Interannual variations of the fish assemblage

Interannual variations of the fish assemblage

in the transitional zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir:persistence and stability

Shaorong Yang &Xin Gao &Mingzheng Li &Baoshan Ma &Huanzhang Liu

Received:26January 2011/Accepted:10October 2011#Springer Science+Business Media B.V .2011

Abstract The construction of dams may lead to dramatic changes in fish assemblages due to the loss of lotic habitat caused by impoundment,which have been well documented.However,knowledge of the temporal variation of fish assemblages in the transitional zone,which is an ecotone between lotic and lentic environments of the reservoir,is still very rare.In the present study,fishes in the transitional zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir were sampled from 1997to 2002and from 2006to 2009to investigate interannual variations of fish assemblages.The results showed that 9families,composed of 77species,were found in the transitional zone with Cyprinidae as the dominant group.By cluster analysis (CLUSTER)and non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS),assemblages were separated into two groups at a Bray-Curtis similarity value of 77.26%,representing the pre-impoundment period and post-impoundment period.Following analysis of simi-larity percentages of species contributions (SIMPER),shifts in abundances of Coreius guichenoti ,Rhinogobio

cylindricus and Coreius heterodon ,etc.contributed most to the difference between the two groups.Surprisingly,contrasting to the drastic changes in lacustrine region,the fish assemblage in the transi-tional zone appeared to be relatively stable,since the ten core species caught were consistently recorded every year,and no significant species replacement occurred during our study period.Besides,the moderate index of persistence indicated persistence of the fish assemblage as well,in spite of the shift of some species.Based on the results of ordination and time-lag analysis,the fish assemblage in the transi-tional zone showed no directional change.We conclude that fish assemblage in the transitional zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir was stable across the surveyed years.Based on our results,we propose that maintenance of dynamic transitional zones in reservoirs will be useful for the preservation of fishes,particularly for the endemic species inhabiting the upper Yangtze.Keywords Fish assemblage .Persistence .Stability .Transitional zone .Three Gorges Reservoir .Yangtze River

Introduction

Dams are major threats to aquatic ecosystems and have been shown to change the flow regime,water quality,habitat conditions and aquatic biota of the rivers (Baxter 1977;Dudgeon 2000;Nilsson et al.

Environ Biol Fish

DOI

10.1007/s10641-011-9936-6

S.Yang :X.Gao (*):M.Li :B.Ma :H.Liu (*)The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity

and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences,

Institute of Hydrobiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,7th southern road of East Lake,Wuhan,Hubei Province 430072,People ’s Republic of China e-mail:gaoxin@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6b6604335.html, e-mail:hzliu@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6b6604335.html,

S.Yang :M.Li

Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100039,People ’s Republic of China

2005).Considerable attention has been given to the impacts on fish assemblages of downstream reaches (De Jalon et al.1994;Quinn and Kwak2003;Merona et al.2005)and upstream reaches(Gido et al.2000; Quist et al.2005;Guenther and Spacie2006). Remarkable changes in fish assemblages have been found after the impoundment of reservoirs.For instance,in the downstream reach of a large Ozark river,Quinn and Kwak(2003)found changes in fish assemblage composition30years after impoundment of Beaver Dam:warm-water fish species dominated in the pre-impoundment surveys and coldwater species dominated30years after impoundment.Quist et al.(2005)identified dramatic changes in the fish assemblages in both upstream and downstream reaches after impoundment of the Laramie River by Grayrocks Reservoir.

Less consideration has been given to fish assemb-lages in the transitional zones of the reservoirs. Habitats in reservoirs vary longitudinally,allowing the division of three distinct zones:riverine,transi-tional and lacustrine(Thornton et al.1990).Studies on the fish assemblages in reservoirs suggest that transitional zone,which is an ecotone between the river upstream and the lacustrine zone of the reservoir, is important for the management of reservoirs (Carvalho et al.1998;Oliveira et al.2004,2005; Agostinho et al.2008).The transitional zone has relatively higher fish density and diversity than others possibly by reason of its higher light penetration and primary productivity(Carvalho et al.1998;Oliveira et al.2004;Santos et al.2010;Terra et al.2010). However,one of the characteristics of the transition zone is its dynamic nature(Thornton et al.1990). This zone may consist of static water,gently flowing water and running water and may be at the highest risk of experiencing water quality problems within the three zones(Lind et al.1993;Scott et al.2009),and the fish assemblages could be most seriously influenced by frequent flow regulation.Thus,fish assemblages in the transitional zone of a reservoir may exhibit large variations.However,empirical data on temporal varia-tions of fish assemblages in the complex zones are scarce.

Persistence and stability are important temporal elements of ecological assemblages.Findings about persistence and stability of assemblages are funda-mental to our understanding of structure and function in natural ecological systems(Meffe and Berra1988).Following Holling(1973)and Connell and Sousa (1983),persistence is often defined as constancy in community composition,and stability refers to the constancy in relative species abundance.Although theses terms have often been confused and used interchangeably,both should be considered separately when evaluating temporal change in natural assemb-lages(Meffe and Minckley1987).Persistence and stability of fish assemblages structure across temporal scales have been investigated in many aquatic ecosystems(Ross et al.1985;Meffe and Minckley 1987;Matthews et al.1988;Oberdorff et al.2001; Pyron et al.2006;Hued et al.2010).For example,in the middle Wabash River,USA,Pyron et al.(2006) found that the fish assemblage was unstable over a period of25years.In Suquía River Basin,Argentina, Hued et al.(2010)identified a persistent and stable fish assemblage,even though the deterioration of water quality was recorded.Up to now,few studies have attempted to examine temporal variation of fish assemblages in large reservoirs of large rivers.

The Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR)located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River,China,is one of the largest hydropower station in the world,with the capacity of3.93×1010m3,and the surface area of 1080km2(Huang et al.2006).According to the schedule,the water filling of TGR was completed through three filling events,which were conducted in 2003,2006and2009,respectively.It was predicted that the impoundment would severely threaten the rare and endemic fishes in the upper Yangtze River because of the inundating of the original spawning areas and habitats of fluvial fishes(Park et al.2003; Xie2003).Unfortunately,only a few studies have dealt with the impacts of reservoir construction on the fish assemblages(Duan et al.2002;Wu et al.2007; Gao et al.2010),which found the immediate change of fish assemblages after the impoundment.According to the schedule,after the planned last filling in2009,the water level was risen to175m ASL and subsequently the water level would fluctuate between145m ASL (flood season)and175m ASL(the remaining months of a year)(Fig.1).A large transitional zone was created in the TGR,where the water level alternated between 145m ASL and175m ASL.At present,the dynamic of fish assemblages in this zone is poorly known.

To investigate the dynamic processes of fish assemblages potentially impacted by the reservoir regulation,fish assemblage surveys were conducted

Environ Biol Fish

in the transitional zone during pre-impoundment and post-impoundment periods.We aimed to analyze the temporal variations of fish assemblages,estimate the impacts of impoundment and flow regulation on the fish assemblages,test their persistence and stability,and give suggestions for fish conservation in the future.

Materials and methods Study site and fish sampling

Samplings were conducted in Mudong reach (29°34′N,106°50′E)of the Yangtze River,which is about 560km upstream from the Three Gorges Dam,and inundated after the second impoundment in 2006,where is a typical transitional zone (Fig.2a,b ).According to the regulation scheme of the TGR,after the first filling in June 2003,the water level in front of the dam reached 135m ASL.In October 2006,the second filling was finished with the water level increasing to 156m ASL.In the trial filling in October 2008,the water level reached 172m ASL (Fig.3).The investigations were conducted each year from 1997to 2002and 2006to 2009.The fishes were collected twice each year in May-June and September-October.The dura-tion of each sampling was 15to 20days.All analyses were based on pooled data for the spring and fall catches.

Our study area is about 30km reach where the local fishers prefer to fishing and could set the nets in the whole reach based on their long-time experiences

for more catches.We investigated at least ten fishing boats using multi-mesh gill nets with 100–130m long and 1.2–1.4m high.There were four mesh-sizes of gill nets ranging from 50to 120mm.Most of the boats were investigated every day during the sampling period.Fishing of each boat usually lasts about 12h each day,following the fishermen ’s experience.The fish specimens were collected at 6:00–7:00every morning.The fishes were then identified to species,counted in numbers,and weighted in individual body weight.Each fish was weighted to the nearest 1g.

Gill nets,like any fishing gear,have their inherent biases;however,they provide useful estimates of changes in relative abundance (Hubert 1996).Small fish may not be efficiently sampled using the 50–120mm gill nets.Therefore,our investigations were restricted to relatively large species,and do not provide information on assem-blage structure of small bodied fish species.But this bias should not interfere with the conclusions of this study since the bias was the same for all sampling years.In terms of the aim of our study,it was therefore believed that the data were sufficient enough to reflect the actual conditions of the fish assemblages in this transitional zone.

The data of the water level in front of the dam were provided by China Three Gorges Project Corporation.Data analysis

Variation of fish species composition was examined using cluster analysis (CLUSTER)based on Bray-Curtis similarity matrix calculated on fourth root transformed interannual relative abundance data.Only species making up more than 0.1%of the total catch were included in the analysis,because rare species typically have a minor influence on results of multivariate statistics and can be perceived as outliers in ordinations (Gauch 1982).To construct a config-uration of the sampling years according to fish assemblages,non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS)ordination analysis was carried out.Stress coefficients were treated as critical values to test goodness-of-fit of a given MDS model in two dimensions (Clarke and Warwick 2001).The signif-icance of differences among fish assemblages was tested using the analysis of similarity (ANOSIM).The Similarity Percentage procedure (SIMPER)was

used

Fig.1Annual water fluctuation management schedule for the Three Gorges Dam (source:Three Gorges Project Preliminary Design Report.Changjiang Water Resources Commission,the Ministry of Water Resources,P.R.China 1992)

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to identify those species most responsible for the dissimilarity between year-groups (Clarke and Warwick 2001).All the multivariate analyses were performed

with the PRIMER 5software package,including modules ‘CLUSTER ’,‘MDS ’,‘ANOSIM ’,and ‘SIMPER ’(Clarke and Warwick 2001

).

Fig.2a Map shows the location of Three Gorges Dam and sampling area in the Three Gorges Reservoir;b Zone of Three Gorges Reservoir inundation (the flood control limited water level is 145m ASL;the normal pool level is 175m

ASL)

Fig.3Variations of the water level ASL in front of the Three Gorges Dam since 2003.The straight line represents the altitude of Mudong reach.After the second filling,Mudong reach was inundated in the non-flood season (the shaded areas )and remained lotic environment in the flood seasons (areas filled with oblique lines ).Dotted lines represent the sampling periods since 2006

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We measured the persistence of fish assemblage through an index of species turnover rate(Diamond and May1977;J?rvinen1979;Meffe and Minckley 1987).The index was defined as:

T?CtE

eT=S1tS2

eT

where C and E were the number of species that colonized or went extinct between sample years,and S1and S2were number of species that were present during each sampling years.Turnover rates were determined between all pairs of sampling years,and a mean turnover rate(T)was calculated as the average of all k-1adjacent sampling years.An index of persistence was calculated as1-T where zero indicated no persistence and one indicated complete persistence(Meffe and Minckley1987).

Principal Component Analysis(PCA)was used to examine the temporal trajectories of assemblage composition.Linear ordination method was selected because preliminary detrended correspondence analy-ses showed turnovers<2SD,which is the recommen-ded criterion for choosing linear versus uni-modal ordination models(ter Braak and Smilauer2002).The PCA was performed on relative abundance data by species using Canoco version 4.5(ter Braak and Smilauer2002).Fish data were square-root trans-formed prior to analysis.

Although ordination analyses can be used to assess general patterns of temporal change in community data,ordinations do not provide statistical inferences as to whether or not compositional change is truly directional(Wildi1988).Time-lag analysis provides a useful quantitative measurement of the rate and pattern of temporal dynamics in communities over time (Collins et al.2000).Therefore,in the present study, time-lag regression was fitted to test directional change in an assemblage during the sampling periods following the method of Collins et al.(2000).The test for directional change was performed by first calcu-lating Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix for the species×time data matrix.Bray-Curtis dissimilarity measures were used because they result in more normal frequency distributions than Euclidean distance(Pyron et al. 2006).The dissimilarity values were then regressed against time lags in years,which could produce three theoretical patterns(Collins et al.2000).For instance, a data set sampled over10years would have nine 1-year time lags,eight2-year time lags and seven 3-year time lags,etc.,for a total of45time lags over the entire period.A regression line that is significant,positive and linear implies the assem-blage is unstable because it is undergoing direc-tional change.A regression that is not significant implies a stable assemblage.A negative,signifi-cant and linear slope implies an unstable assem-blage with convergence to one of the early sample period.

Result

Fish species composition

We collected a total of58086individuals,represent-ing77species of9families from1997to2002and 2006to2009.The assemblage was totally dominated by species belonging to Cyprinidae(62%),Bagridae (13%),and Cobitidae(10%),and the numerically abundant species included Coreius heterodon(34%), Coreius guichenoti(24%),Rhinogobio ventralis (14%)and Rhinogobio cylindricus(10%).Interannual number of fish species was recorded between29and 46species(mean=34.1,SD=4.8).

Interannual variations of fish assemblage

Cluster analysis showed the fish assemblages fell into two groups while similarity level was set at77.26% (Fig.4a).Group I consisted of6years in the pre-impoundment period(from1997to2002).Group II included4years in the post-impoundment period (from2006to2009).The clustering of the two groups was further confirmed by a MDS two-dimensional plot that showed no overlap between groups(Fig.4b).The overall ordinations were strong with low stress values of0.11.The result of the MDS ordination analysis was supported by the ANOSIM test(Global R=0.655, P<0.05).

Ten species,Coreius heterodon, C.guichenoti, Rhinogobio ventralis,R.cylindricus,Pelteobagrus vachelli,Leiocassis longirostris,R.typus,Leptobotia elongate and Cyprinus carpio were present in all years.These ten taxa accounted for95%of total species abundance during the study period.SIMPER analysis showed that18species contributed to90%of the dissimilarity(Table1).Of the18“discriminating”species,mean annual relative abundances of

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Pelteobagrus nitidus ,Rhinogobio cylindricus and Coreius heterodon were generally higher in the post-impoundment period.Mean annual relative abundances of Xenophysogobio boulengeri ,Leiocassis longirost-ris ,Gobiobotia filifer ,R.ventralis ,Saurogobio gymnocheilus ,Botia reevesae ,Pseudolaubuca sinen-sis ,Silurus meridionalis ,S.dabryi ,Carassius aur-atus ,C.guichenoti ,L.crassilabris ,P .fulvidraco ,P .vachelli and Jinshaia abbreviata were greater in the pre-impoundment

period.

Fig.4Dendrogram of hierarchical clustering (a )and non metric dimensional scaling (MDS)ordination plots (b )on fish species relative abundance data for all sampling years

Table 1Fish species which contributed to the dissimilarity between species composition during pre-and post-impoundment period Species

Average relative abundance Contribution to dissimilarity Pre-impoundment

Post-impoundment

Contribution (%)

Cumulative (%)

Pelteobagrus nitidus 0.100.777.387.38Xenophysogobio boulengeri 0.250.01 6.8914.27Rhinogobio cylindricus 6.9419.80 6.5920.86Leiocassis longirostris 5.930.29 6.4427.30Gobiobotia filifer 0.510.05 6.2633.56Rhinogobio ventralis 12.399.47 6.1539.72Saurogobio gymnocheilus 0.540.01 5.4245.13Botia reevesae 0.140.00 4.8750.00Pseudolaubuca sinensis 0.440.07 4.7654.76Silurus meridionalis 0.490.08 4.7459.50Saurogobio dabryi 0.350.13 4.5364.03Carassius auratus 0.420.17 4.5268.54Coreius guichenoti 27.9615.19 4.3272.86Leiocassis crassilabris 0.780.61 4.1276.98Pelteobagrus fulvidraco 0.400.02 4.0681.04Pelteobagrus vachelli 11.94 6.68 4.0285.06Coreius heterodon 25.7443.69 3.7788.83Jinshaia abbreviata 0.300.00 3.2592.08Mystus macropterus 0.160.21 2.7594.83Cyprinus carpio 0.220.10 2.1696.99Rhinogobio typus 1.440.90 2.0299.01Leptobotia elongate

0.71

0.73

0.99

100.00

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Persistence and stability

The index of persistence is based on species presence in a community and for this study it equals to 0.68(zero indicates no persistence and one indicates complete persistence),indicating that there were few changes in species composition over time.

The Principal Component Analysis of the fish assemblage in the transitional zone showed no clear patterns of directional change throughout the ten years (Fig.5).Time-lag analysis was used to quantify temporal dynamics of fish assemblage in the transi-tional zone.The slope of the time-lag regression line was not significantly different from zero and the overall regression was not significant (P >0.05)(Fig.6),indicating that the fish assemblage was stable.

Discussion

Impacts of impoundment of TGR on fish assemblage in the transitional zone

It is widely recognized that the shift in fish assem-blage is an inevitable impact of the impoundment (Agostinho et al.2008).Previous studies also revealed clear changes in fish assemblages in the TGR due to the impoundment (Wu et al.2007;Gao et al.2010).The impoundment of TGR showed various degrees of impacts on the fish assemblages between the transitional zone and the lacustrine zone.Duan et

al.(2002)and Wu et al.(2007)investigated the fish resources of the Three Gorges Reservoir during the pre-impoundment period (1997–2000)and post-impoundment period (2005–2006)respectively.They found that fish compositions of Mudong reach (the transitional zone)and Wanzhou reach (the lacustrine zone)were similar before the impoundment (Duan et al.2002).However,after the impoundment,locating in middle part of the TGR,Wanzhou reach was dominated by lentic species.In contrast,Mudong reach was still dominated by lotic species due to its transitional environmental condition.Our results suggested that the impoundment of the TGD had evidently altered the structure of the fish assemblage in the transitional zone.Several species have shifted in their relative abundance over time.The most notable species was C .guichenoti ,which accounted for 27.96%of the abundance measured by number of individuals before the impoundment,but dropped to 15.19%after the impoundment.Conversely,C .heterodon increased from 25.74%to 43.69%,and R .cylindricus increased from 6.94%to 19.80%.The reduced abundance of C .guichenoti in the transitional zone could be attributed to their lotic preferences,which was in accordance with earlier studies (Wu et al.2007).They might not be adapted to the slow flow after the impoundment and moved more upstream to lotic habitats (Institute of hydrobiology,unpubl.data).Persistence and stability

According to Connell and Sousa (1983),assessments of persistence and stability would be more meaningful if:(1)the disturbing force could cause a

potentially

Fig.5Assemblage trajectories over time in ordination plots derived from Principal Component Analysis (PCA)of fish catches.Years are connected by a line to follow temporal changes over time

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disrupt structure of the system;(2)populations are examined over at least one complete turnover of the individuals.We were sure both these conditions were met in this study.First,the transitional zone of the TGR has been disturbed by artificial flow regulation.In addition,the13-yr scale of this study was long enough to encompass at least one turnover of individuals in almost all the species studied(Ding1994).

When investigating temporal assemblage change,a single analytical tool may restrict the breadth of understanding and interpretation.It is useful to employ more than one technique when assessing assemblage change(Phillips and Johnston2004). Thus we use different community metrics in our present study.All metrics employed in this study indicated that fish assemblage structure was relatively stable in the study https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6b6604335.html,paring with the index in other reports(e.g.,Meffe and Minckley1987;Meffe and Berra1988),which were above0.9,indicating high persistence in their fish assemblages,the index of persistence(equaled to0.68)in our study was moderate,indicating that the species composition of our study area was relatively constant.Both lentic and lotic species may co-exist in the transitional zone, using the habitat simultaneously,thus this zone may have a high number of rare species(Oliveira et al. 2003)and result in the moderate persistence index. We followed the analytical method of Collins et al. (2000)to test for directional change in the fish assemblages.The regression line was not significant, and the ordination of the fish assemblage showed no clear patterns of directional change,which implied a stable fish assemblage.

Despite the varied environment,the fish assemb-lages in the transitional zone of the TGR tended to have certain resilience and re-establish themselves in the long term,which leads us to reject our hypothesis that fish assemblages in the transitional zone of a reservoir may exhibit large variations.For instance, the ten species were recorded every year and remained the most abundant;also no significant species replacement occurred during the sampling years.This apparent stability in the face of harsh environmental variation has already been reported in many systems(Ross et al.1985;Matthews et al. 1988;Meffe and Berra1988;Hued et al.2010). Several factors may contribute to the persistence and stability of fish assemblage in the transitional zone. For example,successful recruitment of some species may lead to the persistence and stability of the fish assemblage.The transitional zone provided important nursery areas for the juveniles of many fishes with drifting fertilized eggs(e.g.C.guichenoti,R.ventralis, C.heterodon,G.filifer,X.boulengeri,S.dabryi)in the upper Yangtze River probably because of its abundance of food and relatively high water velocity (Yang et al.2010),which might be useful for the completion of their life cycles.

Additionally,regulation of flow regime may play a major role in structuring the fish assemblage.In stable environments,biological interactions are thought to be the main determinants of community structure (Schlosser1987).In unstable environments,physical interactions are thought to be the main determinants of community structure(Schlosser1987;Beesley and Prince2010).Species-habitat level interactions also have been reported as major drivers of fish assem-blage organization in many studies(Marsh-Matthews and Matthews2000;Peres-Neto2004;Bhat and Magurran2007).The transitional zone remained lotic environment in the flood seasons since2006,for the water level of the TGR remained at about145m (ASL)during these periods.Species evolving in a large river ecosystem and normally experiencing harsh river environment seem to be adapted to the highly variable river environment(Gido et al.2000). Most species in our study appear to have some degree of resistance to the fluctuations in water level.Some species might move upstream during the non-flood periods and return to the transitional zone during flood periods,which is in accordance with the reason proposed by Ross et al.(1985)that a high mobility may permit a local refuge-seeking behavior and the return of the species after the perturbation. Conservation implications

Findings about the contributions of biotic and abiotic factors in structuring fish assemblages have important implications for conservation and management of habitats under the effect of human activities(Bhat and Magurran2007).Our results support the view that flow regime had a large impact on the fish assemblage.Human-induced threats related to hydro-electric development lead to the decreasement of endemic fish resources in the upper Yangtze River (He et al.2011).Fortunately,the endemic fishes in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River,such as C.

Environ Biol Fish

guichenoti,R.ventralis,L.elongate,and R.cylindri-cus,continue to account for a certain proportion in the transitional zone.The transitional zone could play an important role in protecting the endemic species,and should be kept in a reservoir.

Exotic fish species can remarkably influence fish community structures when they are introduced to reservoirs(Han et al.2008),and the introduction of exotic species to reservoirs has been reported by many authors(e.g.Gido et al.2000;Oliveira et al. 2005).In the TGR,some exotic species(for example, Ameiurus melas,Tinca tinca,and Ictalurus punctatus) also had successfully colonized the lacustrine zone according to Gao et al.(2010).However,no exotic fishes have been recorded in the transitional zone of the TGR during our study period.Native fishes exhibit different habitat requirements and respond to temporal variation in flow in a different manner than nonnative fishes(Marchetti and Moyle2001).The harsh nature of the transitional zone most likely creates an environment unsuitable for introduced species.

According to the integrated plan for the Yangtze River basin,a large scale of cascade hydropower plants will be established in the main channel and tributaries in the upper reaches.After these projects carried out,most regions of the upper reaches will become cascade reservoirs.The cumulative effects of the cascade reservoirs may have great impacts on fish species(Chen et al.2006).We suggest that,while setting reservoir regulation scheme,to maintain a dynamic transitional zone in reservoir will be useful for the preservation of fishes,particularly for the endemic species inhabiting the upper Yangtze. Acknowledgments This paper is the result of many years of hard work by a great number of people.We gratefully acknowledge all colleagues for their help with the collection of the survey data.Thanks are given to Martin Reichard and three anonymous referees for their valuable comments on the manuscript.This study was funded by an Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX1-YW-08-01),and the Three Gorges Project eco-environmental monitoring system (SX[2009]-019).

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Environ Biol Fish

The way常见用法

The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法： 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which（最为正式的用法） 3)the way + 省略（最为自然的用法） 举例：I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法： 在当代美国英语中，the way用作为副词的对格，“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2）The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3）The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4）The way =because

The way的用法及其含义(二)

The way的用法及其含义（二） 二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语： 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势，忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中

(完整版)the的用法

定冠词the的用法： 定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸 或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way...

“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法

“tｈｅwａｙ+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Ｒead the foｌloｗｉnｇpassagｅａnd talkａbout ｉt wi ｔh your classmaｔes．Try tｏｔeｌl whaｔyｏu thiｎk ｏf Tom aｎd ｏｆｔhe ｗay the chiｌｄrenｔrｅated ｈim. 在这个句子中，ｔhe waｙ是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in whｉch的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the ｗaｙ+从句”结构的用法。 1.tｈe wａy之后，引导定语从句的关系词是tｈat而不是hoｗ,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典＞＞中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：Ｔhｉs is ｔｈeｗayｈowｉtｈａppened. This is the way how he ａlwａｙs treats me. 2．在正式语体中,thaｔ可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中，ｔhat则往往省略。由此我们得到theｗay后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) tｈe ｗaｙ＋ｔhａt-从句２）the way +ｉn whiｃh－从句3) the ｗay +从句 例如：Ｔｈe way(in whiｃh ，thａt) ｔhｅｓｅｃomｒade ｓloｏｋａｔｐrobｌems is wrong．这些同志看问题的方法

不对。 Ｔｈｅｗａy(that ,ｉn ｗhiｃh)yoｕ’ｒe doinｇit is comple ｔeｌy crａzy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Wｅａdmiｒｅd him for thｅｗay ｉｎｗhｉch he fａｃeｓdiｆficultieｓ． Waｌlａｃe ａｎd Ｄarwiｎｇreed ｏn the way ｉｎwhi ｃh ｄｉfｆｅrｅnt forms ｏf life had ｂegｕn.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 Thｉs is ｔｈe ｗaｙ（tｈａｔ) hｅdｉd it. I lｉkeｄｔhe waｙ(ｔhat) ｓｈeｏｒganized ｔhe ｍeetｉng． 3.theｗay(tｈat)有时可以与hｏw(作“如何”解）通用。例如： That’s tｈe ｗaｙ(tｈaｔ) shｅspoke. = Tｈat’s how shｅspoke.

way 用法

表示“方式”、“方法”，注意以下用法： 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式，通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如： Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法，其后可接不定式或of doing sth。 如： It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句，但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如： 我不喜欢他说话的态度。 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法： That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看，你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题： ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A，而不选其他几项，则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法，下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。 一、in a way的用法 表示：在一定程度上，从某方面说。如： In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注：in a way也可说成in one way。 二、on the way的用法 1、表示：即将来(去)，就要来(去)。如： Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示：在路上，在行进中。如： He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示：(婴儿)尚未出生。如： She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子，现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children，and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了，另一个又快生了。 三、by the way的用法

The way的用法及其含义(一)

The way的用法及其含义（一） 有这样一个句子：In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. 1770年，这间琥珀屋按照她的要求完成了。 the way在句中的语法作用是什么？其意义如何？在阅读时，学生经常会碰到一些含有the way 的句子，如：No one knows the way he invented the machine. He did not do the experiment the way his teacher told him.等等。他们对the way 的用法和含义比较模糊。在这几个句子中，the way之后的部分都是定语从句。第一句的意思是，“没人知道他是怎样发明这台机器的。”the way的意思相当于how；第二句的意思是，“他没有按照老师说的那样做实验。”the way 的意思相当于as。在In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted.这句话中，the way也是as的含义。随着现代英语的发展，the way的用法已越来越普遍了。下面，我们从the way的语法作用和意义等方面做一考查和分析： 一、the way作先行词，后接定语从句 以下3种表达都是正确的。例如：“我喜欢她笑的样子。” 1. the way+ in which +从句 I like the way in which she smiles. 2. the way+ that +从句 I like the way that she smiles. 3. the way + 从句(省略了in which或that) I like the way she smiles. 又如：“火灾如何发生的，有好几种说法。” 1. There were several theories about the way in which the fire started. 2. There were several theories about the way that the fire started.

way 的用法

way 的用法 【语境展示】 1. Now I’ll show you how to do the experiment in a different way. 下面我来演示如何用一种不同的方法做这个实验。 2. The teacher had a strange way to make his classes lively and interesting. 这位老师有种奇怪的办法让他的课生动有趣。 3. Can you tell me the best way of working out this problem? 你能告诉我算出这道题的最好方法吗？ 4. I don’t know the way (that / in which) he helped her out. 我不知道他用什么方法帮助她摆脱困境的。 5. The way (that / which) he talked about to solve the problem was difficult to understand. 他所谈到的解决这个问题的方法难以理解。 6. I don’t like the way that / which is being widely used for saving water. 我不喜欢这种正在被广泛使用的节水方法。 7. They did not do it the way we do now. 他们以前的做法和我们现在不一样。 【归纳总结】 ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，如表示“以……方式”，前面常加介词in。如例1； ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，其后可接不定式to do sth.，也可接of doing sth. 作定语，表示做某事的方法。如例2，例3；

the-way-的用法讲解学习

t h e-w a y-的用法

The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮.

way的用法总结大全

way的用法总结大全 way的用法你知道多少，今天给大家带来way的用法，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 way的用法总结大全 way的意思 n. 道路,方法,方向,某方面 adv. 远远地，大大地 way用法 way可以用作名词 way的基本意思是“路,道,街,径”,一般用来指具体的“路,道路”,也可指通向某地的“方向”“路线”或做某事所采用的手段,即“方式,方法”。way还可指“习俗,作风”“距离”“附近,周围”“某方面”等。 way作“方法,方式,手段”解时,前面常加介词in。如果way前有this, that等限定词,介词可省略,但如果放在句首,介词则不可省略。

way作“方式,方法”解时,其后可接of v -ing或to- v 作定语,也可接定语从句,引导从句的关系代词或关系副词常可省略。 way用作名词的用法例句 I am on my way to the grocery store.我正在去杂货店的路上。 We lost the way in the dark.我们在黑夜中迷路了。 He asked me the way to London.他问我去伦敦的路。 way可以用作副词 way用作副词时意思是“远远地,大大地”,通常指在程度或距离上有一定的差距。 way back表示“很久以前”。 way用作副词的用法例句 It seems like Im always way too busy with work.我工作总是太忙了。 His ideas were way ahead of his time.他的思想远远超越了他那个时代。 She finished the race way ahead of the other runners.她第一个跑到终点,远远领先于其他选手。 way用法例句

the_way的用法大全教案资料

t h e_w a y的用法大全

The way 在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了 另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的

the way 的用法

The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮.

the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms. 从那天起,其他同学是夹着书本来上课,而他们却带着"失败"的思想负担来上课.

The way的用法及其含义(三)

The way的用法及其含义（三） 三、the way的语义 1. the way=as（像） Please do it the way I’ve told you.请按照我告诉你的那样做。 I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own.我和你说话就像和自己孩子说话一样。 Plant need water the way they need sun light. 植物需要水就像它们需要阳光一样。 2. the way=how（怎样，多么） No one can imagine the way he misses her.没人能够想象出他是多么想念她！ I want to find out the way a volcano has formed.我想弄清楚火山是怎样形成的。 He was filled with anger at the way he had been treated.他因遭受如此待遇而怒火满腔。That’s the way she speaks.她就是那样讲话的。 3. the way=according as （根据） The way you answer the questions, you must be an excellent student.从你回答问题来看，你一定是名优秀的学生。 The way most people look at you, you'd think a trash man was a monster.从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物。 The way I look at it, it’s not what you do that matters so much.依我看，重要的并不是你做什么。 I might have been his son the way he talked.根据他说话的样子，好像我是他的儿子一样。One would think these men owned the earth the way they behave.他们这样行动，人家竟会以为他们是地球的主人。

way的用法

一．Way：“方式”、“方法” 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式 Do it (in) your own way. Please do not talk (in) that way. 2.表示做某事的方式或方法 It’s the best way of studying [to study] English.。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. I don’t like the way that he spoke. I don’t like the way in which he spoke.误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4. the way 的从句 That’s the way (=how) he spoke. I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. He did not do it the way his friend did. 二．固定搭配 1. In a/one way：In a way he was right. 2. In the way /get in one’s way I'm afraid your car is in the way， If you are not going to help，at least don't get in the way. You'll have to move－you're in my way. 3. in no way Theory can in no way be separated from practice. 4. On the way (to……) Let’s wait a few moments. He is on the way Spring is on the way. Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way. She has two children with another one on the way. 5. By the way By the way，do you know where Mary lives? 6. By way of Learn English by way of watching US TV series. 8. under way 1. Elbow one’s way He elbowed his way to the front of the queue. 2. shoulder one’s way 3. feel one‘s way 摸索着向前走；We couldn’t see anything in the cave, so we had to feel our way out 4. fight/force one’s way 突破。。。而前进The surrounded soldiers fought their way out. 5.. push/thrust one‘s way（在人群中）挤出一条路He pushed his way through the crowd. 6. wind one’s way 蜿蜒前进 7. lead the way 带路，领路；示范 8. lose one‘s way 迷失方向 9. clear the way 排除障碍，开路迷路 10. make one’s way 前进，行进The team slowly made their way through the jungle.

the way的用法大全

在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了 另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms.

“the-way+从句”结构的意义及用法知识讲解

“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子： Read the following passage and talk about it with your classmates. Try to tell what you think of Tom and of the way the children treated him. 在这个句子中，the way是先行词，后面是省略了关系副词that 或in which的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the way+从句”结构的用法。 1．the way之后，引导定语从句的关系词是that而不是how,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典>>中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：This is the way how it happened. This is the way how he always treats me. 2. 在正式语体中，that可被in which所代替；在非正式语体中，that则往往省略。由此我们得到the way后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) the way +that-从句2) the way +in which-从句3) the way +从句 例如：The way(in which ,that) these comrades look at problems is wrong.这些同志看问题的方法不对。

The way(that ,in which)you’re doing it is completely crazy.你这么个干法，简直发疯。 We admired him for the way in which he faces difficulties. Wallace and Darwin greed on the way in which different forms of life had begun.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 This is the way (that) he did it. I liked the way (that) she organized the meeting. 3.the way(that)有时可以与how(作“如何”解)通用。例如： That’s the way (that) she spoke. = That’s how she spoke. I should like to know the way/how you learned to master the fundamental technique within so short a time. 4．the way的其它用法：以上我们讲的都是用作先行词的the way，下面我们将叙述它的一些用法。

定冠词the的12种用法

定冠词the的12种用法 定冠词the 的12 种用法，全知道?快来一起学习吧。下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 定冠词the 的12 种用法，全知道? 定冠词the用在各种名词前面，目的是对这个名词做个记号，表示它的特指属性。所以在词汇表中，定冠词the 的词义是“这个，那个，这些，那些”，可见，the 即可以放在可数名词前，也可以修饰不可数名词，the 后面的名词可以是单数，也可以是复数。 定冠词的基本用法： (1) 表示对某人、某物进行特指，所谓的特指就是“不是别的，就是那个!”如： The girl with a red cap is Susan. 戴了个红帽子的女孩是苏珊。 (2) 一旦用到the，表示谈话的俩人都知道说的谁、说的啥。如：

The dog is sick. 狗狗病了。(双方都知道是哪一只狗) (3) 前面提到过的，后文又提到。如： There is a cat in the tree.Thecat is black. 树上有一只猫，猫是黑色的。 (4) 表示世界上唯一的事物。如： The Great Wall is a wonder.万里长城是个奇迹。(5) 方位名词前。如： thenorth of the Yangtze River 长江以北地区 (6) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如： Who is the first?谁第一个? Sam is the tallest.山姆最高。 但是不能认为，最高级前必须加the，如： My best friend. 我最好的朋友。 (7) 在乐器前。如： play the flute 吹笛子

Way的用法

Way用法 A:I think you should phone Jenny and say sorry to her. B:_______. It was her fault. A. No way B. Not possible C. No chance D. Not at all 说明：正确答案是A. No way，意思是“别想！没门！决不！” 我认为你应该打电话给珍妮并向她道歉。 没门！这是她的错。 再看两个关于no way的例句： （1）Give up our tea break? NO way! 让我们放弃喝茶的休息时间？没门儿！ （2）No way will I go on working for that boss. 我决不再给那个老板干了。 way一词含义丰富，由它构成的短语用法也很灵活。为了便于同学们掌握和用好它，现结合实例将其用法归纳如下： 一、way的含义 1. 路线

He asked me the way to London. 他问我去伦敦的路。 We had to pick our way along the muddy track. 我们不得不在泥泞的小道上择路而行。 2. （沿某）方向 Look this way, please. 请往这边看。 Kindly step this way, ladies and gentlemen. 女士们、先生们，请这边走。 Look both ways before crossing the road. 过马路前向两边看一看。 Make sure that the sign is right way up. 一定要把符号的上下弄对。 3. 道、路、街，常用以构成复合词 a highway（公路），a waterway（水路），a railway（铁路），wayside（路边）

way与time的特殊用法

way/time的特殊用法 1、当先行词是way意思为”方式.方法”的时候,引导定语从句的关系词有下列3种形式： Way在从句中做宾语 The way that / which he explained to us is quite simple. Way在从句中做状语 The way t hat /in which he explained the sentence to us is quite simple. 2、当先行词是time时,若time表示次数时,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可以省略; 若time表示”一段时间”讲时,应用关系副词when或介词at/during + which引导定语从句 1.Is this factory _______ we visited last year? 2.Is this the factory-------we visited last year? A. where B in which C the one D which 3. This is the last time _________ I shall give you a lesson. A. when B that C which D in which 4.I don’t like the way ________ you laugh at her. A . that B on which C which D as 5.He didn’t understand the wa y ________ I worked out the problem. A which B in which C where D what 6.I could hardly remember how many times----I’ve failed. A that B which C in which D when 7.This is the second time--------the president has visited the country. A which B where C that D in which 8.This was at a time------there were no televisions, no computers or radios. A what B when C which D that