文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › Argument李延隆笔记

Argument李延隆笔记

Argument李延隆笔记
Argument李延隆笔记

A rgument

H ow to write the introduction

1. 复述结论(照搬原文,除非原文结论很长)C

2. 简要复述论据和假设(简介概括1~2句)E

3. 指出作者论述过程中存在的缺陷(承上启下)F

P192 T149

(1)T he arguer/speaker/author/writer/title

● I nevitably

● A utomatically

● N ecessity

● C ause(贬义词,造成不好的影响)

● B e the main/leading cause of….

● B e responsible for…..(贬义词)

● T rigger/spark/precipitate(贬义词,小错误导致大结果)

(2)造成结果

● R esult in …

● B ring about…

● A ccount for…

● C ontribute to…

● P lay a part in…

● G ive rise to…

(3)归因于:

● A ttribute/ascribe(结果)…to(原因)…

● P ut(结果)…down to(原因)…

(4)“声称”

● recommend/ conclude/ claim/ assert/ state/ contend/ maintain

● A llege(贬义词,声称坏事属实)

● S pecious似是而非的(贬义词)

● P aradoxical 似非而是的

“建议”recommend/ suggest/ advise/ advocate/ propose

“对未来现象的预言”predict/ foretell/ forecast/ foresee

P roject/ expect/ anticipate

注意:针对性的词汇比通用性强的词汇好。

开头段的变化和调整:

1. 改变顺序CEF→ECF→FEC(C:conclusion E:evidence F: faulse)

2. 简化或省略evidence

3. 合并

(1)(EC)F

● I n this argument, the arguer cites the evidence that… to reach the conclusion

that…(CE)

● B y citing the evidence that… the arguer concludes that…(EC)

(2) E(CF) 参考:P186 6分满分作文开头段

4. 添加让步(C?=concede让步)

(1)C?(CF)/ (C?C)EF

A ccept/ agree/ concede that…

A ppear to be convincing/ is not without merits(貌似有说服力)

+T o support/justify the claim/conclusion, the arguer point out that…

+However/ Nonetheless/ Nevertheless,…

(2)EC(C?F)

I t is true that /admittedly/Granted,… but...

注意:Granted that(=though)…(后面不能有but)

(3)CE(C?F)

? 做练习:题库,练习写开头段。P3 讲义

论据问题

1.调查类问题

● S urvey/poll/statistics/study/research/report/census…

● 样本(随机):数量&质量

● 样本调查三部曲:

a) 分子群体subgroup

b) 确定比例

c) 随机取样

A.选择性样本(Selective Sample)

E.g. P137 193→讲义P8

分析

1. 选择性样本错误

(1)T he result of the survey lacks credibility…

调查结果缺乏可信度

(2)原因+结果

原因:a. because many teachers in other subjects are not include. /because the arguer fails to consider/ include teachers in other subjects.作者没有考虑到其他学科的老师。

b.besides, the arguer relies on statistics from only two dist ri ct s Sanlee and Marlee, which

are in all likelihood/ probability not representative of the state?s districts overall.

研究对象只包含两个地区,不全面,缺乏普遍性。

结果:thus/ therefore could not lend strong support to what the arguer maintain s.

2. 因果关系错误(cause-fallacies)

注:mistake→事实错误

fallacies→逻辑错误→在作文中使用

The arguer fails the establish the causal relationship between A(homework frequency)

and B (student performance)

3. 草率推广→无关概念

结论中提到的twice 只是作者自己一端的,并没有甚么事实依据

4. 不完整比较

次数少并不代表数量就少,也许正是因为次数少,所以每次留的数量更多了。

E.g. P155 238

(1)选择性样本错误

段首句:(原因+结果)

(原因)T he survey does not include all the graduates in Mira Vista College,(结果)and thus it is almost impossible to evaluate the employment results in Mira Vista College.

附:讲义P5 (PART IV--1 )----正文段结构

1.Topic sentence 段首句

2.Illustration 展开

3.Pargraphic conclusion 段落小总结(可有可无)→当段落字数太少

时可以加上。

● T here is a strong likelihood/probability that…

● T he odds/chances are that…

e.g. these seniors are in all likelihood/probability not representative of…

● 排除:R ule out/ exclude

● S cenarios 想象中一系列的事情→可翻译为“情况”。

1. 不完整比较

T he comparison between GMC and MVC is incomplete.

2. C ause-fallacies

T he arguer fails to establish the causal relationship between the fact that A(GMC has more business courses and more job counselors) and the facts that B( 90 percent of last year?s graduating seniors had job offers from prospective employers).

3. 无关概念

T he arguer fails to convince us that A (offering more courses in computer technology) will contribute to B(a rise in the employment rate of Mira Vista?s graduates).

4. 错误类比

正文结构小总结:

1. GMC、MVC 不完整的比较。

2. 选择性样本错误

3. C ause-effect fallacies→让步(即使GMC就业好),未必是课程和顾问导致。

4. F alse analogy→再让步(即使因果成立),MVC未必适用。

5. 无关概念(computer course)

B.调查本身是否有意义

见讲义P4 PART 3 →1

T he arguer treats a lack of proof that A(something is the case)as constituting sufficient proof that B(it is not the case). 作者缺少证据A来证明B。

P121 158

缺乏:

● in the absence of...

● for lack of …

● lacking

(1) 样本数量问题

I n the absence of data con c e rning the total amount of garbage sits and people living near them in the state, the reliability of the survey is open to doubt/question/debate.

(2) 调查本身没有意义

T he arguer treats the fact that A(the garbage did no considerable harm to health recently) as constituting sufficient proof that B(they will not pose/constituting any health hazard in the future).

C.样本的数量

P131 180

T he result of the survey lacks credibility because the samples are too limited.

(1) C ausal-fallacies

T he arguer fails to establish causal relationship between A(taking the Read Speed-Reading Course ) and B(the accomplishment of the two graduates).

(2) 错误类比

T he arguer commits a fallacy of false analogy.

讲义P9→让步法(需结合其他论证方法,不能自成一个段落,是锦上添花的作用)

A.对事实进行让步(尽管、诚然)

● I t is true that / Admittedly / Granted … , but that is not to say that … / it

does not follow that … / it does not necessarily mean that…

● T hough /although / even though / while…

● In spite of / despite / notwithstanding (the facts that)… , it will in all

probability be to no avail in B.

B.对假设的让步(即使)

E ven if … / even assuming that…

注:granted… , but … (√)

G ranted that …, but… (×)

因为granted that = though ,后不能加but

e.g. It is true that / Admittedly, / Granted, (many other companies benefited from the course), but it does not necessarily mean that (Acme will derive equal benefit from it).

(3)无关假设

● T he assumption that … is doubtful / questionable / open to doubt / open to question…

● T he arguer fails to convince us that (all employees at Acme need to improve their reading

speed).

D.调查所问的问题是否恰当

? 注意有误导性的问题(loaded question)

P116 147

(1) N o evidence could indicated that(players 10~25 years old will also prefer such games).

(2) T he arguer fails to consider…

T he arguer ignores / neglect / overlook other possible factors(that may also lead to the decline in the sales of their video games).

● 列举他因

? 经济depression financial crisis

? 无效管理I nefficient management

? 定价不当I mprudent pricing

● E ven if the absence of lifelike graphics in video games is the major cause of the decline,

Whirlwind?s new strategy will not necessarily reverse this sales trend.

注:argument 不举真实的例子

● E ven if Whirlwind?s video games are incomparable in the market, it is still open to question

whether players can offer them….

● E ven assuming (that) players can offer the games, how many players have access to “the

most up-to-date computers” is still uncertain.

● Even if all the foregoing上述的assumptions are substantiated, it is nevertheless debatable whether

a dramatic increase in sales will occur in the next months。

小结:10~25的研究对象,两年来下降的原因→其他公司的竞争→软件的价格→高级电脑→最近几个月的调查背景。

? 调查的进行机构 P120 156

? 调查的时效性

a) Approval Rating 支持率

b) G eneral group subjects 大众群体研究对象

c) R espondents 有效恢复问卷

? 回应者是否诚实 anonymous / confidential

P157 242

? 回应者是否具有代表性P56 11

a) 游手好闲的人

b) 对事情感兴趣的人→导致选择性样本

P56 11

讲义P5 passage2 (赌球案收据+段落展开+段落总结)

Are the respondents representative?

T he mayor provides no evidences that the survey’s respondents are representative of the overall group of people whose trash goes to the city?s landfill.||Lacking such evidence, it is entirely possible that people inclined to recycle were more willing to respond to the survey than other people were.|| In short, without better evidence that the survey is statistically reliable the mayor cannot rely on it to draw any firm conclusions about the overall recycling commitment of West Egg residents—let alone about how quickly the landfill will reach capacity.

● L et alone 用于否定句之后+各种词相n. /adj. /v. …

● N o to mention 用于肯定句之后

注:在驳论文中(argument)只会用到let alone …

e.g. They own two house, not to mention a yacht.

T hey dampness is unpleasant, not to mention the cold.

讲义P5 passage 3 →通读一遍,了解…

1)the arguer provides no evidence that the study’s results are statistically reliable. In order to establish a strong correlation between … and …, the study’s sample must be sufficient in size and representative of the overall population of …. Lacking evidence of a sufficiently representative sample, the author cannot justifiably rely on the study to draw any conclusion whatsoever.

2)T he author’s conclusion about …depend on the assumption that the poll results are statistically reliable. Yet, the author offers on evidence to substantiate this assumption. The author must show that (the sample) polled constitute a sufficiently large sample of (all the sub-groups), and that this sample is representative of (the general group). Otherwise, the author cannot confidently draw any general conclusions about …

3)A nother problem with the argument involves the two studies themselves. The letter provides no information about how either study was conducted. Without knowing whether

the sample of…studied was representative of(the general group). It is impossible to confidently apply the studies’ results to that population. M oreover, we are not informed about the size of the sample in either study; the small the sample, the less reliable the study’s conclusion.

4)A threshold problem with the argument involves the statistical reliability of the survey. T he director provides no evidences that the number of respondents is

statistically significant or that the respondents were representative of(the general group) in general. Lacking information about the randomness and the size of the survey’s sample, the director cannot make a convincing argument based on the survey.

5)T he survey must be show to be reliable before I can accept any conclusion based upon it. Specifically, the responses must be accurate, and the respondents must be statistically significant in number and representative of the overall (general group).

Without evidence of the survey’s reliability, it is impossible to draw any firm

conclusions about…

2.数据信息类问题

A.模糊数据

绝对总量和相对比例的混用

◆ 总量:many, few, some, several, a lot of…

◆ 比例:percent(%基于基数), most, majority, minority…

1. P115 144

1) B ase amount 基数

T he arguer fails to convince us that funding for education is not a priority for most people, because

we do not know the base of amount of donations each group received the year before last.

2) F unding-raising campaign募捐

(列举他因)Maybe the educational institution did not carry out effective fund-raising campaigns last year.

(段首句)Even assuming that funding for education is not a priority for most people, we cannot

ensure that it is the people’s perception suggested by the arguer that resulted in the differences

in donation rates.

? R ich man / tycoon→词太极端,不要用×

? W ealthy individuals √

? C ompulsory / obligatory

2. P115 145

● W e need to know what fraction of people who snore actually suffer from sleep apnea.

● P eople who suffer from sleep apnea may actually exercise during the day although (they are) tired.

● E ven if people who suffer from sleep apnea are too tired to exercise, it does not necessarily mean

that they will put on weight.

● A correlation is one indication of a casual relationship, but does not suffice to prove it.

● I t is entirely possible that other factors such as genes, other medical conditions also play a

part in the weight gain.

● W ithout ruling out / excluding these possibilities the arguer’s conclusion that snores should

try to eat less than the average person and to exercise more is unconvincing.

● T he assumption that everyone who snores will necessarily eat more and exercise less is unwarranted.

● 文中说A→(导致)B,其实有可能是B→(导致)A

● 打呼噜未必呼吸中断

● 即使呼吸中断,未必累而不练

● 即使不锻炼,未必导致肥胖

● 即使胖,未必少吃多锻炼就能解决问题

● 可能因果混淆

B.信息完整性

不要只看作者告诉你什么,而是想想住着没说什么。

P156 239

● T he arguer does not provide complete information concerning the effect of curfew policy in

Williamville.

● I t is possible that many crimes were committed at the town square but not reported.

推理过程问题

1. 错误类比

P62 25

段首句:

● T he argument is based on a false analogy. (扣帽子)

● 基于be based / founded / built on … / rest on …

● 未被证实的,没有依据的:unfounded / groundless / unsubstantiated / unwarranted / unauthenticated /

unproven…

● 方面:way / as pect / respect / in facet

● T he mayor’s conclusion rests on an unsubstantiated assumption that Ocean View and Hopewell are

sufficiently alike in ways that might affect (产生对…的影响)the economic impact(经济的作用)of a new golf course and the hotel.

● T he arguer neglects other possible methods that improve Hopewell’s economy more efficiently.

● The arguer does not point out how the golf course and the resort hotel actually contributed to the

economy of the Ocean View.

小结:

a) 质疑是否golf course 和hotel 导致了Ocean View 的发展。

b) 即使是真的,但--两个城市未必可比、两年后情况可能有变。

c) 即使以上都成立,golf course 和hotel 不见得是最好的而方法。

P192 149

First, the argument is based on a false analogy.T he arguer simply assumes that airplane mechanics and the automobile maintenance crews perform many similar functions, but he does not provide any evidences that their functions are indeed comparable(可比性). A s we know, the structure, operation and function of airplanes and those of automobiles differ conspicuously. (让步)It is true that both the airplane and the automobile need refueling and engine maintenance, but even here there exist fundamental

differences:(冒号展开解释) the structure and the building materials of each other’s engine are different, so is the oil they are. (小总结)Therefore, even though the two-week Quality-Care Seminar proved effective in

i mproving the performance of the maintenance crews in the automobile racing industry, there is no

guarantee that it will work just as well for airplane mechanics.

补充:掌握一些简写符号

● i.e. →“即”“也就是说”

● e.g. →“例如”

● etc. →“等等”

◆ theater (战区、战场): solder

◆ ring : boxer

◆ arena : gladiator (角斗士)

2.横向比较和纵向比较混淆

横向比较→自己和别人比

纵向比较→自己的现在、过去、将来的比较

P146 216

1.Admittedly, the housing costs in Clearview are much lower than the last year, but they might be still higher than the national average.

2.Besides, non-neighboring towns may enjoy even lower real estate taxes.

3.Furthermore, even if property price and tax in Clearview are indeed relatively low, economy might not be the major concern for wealthier retires.

● 段首句:Clearview’s declining housing costs and lower real estate taxes than in neighboring towns do not

necessarily make Clearview the best place to retire.+1+2 +3

● 段落小总结:Thus, the bonus’mentioned in the argument does not conclusively substantiate the recommendation

for“anyone seeking a place to retire”.

● C ommodity price 物价

● F ood 食物

● T ransportation 交通

● A does not necessarily indicate B

The number of physicians does not necessarily indicate the quality of health care.

● P er capita number 人均

● E ven though the number of physicians in Clearview is far greater than the national average, the per capita

number might be comparatively low.

注意:even if (即使)≠ even though (尽管)

As if = as though

● 过去不能预见未来(医生信息:现在的医生数量高于全国平均水平,带并不代表一直都是)

3.不完整比较、选择性比较、单方面信息

P153 233

● 不公平unfair / unfairly

1选择性比较:It is unfair to draw the conclusion, based simply on two sections of roads, that Appian does a better work than McAdam.

2不完整比较:Maybe the traffic on Route 101 is much busier than on Route 66.

3W eather & climate / geological & factors / maintenance )

讲义P6 第四段

I t is unfair conclusion based on Appian’s recent equipment acquisition and personnel decision that Appian will do a better job than McAdam. P erhaps McAdam has also acquired the same type of equipment.Moreover, perhaps Mcdam’s quality-control manager is far more experienced than Appian’ new manager, and as a result Mcdam’s product is likely to be better than the Appian’s. Besides, equipment and on-site management are only two of many factors affecting the quality of a pavement job.O ther such factors include the experience and the competence of other workers, and the paving material used. W ithout showing that the two firms are similar in these and other respects, the vice president cannot justify his recommendation of Appian over McAdam.

4.草率推广

A.无关概念.

B.差异范围. 局部未必推出整体,整体也未必推出局部

C.从过去推将来过去发生的。现在不一定会发生。

讲义P4 part 3 →2

“On the while”, Ms. Dennis remarked, “engineering students are lazier (做作业→无关概念) now than they used to be. I know because fewer and fewer of my students (不代表全部学生)regularly do the work they are assigned. ”

T he conclusion drawn above depends on following assumption:

Whether or not students do the work they are assigned is a good indication of how lazy they are. ( unrelated concepts)

A.无关概念

P56 10

● A (The number of dairy farms) does not necessarily indicate B (the supply of the milk)● T he author assumes that the increase in the number of the dairy farms means the growth

in the milk supply.H owever, this is not necessarily the case.

● T his is not necessarily the case.

● T his is not always the case.

● T his might not be the case.

● T his is not the case at all. (说法太绝对,可在托福写作中用到)

(1) 从经济学角度(产品价格涨跌问题分析)

通货因素(inflation)

A fter adjustment for inflation

供求关系(demand : supply)

成本与利润(cost : profit)

(2) 问题的充分与必要性

这么做不一定达到目的与结果

也不一定非要采取这一措施

● 正文段攻击次序

P1 该农场未必具有代表性(样本数量)

P2 即使具有代表性,农场增加未必牛奶增加(无关概念)

P3 即使牛闹增加,未必有暴利(通货因素、供求关系、成本

P154 235(无关概念)

● A lthough the overall music sales are in decline, there is still a possibility that the sales of

rock-and-roll music are actually increasing,while the sales of other types of music, for some reason, are plummeting.

● (对论据的让步) A is not a good indication of B.

Even if the sales of rock-and –roll music do decrease as the author assumes, it is not a good indication of people’s musical preference.

● 整理论证次序

(1) C ause-effect fallacy

T he arguer unfairly assumes that older people do not prefer rock-and-roll music.

(2) 错误类比:列举可能差异

(3) W hen was the survey conducted?

T he facts that local citizens are interested in becoming better informed about politics before the recent election shows does not follow that they will take the same interest in continuous news program all the time.

B. 差异范围

P142 206

1)

● W e are not informed whether the Parkville is a big city.

● I nformation is not given / provided whether Parkville is a big city.

● T here is a lack of information whether Parkville is a big city.

2) E xtend A to B…把A拓展到B

● T he author unjustifiably extends the restrictions on softball and soccer to all organized athletic

competitions.

3) 文章开头throughout the country (在全国范围内)→Parkville

4) O ver 80,000 of these young players →模糊数据

5) 信息不完整----受伤严重性

● T he author does not differentiate / discriminate / distinguish / draw a distinction between the severity

of injuries.

● T he author / arguer does not provide any information concerning / respecting / regarding the severity

of injuries.

● N o information concerning / respecting / regarding the severity of injuries is provided.

6) T he arguer ignores the positive effects of the athletic competition.

A ll, every, any…绝对化词汇→造成以偏概全,差异范围,草率推广。

C.从过去退将来

P155 237

(1) 从过去推将来讲义P6 passage 6

Furthermore, the author’s inference that incentives which were effective in the past will also

be effective in the future rest on a poor assumption that during the last 18 months all conditions

upon which their effectiveness depends have remained unchanged. P erhaps the general economic

is expected to turn down. O r perhaps other cities have recently begun to provide similar incentives.

I ndeed, the fact that Dillton is already providing these incentives might actually portend failure

for Beauville, which might need to devise even stronger incentives to convince businesses to move

to Beauville rather than Dillton. Without taking into account these possibilities, the author

cannot persuade me that Beauville should adopt the recommendation mentioned above.

(2) 错误类比:B城市与D城市

(3) 结论中绝对化词汇:fastest

(4) 时间先后不等于因果关系

(5) 信息不完整:300 People / 采取措施前……

次序:

(4)→ (5)→即使以上都成立(1)过去的措施现在未必适用(从过去推将来)→两城市未必可比(错误类比)

→即使以上都成立,该方法未必最快(结论中的绝对化词汇)

5.未能全面衡量正负的事

讲义P4 PART 3---3

Automobile exhaust is a serious pollution problem in Riverside and instituting tolls at Riverside?s bridges would reduce the total number of miles traveled by automobiles. N evertheless, overall pollution levels would not decrease because there would be long lines at the toll booths, and automobiles expel more exhaust per minute while idling than in any other driving situation.

P126 170

● Profit= revenue- cost

● P rofit is factor of / is influenced by not only revenue, but also costs.

● P rofit is factor of / is influenced by costs as well as revenue.(as well as 强调前

边)

● I t is entirely possible / There is a strong possibility that the costs of employing the new

process for killing bacteria, such as patent fees, the purchase of associated equipment and sterilizing agents, will offset or even outweigh additional revenue. ( employ + 物“使用”)

● T he process might ruin the taste of the oyster and spoil some beneficial nutrition, which

may seriously influence the profits for Gulf Coast oyster producers.

● T he assumption that… is open to doubt …

● T he arguer fails to convince us that …

● T he arguer fails to convince us that installing the process mentioned above will

necessarily lead to increased safety of the Gulf Coast.

小结:

a) AC贵未必是因为GC有细菌(时间先后并不代表因果关系)

b) P rocess未必保证安全性

c) P rocess可能影响质量(为全面衡量正负得失)

d) GC安全,人们未必愿意买(充分性不具备)

e) 考虑成本因素(为全面衡量正负得失)

6.非此即彼,极端选择

P132 182

讲义P7 passage7

T he arguer unjustifiably assumes that all the Happy House customers unhappy with the change make the complaints about it. However, this is a strong likelihood / It is entirely possible that many such customers choose not to complain but to be …the silent majority? or to express their discontent by simply not returning to the restaurant.

T he greater the percentage of such customers (is),the weaker the argument’s evidence as an indication of customer satisfaction with the change (i s). (”越…越…”如果谓语动词是be动词,可省略)

S ome customs may prefer the lower price of margarine.

C ustomers in other regions might be more fastidious about the taste of food.

T he arguer does not provide any information concerning the possible change in the profit of Happy Pancake House after the replacement.

结论中的漏洞

1.对策(结论)的充分性和必要性

(一般放在正文段的最后一段,作为段落的一小部分出现)

●质疑充分性(必要性),列举其他必要条件(充分条件)

●先质疑必要性(没他也行),在质疑充分性(即使有他也不一定行,光他还不够)

前面的论证方法是质疑论据对结论的支持力度,在此方法是质疑结论的一句话。

●(In order) to … , … should / must / need to …(体现必要条件)

●If / Once ... , …will / can … .

P126 170

讲义P7 passage 8

The argument assumes too hastily that consumer awareness of the process that kills

the bacteria will necessarily result in the behavior that the argument predicts.

Perhaps there are still aftershocks among consumers, or perhaps after five years of

favoring Atlantic oysters, consumer oyster tastes and habit have become so well

entrenched (根深蒂固的)that consumers will continue to favor Atlantic oysters and

will happily pay a premium for them. Moreover, in my observation consumers act

unpredictably and irrationally, and therefore any prediction about consumer is

dubious at best(充其量也就是). Without ruling out these scenarios, the argument’s

conclusion is unwarranted.

P149 224

Even if one of the two proposed changes is necessary to increase ABC’s overall

profitability, the memo’s assertion that both changes are necessary might

nevertheless be unwarranted. Perhaps only one of the two changes will suffice.

“充分、必要”一般放在同一段,占文中小部分。

2.为考虑结论的可行性

讲义P4 PART 3—4

P113 141

结论的可行性:

The feasibility of the arguer’s conclusion is open to doubt / question. First, it is highly dubious / questionable whether the consumers can reliably distinguish the products made of

CCC’s copper.

Besides, it remains to be seen whether all of the potential consumers of the produces made of CCC’s copper can be found.

Even if all the consumers are found, there is still a possibility that they are not concerned so much about the endangered species and consequently unwilling to follow the

arguer’s suggestion.

In short, without assessing the feasibility, the arguer’s conclusion remains dubious at best(充其量也就是)

特殊攻击方式:

1.定义攻击法:再某一些特殊题目中可用

a)模棱两可,含糊不清

b)夸大其词,危言耸听

c)无关概念,草率推广

次序:

1)CCC未必影响环境和动物(两个信息不完整,一个数据模糊性)

2)CCC未必污染,(段内让步)用于采矿比例未知

3)即使有影响,未必是灾难(定义攻击)

4)结论的两个可行性

5)即使结论可行,结论的两个充分性必要性

注:以下是推理过程问题内容的小7

7.因果关系错

A.直接无因果

P144 212

The argument relies on an unproven assumption that it is the body style that was responsible for the decline in the sales of Patriot cars.

质疑因果关系:(列举他因Alternative explanations)

a)Price

b)Performance

c)Fuel consumption

d)After sales service

The rapid increases in the number of newly licensed drivers do not necessarily mean an enormous growth in the sales of Patriot cars. (无关概念,草率推广||因果关系)

No evidence concerning the preference of new driver in terms of style of cars is provided.(no evidence provided…)

Their affordability of sporty cars is dubious.

小结:

1)是否车型导致销量下降(无结果)

2)新手数量是否真的增加(模糊数据)

3)即使新手数量增加,patriot销量未必上升(无结果)

新手未必买新车,即使买新车,不一定买patriot的车。

4)即使买patriot的车,不一定买跑车。(无结果)

新手爱好未知,即使喜欢跑车未必买得起。

5)广告公司问题(错误未知)

Youth 未必擅长汽车广告,现在的广告未必不好。

B.因果倒置

P119 154

讲义P7 10

The editorial fails to provide any information about the physical health of the subjects when the study began. Lacking such information, it is entirely possible that the author has confused cause with effect respecting those who reported that they engaged in vigorous outdoor exercise nearly every day and their longevity. Perhaps it is a strong constitution that allows them to engage in vigorous exercise and to live a long life. Or perhaps those who reported that they exercised mildly only once or twice a week cannot

possible participate in vigorous exercise due to their ill health. Without ruling out these possibilities, the editorial cannot justify its conclusion about exercise and longevity.

C. 同时性混淆为因果性

P119 153

The editorial may confuse concurrence with causality. It is true that that increase in violence shown on television coincides with the rise in teenage crime, but the mere fact itself does not suffice to establish causal relationship between the former and the later, for there are a myriad of other possible explanation.

许多:A host of … / A mass of … / A myriad of …

The editorial assumes that there is a direct between the increase in violence shown on television and the rise in teenage crime, and conclusion that the former is the cause of the latter. However, the editorial fail to rule out other possible explanations for the growth in violent crime among teenagers.

论证方法:无因亦无果

Controlled study / controlled experiment / counterparts

It has to be known that among teenagers who committed crimes and who didn’t, what percentage of youngsters in each group frequently watch violent programs on TV. Unless there is a large discrepancy in there two figures, the causality between the increase in violence shown on television and the rise in teenage crime cannot be conclusively established.

D.时间先后混淆为因果

P137 195

Overstocking of former books written by small town authors.

讲义P7 11

The editor concludes that Liber’s shift to big-city authors is responsible for Liber’s declining profits, based on the fact that the decline occurred after the shift. However, the sequence of these evens, in itself, does not suffice to prove that the former caused the later.The decline in the profits might has resulted from a myriad of other factors, such as unwise pricing, management and marking problems, shifting demand among book buyers, or overstocking of former books written by small town authors. Without ruling out such scenarios, the editor cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship upon which the editor’s recommendation depends.

●是否偏离原始使命(两个草率推广:无关概念,差异范围)

●即使偏离原始使命导致经济问题,结论充分性和必要性不具备。(必要性→让步→充分性)

·························

备考要点:(考前两三天看一遍题库、平时练习打字)

1.结合例题把每个缺陷加深印象

2.每类缺陷整理好论证思路

3.每道题要列提纲

··························

How to develop body paragraphs

(如何展开正文段落)

1.正文段落数量

3~4段为宜,每段3-8句,5-6句适中

2.正文段连贯性

1)以让步式递进关系排序

2)无递进关系,按重要性排序

3)重要性乃以判断,按顺序排序

逻辑连贯词:----讲义P8 PART 5

1.句式的使用

●逻辑错误自己找。

●正文段排列用课上讲的。

●语言借助书,之参考可信用字-----《GRE官方题库范文精讲》

●黄皮书P212---Argument 常用论证句式

3.常用的论证方法

讲义P8 PART 6

4.模板的构造

1)直接构造法

2)简介构造法讲义P10 PART 7

How to write the conclusion

1.首尾呼应,再次指出作者未能支持自己的结论

2.提出建议,指出作者可以从以按下方面改进论证

P193 149

全文练习:

●P113 141 + 结合讲义P11 全文样板

●模板化语言尽量少用,大约占到全文的20%

●锻炼打字能力

FLUENT中文全教程1-250

FLUENT 教程 赵玉新 I、目录 第一章、开始 第二章、操作界面 第三章、文件的读写 第四章、单位系统 第五章、读入和操作网格 第六章、边界条件 第七章、物理特性 第八章、基本物理模型 第九章、湍流模型 第十章、辐射模型 第十一章、化学输运与反应流 第十二章、污染形成模型 第十三章、相变模拟 第十四章、多相流模型 第十五章、动坐标系下的流动 第十六章、解算器的使用 第十七章、网格适应 第十八章、数据显示与报告界面的产生 第十九章、图形与可视化 第二十章、Alphanumeric Reporting 第二十一章、流场函数定义 第二十二章、并行处理 第二十三章、自定义函数 第二十四章、参考向导 第二十五章、索引(Bibliography) 第二十六章、命令索引 II、如何使用该教程 概述 本教程主要介绍了FLUENT 的使用,其中附带了相关的算例,从而能够使每一位使用 者在学习的同时积累相关的经验。本教程大致分以下四个部分:第一部分包括介绍信息、用户界面信息、文件输入输出、单位系统、网格、边界条件以及物理特性。第二和第三部分包含物理模型,解以及网格适应的信息。第四部分包括界面的生成、后处理、图形报告、并行处理、自定义函数以及FLUENT 所使用的流场函数与变量的定义。 下面是各章的简略概括 第一部分: z开始使用:本章描述了FLUENT 的计算能力以及它与其它程序的接口。介绍了如何对具体的应用选择适当的解形式,并且概述了问题解决的大致步骤。在本章中,我们给出

了一个可以在你自己计算机上运行的简单的算例。 z使用界面:本章描述了用户界面、文本界面以及在线帮助的使用方法。同时也提供了远程处理与批处理的一些方法。(请参考关于特定的文本界面命令的在线帮助) z读写文件:本章描述了FLUENT 可以读写的文件以及硬拷贝文件。 z单位系统:本章描述了如何使用FLUENT 所提供的标准与自定义单位系统。 z读和操纵网格:本章描述了各种各样的计算网格来源,并解释了如何获取关于网格的诊断信息,以及通过尺度化(scale)、分区(partition)等方法对网格的修改。本章还描述了非一致(nonconformal)网格的使用. z边界条件:本章描述了FLUENT 所提供的各种类型边界条件,如何使用它们,如何定义它们and how to define boundary profiles and volumetric sources. z物理特性:本章描述了如何定义流体的物理特性与方程。FLUENT 采用这些信息来处理你的输入信息。 第二部分: z基本物理模型:本章描述了FLUENT 计算流体流动和热传导所使用的物理模型(包括自然对流、周期流、热传导、swirling、旋转流、可压流、无粘流以及时间相关流)。以及在使用这些模型时你需要输入的数据,本章也包含了自定义标量的信息。 z湍流模型:本章描述了FLUENT 的湍流模型以及使用条件。 z辐射模型:本章描述了FLUENT 的热辐射模型以及使用条件。 z化学组分输运和反应流:本章描述了化学组分输运和反应流的模型及其使用方法。本章详细的叙述了prePDF 的使用方法。 z污染形成模型:本章描述了NOx 和烟尘的形成的模型,以及这些模型的使用方法。 第三部分: z相变模拟:本章描述了FLUENT 的相变模型及其使用方法。 z离散相变模型:本章描述了FLUENT 的离散相变模型及其使用方法。 z多相流模型:本章描述了FLUENT 的多相流模型及其使用方法。 z Flows in Moving Zones(移动坐标系下的流动):本章描述了FLUENT 中单一旋转坐标系,多重移动坐标系,以及滑动网格的使用方法。 z Solver 的使用:本章描述了如何使用FLUENT 的解法器(solver)。 z网格适应:本章描述了explains the solution-adaptive mesh refinement feature in FLUENT and how to use it 第四部分: z显示和报告数据界面的创建:本章描述了explains how to create surfaces in the domain on which you can examine FLUENT solution data z图形和可视化:本章描述了检验FLUENT 解的图形工具 z Alphanumeric Reporting:本章描述了如何获取流动、力、表面积分以及其它解的数据。 z流场函数的定义:本章描述了如何定义FLUENT 面板内出现的变量选择下拉菜单中的流动变量,并且告诉我们如何创建自己的自定义流场函数。 z并行处理:本章描述了FLUENT 的并行处理特点以及使用方法 z自定义函数:本章描述了如何通过用户定义边界条件,物理性质函数来形成自己的FLUENT 软件。 如何使用该手册 z根据你对CFD 以及FLUENT 公司的熟悉,你可以通过各种途径使用该手册 对于初学者,建议如下:

成语使用常见错误类型

成语使用常见错误类型 (一)、望文生义 例如:在浦东国际机场边检大厅,有这样一位服务标兵,她无论出现在哪里,脸上始终挂着一抹微笑,真诚、甜美、亲切,让人难以释怀。(2010山东卷) “释怀”指(爱憎、悲喜、思念)很难在心中消除。此处说的是“真诚、甜美、亲切”,应改用“让人难以忘怀”。这里误解词语 (二)、用错对象 例如:上届冠军挪威队以全胜战绩出线,表现十分出色,其卫冕雄心及雄厚实力令人刮目相看。(2010江西卷) “刮目相看”,指别人已有进步,不能再用老眼光去看。这里用错对象。 (三)、褒贬不当

例:现在我们单位职工上下班或步行、或骑车,为的是倡导绿色、低碳生活。尤为可喜的是,始作俑者是我们新来的局长。(2010全国Ⅰ) 褒贬色彩失当。“俑”,指古代殉葬用的木制或陶制的俑人。“始作俑者”,开始制作俑的人,比喻首先做某件坏事的人。此处贬词褒用。 (四)、语义重复 例:在飞驰的高速列车上,人们津津乐道地谈论着乘坐高铁出行带来的快捷 与方便。(2010湖南卷) “津津乐道地谈论着”不妥,很明显“津津乐道”已经包含了“说”这一动作,后面再接“谈论”语意重复,改为“兴致勃勃”比较好。 (五)、不合语境 例如:近年来,在种种灾害面前,各级政府防患未然,及时启动应急预案,力

争把人民的生命财产损失降到最低限度。(2010江苏卷) “防患未然”用于灾难没有发生之前。不合语境。 (六)、两栖词语 有些成语有两种或两种以上的含义,两种或两种以上的感情色彩,这称为词语的“两栖现象”。要判断成语运用正确与否,需用它的多个含义和色彩去斟酌。 例:生命的价值在于厚度而不在于长度,在于奉献而不在于获取……院士的一番话入木三分,让我们深受教育。(2010江苏卷) “入木三分”,形容书法有力,也用来比喻议论深刻。这里使用恰当。

(完整word版)高考英语短文改错常见错误类型分析

高考英语短文改错常见错误类型分析 一、记叙文(文章主体时态是一般过去时, 而议论文通常以一般现在时为主) 1. 比较级使用错误 more 跟形容词或副词构成比较级,如more patient and less aggressive(更耐心而少些放肆);than用在形容词或副词比较级之后,如…older than me(……比我更大)。 2. each of 和every one of 用在复数名词或代词之前,然而动词仍用单数。 Each of the houses is slightly different. 每所房子东圃稍有区别。(复数名词:houses) I bought a dozen of eggs and every one of them was bad.(代词复数:them) 我买了一打鸡蛋,每个鸡蛋都是坏的。 3.固定搭配使用错误 did wrong→ went wrong出错;出故障,出毛病;出问题 on particular→in particular尤其;特别cut off(切断;杜绝)→cut down(减少) neither …or→neither…nor for a result→ as a result 结果 share for→share with 和…….分享 4. 代词使用错误(根据上下文的意思来判断,特别注意人称代词前后指代不一致的情况)人称代词宾格(me, us, you, him, her, them)通常放在动词或介词后面作宾语,形容词性物主代词(my, our, your, his, her, their)通常放在名词之前作定语,而名词性物主代词(mine, ours, yours, his ,hers, theirs)通常单独使用 单数复数 it(它)→them(它们), me→us(我们) myself(我自己)→me(我)me→mine(我的……) They→We we→they here(这儿)→there(那儿)your→you 5. 注意名词前面缺少限定词的情况。 ∧parents→ my parents ∧opinion(观点;看法)→ my opinion ∧car→a car such∧great hotel→such a great hotel 6. 引导词或连接词使用错误: which→what though→ because Whenever(无论什么时候)→ Wherever(无论在哪里), anywhere→anyhow(不管怎样), unless(除非,如果……不……)→until(直到……) 7. 时态使用错误 (1) 把一般现在时改为一般过去时tear →tore(撕开、扯下或撕碎) (2) 把一般过去时改为一般现在时seemed→seems(好像;似乎) (3) and表示“并列关系”时,前后动词的时态要保持一致。 walked out of a room a nd leave→left 8. 介词使用错误: “No more toys to you.”→“No more toys for you.” 9. 介词多余: on today(把on删掉)to home(把to删掉)to anywhere(把to删掉)10. 情态动词使用错误(根据上下文意思来判断)must→could, will→would(间接引语)11. 注意ago 与before的区别,“ago”通常和一般过去时态连用,“before”通常和完成时连用。Two years before→ ago,I have been to Paris twice before. 我以前去过巴黎两次。 12. 副词使用错误(1) 副词放在句首,用来修饰整个句子。Unfortunate, ....... →Unfortunately(2) 副词修饰动词,位于动词之后。I pulled out the toy slow→slowly (3) 副词修饰动词,位于动词之前。get good prepared for examinations→ well and see you if you are in seriously trouble→ serious(严重的)

成语使用错误常见类型资料讲解

七上成语运用 一、成语使用常见错误类型 对策一:吃透词义,多识记多积累成语的意蕴是约定俗成的,而且许多源自典故,加之有些成语中的语素还含有生僻的古义,这就造成了成语理解上的难度。如果不仔细辨析,一瞥而过,就容易造成望文生义的错误。 有些成语的理解能够利用“先分析后综合”的方法进行,如“巧夺天工”,主谓结构,“夺”,胜过,“天工”,天然的精巧,那么“巧”必然不能是天然的了。例题: 1、有的同学学作文,文不加点,字迹潦草,阅读这样的文章,真叫人头疼。(╳) 【解析】“文不加点”常被错误理解为写文章不加标点符号,其实它的真实含义是形容写文章很快,不用涂改就写成(点:涂上一点,表示删去) 2、这部精彩的电视剧播出时,人们在家里守着荧屏,几乎万人空巷,街上静悄悄的。(╳) 【解析】“万人空巷”是指家家户户的人都从巷子里出来了,形容庆祝、欢迎等盛况。不能按照字面意思理解为家家户户都在屋内,巷子里空了。 对策二:平时注意成语的使用对象有些成语有特定的使用对象,如果把握不准,就容易扩大使用范围或误作他用。例题: 1、博物馆里保存着大量有艺术价值的石刻作品,上面的各种花鸟虫兽、人物形象栩栩如生,美轮美奂。 【解析】“美轮美奂” “轮”是“高大”的意思“奂”是“众多”的意思,适用的对象应是高大的建筑物而非人物形象。 2、宽敞明亮的教室里,72名同学济济一堂,畅谈着美好的理想。 【解析】“济济一堂”特指人才。(形容很多有才能的人聚集在一起。)「备注」: “感同身受”指替蒙受恩惠的人向施恩者表示答谢,不用于受恩惠者本人。 “相濡以沫”用于患难中,不用于平时。 “炙手可热”用于人有权势,而不用于物。 “崭露头角”多指青少年。 “萍水相逢”用于陌生人初次见面。 “浩如烟海”是形容文献、资料非常丰富。

高考英语短文改错常见错误类型

短文改错常见错误类型: 1.动词的错误是历年考试的重点和热点,常见动词错误类型有 ①一般现在时与一般过去时错用 ② and前后动词时态不一致 ③主谓不一致 ④缺少动词,特别是be动词 ⑤第三人称单数形式错用; ⑥主动语态和被动语态错用。 如2014新课标全国卷I Since then—for all these year—we had been allowing tomatoes to self seed where they please. 答案:had改为have 本句的时间状语是all these years,通常和现在完成进行时连用。所以使用have been doing的形式。 如2014新课标全国卷II My dream school starts at 8:30 am and ends at 3:30 pm. There are three lesson in the morning and two in the afternoon. We didn’t need to do so many homework. 答案:didn’t改为don’t 本文叙述“我”的梦想学校的情况。根据文章第一句My dream school starts at 8:30 am可知本文基本时态是一般现在时。 如2014新课标全国卷II We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sat by the lake listening music. 答案:sat改为sit 本句中的or表示选择关系,也是一个并列连词,所以与前面的lie同样都使用动词原形。 如2014四川卷 Today, I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm go off. 答案: go改为goes。本句的主语a fire alarm为单数,谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式goes。

(完整版)《FLUENT中文手册(简化版)》

FLUENT中文手册(简化版) 本手册介绍FLUENT的使用方法,并附带了相关的算例。下面是本教程各部分各章节的简略概括。 第一部分: ?开始使用:描述了FLUENT的计算能力以及它与其它程序的接口。介绍了如何对具体的应用选择适当的解形式,并且概述了问题解决的大致步骤。在本章中给出了一个简单的算例。 ?使用界面:描述用户界面、文本界面以及在线帮助的使用方法,还有远程处理与批处理的一些方法。?读写文件:描述了FLUENT可以读写的文件以及硬拷贝文件。 ?单位系统:描述了如何使用FLUENT所提供的标准与自定义单位系统。 ?使用网格:描述了各种计算网格来源,并解释了如何获取关于网格的诊断信息,以及通过尺度化(scale)、分区(partition)等方法对网格的修改。还描述了非一致(nonconformal)网格的使用. ?边界条件:描述了FLUENT所提供的各种类型边界条件和源项,如何使用它们,如何定义它们等 ?物理特性:描述了如何定义流体的物理特性与方程。FLUENT采用这些信息来处理你的输入信息。 第二部分: ?基本物理模型:描述了计算流动和传热所用的物理模型(包括自然对流、周期流、热传导、swirling、旋转流、可压流、无粘流以及时间相关流)及其使用方法,还有自定义标量的信息。 ?湍流模型:描述了FLUENT的湍流模型以及使用条件。 ?辐射模型:描述了FLUENT的热辐射模型以及使用条件。 ?化学组分输运和反应流:描述了化学组分输运和反应流的模型及其使用方法,并详细叙述了prePDF 的使用方法。 ?污染形成模型:描述了NOx和烟尘的形成的模型,以及这些模型的使用方法。 第三部分: ?相变模拟:描述了FLUENT的相变模型及其使用方法。 ?离散相变模型:描述了FLUENT的离散相变模型及其使用方法。 ?多相流模型:描述了FLUENT的多相流模型及其使用方法。 ?移动坐标系下的流动:描述单一旋转坐标系、多重移动坐标系、以及滑动网格的使用方法。 ?解法器(solver)的使用:描述了如何使用FLUENT的解法器。 ?网格适应:描述了如何优化网格以适应计算需求。 第四部分: ?显示和报告数据界面的创建:本章描述了explains how to create surfaces in the domain on which you can examine FLUENT solution data ?图形和可视化:本章描述了检验FLUENT解的图形工具 ?Alphanumeric Reporting:本章描述了如何获取流动、力、表面积分以及其它解的数据。 ?流场函数的定义:本章描述了如何定义FLUENT面板内出现的变量选择下拉菜单中的流动变量,并且告诉我们如何创建自己的自定义流场函数。 ?并行处理:本章描述了FLUENT的并行处理特点以及使用方法 ?自定义函数:本章描述了如何通过用户定义边界条件,物理性质函数来形成自己的FLUENT软件。 如何使用该手册 对于初学者,建议从阅读“开始”这一章起步。 对于有经验的使用者,有三种不同的方法供你使用该手册:按照特定程序的步骤从按程序顺序排列的目录列表和主题列表中查找相关资料;从命令索引查找特定的面板和文本命令的使用方法;从分类索引查找特定类别信息(在线帮助中没有此类索引,只能在印刷手册中找到它)。 什么时候使用Support Engineer:Support Engineer能帮你计划CFD模拟工程并解决在使用FLUENT 中所遇到的困难。在遇到困难时我们建议你使用Support Engineer。但是在使用之前有以下几个注意事项:●仔细阅读手册中关于你使用并产生问题的命令的信息 ●回忆导致你产生问题的每一步 ●如果可能的话,请记下所出现的错误信息 ●对于特别困难的问题,保存FLUENT出现问题时的日志以及手稿。在解决问题时,它是最好的资源。

成语使用中常见错误类型以及对策

成语使用中常见错误类型以及对策 (一)误解词语,望文生义 成语的意蕴是约定俗成的,而且许多源自典故,加之有些成语中的语素还含有生僻的古义,这就造成了成语理解上的难度。如果不仔细辨析,一瞥而过,就容易造成望文生义的错误 (二)用错对象,张冠李戴 有些成语有特定的使用对象,如果把握不准,就容易扩大使用范围或误作他用。 (三)色彩失当,语境不分 成语从色彩上分为感情色彩、语体色彩和谦敬色彩。从感情色彩上又可分为褒义、中性、贬义;从语体色彩上分为书面语和口语;从谦敬色彩上分为谦辞和敬辞。在使用中,必须辨明色彩,否则就会误用。(四)语义重复,自相矛盾 虽然成语在句子中的意思是准确的,但还要防止与句中其他词语意义重复或矛盾 (五)搭配不当,不合习惯 有些成语还应该注意它的词性用法以及它的词义轻重与语境是否协调。 1、下列句子中,加点成语运用不恰当的一句是() A、这一段时期,“非典”似乎已销声匿迹,但是医学专家反复提醒,这种疾病可能只是暂时消失,很可能会卷士重来。 B、一直以来,对网吧的治理很难取得显著成效。这样无形中助长了一些违法经营者的嚣张气焰,对国家的规定更加熟视无睹。 C、叶圣陶先生说,苏州园林是我国各地园林的标本。去年到苏州游览了几个园林,果然觉得名正言顺。 D、刘慧卿因参与“台独”分子研讨会,并发表支持“台独”的言论,连日遭到社会各界人士的口诛笔伐。 2、选出加点成语运用不正确的一项是( ) A、五月的油城,鲜花盛开,姹紫嫣红,十分绚丽。 B、日本厚生省政务官森冈正宏公然称日本二战甲级战犯“在日本国内已经不是罪人”,如此信口雌黄,实在令人吃惊。 C、有个别学生上网成瘾,执迷不悟,浪费了大好年华。 D、高速公路上,南来北往的汽车滔滔不绝。 3、下列句中加点成语使用不正确的一项是()

短文改错常见错误类型

短文改错常见错误类型 一谓语动词的错误 1.一般现在时与一般过去时错用 2.and 前后动词时态不一致 3.主谓不一致 4.缺少动词,特别是be 动词 5.第三人称单数形式错用 6.主动语态和被动语态错用 二名词的常见错误 1.单复数名词错用 2.注意区分名词是可数还是不可数 3.或根据名词前的修饰语或谓语动词的单复数来判断 三连词错误 考点:连词包括关系代词、副词,并列连词and\or\ but等(一般考查从句关系who\whom\whose\ what\ which\ how\why\ when\ where\ if \whether) 四冠词错误 1.误用a 和an (根据单词的音素来判定)。 2.误用a 和the (固定搭配,各自单独使用的地方)。 3.多余的冠词或者少冠词。 五、形容词和副词错误 1.系动词后用形容词。(be, am , is , are ,were, become. Go )感官动词:smell, feel 2.词性的误用:形容词修饰名词副词修饰实义动词、形容词和副词。 六、代词错误 1.代词的主格和宾格:i me he him she her we us they them 2.反身代词:myself yourself himself herself themselves ourselves 3.代词的单数和复数 4.多余的代词和少代词 七、非谓语动词的常见错误 1。不定式,动名词做主语,宾语。 2。And 连接的不定式或动名词前后一致(尤其距离较远时) 3。介词后用动名词、V-ing形式作宾语。 4。某些动词后要求接动名词或者不定式。 八、介词错误 1。词组中的介词误用 2。介词意思理解偏差 3。介词的多用或少用 九、习惯用法要记住 主要考查习惯搭配方面的基础知识。这也是历年高考的常考点。其错误表现形式主要有三种:多词、少词和搭配错误 十、逻辑错误须关注 1。与句子的上下文不一致,甚至相矛盾,属于逻辑性错误 2。如称谓上的张冠李戴,人名、地名、时间、方位等方面错误,常是这类错误的考察对象。短文改错做题技巧

成语使用错误常见类型

七上成语运用 令狐采学 一、成语使用常见错误类型 (一)误解词语,望文生义对策一:吃透词义,多识记多积累成语的意蕴是约定俗成的,而且许多源自典故,加之有些成语中的语素还含有生僻的古义,这就造成了成语理解上的难度。如果不仔细辨析,一瞥而过,就容易造成望文生义的错误。有些成语的理解能够利用“先分析后综合”的方法进行,如“巧夺天工”,主谓结构,“夺”,胜过,“天工”,天然的精巧,那么“巧”必然不能是天然的了。例题: 1、有的同学学作文,文不加点,字迹潦草,阅读这样的文章,真叫人头疼。(╳)【解析】“文不加点”常被错误理解为写文章不加标点符号,其实它的真实含义是形容写文章很快,不用涂改就写成(点:涂上一点,表示删去) 2、这部精彩的电视剧播出时,人们在家里守着荧屏,几乎万人空巷,街上静悄悄的。(╳) 【解析】“万人空巷”是指家家户户的人都从巷子里出来了,形容庆祝、欢迎等盛况。不能按照字面意思理解为家家户户都在屋内,巷子里空了。(二)用错对象,张冠李戴对策二:平时注意成语的使用对象有些成语有特定的使用对象,如果把握不准,就容易扩大使用范围或误作他用。例题: 1、博物馆里保存着大量有艺术价值的石刻作品,上面的各种花鸟虫兽、人物形象栩栩如生,美轮美奂。 【解析】“美轮美奂” “轮”是“高大”的意

思“奂”是“众多”的意思,适用的对象应是高大的建筑物而非人物形象。 2、宽敞明亮的教室里,72名同学济济一堂,畅谈着美好的理想。 【解析】“济济一堂”特指人才。(形容很多有才能的人聚集在一起。) 「备注」:“感同身受”指替蒙受恩惠的人向施恩者表示答谢,不用于受恩惠者本人。“相濡以沫”用于患难中,不用于平时。“炙手可热”用于人有权势,而不用于物。“崭露头角”多指青少年。“萍水相逢”用于陌生人初次见面。“浩如烟海”是形容文献、资料非常丰富。 “汗牛充栋” 形容藏书非常多。“豆蔻年华”指女子十三四岁时。 “慷慨解囊”用于帮助别人。 “天伦之乐”用于一家人。 (三)色彩失当,语境不分成语从色彩上分为感情色彩、语体色彩和谦敬色彩。从感彩上又可分为褒义、中性、贬义;从语体色彩上分为书面语和口语;从谦敬色彩上分为谦辞和敬辞。在使用中,必须辨明色彩,否则就会误用。 1、误用褒贬,情感错位对策三:注意感情色彩,辨明褒贬成语和有些词语一样是有感情色彩的,使用成语时,须要使成语的感情色彩和语境的色彩保持一致,语境褒则褒,语境贬则贬,中性语境则使用中性词。 (1)班里的不良现象已经蔚然成风,再不治理就会带来严重后果。 【解析】蔚然成风:指事情逐渐发展、盛行,形成一种好的风尚。在这里“不良现象”是贬义,使用“蔚然成风”不恰当(2)这些年轻的科学家决心以无所不为的勇气,克服重重困难,去探索大自然的奥秘。 【解析】无所不为:没有不做的事。指什么坏

高中短文改错常见类型经典

一、错误类型 多词:冠词、介词、动词不定式符号to等。 漏词:冠词、介词、动词不定式符号to、系动词、物主代词等。 错词: (一)语法错误 1.主谓不一致; 2.时态不一致; 3.指代不一致; 4.平行不一致; 5.名词的单复数; 6.词的固定搭配和惯用法(如:get used to doing sth.) 7.词性的误用(形/副); 8.冠词的误用;9.语态、非谓语动词;10.形容词、副词的比较级和最高级混用。 (二)逻辑错误 1.上下行文逻辑错误(and/but/or/so); 2.主从复合句中连词或引导词的误用; 3.句意混乱(up/down ;here/there)。 二、常见错误设置模式 1.①在so…that…结构中,so 和that不同行,把that放在下一行,so 的位置上写成了very; ② too…to…结构中, too写成了very; ③There is no need to do sth.中There 用成了It; ④It is/has been…years since…中since用成了when; ⑤was/were doing…when…结构中,when用成了while。 2. the same…中the 用成了a或漏掉定冠词the(same永远和the 在一起.如the same as 与…一样/相同; all the same仍然,还是; the same to you); for a long time(长时间)漏掉a; most of the…漏掉the; for the first time(第一次)漏掉the; make progress中间加了a。 3. repeat之后加了again;return之后加了back; enter之后加了into/to。 4. because/ since和so连用; although /though和but连用; reason和because连用(The reason why…is that…;Another reason is that…)。 5.元音字母开头但发辅音的词前用了an,如 university, European, useful thing, usual thing。 6.辅音字母开头但发元音的词前用了a,如:honest, hour, honor。 7.现在分词与过去分词的误用。 三、常见的误用词 1. little很少(修饰不可数名词)/few很少数(修饰可数名词); 2. less更少(修饰不可数名词)/fewer更少数(修饰可数名词); 3. many许多(修饰可数名词)/much许多(修饰不可数名词); 4. beside在…旁边 /besides除此之外还…, 而且; 5. here这儿 /there那儿;

成语使用中常见错误类型以及对策

成语使用中常见错误类型以及对策(一)、误解词语,望文生义 成语的意蕴是约定俗成的,而且许多源自典故,加之有些成语中的语素还含有生僻的古义,这就造成了成语理解上的难度。如果不仔细辨析,一瞥而过,就容易造成望文生义的错误。 有些成语的理解能够利用“先分析后综合”的方法进行,如“巧夺天工”,主谓结构,“夺”,胜过,“天工”,天然的精巧,那么“巧”必然不能是天然的了。 例题: 1、就在公安部门准备收网时,这帮家伙为虎作伥,毫不收敛,在罪行簿上又添新笔。(╳) 2、这部精彩的电视剧播出时,人们在家里守着荧屏,几乎万人空巷,街上静悄悄的。(╳) 3、第二次世界大战时,德国展开了潜艇战,于是使用水声设备来寻找潜艇,成了同盟国要解决的首当其冲的问题。(╳)(首当其冲:首先受到攻击或遭受灾难) 4、这个小毛病不足为训,下次改掉就行了,何必大动干戈呢?(╳) 5、今年初上海鲜牛奶市场燃起竞相降价的烽火,销售价格甚至低于成本,这对消费者来说倒正好可以火中取栗。(╳)(火中取栗:受人利用,冒了风险,吃了苦头,却没得到好处) 6、北大荒虽然天荒地老,但经农垦战士的开发,已经成为商品粮基地。(╳)(天荒地老:指经过的时间很久)

7、我们应该向先进企业学习,起初可能是邯郸学步,但终究会走出自己的路来。 (邯郸学步:比喻生硬的模仿,不但学不到人家的本领,反而连自己原有的长处也丢掉了。) 8、“9·11”事件之后,美国股市势如破竹的下跌趋势,令世界经济雪上加霜。(╳) (势如破竹:比喻节节胜利,毫无阻碍) 9、美国政府在台湾问题上的危言危行,只能是搬起石头砸自己的脚。(╳) (危言危行:讲正直的话,做正直的事。) 10、全面提高学生素质,减轻学生负担,在社会上引起了轩然大波。(轩然大波:常用于比喻大的纠纷或风潮) 11、教育学生要讲究方式方法,不能总是耳提面命,摆家长作风。(╳) 12、作家不深入生活,坐在家里管窥蠡测,就创作不出群众喜欢的作品。(管窥蠡测:比喻对事物的观察了解片面狭隘,十分有限。应改为“闭门造车”) 对策一:吃透词义,多识记多积累 【备注】: A、鼎足之势三人成虎不为己甚目无全牛杯弓蛇影侧目而视叹为观止金瓯无缺细大不捐安土重迁坐地分赃差强人意一团和气别无长物大方之家

fluent学习笔记

fluent技术基础与应用实例 4.2.2 fluent数值模拟步骤简介 主要步骤: 1、根据实际问题选择2D或3Dfluent求解器从而进行数值模拟。 2、导入网格(File→Read→Case,然后选择有gambit导出的.msh文件) 3、检查网格(Grid→Check)。如果网格最小体积为负值,就要重新 进行网格划分。 4、选择计算模型。 5、确定流体物理性质(Define→Material)。 6、定义操作环境(Define→operating condition) 7、制定边界条件(Define→Boundary Conditions) 8、求解方法的设置及其控制。 9、流场初始化(Solve→Initialize) 10、迭代求解(Solve→Iterate) 11、检查结果。 12、保存结果,后处理等。 具体操作步骤: 1、fluent2d或3d求解器的选择。 2、网格的相关操作 (1)、读入网格文件 (2)、检查网格文件 文件读入后,一定要对网格进行检查。上述的操作可以得到网格信息,从中看出几何区域的大小。另外从minimum volume 可以知道最小网格的体积,若是它的值大于零,网格可以用于计算,否则就要重新划 分网格。 (3)、设置计算区域 在gambit中画出的图形是没有单位的,它是一个纯数量的模型。故 在进行实际计算的时候,要根据实际将模型放大或缩小。方法是改变fluent总求解器的单位。 (4)、显示网格。 Display→Grid 3、选择计算模型

(1)、基本求解器的定义 Define→Models→Solver Fluent中提供了三种求解方法: ·非耦合求解 segregated ·耦合隐式求解 coupled implicit ·耦合显示求解 coupled explicit 非耦合求解方法主要用于不可压缩流体或者压缩性不强的流体。 耦合求解方法用在高速可压缩流体 fluent默认设置是非耦合求解方法,但对于高速可压缩流动,有强的体积力(浮力或离心力)的流动,求解问题时网格要比较密集,建 议采用耦合隐式求解方法。耦合能量和动量方程,可以较快的得到收敛值。耦合隐式求解的短板:运行所需要的存比较大。若果必须要耦合求解而机器存不够用,可以考虑采用耦合显示求解方法。盖求解方法也耦合了动量,能量和组分方程,但是存却比隐式求解方法要小。 需要指出的是,非耦合求解器的一些模型在耦合求解器里并不一定都有。耦合求解器里没有的模型包括:多相流模型、混合分数/PDF燃烧模型、预混燃烧模型。污染物生成模型、相变模型、Rosseland辐射模型、确定质量流率的周期性流动模型和周期性换热模型。 %%%有点重复,但是可以看看加深理解 Fluent提供三种不同的求解方法;分离解、隐式耦合解、显示耦合解。分理解和耦合解的主要区别在于:连续方程、动量方程、能量方程和 组分方程解的步骤不同。 分离解按照顺序解,耦合解是同时解。两种解法都是最后解附加的标量方程。隐式解和显示解的区别在于线性耦合方程的方式不同。 Fluent默认使用分离求解器,但是对于高速可压流动,强体积力导致 的强烈耦合流动(流体流动耦合流体换热耦合流体的混合,三者相互耦合的过程—文档整理者注)(浮力或者旋转力),或者在非常精细的网格上的流动,需要考虑隐式解。这一解法耦合了流动和能量方程, 收敛很快。%%% (2)、其他求解器的选择 在实际问题中,除了要计算流场,有时还要计算温度场或者浓度场等,因此还需要其他的模型。主要的模型有: Multiphase(多相流动)viscous(层流或湍流)energy(是否考虑传热)species(反应及其传热相关) (3)操作环境的设置 Define→operation→condition

改错常见错误类型

高考英语短文改错专题 一、短文改错常见错误类型 1. 谓语动词的错误是历年考试的重点和热点常见动词错误类型有 ①一般现在时与一般过去时错用;② and 前后动词时态不一致; ③主谓不一致; ④缺少动词,特别是be动词; ⑤第三人称单数形式错用; ⑥主动语态和被动语态错用。 1)They did not want me to do any work at home; they want me to devote all my time to my studies.(did 改为do属于①)2)As we climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories. (visiting 改为visited错误类型属于②) 3 There will an important game next month.(will后加be错误类型属于④) 4)One evening she told me that something happened when her parents was out.( ③主谓不一致) 2. 名词的常见错误 单复数名词错用;注意区分名词是可数还是不可数;或根据名词前的修饰语或谓语动词的单复数来判断。 ①I’ll get good marks in all my subject.(subject 改为subjects) ② Their word were a great encouragement to me.(word 改为words) ③ Without enough knowledges, you can never teach well.(knowledges改为knowledge) 3. 连词错误 连词包括关系代词、副词,并列连词and/ or/but等 (一般考查从句关系who/ whom/whose/what/which/how/why/when/where/if/whether ) ① I have a good friend who’s name is Liu Mei. (错用了who的所有格形式改为whose) ② I teach them, play with them, but watch them growing up.(此处应该是并列的关系而非转折,but改为and) ③ Clever as she is, but she works very hard. ④ When I was a child, rain was a mystery. In one class, I learned it rained. 4. 冠词错误 误用a和an(根据单词的因素来判定);误用a 和the(固定搭配,各自单独使用的地方) 多余的冠词或则少冠词。 ① We may be one family and live under a same roof. (a 改为the the same 是固定搭配) ②As everyone knows, it’s famous mountain with all kinds of pants.(mountain是可数名词需用冠词,所以加 a ) ③ My teacher advised me to keep my dairy. ④ I hope you have pleasant journey.

高考成语常见错误类型

高考成语常见错误类型 Document number:WTWYT-WYWY-BTGTT-YTTYU-2018GT

第三节成语 第一部分成语误用分析 辨别成语使用正误的考题,这几年的高考语文试题中每年都有。由于学生平时对词语掌握得不够好,失分率很高。为解决这个难点,现把成语误用的情况进行具体的分析并附上练习,以供师生参考。 1、不明词义而误 例一: (1)、这部精彩的电视剧播出时,几乎万人空巷,人们在家里守着荧屏,街上静悄悄的。(1997年全国试题) (2)、家用电器降价刺激了市民消费欲的增长,原本趋于滞销的彩电,现在一下子成了炙手可热的商品。(1999年全国试题) (3)、我本就对那里的情况不熟悉,你却应派我去,这不是差强人意吗(1993年试题) (4)、第二次世界大战时,德国展开了潜艇战,于是使用水声设备来寻找潜艇,成了同盟国要解决的首当其冲的问题。(1995年全国试题) 分析:(1)中的“万人空巷”意思是众多人都从胡同里跑出来,多用来形容庆祝、欢迎等盛况.(2)中“炙手可热”是说手一接近就觉得热,比喻气焰很盛,权势很大.(3)中“差强人意”意思是稍微适合人的心意。(4)中“首当其冲”意思是首先受到冲击或伤害。这四个成语的意思都与该句句意不和,这种错误都是不明词义造成的。 2、不明色彩而误 例二: (1)齐白石画展在美术馆开幕了,国画研究院的画家竞相观摩,艺术爱好者也趋之若鹜。(1997全国试题) (2)为了救活这家濒临倒闭的工厂,新上任的厂领导积极开展市场调查,狠抓产品质量和开发,真可谓处心积虑。(1998全国试题) (3)这些年轻的科学家决心以无所不为的勇气,克服重重困难,去探索大自然的奥秘。(1995全国试题) (4)这家伙明知罪行严重,但却从容不迫地在抹桌子,好象啥事也没有发生。(模拟试题) 分析:(1)中的“趋之若骛”比喻许多人争着去追逐不好的事物,(2)中的“处心积虑”指千方百计地盘算(干坏事),(3)中的“无所不为”是说啥坏事都能干得出来,(4)中的“从容不迫”形容非常镇静、不慌不忙的样子。前三个词都用于贬义,与句意不和;后一个词用于褒义,也与句意不和:它们在该句中的使用都是错误的。这些使用的错误都是不明色彩而造成的。 3、不合逻辑而误 例三: (1)翘首西望,海面托着的是披着银发的苍山。苍山如屏,洱海如镜,真是巧夺天工。(1992 全国试题)

高考英语短文改错常见错误类型汇总

常见错误类型 高考英语改错题是考生感到棘手的题型之一。笔者对近几年的高考英语改错题作了细致的分析并加以归类后,发现错误类型主要集中在以下方面。(例题保留原题号) 1. 动词时态 每年都有时态错误的小题,而且改动基本集中在一般过去时与一般现在时之间。时态的更改要以上下文的主体时态为依据。 (1)(2003全国卷)She liked it very much and reads it to the class. All said the story was... 84. read (and连接并列谓语) (2)(2004江苏卷)At once I apologize and controlled myself... 83. apologized (and连接并列谓语) (3)(2004全国卷)Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class,... 82. talk (根据sometimes可判断此句为一般现在时) (4)(2005全国卷Ⅱ)I will write again and send you the photos we take together. 85. took (把照片寄给你,应该是已经拍好的,用过去时) (5)(2005全国卷Ⅰ)There are advantage for students to work while studying at school. One of them was that they can earn money. 77. is (从上下文判断,应该是现在时,谓语用is) (6)(2005江苏卷)We named him Jack and keep him for about three years. 76. kept (and连接并列谓语) 2. 名词单复数 单复数互改是高考英语改错题的基本题型之一,改动的依据有:一是根据名词前的修饰限定成份;二是根据上下文的逻辑关系。 (1)(2003全国卷)Their word were a great encouragement to me. 85. words (是把word改为words 还是把were改为was,根据名词前的修饰限定词their来决定。) (2)(2004江苏)that was a dinner we had waited for several month. 85. months (several修饰复数名词) (3)(2004全国卷Ⅰ)a few minute on the Internet. 77. minutes (a few修饰复数名词) (4)(2005全国卷Ⅱ)But one and a half year later. 79. years (one and a half意思为一年半,故判断此处year应为复数形式) (5)(2005全国卷Ⅰ)There are advantage for students to work... 76. advantages (从there are 判断应该用名词复数) 3. 句子结构 句子结构方面的错误范围庞大,解答高考英语改错题主要可以从以下几方面来思考:1)句子结构是否完整,成份是否冗缺;2)单词的词性与其在句中的功能是否相符;3)主谓一致;4)复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词或引导词的运用是否得当等。 (1)(2004 全国卷)I won’t be able to meet you at the airport although I have classes in the afternoon. 78. because/as (复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词运用不当) (2)(2004 全国卷Ⅱ)I don’t know that they don’t like to talk with me. 81. why (复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词运用不当) (3)(2005全国卷Ⅰ)For the most part, students working to earn money for their own use. 78. work (缺谓语动词) (4)(2005全国卷Ⅰ)Earning their own money allow them to spend on anything if they like. 79. allows (主语是动名词短语Earning their own money,谓语应该用单数)

相关文档
相关文档 最新文档