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英语专八General Linguistics

英语学院专业八级备考

语言学导论

Chapter 1 Introduction

?Linguistics

?Core of linguistics

?Important distinctions

?Language

?Design features of language

?Functions of language

Chapter 2 Phonology

?Phonetics

? 3 branches of phonetics

?Classification of English consonants and vowels

?Phonology

?Difference between phonetics and phonology

?Phone, phoneme, allophone

?Suprasegmental phonology: stress, tone, intonation Chapter 3 Morphology

?Morphology

?Morpheme, morph, allomorph

?Word-formation processes

?Closed class words and open class words

Chapter 4 Syntax

?Syntax

?Category

?Phrase

?Phrase structure rule

?Deep structure and surface structure

Chapter 5 Semantics

?Semantics

?Some views concerning the study of meaning

?Major sense relations

?Sense relations between sentences

?Analysis of meaning

?Two-place, one-place, and no-place predicate

Chapter 6 Pragmatics

?Pragmatics vs semantics

?Some basic notions:

pragmatics, context, sentence meaning, utterance meaning ?Important theories of pragmatics:

Speech act theory

Principle of conversation/conversational implicature

Chapter 7 Language Change

?Historical linguistics

?Sound change

?Grammatical change

?Lexical change

?Semantic change

?Reasons for change

Chapter 8 Language and Society

?Sociolinguistics

?Speech community

?Varieties of Language:dialects and register

?Standard Dialect

?Degree of formality

?Pidgin and Creole

?Bilingualism and Diaglossia

Chapter 9 Language and Culture

?Culture

?Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

?Linguistic nationalism

?Intercultural communication

Chapter 10 Language Acquisition

?Language acquisition

?Theories of child language acquisition

?The Critical Period Hypothesis

?Stages in child language development

phonological, vocabulary, grammatical and pragmatic development ?Atypical development

Chapter 11 Second Language Acquisition

?Definition

?Acquisition, learning

?Contrastive Analysis

?Error Analysis

?Interlanguage, fossilization

?Language Transfer

?Interlingual errors, intralingual errors

?Overgeneralization

?Second Language Learning Models and Input Hypothesis

?Individual Differences

Chapter 12 Language and Brain

?Neurolinguistics

?The brain stem

?Psycholinguistics

?Bottom-up processing

?Top-down processing

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英语专八翻译

一、The old gentleman, however, seemed cheerful enough; and it was plain that he took an interest in the strangers, and wished to make their acquaintance. This was soon effected by the friendly waiter; and after a little talk the old man invited them to visit his villa and garden which were just outside the walls of the town. So the next afternoon, when the sun began to descend, and they saw in glimpses through door-ways and windows, blue shadows beginning to spread over the brown mountains, they went to pay their visit. It was not much of a place, a small, modernized, stucco villa, with a hot pebbly garden, and in it a stone basin with torpid gold-fish, and a statue of Diana and her hounds against the wall. But what gave a glory to it was a gigantic rose-tree which clambered over the house, almost smothering the windows, and filling the air with the perfume of its sweetness. Yes, it was a fine rose, the Conte said proudly when they praised it, and he would tell the Signora about it. And as they sat there, drinking the wine he offered them, he alluded with the cheerful indifference of old age to his love-affair, as though he took for granted that they had heard of it already. 译文：然而,这位老先生看起来心情非常愉快;显然他对这两位陌生人很感兴趣，并愿意与他们结交.在热心的服务生的帮助下,他们很快相识了;短暂的交谈之后，老人便邀请他们去他城墙外不远的别墅与花园做客. 于是次日下午，夕阳西落,从开启的门窗轻轻瞥去,他们看到,兰色暗影已渐渐笼罩棕褐的山峦，他们便欣然动身。那里很平常,矗立着一座现代化小型别墅座，表面粉刷了一层灰泥。还有一座铺满鹅卵石的花园，园里石砌水池中有几尾金鱼慵懒地游动。靠墙的地方有一尊守猎女神及其猎犬的雕像。但是使这小园生辉的是一颗巨大的玫瑰树。树已长过屋顶，几乎完全遮住了窗户。空气中满是玫瑰的芳香。这株玫瑰的确不错，听了客人夸奖，伯爵得意地说。他还表示非常乐意把树的来历讲给夫人听。于是他们坐在那里，一边饮酒，一边听他以老年人满不在乎神情，愉快地提及他的那一段往日爱情，仿佛他相信他们对此一定早有耳闻二、We live in an ascending scale when we live happily, one thing leading to another in an endless series. There is always a new horizon for onward-looking men, and although we dwell on a small planet, immersed in petty business and not enduring beyond a brief period of years, we are so constituted that our hopes are inaccessible, like stars, and the term of hoping is prolonged until the term of life. To be truly happy is a question of how we begin and not of how we end, of what we want and not of what we have. 参考译文：

人教版八年级英语下册各单元语法点汇总

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8.Shecandoitbyherself.Sheisnotachildanymore. 9.It’scoldinthenortheast,butit’sreallyinterestingtoski there. 10.It’smadeofmetal,andit’sr eallytall.

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You will feel better after a good rest. 2. 表示意图 I will borrow a book from our school library tomorrow. What will she do tomorrow? 基本构成如下：一般疑问句构成： (1)will+主语+do…? Will Sarah e to visit me next Sunday? (2)there be 结构的一般疑问句：Will there + be …? Will there be fewer trees? Yes, there will. / No, there won't 否定句构成：will + not (won't)+do

Sarah won't e to visit me next Sunday. 特殊疑问句构成：特殊疑问词+will+主语+…?What will Sarah do next Sunday? (二) should的用法： should用来提出建议和忠告，后边加动词原形，否定句直接在should后边加not. 例如：I think you should eat less junk food. 我认为你应该少吃垃圾食品。 She drives a lot and she seldom walks. So I think she should walk a lot. 她经常开车，很少走路。所以我认为她应该多走路。

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