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2011年考研英语大纲解析:完型及翻译新题型

2011年考研英语大纲解析:完型及翻译新题型
2011年考研英语大纲解析:完型及翻译新题型

根据《2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲》的内容来看,与2010年大纲相比,2011年考研英语大纲非常稳定,基本没有变化。尤其在完型、翻译新题型部分未作明显变动,下面谈谈三部分的复习备考。

新题型部分

英语新题型是2005年新增加题型,许多同学复习时对这种题目把握不准,加上可以借鉴的考研真题数量比较少,参考资料少,很多考生都感觉复习起来比较困难。那么如何在有限的复习时间中给自己吃一颗定心丸呢?请看以下这些分析也许能帮助大家解决一些疑难。

新题型又称段落大意题,新题型的解答需要理解文章的段落大意。考研英语新题型是一种以快速阅读为完成条件的阅读类题型补充。考研英语大纲中已经规定新题型主要考查“考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解”。这就要求考生在准备这类题时,应该掌握必要的攻题技巧。新题型占考研英语总分的10%,所占分值比重比较小,所以复习压力要小一些。但由于新题型在考研英语中比较特别,所以仍然需要掌握一定的方法,通过一定数量的练习才会在考试中得到比较理想的分数。在复习过程中应该注意一下两个部分:

一、文章的结构

要做新题型中完形填句(段)的题目,考生就应该先了解这类文章的结构,一般情况下,文章的结构有:

1、描述性结构

主要介绍事物、问题或倾向的特点,对人物的描述如传记,包括人身体特征、家庭背景、成长过程、个**好、成就贡献等内容进行描述、因此时间、地点往往是出题重点。

2、释义性结构

解释某一理论、学科、事物,主要用例子比喻类比阐述。

3、比较性结构

把两个人或事物功能、特点、优缺点进行对比。

4、原因性结构

这种结构主要分析事物的成因,客观的、主观的、直接的、间接的。

5、驳斥性结构

这种结构主要是先介绍一种观点,然后对其评论或驳斥,然后分析其优点缺点,危害性,最后阐明自己的观点。

以上文章结构的知识其实反映了完形填句(段)题型的出题原则。

二、解题步骤

1、锁定目标答案可能的特征

2、阅读选择项,寻找特征词

特征词:代词、专用名词、连接词、数字、复数名词等。

3、回头再去看原文,明确1-5位置

①开头常是主题句,不行再看前和尾;

②中间不忘主题句,前瞻后望找启示;

③末尾常是下结论,也可排比和例子。

4、用代入法通读全文,检查答案是否合理。

翻译部分

2011考研翻译部分的总体要求应该是“译文准确、完整、通顺”,这与翻译的一般标准“忠实而通顺”是基本一致的。“准确、完整”就是要“忠实”于原文,把原文的内容完整而准确地表达出来,不能对原文做任意的增加或删减。“通顺”,指的是译文的语言要逻辑通顺,符合汉语的语言文字规范,没有明显的“翻译腔”。

根据大纲规定,考研翻译的评分标准如下:

阅读理解C节:5小题,每题2分,共10分。

如果句子译文明显扭曲原文意思,该句得分最多不超过0.5分。

如果考生就一个题目提供了两个或两个以上的译法,若均正确,给分;如果其中一个译法有错,按错误译法评分。

中文错别字不个别扣分,按每题累计扣分。每三个错别字扣0.5分,无0.25扣分。

根据对近年来考研翻译真题及命题形式的分析和研究,我们可以发现考研翻译基本具有以下几个明显的特点:

首先,体裁固定,但内容广泛。近年来,考研翻译短文的体裁基本上是议论文,内容比较广泛,主要涉及人们所普遍关心的社会、政治、经济、文化、科技、道德、历史、文化、哲学、心理等问题。

其次,难度趋向稳定,更加注重考查考生的综合能力。尽管考研大纲经过了几次调整变化,但考研翻译的变化不大,其基本要求主要还是考查学生对语言的综合运用能力。对整份试卷而言,试题的难度保持在中等偏难的水平,而且基本趋于稳定,不会有大起大伏的变化。

再次,句型结构复杂,词义灵活多变。尽管考查点比较灵活多变,但主要还是以长难句、结构复杂句为主,以考查学生根据上下文准确理解概念并用汉语正确予以表达的能力为主。

做翻译通常情况下有三个步骤:理解、表达和校对。专家认为,在翻译实践中,理解是表达的前提,不能正确理解就谈不上确切表达。但理解与表达通常是互相联系,往返反复的统一过程,不能截然分开。

一、理解

理解主要通过原文上下文来进行。考生必须从上下文的关系中来探求正确译法。所谓上下文可以指一个句子,一个段落,也可以指整篇文章。对原文作透彻理解是确切翻译的基础和关键。要做到这一点,必须注意以下几点。

1 、理解语言现象

2 、理解逻辑关系

逻辑关系有时可以帮助我们理解按原文语法关系所不能理解的问题。例如

例1 It is good for him to do that。

分析:这个句子可以有两种意思:

(1) 这样做对他有好处。

(2) 他这样做是件好事。

二、表达

表达阶段就是译者把自己从原文理解的内容用汉语重新表达出来。表达的好坏取决于对原文理解的深度及对译文语言的修养程度。表达涉及到翻译的方法及技巧等问题。英译汉的方法一般有直译和意译两种,

三、校对

校对是为了保证译文完全符合原文所陈述的内容。在检查译文时,考生必须借助原文才能确认自己翻译的准确性。另外,校核也包括对文字的润色,因此,考研教育网提醒大家校核是一个很重要的阶段,并非可有可无。通过校核,我们可以发现译文的一些问题,确保自己理解的内容很多把握地得到分数。在校核阶段,一般应注意以下几个问题。

1. 人名、地名、日期、方位和数字的翻译;

2. 汉语译文的词与句有无遗漏;

3. 汉语译文中句子修饰成分的位置;

4. 有无错别字;

5. 标点符号有无错误等。

此外,要提醒大家的是,考研英语翻译的提高并不是一朝一夕的事情,长期的练习、不断的思考、一些方法和技巧的使用都是必要的。

完型部分

考研的完形填空往往被很多考生所忽视,特别是在临考之前的时候。但事实上,考研完形如果复习的好,其收获绝对不只是那20道题目10分。

对于完形的复习,分为以下几个方面:

首先是词汇的复习。词汇的复习其实分为三个层次:理解,辨析和运用。理解主要是在阅读(包括翻译)中考察;辨析主要是在完型中考察;而词汇的运用其实主要是在写作当中考察。一般说来,需要理解的词汇难度最大,但是复习的时候往往只要知

道意思就可以了,需要运用的词汇难度最小,但是却要详细的知道该如何使用这一词汇。完形的词汇,从统计的概率上看,实词当中以四级词汇为主,四级及中学阶段需要掌握的词汇占到了历年实词考察当中的85%。所以词汇的复习在完形和阅读部分应当是有所区别的。在复习完形的词汇的时候,找一本四级的词汇书基本上就可以满足大部分的完形词汇了。但是请注意,这本四级词汇书一定是要具有以下几种功能的:第一是有辨析功能(即近义或者是形近词之间具体含义的辨析),因为完形考的最多的就是这个;二是有固定搭配;三是有例句。这里也顺便说一句,在复习其它词汇的时候,最好能找一本标记了四级、六级词汇的考研词汇书。

其次是阅读上的复习。完形的解题是以阅读为基础的。如果一篇文章读不懂那肯定是解出来的。阅读的复习分为三个层面。首先是对文章整体意义和主题的把握。因为有一些题目的选项就是与主题关系最为密切的选项,所以把握主题之后选择起来

会比较容易。其次是对句子与句子之间,段落与段落之间逻辑关系的把握。最后是对句子内部结构的把握。这种复习在初期用大阅读的文章来进行也可以,因为大阅读复习也必须要注意这几点。在阅读的时候注意以上**,并且要对一些关键词汇敏感,比如重复出现的名词、动词;表示逻辑关系的词汇;否定词等等。在阅读的过程中养成顺手将这一类词划出来的习惯,因为这一类词对于解题具有相当大的帮助。最后要说的是,完形阅读对于细节把握的要求是要高于大阅读的,所以在真正做阅读训练(请注意,不是解题训练而是阅读训练的时候)请各位同学务必只针对文章去读,而不是针对题目去读文章。

在有了上述两项功底之后,再开始我们的解题复习和训练也不迟,并且会起到事半功倍的效果。讲到这里大家可能已经看出来了,尽管完形只有10分,但是我前面所说的那些复习,并不只是针对完形的,这其实就是马克思主义哲学当中的一个重要的观点:事物是普遍联系的。所以如

果你能明白这种联系并且将其运用到你的复习过程当中而不是孤立的复习每一个部分,你会发现你所花费的时间要少得多,你的收获则要大得多。回过头来说解题的训练。这方面的复习就需要一定的技巧了。这种技巧的运用成熟与否主要就取决于你的词汇是否复习到位,还有就是你对文章中那些重点的词汇是否有足够的敏感,是否已经养成了在句子当中一眼就能看到这些词汇的习惯了。同时要注意的是,完形的解题一定是要注意上下文当中提供的信息的,有些题目,仅仅做到这里的时候可能做不出来,这时候很多同学采取的方法就是蒙一个上去,这肯定是不对的。正确的方法是,如果碰到一道题目做不出来,先不要着急去硬找一个答案放进去,可以先做后面的题目,等到后面几道题目一做完,有时候前面这题的答案就会很自然的出现了。因为完形的文章一般都是环环相扣的整体,上下文之间的信息点是相当多的,甚至有中间部分的题目能够从结尾找到答案的例子。具体的说,比如,如果考的是句子

与句子之间的逻辑关系,那么毫无疑问,你就必须先将相关的句子内部的题目解完,把这两个句子都弄完整了,你才能知道这道题目究竟要选择的是哪一种逻辑关系。所以在碰到

解逻辑关系题目的时候,你千万不能随便的填一个逻辑关系选项上去,而是一定要将整个句子内部的题目先做完。同时,不要放过任何一句没有空格的话,因为这句话当中很可能就包含着某一道题目的答题信息点。这也是完形在阅读上与大阅读不同之处。大阅读只要找到与题目相关的点就可以了,而完形,必须要把全文都关注起来。

在完形的解题过程当中,也有一些技巧和规律。这些技巧和规律有的是由于语言本身原则而来的,比如运用并列关系的三原则来解答相关题目,再比如见到选项中有介词就看空格后面是否是-ing形式,如果是的话就一定选介词,如果不是则介词一定排除等等。

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2017年考研英语(二)真题及答案解析(完 整版) 感谢:凯程洛老师提供真题。 2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题及答案 SectionI Use of English Directions: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points) People have speculated for centuries about a future without work.Today is no different, with academics,writers,and activists once again1that technology be replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by2.A few wealthy people will own all the capital,and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland. A different and not mutually exclusive3holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort,one4by purposelessness:Without jobs to give their lives5,people will simply become lazy and depressed.6,today’s unemployed don’t seem to be havinga great time.One Gallup poll found that20percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression,double the rate for7Americans.Also,some research suggests that the 8for rising rates of mortality,mental-health problems,and addicting9poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs.Perhaps this is why many10the agonizing dullness of a jobless future. But it doesn’t11follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease.Such visions are based on the12of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment.In the13of work,a society designed with other ends in mind could14 strikingly different circumstanced for the future of labor and leisure.Today,the15of work may be a bit overblown.“Many jobs are boring,degrading,unhealthy,and a waste of human potential,”says John Danaher,a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway. These days,because leisure time is relatively16for most workers,people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional17of their jobs.“When I come home from a hard day’s work,I often feel18,”Danaher says,adding,“In a world in which I don’t have to work,I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself19a hobby or a

2010至2019考研英语二新题型

2010 Copying Birds May Save Aircraft Fuel Both Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft. The 787 and 350 respectively . Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference . But a group of researchers at Stanford University , led by Ilan Kroo , has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use and it would not require them to buy new aircraft. The answer, says Dr Kroo , lies with birds . Since 1914, scientists have known that birds flying in formation-a V-shape-expend less energy. The air flowing over a bird ’w sings curls upwards behind the wingtips . a phenomenon known as upwash. Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves . Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California ,has suggested that a formation of 25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%. When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different . Dr Kroo and his team modeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco and I as Vegas were to assemble over Utah, assume an inverted V-formation occasionally change places so all could have a turn in the most favourable positions , and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumed as much as 15% less fuel (coupled with a reduction in carbon-dioxide output). Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a quarter. There are , of course , knots to be worked out . One consideration is safety , or at least the perception of it . Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in companion? Dr Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles , and would not be in the intimate groupings favoured by display teams like the Red Arrows , A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes. Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines. It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes ’wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish. Dr Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further. It might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flight. As it happens, America ’asrmed forces are on the on case already. Earlier this year the country ’D sefence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to investigate formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin . There are reports that some

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