天大研究生考试英语复习资料

工程英语期末考试复习资料

一、词汇及语法（20points）（老师上课讲的选词填空,考试估计不会是原句，但要知道这些词的意思用法，其他再看看课后单词。第1.3.6.9.11.13单元）

1、They made regular visits to the park on the suburbs during the weekends.

2、She was promoted to division manager last year.

3、We tried to walk to the park but ended up taking a taxi there.

4、The movie received generally favorable reviews.

5、The earthquake survivors are in desperate need of help.

6、A child’s character is greatly influenced by his home environment.

7、If you are in doubt about his ability to do the task,don’t entrust him with it.

8、The Mexican minority in the southwestern part of the United States numbers up to three million.

9、The company went out of business because it couldn’t sell its products.

10、A political dispute involving six nations may be settled by an agreement between them.

11、All this occurred in an already desperately poor country.

12、Efforts have been made to prevent the extinction of the buffalo.

13、The new interest rate becomes effective next month.

14、The device is used to measure the range of the gun.

15、The artist spent many years on his monumental painting,which covered all the walls of the exhibition hall.

16、The design is worthless for all practical purposes.

17、The company has expanded its operations in Stanford by opening a new branch office there.

18、In system development,the specification refers to a description of how the design of a system,device,or program is to be implemented.

19、His wife left him when the children were small,so he effectively brought up the family himself.

20、We’re looking for someone who will be able to motivate the staff to work hard.

21、Listen to both sides and you will be enlightened.

22、He tends to view most issues from a philosophical perspective.

23、Harlem has been advanced to a higher position.

24、Scientists successfully found that some kinds of bacteria grow very fast because they can replicate by themselves.

25、The union is on strike in pursuit of a10%pay increase.

26、The house strikes you as welcoming when you go in.

27、He tried hard to live up to his parent’s expectations.

28、Marriage is a significant commitment.

29、They have barely enough to pay the rent his month.

30、When the old lady entered the apartment,the thief had escaped already.

31、By the time he gets home,his father will have left for shanghai.

32、Irene has taught English at our school for two years.She will renew her contract tomorrow.

33、From3to5yesterday,they were repairing the car on the way to the park.

34、According to the time table,the train for London leaves at7in the evening.

35、It’s been a long time since I saw you last.How are you?

36、This is the first time I have seen this kind of refrigerator.

37、Before long,she will forget all about the matter.

38、In terms of customer satisfaction,the policy cannot be criticized.

39、How much you get paid is dependent on how much you produce.

40、The dispense with the formalities.

41、I’m skeptical of the team’s chances of winning.

42、So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.

43、Hardly had the plane landed when the people ran toward it.

44、There existed a certain doubt among the student as to the necessity of the work.

45、Seldom did I make any mistakes during my past five years of service here.

二、完型填空（10points）（第6.11单元，瞎划的线，还是全文都了解，记住）1、

Engineering is the profession that puts scientific knowledge to practical use. Engineers use principles of science to design structures,machines,and products of all kinds.They look for better ways to use existing resources and often develop new materials.Engineers have had a direct role in the creation of most of modern technology-the tools,materials,techniques,and power sources that make our lives easier.

The field of engineering includes a wide variety of activities.For example, engineering projects range from the construction of huge dams to the design of tiny electronic circuits.Engineers may help produce guided missiles,industrial robots,or artificial limbs for the physically handicapped.They develop complex scientific equipment to explore the reaches of outer space and the depths of oceans.Engineers

also plan out electric power and water supply systems,and do research to improve automobiles,television sets,and other consumer products.They may work to reduce environmental pollution,increase the world's food supply,and make transportation faster and safer.

The history of engineering is record of human ingenuity through the ages.Even in prehistoric times,people adapted basic engineering techniques from things that were available in nature.For example,sturdy sticks became levers to lift large rock, and logs were used as rollers to move heavy loads.The development of agriculture and the growth of civilization brought about a new wave of engineering efforts. People invented farming tools,designed elaborate irrigation networks,and built the first cities.The construction of the gigantic Egyptian pyramids at Giza during the 2500s B.C.was one of the greatest engineering feats of ancient times.In ancient Rome,engineer built large aqueducts and bridges and vast systems of roads.During the200s B.C.,the Chinese erected major sections of the monumental Great Wall of China.

Early engineers used such simple machines as the inclined plane,wedge,and wheel and axle.During the Middle Ages,a period in European history that lasted from the A.D.400s to the1500s,inventors developed machines to harness water, wind,and animal power.The growing interest in new types of machines and new source of power to drive them helped bring about the Industrial Revolution of the 1700s and1800s,during which,their role expanded rapidly.The practical steam engine developed by the Scottish engineer James Watt in the1760s revolutionized transportation and industry by providing a cheap,efficient source of power.New iron-making techniques provided engineers with material to improve machines and tools and to build bridges and ships.Many roads,railroads,and canals were constructed to link the growing industrial cities.

Distinct branches of engineering began to develop during the Industrial Revolution.The term civil engineer was first used about1750by John Smeaton,a British engineer.Mechanical engineers emerged as specialists in industrial machinery, and mining and metallurgical engineers were needed to supply metals and fuels.By the late1800s,the development of electric power and advances in chemical processing had created the fields of electrical and chemical engineering.Professional schools began to be founded as the demand for engineer steadily increased.

Since1900,the number of engineers and of engineering specialities has expanded dramatically.Artificial hearts,airplanes,computers,lasers,nuclear energy, plastics,space travel,and television are only a few of the scientific and technological

breakthroughs that engineer have helped bring about in this century.Because science and technology are progressing and changing so rapidly,today's engineers must study throughout their careers to make sure that their knowledge and expertise do not become obsolete.They face the challenging task of keeping pace with the latest advances while working to shape the technology of the future.

The field of engineering offers a broad range of job opportunities.Engineers may work in factories,offices,and government laboratories or at construction sites.Some engineers are involved in the research and development of new products.Others are responsible for turning plans and specifications for new structures,machines,or systems into reality.Still others use their background and training to sell and service technical equipment.Many engineers work on projects in teams that include scientists, technicians,and other engineers,however,some engineers act as independent consultants who sell their services to people who need engineering assistance. Engineers may also hold teaching positions or move up into management positions in business.

Certain abilities and traits help qualify a person for an engineering career. Engineers must have technical aptitude and skill in mathematics and the sciences. They should be curious about the"how"and"why"of natural and mechanical things and creative in finding new ways of doing things,able to analyze problems systematically and logically and to communicate well-both orally and in writing,and willing to work within strict budgets and meet tight deadlines.In addition,skill in directing and supervising other workers is an important part of many engineering jobs.

2、

The commercial exploitation of crude oil has been among the most liberating technologies the world has ever known.When pumped though an internal combustion engine stuck in a metal box,refined oil has given freedom of movement to billions. Before the automobile,the life experiences of most of those who lived in the rich world were limited—as in much of the poor world they remain—to neighborhood and family.When shot through gas turbines on wings,oil has shrunk the planet in a way that was once the stuff of science fiction.Neither of my parents ever flew;both my children had flown30,000miles before they were2years old.

But on Sept.11,2001,the world was reminded that oil is also a dangerous drug. The cheapest,most easily accessible oil reserves are in the Middle East,the most volatile region on earth.Future supplies of oil will be costly not simply in terms of dollars and cents but also in their effect on the environment.As those in poor

countries dream of the same freedom of movement that the wealthy have enjoyed for a century,oil's polluting effects will only get worse.The number of cars in Beijing, for example,is growing15%a year,contributing to the yellowy-gray haze that often envelops the city.

For all these reasons,it makes sense to dream of a world that is far,far less dependent on oil than it is now.Winning the Oil Endgame:American Innovation for Profits,Jobs and Security,written by a team led by Amory Lovins of the Rocky Mountain Institute in Snowmass,Colo.,is one of the best analyses of energy policy yet produced.Lovins,who has been preaching the need for fuel efficiency for some 30years,thinks big.His aim is to promote a set of policies that over the next two decades would save half the oil the https://www.wendangku.net/doc/656448381.html,es,before moving to a hydrogen-based economy that dispenses with oil altogether(save for possible use as a fuel to produce hydrogen.)If that seems hopelessly Utopian,Lovins reminds us that we have done something very like it before.Spurred by the oil price shocks of the1970s,the U.S. between1977and1985increased efficiency and cut oil consumption17%(and net oil imports50%)while the economy grew27%.The key to that revolution was a huge increase in average miles-per-gallon of the U.S.automobile fleet.If we had continued to increase energy efficiency at the same rate,the stability of Iraq and Saudi Arabia would by now be of minor concern to U.S.policymakers.Instead,we bought SUVs and wasted two decades.

Those SUVs are no joke.In the U.S.,where70%of oil is used for transportation,any energy policy is necessarily also an automobile policy.The single key insight of Lovins'report is to focus on the need to reduce the weight of cars (without sacrificing safety)by using advanced materials like carbon fiber and composites instead of heavy steel.When powered by hybrid technologies that combine electricity with the internal-combustion engine,such light vehicles will produce enormous oil savings.Lovins proposes a nifty scheme，which would reduce the consumer price of such energy-efficient cars while increasing the price of gas guzzlers.

So far,Japanese firms,especially Toyota and Honda,have taken the lead in advanced automobile technology.The Japanese car industry,Lovins said to me last week,has"uninhibited visionary leaders in a country which has no oil and is acutely aware of its oil dependence."If the U.S.automobile industry waits for years to see if lightweight fuel-efficient cars are more than a niche business,Lovins argues,it will one day discover that it has lost another market to overseas firms.There is a need too for political leadership.Lovins insists the study's recommendations require"no

major federal legislation."But at the very least,they need a Federal Government prepared to encourage states and localities to experiment with policies that increase energy efficiency.

All reports that promise an easy solution to a complex problem need to be taken with a degree of skepticism,and Winning the Oil Endgame is no exception.The usual pork-barrel politics could quickly bog down some of the policy prescriptions in the book,like loan guarantees for the development of new energy-saving technologies. But in a sensible presidential election,the recommendations of Winning the Oil Endgame would be discussed and debated from now through November.Don't hold your breath.

三、阅读理解（30points）（3篇课外文章，就没法准备了。）

四、英译汉（15points）（老师讲的课文中的内容，尤其注意第1.3.9.13单元的句子）.

1、I have never thought I was better than anyone else,but I have always believed I could not be outworked.

参考译文：我从不认为我那时比其他任何人强，但我一直相信我当时干的活儿别人都赶不上。

2、Except they are no longer women purchasing cosmetic from me;instead,they are kids who tell me which toys they would like to see designed and developed.

参考译文：只不过她们不再是从我这儿买化妆品的妇女，而是那些孩子们，他们对我说喜欢哪些设计和开发出来的玩具。

3、Humans are thought to be responsible for a large number of environmental problems,ranging from global warming to ozone depletion.

参考译文：人类被认为应在为一系列环境问题负责：从全球温度上升到臭氧大大减少。

4、Unlike global warming and ozone depletion--which,if the political will was there, could be reduced by cutting gas emissions--preserving bio-diversity remains an intractable.

参考译文：和全球温度上升到臭氧大大减少这些问题不一样，如果政府进行干预，这两种情况可以通过减少废气的排放得以减弱，而保护生物的多样性却依然是一个十分棘手的问题。

5、Engineers have had a direct role in the creation of most of modern technology --the tools,materials,techniques,and power sources that make our lives easier.

参考译文：工程师在绝大部分现代科技的创新中发挥着直接的作用，例如：为使

生活更加轻松自如，我们靠他们才有了工具、材料、技术和能源等。

6、Even in prehistoric times,people adapted basic engineering techniques from things that were available in nature.

参考译文：甚至是在史前时期，人们就利用自然界里可获得的事物作为原始的工程手段。

7、The growing interest in new types of machines and new sources of power to drive them helped bring about the Industrial Revolution of the1700s and1800s,during which,their role expanded rapidly.

参考译文：对新型机械和驱动这些机械的动力源不断增长的兴趣促使他们引发了18和19世纪的工业革命，在工业革命时期，工程师的作用得到迅速的扩展。8、Because science and technology are progressing and changing so rapidly,today’s engineers must study throughout their careers to make sure that their knowledge and expertise do not become obsolete.

参考译文：因为科学技术在飞速的发展和变化，工程师在从事其事业的过程中必须不断学习以确保他们的知识和专门技能不过时。

9、The globalization of the world’s capital markets that has occurred in the past10 years will replicated right across the economy in the next decade.

参考译文：过去十年世界资本市场出现的全球化在未来十年中，也将在整个经济中重现。

10、Demography and changing social mores mean that white males will become a smaller fraction of the work force as women and minorities grow in importance.

参考译文：人口统计和不断变化的社会习俗意味着，随着妇女和少数民族重要性的增加，白人男子在劳动力群体中所占比例将会减少。

11、In addition,the need to produce goods and services at quality levels previously thought impossible to obtain in mass production and the spreading use of participatory management techniques will require a work force with much higher levels of education and skills.

参考译文：此外，提供有质量的产品和服务的需要（而过去认为大批量生产是不可能做到的这一点），以及参与性管理技术的推广应用，都将要求劳动力具有更高的教育和技术程度。

12、Each of us owes it to our spouses,our children,our friends to be as happy as we can be.

参考译文：为了我们的配偶、孩子、朋友，我们每个人都有责任尽可能感受幸福。

13、Most of us compare ourselves with anyone we think is happier--a relative,an acquaintance or,often,someone we barely know.

参考译文：我们大多数人都爱拿自己和任何我们认为比我们幸福的人做比较--亲戚、熟人，或者常常是我们勉强算是认识的某个人。

14、Finally,the belief that something permanent transcends us and that our existence has some larger meaning can help us be happier.

参考译文：最后，相信有某种永恒的东西超越我们，相信我们的存在具有某种更大的意义。

五、汉译英（10points）（老师上课让做的课后练习，此部分也就看看，考试的时候完全是课外的。要求是成句，要出来句子结构）

1、我们部门有一个助理的职位空缺。

参考译文：There is an opening for an assistant in our department.

2、该组织旨在促进各国之间的友谊。

参考译文：The organization works to promote friendship between nations.

3、这场特大洪水给长江中下游地区造成了严重的灾害。

参考译文：The extremely heavy flood did great damage to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

4、这本畅销书对读者产生了深刻的影响。

参考译文：The bestseller had a great impact on its readers.

5、这辆旧自行车，我最多能付你5美元。

参考译文：I can give you5dollars,at most,for the used bicycle.

6、他们的经济利益和政治权利都应当受到保护。

参考译文：Their political rights,as well as their economic benefits should be safeguarded.

7、科技力量上的优势帮助这家公司战胜所有对手。

8、The superiority in science and technology helped this company defeat all the rivals.

六、作文（15points）

主题：1、Social responsibility of scientists and engineering professionals

2、Education and work

天大校研 关于修订《天津大学研究生管理规定》的通知

天津大学文件 天大校研〔2015〕4号 各学院（部）及有关单位： 为加强和完善研究生管理，维护正常的教学秩序，树立优良校风，保证研究生的培养质量，依据教育法、高等教育法及教育部关于《普通高等学校学生管理规定》等相关法律规定，贯彻落实教育部、国家发展改革委、财政部《关于深化研究生教育改革的意见》以及《天津大学关于全面深化研究生教育改革的意见》等文件精神，结合我校实际情况，学校修订了《天津大学研究生管理规定》,经2015年第7次校长办公会审议通过，现予以印发。原《天津大学研究生管理规定》（天大校研〔2010〕9号）同时废止。请各单位认真学习，遵照执行。 特此通知。

附件：天津大学研究生管理规定 天津大学 2015年11月30日（联系人：陈金龙，联系电话：27401978）

附件 第一章总则 第一条为加强和完善研究生管理，维护正常的教学秩序，树立优良校风，保证研究生的培养质量，依据教育法、高等教育法及教育部关于《普通高等学校学生管理规定》等相关法律规定，贯彻落实教育部、国家发展改革委、财政部《关于深化研究生教育改革的意见》以及《天津大学关于全面深化研究生教育改革的意见》等文件精神，结合我校实际情况，特制定本管理规定。 第二条本管理规定适用于全日制教育的研究生，非全日制教育的研究生参照此规定执行。 第二章入学与注册 第三条凡按照国家招生规定录取的新生，经教育部批准，即取得我校研究生入学资格。 第四条新生须在规定的日期内，凭天津大学录取通知书、有效身份证件和学历、学位证书办理入学手续。因特殊情况不能按期报到者，须事先请假并附有关证明，经研究生院批准，可延期报到，期限不得超过两周。 第五条新生入学后，按照国家招生规定进行资格复查。复查合格者，在交纳相关费用后准予注册，取得学籍。

天津大学 研究生英语考试 听力Unit6

姓名：……学号：…… 学院：….. 专业：….. 指导老师：…… Unit 6Time traveler 1. What was the guy doing when he suddenly found himself in a completely different world? What year is it in this different world? Answer: The guy was just about to give his wife a present for her birthday ,and there were thunders and lightening. Then all of a sudden, he found himself in a completely different world. It is the year 2000 i n this different world. 2. What are some of the cultural shocks he’s experienced in this world? Answer: He traveled from the year 1900 to the year 2000, so he experienced many cultural shocks when communicating with others.He felt confused about the ID card, the driver licence, the credit card, ATM card and something like that. He misunderstood the meaning of the restroom and the bathroom. Also he could not understand the meaning of a mall or food court. He couldn’t read the menu and thought a hotdog as a real dog. What’s more, he was curious about the cellphone because he had never seen it before. 3. Some science fictions on time travel are mainly about cultural shocks. Can you conceive of a time traveler of our time going back to 1960’s or even earlier, or vice versa? What would be some of the cultural shocks the traveler would encounter? Make a list of them or conceive a conversation as the traveler first sets foot in the different world. Answer: Recently, many TV plays, based on a series of experiences of a time traveler, such as The Palace and Startling by Each Step, arouse a great upsurge in time traveling. In fact, I can’t conceive of a time traveler of our time going back to 1960’s or even earlier,but these TV plays really appeal to me. For example, the leading lady in Startling by Each Step, traveled from our time back to Qing dynasty. Of course, a time traveler will encouter many cultural shocks. When one travels in a completely different world, he will feel like a fish out of water. He may misunderstand what others said, and can’t communicate well with others.

英语期末考试复习资料

英语期末考试----12月26日 （一）题型： 1.听力(10个短对话&2个短篇文章--10个问题) 2.阅读（3篇，其中一篇从第二册快速阅读的1--5单元中出） 3.单词（3，4，6单元A课文课后练习中vocabulary&word-building） 4.完型 5.翻译（3，4，6单元A课文课后练习中汉译英部分；以及3，4，6A课文中一段的段落进行英译汉） （二）单词&短语 1. I firmly believe that this agreement will be for our mutual benefit. 我坚决相信这份协议有利于我们的共同利益。 1.People have bought these houses under the illusion that their value would just keep on rise. 人们买房子是基于它们会增值这种幻象。 2.The project has been canceled by the local government for lack of public resources. 由于缺乏公共资源，当地政府取消了这个项目。 3.The clerk must have overlooked your name, because he said you were not here. 书记员一定是漏掉了你的名字，因为他说你不在这。 4.The speaker said something about the actors and then proceeded to talk

about the film. 发言人说了一些演员的事情，然后继续介绍电影。 5.Differences of opinion are often the most difficult problem to resolve. 如何处理各种不同的意见是最难解决的问题。 6.When he looked for a job, John strongly felt that there was a widespread prejudice against men over forty. 在找工作的过程中，约翰强烈的感觉到针对年过四十的男性的那种歧视。 7.Children should be encouraged to reach a compromise between what they want and what others want. 应该鼓励孩子们在他们自己和他人的所想所愿中找到折中点。 8.The discovery seems to confirm that people lived here over 100 years ago. 这个发现印证了此处一百多年前有人居住。 9.The book was first published in 1994 and was subsequently translated into fifteen languages. 这本书首次出版于1994年，而后被译成15种语言。 10.Mind your own business. My affairs have nothing to do with you. 管好你自己吧。我的事与你无关。 11.Having worked in the company for two years, Mr. Smith is now taking care for marketing and public relations. 在公司工作两年后，史密斯先生如今负责市场营销和公共关系。

天津大学研究生奖学金暂行管理规定完整版

天津大学研究生奖学金 暂行管理规定 HEN system office room 【HEN16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688】

天津大学文件 天大校研〔2009〕1号签发人：钟登华 天津大学研究生奖学金暂行管理办法（修订） 第一章总则 第一条奖学金的设置和管理是研究生培养机制改革的核心组成部分，为使研究生奖学金管理更加科学化、规范化，适应创新人才培养的要求，特对津大校研〔2007〕7号文件《天津大学研究生奖学金暂行管理办法》进行修订。本办法旨在建立以科学研究为主导的导师责任制和与之配套的导师资助制，完善评选和奖励机制，优化培养过程和提升培养质量。 第二条适用对象为全日制非在职硕士研究生及全日制非在职博士研究生。 第三条研究生奖学金主要用于资助优秀研究生在学期间的培养费、生活费等方面的开支，其资金来源主要由国家下拨的研究生培养专项经费、学校投入的培养经费和导师科研项目中配套的资助经费三个部分构成。研究生奖学金不包括由企业或个人设立的专项奖学金、助学金、困难补助金等方面的奖励或资助。 第四条学校成立研究生奖学金管理办公室，设在研究生院，负责研究生奖学金评定各项工作的组织与管理。 第二章硕士研究生奖学金体系及有关配套措施 第五条对于全日制硕士研究生学校设置了四个等级的奖学金体系。申请硕博连读的研究生，在被确定取得硕博连读生资格后，可享受博士生三等奖学金，具体标准参见本管理办法

第三章。硕士研究生享受奖学金资助的期限为2～3年（由各学院及专业的学制决定），延期不享受奖学金。 第六条对于硕士研究生入学后的第一学年，奖学金的评定主要依据其入学的初试和复试成绩来确定（推荐保送攻读硕士学位的研究生，可根据各学院制定的实施办法评定，保返生按当年各学院推免生的规定执行）；具体奖学金体系设置如表1所示。 对于硕士研究生入学后的第二学年，奖学金的评定由其所在学院或学科负责，主要依据其入学后一年来的学习成绩和综合表现进行评定。 第七条为进一步强化硕士生导师在硕士研究生培养中的责任、权利和义务，导师招收和培养研究生，需根据具体招生情况向学校缴纳相应的配套资助经费。硕士生导师的招生基数为6名，在此基数内招生，导师无需向学校缴纳配套经费；从招收第7名硕士生开始，每多招收1名，需向学校一次性缴纳一定比例的硕士生培养费，具体标准如表2所示。国家专项计划招生（包括少数民族骨干计划、援藏计划、硕士生单独考试招生计划、MBA招生计划）不含在招生计划基数之中。招收应用型硕士研究生的导师，学术型与应用型研究生的名额分配见表2。 表2：硕士生导师招生配套经费标准与招生名额分配比例

研究生英语期末考试试卷

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A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom. B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe. C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely. D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable. 5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners. B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism. C. To examine the trend of young people living alone. D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships. Passage Two American dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs －though some remain popular －increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times. The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was. “There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institu te for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events. Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development. A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels. Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce. The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies. “The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined. American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs. 6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows? A. Self-contradictory B. Prejudice-free C. Culture-loaded D. Audience-targeted 7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ . A. the patenting of domination shows and movies B. the emergence of new commercial networks C. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-television D. the intense competition coming from the outside 8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________. A. in need of capital B. after a fashion C. on second thoughts D. in the interests of themselves 9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____. A. they lose competitiveness B. they are not market-oriented C. they are too much priced D. they fall short of audience expectations 10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________. A. if they have no access to popular shows B. because their endeavors come to no avail C. since bidding wars are no longer fierce D. as international sales pace slows down Passage Three How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales 1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (th at is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.

天津大学研究生英语口语测试问题及答案总结

1hello everyone ,my name is A ,my topic is what are the diseases that are genetically determined than developed because of unhealthy lifestyle.as everybody know that leukemia[l?'kim??] is a seldom cured disease .all the people are afraid to be attacked by it. leukemia is a kind of polygenic [,p?li'd?enik] diseases,genetic [d??'n?t?k] defeat and radiation[,red?'e??n]，drugs can spur the gene to change it’s state.not only leukemia,but also Malignant [m?'l?gn?nt] disease, endocrine ['?nd?kr?n] disease, autoimmune [,?to?'mj?n] disease have the characteristic that can be influenced by external environment such as unhealthy lifestyle.so don’t think ourself as gene-safety guies,we should take care of ourselfes and develop good habbits to safe oufself against such recurring [r?'k???] illness 2 hello everyone ,my name is A ,my topic is what kind of person do you think you are,and what kind of life do you want to live? I believe that I don’t be clear what kind of person I am,my friend used to describe me as susceptible [s?'s?pt?bl], optimistic,brave humorous girl,maybe the gene of happiness comes from my parents and the environment I live in ,I am also a luck dog,somebody would give me a hand when I get trouble！all of you is my luck star! I used to dream i work in clean workplace and my co-workers are friendly,everyday I go to work with confidence and perform excellently.in holidays ,I wish traveling to many scenic['s?n?k] spots with my honey.i hope I can possess a healthy lifestyle and live to enjoy life! 3 hello everyone ,my name is A ,my topic is do you believe that a person’s potentialities are limited by his genes? I don’t agree this opinion,Genes can give a person the initial character,but it doesn’t means the person keep the charater in his whole life,he will develop his potential along with his world view, experience in life .the potential is just like a mobilphone,some functions of the mobilephone is set in factory-fresh state but a lot of additional fuctions are researched and developed by the person who use it ,the person is the environment .so gene is only the part of potential but is not the determinant [d?'t?m?n?nt].the potential is decided by how we choose the way that we belong.because we are thoughtful humanbeings 4 hello everyone ,my name is A ,my topic is anything we can do to upgrade ourseves? I have four points to answer this question,first I consider confidence is the chief factor to upgrade ourseves,keeping confident means you give yourself endless power to fulfill your dream,second,giving yourself a regular and healthy lifestyle in order to keep mental health and physical healty. a saying says The body is revolution in capital. this can help you focus attention to your career.third.be kind to your co-workers and friends,because all the people around you is are your luck star ,they take new opinion and surprise to you,you will be lonely and helpless without them.fourth,keep serious about the work your engaged in,when you work please don’t distract your attention to other things . keep high efficient is a good way to improve ourself. and to chieve your goals? 视频2、 1 hello everyone ,my name is A，my topic is enagine that you were one of the passengers on a hijacked plan,what would you do? oh dear ,it is horrible to imagine I was countered by a hijack,if I encounter a hijack,the fisrt thing I do is keeping silence and cast about for ideas to delay the game.then I will catfootedly ['k?t,futid]悄悄地dial 110 to let the police to know what is going on.next I will listen to the bandit’s words and give all my money to the bandits and go along with the crowd waiting the policemen to rescue us frightened birds.

英语I(1)期末机考复习题

开放英语1 试点期末机考模拟试题 一、英语知识运用 阅读下面的句子和对话，从A、B、C三个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项。 1. ____ name is Jane. ____ is from the USA. A. Her, She B. She‘s, She C. Her, Her 2. Have you got _____ lychees? A. some B. any C. / 3. Mr. Green is now ____ a holiday. A. in B. with C. on 4. I‘m a deputy manager. I work ______ an IT company. A. for B. about C. with 5. The Business Banking Department is on _____ second floor. A. / B. an C. the 6. A: How often ______ take the medicine? B: You should take it three times a day. A. I should B. I should to C. should I 7. It ______ heavily here at this moment. A. rain B. rains C. is raining 8. How do I ______ the gym? A. get to B. arrive C. go 9. My aunt _____ for her friends at home. A. enjoy cooking B. enjoys cook C. enjoys cooking 10. I‘d like to _____you to a party this Saturday. A. send B. invite C. leave 11. How many _____ would you like to buy? A. coffee B. oil C. oranges 12. Hurry up. We don‘t have _____ time. A. many B. enough C. too many 13. A: time do you have lunch? B: I usually have lunch at 12. A. Where B. What C. When 14. A: I haven‘t got a car. B: _____. A. Neither have I B. Neither do I C. Neither am I 15. This radio is _____ than that one. A. more expensive B. very expensive C. as expensive 16. A: The chair is not comfortable enough. B: Yes, I agree. It is _____. A. comfortable B. too uncomfortable C. enough comfortable 17. _____ a coffee machine in the room? A. Are there B. Is there C. Have there 18. A: _________________? B: I‘ve got a bad cough. A. What‘s the matter with you B. What is it like C. How was your day yesterday

天津大学硕士研究生奖学金的最新规定

天津大学文件 天大校研〔2012〕4号签发人：钟登华 关于发布《天津大学研究生奖助学金暂行管理办法》 的通知 各学院及各有关单位： 为使研究生奖助学金管理更加科学化、规范化，适应创新人才培养的要求，学校对《天津大学研究生奖学金暂行管理办法》（天大校研〔2010〕6号）进行了修订，经2012年第5次校长办公会讨论通过，现予以发布，请认真学习，遵照执行。 特此通知。 附件：天津大学研究生奖助学金暂行管理办法 天津大学 二○一二年八月三十一日 （联系人：任欣荣；联系电话：27401315） （共印3份） 天津大学校长办公室 2012年9月3日印发 附件 天津大学研究生奖助学金暂行管理办法（修订） 第一章总则

第一条奖助学金的设置和管理是研究生培养机制改革的重要组成部分，为使研究生奖助学金管理更加科学化、规范化，适应创新人才培养的要求，特对《天津大学研究生奖学金暂行管理办法》（天大校研〔2010〕6号）进行修订。本办法旨在建立以高水平科学研究为导向的导师责任制和与之配套的导师资助制，完善评选和奖励机制，优化培养过程和提升培养质量。 第二条适用对象为取得正式学籍的全日制非在职研究生（不含MBA、MPA、MEM、定向、委托培养研究生）。 第三条研究生奖助学金分为奖学金和助学金两部分，其资金来源主要由国家下拨经费、学校投入的培养经费和导师科研经费三个部分构成。研究生奖助学金不包括由企业或个人设立的专项奖学金、助学金、困难补助金等方面的奖励或资助。 第四条研究生奖助学金体系的设置、评定、发放等各项工作的组织与管理由研究生院奖学金管理办公室负责。 第二章硕士研究生奖助学金体系及有关配套措施 第五条对于全日制非在职硕士研究生，学校设置了有三个类别的奖助学金体系。硕士研究生享受奖助学金资助的期限以基本学习年限为准（由各学院及专业的学制决定），延期不享受奖学金。申请硕博连读的研究生，在被确定取得硕博连读生资格后，可享受硕博连读生奖助学金，具体标准参见本管理办法第三章。 第六条对于硕士研究生入学后的第一学年，奖助学金的评定主要依据其入学的初试和复试成绩来确定。推荐免试硕士研究生享受A类奖助学金待遇。对于硕士研究生入学后的第二学年及以后学年，采取申请制，奖助学金的评定工作由其所在学院负责，依据学院奖助学金评定办法（细则）和评审标准，在充分考虑导师意见的前提下，对研究生入学后的综合表现进行评定，评定结果须报研究生院审批备案。对于纳入奖助学金体系的保返生返校第一学年执行录取时评定的奖助学金类别，第二及以后学年的奖助学金类别与复学时同年入学的研究生一起评定。具体硕士研究生奖助学金体系设置如表1所示。 表1 硕士研究生奖助学金体系 奖助学金类别 第一年 奖助学金总额(单 位：元/年) 助学金 （单位：元/年） 奖学金 （单位：元/年） 比例 校拨导师配套 A类 (推免生) 21000 15000 3600 2400 70% B类18600 15000 3600 0 C类15000 15000 0 0 30%