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老托福阅读题

2000年8月

Questions 1-8

Prehistoric mammoths have been preserved in the famous tar pits of Rancho La Brea(Brea is the Spanish word for tar) in what now the heart of Los Angeles, California. These tar pits have been known for centuries and were formerly mined for their natural asphalt, a black or brown petroleum-like substance. Thousands of tons were extracted

(5) before 1875, when undertaken that established the significance of this remarkable site.

excavations were undertaken that established the significance of this remarkable site

The tar pits were found to contain the remains of scores of species of animals from the last 30,000 years of the Ice Age.

Since then, over 100 tons of fossils, 1.5 million from vertebrates, 2.5 million from

(10) invertebrates, have been recovered, often in densely concentrated tangled masses. The

creatures found range form insects and birds to giant ground sloth’s, but a total of 17 proboscides (animal with a proboscis or long nose)- including mastodons and Columbian mammoths- have been recovered, most of them from Pit 9, the deepest bone-bearing deposit, which was excavated in 1914. Most of the fossils date to between

(15) 40,000 and 10,000 years ago.

The asphalt at La Brea seeps to the surface, especially in the summer, and forms

shallow puddles that would often have been concealed by leaves and dust. Unwary animals would become trapped on these thin sheets of liquid asphalt, which are extremely

sticky in warm weather. Stuck, the unfortunate beasts would die of exhaustion and (20) hunger or fall prey to predators that often also became stuck.

As the animals decayed, more scavengers would be attracted and caught in their turn.

Carnivores greatly outnumber herbivores in the collection: for every large herbivore, there is one saber-tooth cat, a coyote, and four wolves. The fact that some bones are

heavily weathered shows that some bodies remained above the surface for weeks or

(25) months. Bacteria in the asphalt would have consumed some of the tissues other than

bones, and the asphalt itself would dissolve what was left, at the same time impregnating

and beautifully preserving the saturated bones, rendering then dark brown and shiny.

1.What aspect of the La Brea tar pits does the passage mainly discuss?

(A)The amount of asphalt that was mined there

(B) The chemical and biological interactions between asphalt and animals

(D) Scientific methods of determining the age of tar pits

2. In using the phrase ―the heart of Los Angeles‖ in line 2, the author is talking about the city’s

(A) beautiful design

(B) central area

(D) supplies of natural asphalt

3. The word ―noticed‖ in line 5 closest in meaning to

(A) predicted

(B) announced

(D) observed

4. The word ―tangled‖ in line 10 is closest in meaning to

(A) buried beneath

(B) twisted together

(D) easily dated

5. The word ―them‖ in line 13 refers to

(A) insects

(B) birds

(D) proboscideans

6.How many probosicdeans have been found

at the La Brea tar pits?

(A) 9

(B) 17

(D) 2.5 million

7. The word ―concealed‖ in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) highlighted

(B) covered

(D) contaminated

8.Why does the author mention animals such as coyotes and wolves in paragraph 4?

(A) To give examples of animals that are classified as carnivores

(B) To specify the animals found least

commonly at La Brea

(D) To define the term ―scavengers‖

Questions 9-19

The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present] (Line) urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed

(5)to mature urbanism’s in little more than a centur y.

In the early colonial day in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest England and France, particularly England, from which

(10 ) most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities

(15) increased in importance. This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development

of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day. In face, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have it front on a water highway.

When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people,

and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until after 1823, after

the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries, that cities started drawing young people away from farms. Such migration was particularly rapid following the Civil

War (1861-1865).

9. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Factors that slowed the growth of cities in Europe.

(B) The evolution of cities in North America

(D)The effects of the United Sates’ independence on urban growth in New England.

10. The word ―they‖ in line 4 refers to

(A) North American colonies

(B) cities

(D) town economies

11. The passage compares early European and North American cities on the basis of which of the following?

(A) Their economic success

(B) The type of merchandise they exported

(D)The pace of their development

12.The W ord ―accordingly‖ in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) as usual

(B) in contrast

(D)for that reason

13. According to the passage, early colonial cities were established along the Atlantic coastline of North America due to

(A) an abundance of natural resources

(B) financial support from colonial governments

(D) a favorable climate

14. The passage indicates that during colonial times, the Atlantic coastline cities prepared which of the following for shipment to Europe?

(A) Manufacturing equipment

(B) Capital goods

(D) Raw materials

15. According to the passage, all of the following aspects of the plantation system influenced the growth of southern cities EXCEPT the

(A) location of the plantations

(B) access of plantation owners to shipping

(D) economic self-sufficiency of the plantation

16.It can be inferred from the passage that, in comparison with northern, cities, most southern cities were

(A) imagined

(B) discovered

(D)planned

17. The word ―recorded‖ in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) imagined

(B) discovered

(D) planned

18.The word ―drawing‖ in line 27 is closest in meaning t o

(A) attracting

(B) employing

(D) representing

19. The passage mentions the period following the Civil War (line28-29) because it was a time of

(A) significant obstacles to industrial growth

(B) decreased dependence on foreign trade

(D) increased migration from northern states to southern states

Questions 20-28

During the second half of the nineteenth century, the production of food and feed crops in the United States rose at an extraordinarily rapid https://www.wendangku.net/doc/648876817.html, production increased by four and a half times, hay by five times, oats and wheat by seven times. The most crucial factor Line behind this phenomenal upsurge in productivity was the widespread adoption of labor-saving machinery by northern farmers. By 1850 horse-drawn reaping machines that cut grain were being introduced into the major grain-growing regions of the country. Horse-powered threshing machines to separate the seeds from the plants were already in general use. However, it was the onset of the Civil War in 1861 that provided the great stimulus for the mechanization of northern agriculture. With much of the labor force inducted into the army and with grain prices on the rise, northern farmers rushed to avail themselves of the new labor-saving equipment. In 1860 there were approximately 80,000 reapers in the country; five years later there were 350,000.

After the close of the war in 1865, machinery became ever more important in northern agriculture, and improved equipment was continually introduced. By 1880 a self-binding

(15)reaper had been perfected that not only cut the grain, but also gathered the stalks and bound them with twine. Threshing machines were also being improved and enlarged, and after 1870 they were increasingly powered by steam engines rather than by horses. Since steam-powered threshing machines were costly items-running from $ 1,000 to $4,000-they were usually owned by custom thresher owners who then worked their way from farm to farm during the harv est season. ―Combines‖ were also coming into use on the great wheat ranches in California and the Pacific Northwest. These ponderous machines—sometimes pulled by as many as 40 horses – reaped the grain, threshed it, and bagged it, all in one simultaneous operation.

The adoption of labor-saving machinery had a profound effect upon the sale of agricultural operations in the northern states-allowing farmers to increase vastly their crop acreage. By the end of century, a farmer employing the new machinery could plant and harvest two and half times as much corn as a farmer had using hand methods 50 years before.

20. What aspect of farming in the United States in the nineteenth century does the Passage mainly discuss?

(A) How labor-saving machinery increased crop Production

(B) Why southern farms were not as successful as Successful as northern farms

(D) The increase in the number of people farming

21.The word ―crucial‖ in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) obvious

(B) unbelievable

(D) desirable

22.The phrase ―avail themselves‖ in lines 10-11 is closest in meaning to

(A) take care

(B) make use

(D) do more

23. According to the passage, why was the Civil War a stimulus for mechanization?

(A) The army needed more grain in order to feed the soldiers.

(B) Technology developed for the war could also the used by farmers.

(D) Machines were needed to replace a disappearing labor force.

24.The passage supports which of the following statements about machinery after the Civil War?

(A) Many farmers preferred not to use the new machinery.

(B) Returning laborers replaced the use of machinery.

(D) Poor-quality machinery slowed the pace of crop production.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/648876817.html,bines and self-binding reapers were similar because each

(A) could perform more than one function

(B) required relatively little power to operate

(D) required two people to operate

26.The word ―they‖ in line 17 refers to

(A) grain stalks

(B) threshing machines

(D) horses

27. It can be inferred from the passage that most farmers did not own threshing machines because.

(A) farmers did not know how to use the new machines

(B) farmers had no space to keep the machines

(D) the machines were too expensive for every farmer to own

28.The word ―ponderous‖ in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) Advanced

(B) heavy

(D) rapid

Questions 29-39

The Native American peoples of the north Pacific Coast created a highly complex maritime culture as they invented modes of production unique to their special environment. In addition to their sophisticated technical culture, they also attained one of the most complex social organizations of any nonagricultural people in the world.

In a division of labor similar to that of the hunting peoples in the interior and among foraging peoples throughout the world, the men did most of the fishing, and the women processed the catch. Women also specialized in the gathering of the abundant shellfish that lived closer to shore. They collected oysters, crabs, sea urchins, mussels, abalone, and clams, which they could gather while remaining close to their children. The maritime life harvested by the women not only provided food, but also supplied more of the raw materials for making tools than did fish gathered by the men. Of particular importance for the native tool than did the fish gathered by the men. Of particular made from the larger mussel shells, and a variety of cutting edges that could be made from other marine shells.

The women used their tools to process all of the fish and marine mammals brought

in by the men. They cleaned the fish, and dried vast quantities of them for the winter. They sun-dried fish when practical, but in the rainy climate of the coastal area they also used smokehouses to preserve tons of fish and other seafood annually. Each product had its own peculiar characteristics that demanded a particular way of cutting or drying the meat,

(20)and each task required its own cutting blades and other utensils.

After drying the fish, the women pounded some of them into fish meal, which was an easily transported food used in soups, stews, or other dishes to provide protein and thickening in the absence of fresh fish or while on long trips. The women also made a cheese-like substance from a mixture of fish and roe by aging it in storehouses or by

(25)burying it in wooden boxes or pits lined with rocks and tree leaves.

29. Which aspect of the lives of the Native

Americans of the north Pacific Coast does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Methods of food preservation

(B) How diet was restricted by the environment

(D) Difficulties in establishing successful farms

30.The word ―unique‖ in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) comprehensible

(B) productive

(D) particular

31.The word ―attained‖ in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) achieved

(B) modified

(D) spread

32. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that the social organization of many agricultural peoples is

(A) more complex than that of hunters and foragers

(B) less efficient than that of hunters and foragers

(D) better documented than that of hunters and foragers

33. According to the passage, what is true of the ―division of labor‖ mention ed in line 5?

(A) It was first developed by Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast.

(B) It rarely existed among hunting

(D) It provided a form of social organization that was found mainly among coastal peoples.

34. The word ―abundant‖ in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) prosperous

(B) plentiful

(D) fundamental

35. All of the following are true of the north Pacific coast women EXCEPT that they

(A) were more likely to catch shellfish than other kinds of fish

(B) contributed more materials for tool making than the men did

(D) prepared and preserved the fish

36. The word ―They‖ in line 16 refers to

(A) women

(B) tools

(D) men

37. The Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast used smokehouses in order to

(A) store utensils used in food preparation

(B) prevent fish and shellfish from spoiling

(D) prepare elaborate meals

38. The wore ―peculiar‖ in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) strange

(B) distinctive

(D) biological

39. All of following are true of the cheese-like substance mentioned in paragraph 4 EXCEPT that it was

(A) made from fish

(B) not actually cheese

(D) made in a short period of time

Question 40-45

Archaeological literature is rich in descriptions of pot making. Unlike modern industrial potters, prehistoric artisans created each of their pieces individually, using the simplest technology but demonstrating remarkable skill in making and adorning their vessels.

Line The clay used in prehistoric pot making was invariably selected with the utmost care:

(5)often it was traded over considerable distances. The consistency of the clay was crucial: it was pounded meticulously and mixed with water to make it entirely even in texture. By careful kneading, the potter removed the air bubbles and made the clay as plastic as possible, allowing it to be molded into shape as the pot was built up, When a pot is fired. It loses its water and can crack, so the potter added a temper to the clay,

a substance that

(10) H elped reduce shrinkage and cracking.

Since surface finishes provided a pleasing appearance and also improved the durability

In day-to-day use, the potter smoothed the exterior surface of the pot with wet hands. Often A wet clay solution, known as a slip, was applied to the smooth surface. Brightly colored Slips were often used and formed painted decorations on the vessel. In later times. glazes

(15) came into use in some areas. A glaze is a form of slip that turns to a glasslike finish during high-temperature firing. When a slip was not applied, the vessel was allowed to dry slowly until the external surface was almost like leather in texture. It was then rubbed with a round stone or similar object to give it a shiny, hard surface. Some pots were adorned with incised or stamped decorations.

(20)Most early pottery was then fired over open hearths. The vessels were covered with Fast-burning wood; as it burned, the ashes would all around the pots and bake them Evenly over a few hours. Far higher temperatures were attained in special ovens, known

As kilns, which would not only bake the clay and remove its plasticity, but also dissolve

Carbons and iron compounds. Kilns were also used for glazing, when two firings were

Needed, Once fired, the pots were allowed to cool slowly, and small cracks were repaired

Before they were ready for use.

40. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Why archaeologists study prehistoric pot making

(B) How early pottery was made and decorated

(D) The variety of decorations on Prehistoric pottery

41.The word ― meticulously‖ in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) heavily

(B) initially

(D) completely

42. Which of the following was a process used by prehistoric potters to improve the texture of the clay?

(A) Adding temper

(B) Removing the water

(D) Mixing the clay with plastic substances

43.The word ―durability‖ in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) quality

(B) endurance

(D) applicability

44. Prehistoric potters applied slips and glazes to their vessels in order to do which of the following?

(A) Improve the appearance of the vessels

(B) prevent the vessels from leaking

(D) Give the vessels a leather like quality

45. Which of the following was a method used by some potters to give vessels a glossy finish?

(A) Smoothing them with wet hands

(B) Mixing the clay with colored solutions

(D) Rubbing them with a smooth hard object

46.The word ―incised‖ in line 19 is closes t in meaning to

(A) designed

(B) carved

(D) painted

47.The word ―they‖ in ling 26 refers to

(A) kilns

(B) firings

(D) cracks

48. According to the passage, the advantage of kilns over open fires was that the kilns

(A) required less wood for burning

(B) reached higher temperatures

(D) baked vessels without cracking them

49. Look at the terms ―temper‖(line9), ―glazes‖(line14), ―kilns‖(line23), and ―compounds‖(24). Which of these terms is NOT defin ed in the passage?

(A) temper

(B) glazes

(D) compounds

50.The passage mentions that when pottery is fired under burning wood ,the ashes help

(A) prevent the clay from cracking

(B) produce a more consistently baked pot

(D) give the vessel a glasslike finish

历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案

0308 托福试题阅读( 55minutes ) Question 1-11 seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15) structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen If food is allowed to stand for some time, putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful spontaneous generation microbiologist Louis showed that structures present in air closely found not that it to be seen in such process by which of the theory of French chemist and opponent was the Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur resemble the microorganisms

老托福阅读真题 (11)

2002年8月TOEFL试题 Section Three: Reading Comprehension Question 1-9 Often enough the craft worker’s place of employment in ancient Greece was set in rural isolation. Potter, for instance, found it convenient to locate their workshops near their source of clay, regardless of its relation to the center of settlement, At Corinth and Athens, however, two of the best-known potters’ quarters were situated on the cities’ outskirts, and potters and makers of terra-cotta figurines were also established well within the city of Athens itself. The techniques of pottery manufacture had evolved well before the Greek period, but marked stylistic developments occurred in shape and in decoration, for example, in the interplay of black and other glazes with the red surface of the fired pot. Athenian black-figure and red-figure decoration, which emphasized human figures rather than animal images, was adopted between 630 and 530 B.C.；its distinctive color and luster were the result of the skillful adjustments of the kiln’s temperat ure during an extended three-stage period if firing the clayware. Whether it was the potters or the vase-painters who initiated changes in firing is unclear; the functions of making and decorating were usually divided between them, but neither group can have been so specialized the they did not share in the concerns of the other. The broad utility of terra-cotta was such that workers in clay could generally afford to confine themselves to either decorated ware and housewares like cooking pots and storage Jars or building materials like roof tiles and drainpipes, some sixth-and fifth-century B.C. Athenian pottery establishments are known to have concentrated on a limited range of fine ware, but a rural pottery establishment on the island of Thasos produced many types of pottery and roof tiles too, presumably to meet local demand. Molds were used to create particular effects for some products, such as relief-decorated vessels and figurines; for other products such as roof tiles, which were needed in some quantity, they were used to facilitate mass production. There were also a number of poor-quality figurines and painted pots produced in quantity by easy, inexpensive means- as numerous featureless statuettes and unattractive cases testify. 1. The passage mainly discusses ancient Greek pottery and its (A) production techniques (B) similarity to other crafts (C) unusual materials (D) resemblance to earlier pottery 2. The phrase “regardless of” in line 3 is closest in meaning to (A) as a result of (B) no matter what (C) proud of (D) according to 3. It can be inferred from the passage that most pottery establishments in ancient Greece were situated (A) in city centers (B) on the outskirts of cities (C) where clay could be found (D) near other potters’ workshops 4. The word “marked” in line 7 is closest in meaning to

托福阅读错题总结

托福阅读错题总结：改变计划——从第一套开始做！ TPO24：细节题做完之后，通读文章，了解全文的结构和主要内容层次一、Lake Water 2、词汇题gains：这里是增量的概念所以应该是increase，而不是存量的概念savings 8、比较细节题：弄清A比B还是B比A，Lake Erie体积小，选择表述相反但正确。 11、解释现象题：定位前后句，前面一句是：Climatic change影响很大，后面一句是： Theslowing down of water renewal leads to a chain of further consequences，由further可以推知Theslowing down of water renewal也是前面现象的原因 14、概括多选题：太细节的不选，没有提到的不选，选项一般是文章几个层次的内容。同一部分的内容不可能选两个答案。二、Breathing During Sleep 7、注意题目中的限定during NREM，和文章中的比较转折（往后看） 13、归类题：要理解文章的主要内容，对各部分的内容都要熟悉三、Moving into Pueblos 1、词汇题：traumatic，外力的，受迫的 3、理解推断题：要理解原文想要表达的意思，原来更加自由 5、细节题：定位对应段的内容，同义句的替换 14、概括多选题：表述过于绝对的选项是不正确的 TPO23：定位，理解，替换（分析定位句，转换含义），不要多想（文中没提到的绝对不选）一、Urban Climates 11、词汇题：modified（改进的——changed）中性的改变，increased修饰不合理。定位原句：Wind movements are also modified in cities because buildings increase the friction on air flowing around them. This friction tends to slow the speed of winds。 13、插入句子题：Another possibility is for the heat island to be stretched along the course of major rivers, since large waterways typically have a warming effect on the air directly above them. 原文环境：■The precise configuration of a heat island depends on several factors.■For example, the wind can make a heat island stretch in the direction it blows. ■When a heat island is well developed, variations can be extreme; in winter, busy streets in cities can be 1.7℃warmer than the side streets. ■ 通过标红的词，以及并列的语义：许多原因，例如XX，另一个XX，判断插入第三处。 14、多选题：分析文章的主要内容：城市热的一个现象——这个热是怎么造成的——形成热岛效应及其特征——城市表面空气造成的其他现象此题中其他三个选项都是文中没有提到的！二、Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture 2、句子同意转述题：Importing the grain, （which would have been expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves）, kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods. 主干：Importing the grainkept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods.虽然由and 连接，但其实是因果关系句！ Thus 一词体现出了因果关系！B. Because the Dutch were able to import inexpensive grain, they had money available to create a demand for other food products and consumer

2001年1月老托福阅读解析第二篇

2001年1月第二篇 Questions 10-17 at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer, and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a tailor 5) an assistant, the rural artisan provided the neighborhood with common goods from furniture to shoes to farm equipment in exchange for cash or for “goods in kind” from the customer’s field, pasture, or dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed material provided by the customer wove cloth of yam spun at the farm from the wool of the family sheep; made chairs or tables 10) from wood cut in the customer’s own woodlot; produced shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or sheepskin tanned on the farm. Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans were part of an economy seen, by one historian, as “an orchestra conducted by nature.” Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time, and still others waited on raw materials that were 15) only produced seasonally. As the days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since few artisans could afford enough artificial light to continue work when the Sun went down. To the best of their ability, colonial artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as possible and to regularize their schedules and methods of production for the best return on their investment in time, tools, and materials. While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker, for example, 20) carefully matching lumber, joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue, and applying all thought and energy to carving beautiful designs on the finished piece, the time required was not justified unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality— and few in rural areas were, Artisans, therefore, often found it necessary to employ as many shortcuts and economics as possible while still producing satisfactory products.

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