21世纪工程硕士研究生英语-综合教程(下册)UNIT2课文翻译

Are We Getting Smarter?

我们正变得更聪明吗？

IQ scores rose steadily in the 20th century. As scientists search for the reasons, they are shedding new light on the dance between genes and life experience that determines intelligence.

在20世纪IQ值稳步上升。当科学家们寻找原因时，他们试图揭示基因和决定智力的生活经历之间的相互关系。

1 While generations of schoolchildren, military recruits, job applicants and Mensa wannabes have wrestled with IQ questions like these, some smart scientists who study intelligence have been stumped by an even more exasperating puzzle: why have IQ scores been rising? And not rising a little, by a point here and there, but soaring--27 points in Britain since 1942, 24 points in the United States since 1918, 2

2 points in Argentina since 1964, with comparable gains throughout Western Europe, Canada, Japan, China, Israel, Australia and New Zealand. The rise is so sharp that the average child today is as bright as the near genius of yesteryear. "This shatters our belief about the rigidity of IQ," says psychologist Ulrich Neisser of Cornell University. "It's powerful evidence that you can indeed change it."

当在校的孩子、军队的新兵、求职者和向往Mensa协会的人努力解答像这样的IQ问题时，一些聪明的研究智力的科学家一直被另一个更让人困惑的问题困扰：为什么IQ值一直在上升？并且不是上升一点点不是这里升一点那里升一点，而是大幅度上升：英国自从1942年以来增长27个百分点，美国自1918年以来增长24个百分点，阿根廷自1964年以来增长22个百分点，这种增长遍及西欧、加拿大、日本、中国、以色列、澳大利亚和新西兰。这种增长是如此之快以至今天一般孩子和过去的天才一样聪明。“这打破了我们认为IQ固定不变的信念” 科内尔大学的一位心理学家说。“这强有力地证明了IQ确实是能改变的。

2 There's just one little problem. Leaving aside for now the very real question of whether IQ is truly a proxy for intelligence, scientists can't explain what has made IQ scores take off. Neither nature nor nurture--genes nor environment--answers the question, for different reasons. A slew of data, from twin studies to adoption research, suggests that genes account for some 75 percent of the difference between individuals' IQs by late adolescence. That leaves precious little room for environment to play a role. But explaining the IQ rise by "smarter" genes makes no sense, because the genes in a population do not change quickly enough to explain the IQ chasm between the Greatest Generation and Gen Y. That would seem to make environment the leading suspect, but then you're back to that 800-pound gorilla in the corner: psychologists who study intelligence mostly agree that hereditary factors explain the lion's share of IQ differences.

这里有一个小问题。现在暂不考虑IQ是否真正代表了智力这一问题，科学家们不能解释什么使得IQ值飞速增长。天生因素或后天因素一基因或环境，由于不

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同的原因，都无法解答这个问题。许多对双胞胎研究和领养儿童的数据表明，在青春期后期个体IQ的差异中，基因占75%。这样说来，环境就几乎没有发挥作用的余地了。但是用基因变“聪明了”来解释IQ的上升似乎不妥．因为人类基因的改变不会如此迅速能够解释“了不起的一代”和 “Y”两代人之间IQ的不同。那似乎有使我们怀疑环境起到很大作用，但是我们有不得不面对这样一个问题：研究智商的心理学家大多数都认同遗传性因素来解释IQ差异的主要因素。

3 "It's been a paradox," says William Dickens of the Brookings Institution. "The high heritability of IQ suggests that environment is feeble, but IQ gains over time suggest that environment is overwhelmingly powerful." To untangle the mystery, Dickens teamed up with James Flynn, who in 1987 discovered the IQ rise, now called the Flynn effect. In a study being published this week in Psychological Review, the duo offer an explanation that not only might resolve the paradox but may also shed light on the forces that shape intelligence. "People's IQs are affected by both environment and genes, but... their environments are matched to their IQs," the researchers conclude. In other words, genes do indeed have an important effect: they cause people to seek out certain environments, certain life experiences. If you have a biological edge in intelligence, for instance, you will likely enjoy school, books, puzzles, asking questions and thinking abstractly. All of which will tend to amplify your innate brainpower. "Higher IQ leads one into better environments, causing still higher IQ," say Dickens and Flynn. Thanks to that multiplier effect, you will likely study even more, haunt the library, pester adults with questions and choose bright peers as friends, boosting your intelligence yet again.

“这两者似乎是矛盾的，” Brookings Institution的William Dickens说道：“这种IQ的高遗传性表明环境起的作用是微弱的，但是IQ随着时间快速增长表明环境的影响是无比强大的。”为了揭开这个秘密，Dickens和James合作（James Flynn

在1987发现了IQ上升的现象，现在被称为Flynn现象）。在本周即将出版于《心理学评论》的一份研究报告中，这对搭档对IQ上升现象作出了解释，这不仅有可能解决基因与环境的矛盾，还有可能有助于人们了解是什么因素决定了人的智慧。两位研究人员得出结论“人的IQ同时受环境和基因的影响．但是…人的环境是与IQ 相匹配的。”换句话说，基因确实起很重要的作用：他们可以引起人们寻求某种环境、某种生活经历例如．如果你在智力方面有生理优势，你就可能喜欢上学、读书、猜谜，问问题及进行抽象思维，而所有这些又会增强你内在的智能。Dickens和Flynn 说：“高智商使人进入较好的环境。更高的IQ可以使一个人有更好的环境，从而引起他有更好的IQ。”由于这种叠加效应．你会更加喜欢学习、去图书馆、不停地问大人问题并选择聪明的同伴为友，于是你就变得越发聪明。

4 The dance between genes and environment starts young. A naturally verbal toddler will likely elicit hour after hour of reading from her parents, for instance. That will amplify her cognitive gifts even if her "verbal IQ genes" are only the

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slightest bit smarter than other kids'. "A modest genetic advantage turns into a huge performance advantage," says Dickens.

基因和环境的相互作用起始于年轻时。例如，一个有语言天赋的刚学会走路的孩子会要求父母一小时一小时地读东西给他们听。即使她的“语言方面的IQ基因”

比其他大点的孩子稍微优势点，但是那也能增强她的认知能力度。Dicken说：“一个微小的基因优势可以带来巨大的行为表现上的优势。”

5 But if you start out with a slight deficit in IQ, you may get frustrated by reading and cogitating, stumble in school and grow to hate learning, reinforcing your geneticbent. A modest initial difference again gets pumped up.

但是如果你的IQ稍微偏低，你可能会在阅读和思考方面感到受挫，在学校也会觉得不顺以至于变得憎恨学习，这又加剧了你在遗传方面的缺陷。就这样一个微小的生来的缺陷又被放大了。

6 As far as scientists can tell, experiences that boost the intelligence of someone born with an IQ edge have just about the same positive effect on people of average intelligence. In other words, whether you seek out an IQ-boosting environment or whether it finds you makes no difference. In either case, experiences and the social and technological surround should work their magic. This effect may account for the IQ rise over the decades. Crowded computer screens, videogames, even fast-foodery place mats and cereal boxes (full of hidden-word games and mazes) might be training young brains in the pattern analysis that IQ tests assess. Smaller families, which offer children more individual attention and indulge their passion for "why's," might boost a generation's IQ. Jobs that demand more brainpower, more free time (at least some of which is spent reading, doing crossword puzzles, traveling to stimulating places) and technological gadgets that challenge our gray matter could also lift all IQ boats. "Leisure and even ordinary conversation are more cognitively demanding today," says Flynn, an American expatriate teaching at the University of Otago in New Zealand. Teen multitaskers--simultaneously IM'ing, downloading and channel-surfing--may be exercising their memory (a component of intelligence) and training their attention to switch focus in the blink of an eye.

据科学家们所知，经历对具有IQ优势的人的智力的促进与对普通人智力的促进有着同样积极的作用。换句话说，不管是你挑选一个能推动你IQ的环境或者是环境找到你其实没有区别。在两种情况下，经验、社会和技术环境都将施展出它的魔力。这种影响可以解释为何过去几十年IQ值上升。被各种信息挤满的电脑屏幕、可视游戏、甚至快餐店的垫子以及装麦片的盒子(充满了藏字和迷宫游戏)都能锻炼年轻人的大脑在IQ测试评定中的图形分析能力。家庭规模缩小，可以给孩子提供更多的个人关注度并且更加纵容他们发问热情，这些可能会促进一代人的IQ提高。对脑力强度要求高的工作，更多的自由时间（至少是花在阅读，做拼字游戏，去令人振奋的地方旅行）和挑战我们大脑的一些技术性的小玩意都可以提高智商。“当令

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的娱乐活动。甚至随便的闲聊都要求更多的认知能力”，Flynn说道，一个移居国外的任教于新西兰的Otago大学的美国人。十几岁的人同时进行多重任务——同时进行网络即时通话、下载以及频道转换——可能锻炼了他们的记忆力(智力的一个方面)以及训练了他们的注意力在一眨眼问转换的本领。

7 All these expressions of social and technological change have one key characteristic: they are enduring. In contrast, a temporary IQ-boosting change--like an early-childhood enrichment program, or parents who provide intellectual stimulation only in their children's prekindergarten years--can have the staying power of a mayfly. "The kids get this great [intervention], but then they go back to their old environment," says psychologist Robert Sternberg of Yale University. "Of course they usually regress." Even 18 years of parental influence fades. All parents can do is hope that the love of learning they imbue in their child takes hold, causing him to seek out the experiences and people that will keep stimulating his intelligence.

由社会和科技发展的变化所形成的所有表现具有一个关键特征：它们对人们智力的影响是持久的。相反地，促进智商的暂时性的环境变化－例如幼儿益智节目，或是父母在孩子学龄前提供知识上的激励－就象蜉蝣的生命一样短暂。。“孩子们得到这种由父母进行指导的介入教学，但是一旦父母停止提供激励的环境，他们将会退回到他们过去的环境中。”美国耶鲁大学心理学家罗伯特?斯蒂尔伯格说，“当然他们通常倒退。”即使18年的父母对孩子的影响也会逐渐消失。父母所能做的就是希望他们灌输给孩子们的学习热情能深深扎根，从而引导他去寻求能不断激发他的智力的人和经历。

8 Those who believe in the power of genes and those who believe in the power of environment, says Dickens, "are both right." Genes working through environment account for the lion's share of individual differences in IQ, but only because genes lead you to certain life experiences, which collectively form your "environment." It is that environment which directly fosters IQ differences. "People often have a fatalistic sense that IQ is fixed," says psychologist John Gabrieli of Stanford University. "The Flynn effect shows that it can be enhanced by good environment. It doesn't have to be some fixed capacity you're born with."

DICKENS说，"那些相信基因决定IQ与相信环境决定IQ的说法都是正确的"。基因主要通过环境的影响导致你IQ的差异，但这主要是因为基因会引导你去经受某些特定的生活经历，而这些生活经历综合形成了你的“环境”。这个环境能直接促进IQ差异。斯坦福大学心理学家GABRIELI说，"人们通常会有种宿命论的感觉IQ 是固定不变的。但是FLYNN效应表明IQ会因为良好的环境而得到提高，IQ并不一定是一种天生不变的能力。

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综合英语(一)课文及翻译

Lesson One: The Time Message Elwood N, Chapman 新的学习任务开始之际，千头万绪，最重要的是安排好时间，做时间的主人。本文作者提出了7点具体建议，或许对你有所启迪。 1 Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look a head, you think you have more time than you need. For Example,at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands, but toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties (duty), so you get worried. What is the answer? Control! 译：时间真是不好对付，既难以控制好，又很容易浪费掉，当你向前看时，你觉得你的时间用不完。例如，在一个学期的开始，你或许觉得你有许多时间，但到学期快要结束时，你会突然发现时间快用光了，你甚至找不出时间把所有你必须干的事情干完，这样你就紧张了。答案是什么呢？控制。 2 Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. I f you don't make it work fo r you, it will work against you. So you must become the master of time, not its servant. As a first-year college student, time management will be your number one Problem. 译：时间是危险的，如果你控制不了时间，时间就会控制你，如果你不能让时间为你服务，它就会起反作用。所以，你必须成为时间的主人，而不是它的奴仆，作为刚入学的大学生，妥善安排时间是你的头等大事。 3 Time is valuable. Wasting time is a bad habit. It is like a drug. The more time you waste,the easier it is to go on wasting time. If seriously wish to get the most out of college, you must put the time message into practice. 译：时间是珍贵的，浪费时间是个坏习惯，这就像毒品一样，你越浪费时间，就越容易继续浪费下去，如果你真的想充分利用上大学的机会，你就应该把利用时间的要旨付诸实践。 Message1. Control time from the beginning. 4 Time is today, not tomorrow or next week. Start your plan at the Beginning of the term. 译：抓紧时间就是抓紧当前的时间，不要把事情推到明天或是下周，在学期开始就开始计划。 Message2. Get the notebook habit. 5 Go and buy a notebook today, Use it to plan your study time each day. Once a weekly study plan is prepared, follow the same pattern every week with small changes. Sunday is a good day to make the Plan for the following week.

高级英语下lesson13课文翻译

Lesson Thirteen Work 工作 究竟工作是幸福还是痛苦的源泉，这可能是一个难以回答的问题。 Whether work should be placed among the causes of happiness or among the causes of unhappiness may perhaps be regarded as a doubtful question. 毫无疑问有许多工作是非常令人厌烦的，而且过多的工作总是十分痛苦的事。 There is certainly much work which is exceedingly irksome, and an excess of work is always very painful. 然而我认为，只要不过量，对多数人来说即使是最枯燥的工作也比终日无所事事要好些。 I think, however, that, provided work is not excessive in amount, even the dullest work is to most people less painful than idleness. 工作给人的愉快的程度多种多样，从仅仅是消烦解闷到产生巨大的快乐，这会随工作的性质和工 作者的能力而异。 There are in work all grades, from mere relief of tedium up to the profoundest delights, according to the nature of the work and the abilities of the worker. 大多数人不得不从事的工作本身大都无乐趣可言，但即使是这样的工作也有一些很大的好处。Most of the work that most people have to do is not in itself interesting, but even such work has certain great advantages. 首先，工作可将一天的许多时间占满，人们不必再费神来决定应干些什么，大多数人在可以自由地按自己的愿望打发时间时，常常会不知所措，想不起有什么令人愉快的事值得去做。 To begin with, it fills a good many hours of the day without the need of deciding what one shall do. Most people, when they are left free to fill their own time according to their own choice, are at a loss to think of anything sufficiently pleasant to be worth doing. 而他们的决定又总是受到干扰，觉得干别的什么事也许会更令人愉快。 And whatever they decide on, they are troubled by the feeling that something else would have been pleasanter. 能够有意义地利用闲暇时间是文明发展到最高阶段的结果，而目前很少有人能达到这一层次。To be able to fill leisure intelligently is the last product of civilization, and at present very few people have reached this level. 何况作出选择本身就是件令人厌烦的事。 Moreover the exercise of choice is in itself tiresome. 除了那些具有非凡主动性的人，其他的人肯定有人乐于被告诉一天中的每时每刻该做什么， 当然命令他们做的事不能太令人厌烦。 Except to people with unusual initiative it is positively agreeable to be told what to do at each hour of the day, provided the orders are not too unpleasant. 多数无所事事的阔佬免遭从事单调乏味工作之苦，但代价是莫名其妙的无聊。 Most of the idle rich suffer unspeakable boredom as the price of their freedom from drudgery. 有时他们去非洲猎取巨兽或环绕世界飞行来解闷，但这类刺激的数量有限，尤其到了中年以后更 是如此。 At times they may find relief by hunting big game in Africa, or by flying round the world, but the number of such sensations is limited, especially after youth is past. 因此较为明智的阔佬们工作起来几乎像穷人一样卖力，而有钱的女人则大多忙于她们自以为

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NUIT1 大学已经不再特别了 有这么一种说法：“要是你能记得20世纪60年代的任何事情，你就没有真正经历过那段岁月。”对于在大麻烟雾中度过大学时光的那些人，这话可能是真的。但是，20世纪60年代有一件事人人都记得，那就是：上大学是你一生中最激动人心、最刺激的经历。 20世纪60年代，加州的高校把本州变成了世界第七大经济实体。然而，加州大学的主校园伯克利分校也以学生示威、罢课以及激进的政治氛围而著名。1966年，罗纳德?里根竞选加州州长，他问加州是否允许“一所伟大的大学被喧闹的、唱反调的少数人征服。”自由派人士回答说，大学之所以伟大正是因为它们有能力容忍喧闹的、唱反调的少数人。 在欧洲的大学校园里，大学生以新的姿态和激情投入到争取自由和正义的事业中去，大规模的社会主义或共产主义运动引发了他们与当权者之间日益升级的暴力冲突。许多抗议是针对越南战争的。可是在法国，巴黎大学的学生与工会联盟，发动了一场大罢工，最终导致戴高乐总统辞职。 20世纪60年代大学生活的特点并不仅仅是激进的行动。不论在什么地方，上大学都意味着你初次品尝真正自由的滋味，初次品尝深更半夜在宿舍或学生活动室里讨论人生意义的滋味。你往往得上了大学才能阅读你的第一本禁书，看你的第一部独立影人电影，或者找到和你一样痴迷吉米?亨德里克斯或兰尼?布鲁斯的志同道合者。那是一段难以想象的自由时光，你一生中最无拘无束的时光。 可如今那份激情哪儿去了？大学怎么了？现在，政治、社会和创造意识的觉醒似乎不是凭借大学的助力，而是冲破其阻力才发生的。当然，一点不假，高等教育仍然重要。例如，在英国，布莱尔首相几乎实现了到2010年让50％的30岁以下的人上大学的目标（即使愤世嫉俗的人会说，这是要把他们排除在失业统计数据之外）。不过，大学教育已不再是全民重视的话题了。如今，大学被视为人们急于逃离的一种小城镇。有些人辍学，但大多数已经有些麻木，还是坚持混到毕业，因为离开学校实在是太费事了。 没有了20世纪60年代大学生所发现的令人头脑发热的自由气氛，如今的大学生要严肃得多。英国文化协会最近做了一项调查，研究外国留学生在决定上哪所大学时所考虑的因素。这些因素从高到低依次是：课程质量、就业前景、学费负担、人身安全问题、生活方式，以及各种便利。大学已变成实现目的的手段，是在就业市场上增加就业几率的一个机会，上大学本身不再是目的，不再是给你提供一个机会，让你暂时想象一下：你能够改变世界。 童年与大学之间的距离已缩小了，大学与现实世界之间的距离也缩小了。其中的一个原因可能和经济有关。在一个没有保障的世界里，现在的许多孩子依赖父母资助的时间比以前的孩子更长。21世纪的学生大学毕业后根本无法自立门户，因为那太昂贵了。另一个可能的原因是通讯革命。儿子或女儿每学期往家里打一两回电话的日子一去不复返了。如今，大学生通过手机与父母保持着脐带式联系。至于寻找痴迷无名文学或音乐的同道好友，没问题，我们有互联网和聊天室来帮助我们做到这一点。

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Presenting a speech （做演讲） Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through 在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言 language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit 来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识， knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself. 传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events]. 和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在 具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。 ——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?”Choose words that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问自己：“我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words （that are known to the average person and require no specialized background）; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的点）。要做到这一点，就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery，or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things （that are essentially different yet have something in common）; it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an implicit

大学高级英语下册翻译

Lesson One 1. This picture brings back many pleasant memories of her Spanish holiday. 2. News and weather forecasts reports are staples of radio programmes. 3. By mere accident Tom met in a bar his long-lost brother who was thought to have been killed in action during the war. 4. Bill intuited something criminal in their plan. 5. They think that obsessive tidiness in factory is a bad sign . 6. Yesterday his mother sold several years’ worth of paper and magazines. 7. His heartening speech impelled us to (work with) greater efforts. 8. Those who enjoy pulling off a miracle often fail. 9. As language students we should have a sense of nuances of plain words and expressions. 10. The rude behavior of Mrs. Taylor’s adopted son is driving her into a nervous breakdown. 11. I like to see films in general, and American Western and horrors in particular. 12. In some sense Mary saw in her aunt a surrogate of her mother. 13. My father never equivocated, and he always gave some brief but poignant opinions. 14. Though he disabled, he never tries of helping people. 15. In any country, those who are remiss in their duty must be severely punished. 16. Awareness of the fact that the child was in danger impelled the policeman to action. Lesson 2 1. A. The chances are that they will be held up by traffic on their way to the airport. B. the plane takes off at 6:35. It would be a pity if they couldn’t make it. 2. Another popular notion which is in fact a misconception is that expensive clothes invariably raise one’s status. 3. Can you imagine what kind of life a man has lived who aspires to excellence and abhors mediocrity 4. A copy of our latest product catalogue will be sent free of charge if you will fill up the form on the reverse of this card and post it. 5. It will be an absurdity, if not a catastrophe. If half of the population of this city abandons their posts and goes in for business. 6. Because they want their kids to be somebodies, some well-intentioned parents exercise enormous pressures on their children and the results all too often prove the reverse. 7. The revered professor predicted that these brilliant young people would surely make their way in the scientific-technical realm in a few years.