宣枫老师考研英语评估题

科兴考研英语评估题Aug. 29th, 2012

Cloze

Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.”But __1___some claims to the contrary，laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels，___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__，a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way，say，walking or jogging does.

1.[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like

2.[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce

3.[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining

4.[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe

5.[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable

__6__，instead of straining muscles to build them，as exercise does，laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__，studies dating back to the 1930‘s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles，decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.

6.[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief

7.[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected

8.[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes

Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway，the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback，that improve an individual?s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion，our feelings are partially rooted ____12___physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.

9.[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance

10.[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal

11.[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for

12.[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at

13.[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because

Although sadness also ____14___tears，evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988，social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile –or with their lips，

which would produce a（n）__17___expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles ___18___more exuberantly to funny cartons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown，____19___that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ ，the physical act of laughter could improve mood.

14.[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses

15.[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond

16.[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold

17.[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent

18.[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted

19.[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing

20.[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely

Reading comprehension

Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds”to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.

The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal -- and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.

“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there?s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,” wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: “How come nobody thought of that before?”

The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.

Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.

1. What does the author probably mean by “untaught mind” in the first

paragraph?

[A] A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.

[B] A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.

[C] A person who has had no education.

[D] An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.

2. According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from

non-innovators?

[A] The variety of ideas they have.

[B] The intelligence they possess.

[C] The way they deal with problems.

[D] The way they present their findings.

3. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because ________.

[A] Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity

[B] the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new

ways of doing things

[C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch?s point of view

[D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented

4. The phrase “march to a different drummer” (the last line of the passage)

suggests that highly creative individuals are ________.

[A] diligent in pursuing their goals

[B] reluctant to follow common ways of doing things

[C] devoted to the progress of science

[D] concerned about the advance of society

Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.

It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Y et a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.

We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 2 0th century and the eve of World War Ⅱ, at

a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were a bout. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism, ”Newman wrote, “ that I am tempted to define…journalism? as …a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are?. ”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his life time, though, he was also one of England's foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography（1947）became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Y et only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.

Is there any chance that Cardus?s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and post modern reader shave little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.

1. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that

[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.

[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.

[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.

[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.

2. Newspaper reviews in England before world warⅡwere characterized by

[A] free themes.

[B] casual style.

[C] elaborate layout.

[D] radical viewpoints.

3. which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on？

[A] It is writers? duty to fulfill journalistic goals.

[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.

[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.

[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.

4. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?

[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.

[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.

[C]His style caters largely to modern specialists.

[D]His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.

5. What would be the best title for the text?

[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days.

[B] The lost Horizon in Newspapers.

[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism.

[D] Prominent Critics in Memory.

A deal is a deal, except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in V ermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.

Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of V ermont?s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its V ermont Y ankee nuclear power plant running. It?s a stunning move.

The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought V ermont?s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in V ernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant?s license be subject to V ermont legislature?s approval. Then, too, the company went along.

Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn?t foresee wh at would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both V ermont Y ankee?s safety and Entergy?s management- especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy?s behavior, the V ermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.

Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the

Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that V ermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.

The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in V ermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company?s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.

1. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to

[A] condemning.

[B] reaffirming.

[C] dishonoring.

[D] securing.

2. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to

[A] obtain protection from V ermont regulators.

[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.

[C] acquire an extension of its business license .

[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.

3. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its

[A] managerial practices.

[B] technical innovativeness.

[C] financial goals.

[D] business vision

4. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test

[A] Entergy?s capacity to ful fill all its promises.

[B] the mature of states? patchwork regulations.

[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .

[D] the limits of states? power over nuclear issues.

5. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that

[A] Entergy?s business e lsewhere might be affected.

[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.

[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.

[D] V ermont?s reputation might be damaged.

If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent c ivil servant. When Hoffa?s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America?s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.

There are three reasons for the public-sector unions? thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America?s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain?s Labor Party, as its name impl ies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.

At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of Calif ornia points out that much of the state?s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers? unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on

prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.

In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.

Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, tea chers? unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.

As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.

John Donahue at Harvard?s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers? fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.

1. It can be learned from the first paragraph that

[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.

[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.

[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.

[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.

2. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?

[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.

[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.

[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.

[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.

3. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is

[A] illegally secured.

[B] indirectly augmented.

[C] excessively increased.

[D]fairly adjusted.

4. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions

[A]often run against the current political system.

[B]can change people?s political attitudes.

[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.

[D]are dominant in the government.

5. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of

[A]disapproval.

[B]appreciation.

[C]tolerance.

[D]indifference.

Translation:

The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. 1) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.

All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 2) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.

Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 3) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.

4) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. 5) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster

might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 1

2

3

4

5

Reordering of Paragraphs

1 [A] -- 2[ ] – 3 [D] -- 4[ ] -- 5[ ]–6 [F] – 7 [E]-- 8[ ] --9[ ]

[A] What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America -- breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?

[B] This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”

[C] Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country?s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.

[D] Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.

[E]Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”

[F] In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.

[G] Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”

[H] A further stimulus to invent ion came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.

[I]When all these shaping forces -- schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking -- interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.

考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案(三)

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