 an d died of Addison’s disease in 1817. Pride and Prejudice is a love story, mainly tells the love between Elizabeth and Darcy. It divided into 2 volumes and is composed of 42 chapters altogether. The major characters are Mr. Darcy, A rich and proud young man. Elizabeth, the second eldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet. Mr. Bingley , A rich young bachelor. Jane, the first daughter of Mr. and Mrs.Bennet. The story begin with Bingley’s arrival. One day when Mrs.Bennet hear Bingley has taken Netherfiel d, a house near her’s. She is so happy and arranged one of her five daughters marriage with him. At a ball, luckly, Bingley and Jane fall in love at the first sight. Darcy, a friend of Bingley’s , was attracted to Elizabeth, a lively and spirited girl. But Darcy greatly offends her by his supercilious behavior and this dislike is increased by Wickham, a dashing young militia officer of the unjust treatment he has met with at Darcy's hands. One day when Darcy and Bingley’s two sisters disgusted with the vulgarity of Mrs. Bennet and her two youngest daughters, effectively separated Bingley and Jane. Meanwhile, Collins, a cousin of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet, married charlotte, a friend of Elizabeth’s, for Elizabeth’s refuse to marry him. But One day Darcy send Elizab eth a letter, in which he justifies the separation of his friend Bingley and Jane and make it clear that Wickham is. So Elizabeth changed her opinions and ideas toward him. Once when Elizabeth visited her uncle and aunt in the north of England, she met Darcy there and witnessed his changes through series of behaviors, no longer pride and become gentle and attentive, all these made their marriage arranged, and they also suitably provided for Bingley and Jane’s reunited and engaged. The story ends with both their happy marriages. Sir Walter Scott 评论 READ again, and for the third time at least, Miss Austen's very finely written novel of "Pride and Prejudice." That young lady has a talent for describing the involvements and feelings and characters of ordinary life which is to me the most wonderful I ever met with. The big bow-wow strain I can do myself like any now going; but the exquisite touch, which renders ordinary commonplace things and characters interesting, from the truth of the description and the sentiment, is denied to me.—From "The Journal of Sir Walter Scott," March, 1826. We bestow no mean compliment upon the author of "Emma" when we say that keeping close to common incidents, and to such characters as occupy the ordinary walks of life, she has produced sketches of such spirit and originality that we never miss the excitation which depends upon a narrative of uncommon events, arising from the consideration of minds, manners, and sentiments, greatly above our own. In this class she stands almost alone; for the scenes of Miss Edgeworth are laid in higher life, varied by more romantic incident, and by her remarkable power of embodying and illustrating national character. But the author of "Emma" confines herself chiefly to the middling classes of society; her most distinguished characters do not rise greatly above well-bred

感官动词的用法

1.感官动词用法之一:see, hear, listen to, watch, notice等词,后接宾语,再接动词原形或ing形式。前者表全过程,后者表正在进行。句中有频率词时,以上的词也常跟动词原形。 I heard someone knocking at the door when I fell asleep. (我入睡时有人正敲门) I heard someone knock at the door three times. (听的是全过程) I often watch my classmates play volleyball after school.(此处有频率词often) 若以上词用于被动语态,后面原有动词原形改为带to不定式: We saw him go into the restaurant. →He was seen to go into the restaurant. I hear the boy cry every day. →The boy is heard to cry every day. 2.感官动词用法之二:look, sound, smell, taste, feel可当系动词,后接形容词: He looks angry. It sounds good. The flowers smell beautiful. The sweets taste sweet. The silk feels soft. I felt tired. They all looked tired. 这些动词都不用于被动语态。如:The sweets are tasted sweet.是个病句。注意:如果加介词like,则后不可接形容词,而接名词或代词:

“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法

“theway+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Read the followingpassageand talkabout it wi th your classmates.Try totell whatyou think of Tom and ofthe way the childrentreated him. 在这个句子中,the way是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in which的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the way+从句”结构的用法。 1.the way之后,引导定语从句的关系词是that而不是how,因此,<<现代英语惯用法词典>>中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的:This is thewayhowithappened. This is the way how he always treats me. 2.在正式语体中,that可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中,that则往往省略。由此我们得到theway后接定语从句时的三种模式:1) the way+that-从句2)the way +in which-从句3) the way +从句 例如:The way(in which ,that) thesecomrade slookatproblems is wrong.这些同志看问题的方法

不对。 Theway(that ,in which)you’re doingit is comple tely crazy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Weadmired him for theway inwhich he facesdifficulties. Wallace and Darwingreed on the way inwhi ch different forms of life had begun.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 This is the way(that) hedid it. I likedthe way(that) sheorganized the meeting. 3.theway(that)有时可以与how(作“如何”解)通用。例如: That’s the way(that) shespoke. = That’s how shespoke.

天生一对英文影评

Love will never change This is an inviting film. The plots of the film are ups and downs, which attract my attention from beginning to the end, and the film full of warm scene. Hallie Parker and Annie James meet each other for the first time on the summer camp. At the beginning they hate each other, but later they find they are twins. When the summer camp is over, Hallie Parker and Annie James exchange their identities. Hallie meet her mother and Annie also gets her wish. Their father, Nick, prepare to marry a lady Meredith, but the twins hope their parents remarried. The twins tell their parents their real identities arranging for their parents to meet. Then the climax of the story is appeared. The whole family members come together including Nick’s girl friend Meredith. The twins destroy the relationship between their father and his girl friend successfully, but their mother does not want remarry. She takes Annie back to London. We think the film is over and the will never meet each other any more, but we are worry. When Elizabeth and Annie step into the house they see Nick and Hallie. What an amazing time it is! Nick does not want lose Elizabeth again so he takes Hallie come to London. So the family members get together again and the story has a perfect ending. The film tells us that it is love that brings them back together. The love between family members will never change, and love can make anything

way 用法

表示“方式”、“方法”,注意以下用法: 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式,通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如: Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法,其后可接不定式或of doing sth。 如: It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词),也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句,但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如: 我不喜欢他说话的态度。 正:I don’t like the way he spoke. 正:I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正:I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误:I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法: That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看,你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题: ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A,而不选其他几项,则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法,下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。 一、in a way的用法 表示:在一定程度上,从某方面说。如: In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注:in a way也可说成in one way。 二、on the way的用法 1、表示:即将来(去),就要来(去)。如: Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示:在路上,在行进中。如: He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示:(婴儿)尚未出生。如: She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子,现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children,and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了,另一个又快生了。 三、by the way的用法

窈窕淑女英文影评

My favorite character in the My Fair lady Seeing the movie, I appreciate Eliza better. Eliza Doolittle, a main character of this film, a poor flower girl and a beautiful young lady. She is a girl with happiness, even the place she lived is dirty and crowd, she never let her smile slipped out from her face. She has a dream in which a warm house with her lover and a lot of chocolates to eat. From Eliza, I can learn something good qualities. The film shows the flower girl came across an English Linguistic professor----Henry Higgins, another main character of the film who is a typical English wealthy and defiant bachelor. He regards marriage as the most boring and troublesome thing in the world. Eliza became the bet goal of the Higgins and his friends actually. Higgins decides to improve Eliza’s cockney accent and train her to be an elegant lady. Through clever phrases such as ‘the rain in Spain stays mainly on the plain’, Eliza slowly develops into a linguistically talented woman. To complete the transformation, she is given new clothes and a new look in hopes that she can pass for a refined lady. I think the Pygmalion effect is reflected that the professor hope the flower girl turn into a lady. Actually, the flower girl really become a lady. Eliza knows the chance that is all her hope and hope will be a great motivation. So she never complained for her difficulties and under self-esteem, but still leaded a happy and confident life. Thus in the

感官动词

感官动词的概念和相关考点 1、什么是感官动词? 听觉:listen to、hear 视觉:look at、seem、watch 嗅觉:smell 触觉:feel、touch 味觉:taste 2、感官动词如何正确使用? Tom drove his car away. →I saw him drive away. (全过程) 用法一:somebody did sth + I saw this I saw somebody do something. Tom was waiting for the bus. →I saw Tom waiting for the bus. (看不到全过程) 用法二:somebody was doing sth + I saw this I saw somebody doing something 练习: 一、句子翻译 1. I didn,t hear you come in. 2. I suddenly felt sth touch me on the shoulder. 3. I could hear it raining. 4. Listen to the birds singing. 5. Can you smell sth burning? 6. I found Sue in my room reading my letters. 二、灵活运用 1. I saw Ann waiting for the bus. 2. I saw Dave and Helen playing tenins. 3. I saw Clair having her meal. 三、选择最佳选项 1. Did anybody see the accident (happen/happening)? 2. We listen to the old man (tell/telling) his story from beginning to the end. 3. Listen! Can you hear a baby (cry/crying)? 4.—Why did you turn around suddenly? — I heard someone (call/calling) my name. 5. We watched the two men (open/opening) a window and (climb/climbing) through it into house. 6. When we got there, we found our cat (sleep/sleeping) on the table. 四、感官动词的被动语态 Oh,the milk is tasted strange.

相关文档