跨文化交际(完整版)

Unit 1 Language and Culture in Communication

Theory Communication is something we do every day. It takes place so naturally that we simply fail to notice it until it hiccups or breaks down. Though it is commonplace, it is no exaggeration to say that communication is life and life is communication.

1.When you join a social gathering, you must be aware of rules and procedures that govern the way things are going to proceed. There is a technical term for such rules and procedures—schema.

2. Face and politeness are two other areas which are extremely value—sensitive. One of the distinctive features of Chinese politeness is self—denigration and other—elevation.

Case 1:Litz is a professor of cross—cultural communication in a university in Finland. She invited her Chinese students home for an evening party.

The schema from Litz?s point of view includes the following:

1. Giving invitation: by phone / by mail

2. Prepare everything before the arrival of guests

3. Receiving guests: open the door / express welcome / take their overcoats / introduce guests / offer them drinks / make them comfortable

4. Serving food: set the table / soup first / main course / desert

5. Post dinner activities: chat / play music / offer more drinks

6. Seeing guests off: thank them for coming / good night

Litz?s evening party was not very successful, because she was upset by one of her guests. Here was the initial conversation between Litz and Lin:

Litz: (opens the door) Oh, Lin, how nice you could come!

Lin: It?s not difficult to find your house.

Litz: Come on in.

Lin: (comes in)

Litz: Can I take your coat?

Lin: No, thanks.

Litz: Ok, this way please.

Lin: (take off her coat and hangs it)

Analysis: Litz was hurt because Lin did not let her hang her coat. Litz?s offering to hang Lin?s coat is one of Litz?s ways (it?s on Litz?s schema). On Lin?s side, she thought that Litz was her supervisor and that it was inappropriate to let her supervisor hang her coat. Here we have an instance of one action attached with different cultural values.

Case 2:

Finding an Interested Buyer

Georage Hall was in Beijing attending a trade fair and looking for an opportunity to do business in China. He had been very successful in his business dealings in the US and prided himself on his ability “to get things moving.” His first day was going well .He looked around at the displays of sporting equipment to get some idea of

whom he might approach. He was sure that his products, tennis rackets with an unusual new design, would arouse some interests. On the second day he approached the company which he felt would be most responsive to his products. He introduced himself to the general, a Mr. Li. Since he had read that Chinese find getting down to business immediately too abrupt and rude, he began a casual conversation, eventually leading up to the topic of his products and suggesting how Mr. Li?s company might benefit from using them. George then suggested that he could arrange to get together with Mr. Li and provide more specifics and documentation on his products.

Mr. Li responded in fairly good English,” That would be interesting.”

Knowing that he had only a few days left in Beijing, George wanted to nail down a time,” When can we meet?” asked George.

“Ah. This week is very busy,” replied Mr. Li.

“It sure is,” said George,” How about 10 o?clock? Meet you here.”

“Tomorrow at 10 o?clock?” asked Mr. Li thoughtfully.

“Right,” said George, “I?ll see you then?”

“Hmm, yes; why don?t you come by tomorrow,” was the reply.

“OK,” responded George,” It was nice meeting you.”

The next day at 10 o?clock he approached Mr. Li?s company?s exhibit only to find that Mr. Li had some important business and was not able to meet with George. He called back later in the day and was told that Mr. Li was not available.

Analysis: 英美人士做事情讲究守时。而中国人不太重视这方面。本案列中，李先生不仅没有准时接见预约的客户，甚至放了他“鸽子”。

Case3: Professor Liang has written a book on Chinese culture in Chinese. His book is put on display in Beijing International Book Fair? 96. Professor Liang would like to have his book translated into English and submitted to Thompson Publishers. Professor Liang has asked Li Yan, whom he meets regularly in the English Corner, to help him to talk to Peter Allright, a Thompson representative.

Prof. Liang:奥莱特先生，这是鄙人的拙作。

Li Tan: Mr. Allright, this a clumsy book written by your humble servant.

Mr Allright: No, no, no, you're not my humble servant. We do not publish books in Chinese.

Li Yan (to Professor Liang): 不，不，不，你不是我的仆人，我们不出中文书。Professor Liang: 我要请李艳翻译成英文。

Li Yan (to Mr. Allright): Professor Liang will ask me to translate it into English. Mr. Allright: Mm that?s interesting.

Analysis: Chinese authors almost always belittle their works by describing them as clumsy writings, and they use the same description when they present them to Chinese publishers. But this will be counter—productive in English. Instead, authors should point out the merits of their works rather than “clumsiness”.

Unit 2 Culture Shock

Theory: 1. Culture shock can be described as the feeling of confusion and disorientation that one experiences when faced with a large number of new and unfamiliar people and situations.

2. There is a desire for independence and separateness, found in foreigners' needs for their own privacy and autonomy

3. Hospitality means the cordial and generous reception of or disposition toward guests.

4. Politeness refers to the consideration for others, tact, and observance of accepted social usage.

5. Privacy could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself.

Case 1: Jane, an American teacher in the US, had just started teaching English to a group of Japanese students. She wanted to get to know the students more formally, so she invited them to her house for party. The students all arrived together at exactly 8:00 p.m. They seemed to enjoy the party: they danced, sang, and ate most of the food. At about 10:00 p.m, one of the students said to the teacher, “I think it?s time for me to leave. Thank you very much for the party.” Then all the other students got up to go, and all left at the same time. Jane decided she would never invite them again! Analysis: 在日本以及其他很多的亚洲国家里，年轻人通常成群结队的一起去参加一些社交聚会，然后一道离去。在他们看来这是很正常不过的事。然后Jane 认为这是一种侮辱，因为他们在同一时间里一下子全部离开了。在美国以及其他一些英语国家，晚上10点离开一个聚会相对来说是比较早的。

Case 2:

Four Secretaries and Their Jobs

Four classmates from a top Chinese university all took jobs as secretaries after graduation. Five years later the four former classmates had a reunion and discussed their jobs.

Chen Qi and Dai Yun both work as bilingual secretaries for a Finnish company in Beijing. Chen Qi is secretary to the Finn general manger, and Dai Yun is secretary to the Chinese local manger, a position only slightly lower than that of the Finn manger. Zhang Ying is from a politically prominent family and was hired as the secretary to the leader of a small government bureau in the capital city of her home province. Lu Yan works for a state run enterprise in the same city where she was hired as the secretary to the new manager for international marketing. The company has never marketed its products abroad before so this office and Lu Yan?s position are new to the company.

Five years later Chen Qi is satisfied with her job with the Finnish company but Dai Yun is not. The Finn manager receives orders from the company?s home office in Finland, and he gives orders to those below him in China, including his secretary Chen Qi. He tells her how he wants his time scheduled and she then makes appointments for him according to his instructions. She translates memos and other

documents and interprets from Chinese to English to Chinese. If the manager does not think Chen Qi has done her work well, he tells her right away. He is very demanding, but Chen Qi feels that she knows what her duties are and knows what her manager expects. She is confident that she is doing a good job.

Dai Yun often does not have as much work to do as Chen Qi does, because her boss schedules his own appointments and does a lot of the office paperwork himself. When he is out of town she has time to study for the graduate entrance exam. However, she is not sure whether or not she is doing a good job. Her manager tells her what she is expected to do, but he does this day by day. When people call or come to the office to see her boss, she greets them in English or Chinese as necessary. She receives their memos and other messages as well as their questions and requests and passes them on to her manager. Dai Yun thinks of her job as doing what her manager wants her to do. She pays close attention to his moods and behavior, and sometimes she is able to anticipate what he would like without him telling her.

Analysis：许多中国人在外企工作，不同国家的外企领导有不同的工作作风和标准。本案列中，戴云给不同的外国上司做秘书，在工作中出现由于不同的文化冲突而引起的各种工作以及沟通中的问题就很常见了。

Case 3: One cold winter day in a Chinese city, Wang Lin on his way to the library met an American professor who knew very little about China. After greeting him, Wang said: “It?s rather cold. You?d better put on more clothes.” But the professor didn?t appear happy on hearing this.

Analysis: 美国人以及大部分西方国家的人们不喜欢被告知要怎么做怎么做，他们比较喜欢独立，然而中国人则习惯关心别人，这个案例中王林的建议表达的就是一种对他人的关心，可是美国教授却不习惯这样的表达。

Case 4: In a good restaurant, fourteen people are gathered to say goodbye to their professor, who is moving to another university.

Steven: May I have your attention please? I?d like to call upon Ben to say a few words.

Ben: Thank you, Steven. Professor Shore, colleagues:

Tonight is one of those paradoxes --- it?s a sad time and yet it?s a happy time. Sad, because.

We are losing one of our best professors; happy because we are pleased to see Professor Shore

gain the recognition that he richly deserves.I?m not sure who will be able to control us and keep us

in line. I think the new professor will have a difficult time. And surely no one will be able to tell

jokes in the same way as you, Professor. Seriously, we all know that you will be difficult to

replace. Your scholarly approach and your dedication will always be remembered.

I would

therefore like to propose a toast. Colleagues, pelase charge your glasses. Professor

Shore, may

your future be filled will great success, and may you always remember us. We know we will never

forget you.

To Professor Shore!

All: (Standing up) To Professor Shore! (Everyone drinks. Professor Shore remains seated and

smiles at them all.)

Analysis：就餐时总是要在各种缘由下向人敬酒：可以是非正式的，向朋友或同事敬酒；也可以是正式的，向全体聚会的人敬酒。与中国式的敬酒大不相同的是，在西方正式的敬酒时，受敬的人是不能喝酒的，而是正襟危坐，两眼睁睁看别人喝酒。另一个不同是：无论正式还是非正式，敬酒的人不必走过去敬酒，而是在自己的座位处站起来敬酒。敬酒时开始的语言永远是：“向…”，而其他随敬酒的人重复敬酒人的第一句话（即“向…”），然后喝一口酒。敬酒时如果举了杯，说了敬词，而实际上没有喝酒，就会被看做十分不恭的行为，在很久以前甚至于被认为是一种侮辱，是不想加入敬酒的仪式。

Case 5: An American went to Chinese home. He was offered some tea. Just when the first cup was about to finish, more tea was added. The visitor drank the second cup. Then the cup was filled the third time. Then he drank it, then… until the visitor was quite full. Why?

Analysis: 在中国的传统文化习俗里，主任通常会不断给客人倒水倒茶，或者不断地给客人的盘子里加食物以表示他的热情好客。面对的这样的情况，中国客人知道如何处理，在他们觉得吃饱喝足之后，就会随它放在桌上。而美国客人就不懂了，在美国，在自己的盘子里剩下食物是不礼貌的，于是他出于遵循美国文化理念可能会在这样的招待中吃的过多。

Case 6:

Dinner with Friend

Janice is a young American engineer working for a manufacturing joint venture near Nanjing. She and her husband George, who is teaching English at a university, are learning Chinese and enjoying their new life .They have been eager to get to know Chinese people better so they were pleased when Liu Lingling , Janice?s young co-worker invited them to her home for dinner.

When Janice and George arrived，Lingling introduced them to her husband Yang Feng , asked them to sit down at a table containing 8 plates of various cold dishes, served them tea and then disappeared with her husband into the kitchen. After a few minutes Lingling came back and added water to their tea. Janice offered to help in the kitchen but Ling ling said she didn?t need help. She invited the couple to look at their new CD player and their colorful TV and then disappeared again.

A half-hour later she came back and sat down and the three began to eat. Yang Feng came in from time to time to put dish after hot dish on the table. Most of the food was wonderful but neither George nor Janice could eat the fatty pork in pepper sauce or the ea cucumbers, and there was much more than they could eat. They kept wishing Yang Feng would sit down so they could talk to him .Finally he did sit down to eat a

bit ,but quickly turned on the TV to show them all its high teching features. Soon it was time to go home.

George and Janice felt slightly depressed by this experience, but returned the invitation two weeks later. They decided to make a nice American meal and felt lucky to find olives, tomato juice, crackers and as appetizers. For the main course they prepared spaghetti and a salad with dressing made from oil, vinegar, and some spices they found in the market.

When Liu Lingling and Yang Feng arrived they were impressed by the apartment and asked the price of the TV, video player, vacuum cleaner and other things. Janice politely refused to answer their questions. They took small tastes of the appetizers and seemed surprised when both George and Janice sat down with them. They ate only a little spaghetti and did not finish the salad on their plates. George urged them to eat more but they refused and looked around expectantly. Junice and George talked about their families and jobs and asked the table and served coffee and pastries. Yang Feng and Lingling each put four spoons of sugars into their coffee but did not drink much of it and ate only a bite or two of pastry.

After they left, George said that at least they had a chance to talk, but Janice was upset. “We left their place so full that we couldn?t walk and they?re going to have to eat again when they get home. What went wrong?

Analysis：中西方饮食习惯大大的不同。中国人邀请客人会准备一大桌子的菜，并在就餐过程中使劲劝说客人多吃点，吃完之后，还有剩菜，就表明主人的盛情款待。而西方人一不劝吃，二就餐完毕后，盘子最好是空的。本案列中的两对中外夫妇不明这个文化差异，发生误解就是自然而然的事了。

Case 7: After the meal and after the table has been cleared. Liu is not sure what to do, but wants to help in some way. At least he wants to offer.

Helen: Thanks for your help, Huang.

Liu: Pleasure. What can I do now?

Helen: Nothing. It?s fine. I?ll rinse these dishes then stack them. It?ll only take a minute.

Liu: Does the family usually help?

Helen: Well, at special times. Jack sometimes rinses the dishes but you can see he?s really tired tonight.

Liu: Let me do it for you.

Helen: No truly, it?s okay.

Liu: Maybe I can wipe the table then.

Helen: That would be helpful. Thanks. You?re really kind, Huang.

Analysis：在西方人家中的就餐的时间里，大家都设法插手帮一下忙，即便是男士也不例外，不要一点不动着开饭。所有家住者要能帮者摆摆餐具，或餐后收拾洗碗，把餐具放进洗碗机，倒垃圾，站在一边帮着擦干洗好的餐具。虽然都是小忙，却表明你对别人的操劳非常在意，是个用心的人。

Case 8: Two strangers have been chatting.

A: So you?re been here for a year?

B: Yes. One more year to go, then I?ll go back to ch ina.

A: What will you do back home?

B: It?s hard to know. There?s a lot change at the moment.

A: Yeah. Everything is changing, everywhere. Sometimes it?s difficult to keep up. B: That?s true. Maybe I?ll…

(A?s mobile phone rings.)

A: Excuse me, I?d better answer this. It?s probably work.

B: Sure. Take your time.

Analysis：有时在与人交谈中，难免要有什么原因要离开一会儿，或是去接一个电话，或要去洗手间。礼貌再此被提出来。出于礼貌起见，要记住做一些恰当解释再离开。不管理由是什么，即便是要接一个手机电话，在打开电话回话前，向对方说声对不起。

如果只离开几分钟，没有必要找一个理由。你说了对不起，就表明你确实是有事要离开一会儿。

Case 9: Liu Huang is calling his friend Steven at his home.

Person: Hello. John is speaking.

Liu: He llo? I?m looking for Steven.

Person: Sorry, there?s no one here called Steven.

Liu: Is that 6577 8868?

Person: No. I think you?ve got the wrong number. This is 6578 8868.

Liu: Oh, I?m sorry.

Person: No problem. Good luck.

Liu: Thanks.

Analysis：失手拨错号码是常有的事。如果在国外，即便有语言障碍，害怕说英语，也还是要先与对方核对是不是拨错了，然后再道歉。如果发现拨错了号码就马上挂电话，是不礼貌的行为。

Case 10: Lin: Thank you so much for a wonderful night. I?ve had a great time. Erica: It?s been a pleasure having you. We hope you can come again, soon.

Lin: I?d like that. You both know how to make me feel at home. Thanks for everything.

Analysis：在动身离去的时候，找到主人，当面说一声谢谢，是有礼貌的行为。

Case 11:

Off to a Bad Start

David Hu had just started working for the foreign owned company. He was sitting at his workstation but had not been given any assignment that he should be doing at this moment. He was relaxing and waiting and then thought he would take the opportunity to have a look around. He poked his head into several offices just to see what there was to be seen.

Suddenly Mr. Parker came up to him and angrily asked him what he was doing. David Hu was embarrassed. He laughed and quickly started to move back toward his workstation. This did not seem to satisfy Mr. Parker who started to talk rapidly and

angrily. Hoping to calm him down, Mr.Hu smiled and apologized, trying to explain that he was trying to learn more about the department. However, Mr. Parker got even angrier. Finally, another worker came by and calmed him down, but Mr. Parker left, he still looked angry. Mr.Hu sighed; he knew he had ma de a bad start but still didn?t understand why.

Analysis：外国人很讲究隐私权，一般不允许自己的私人空间受到打扰。而中国人比较喜欢看热闹，想知道别人在做什么。所以在本案列中，吴先生未经允许就在公司四处走动，引起其他员工的强烈不满。

Case 12:

Sharing the Wealth

Anna Bilow had been working for a Chinese-owned and operated company in Nanjing for about six months. The division she was working in had a small collection of Chinese-English dictionaries, English language reference books, and some videos in English including a couple of training films and several feature films that Anna had brought at her new employer?s request when she came from Europe. Ann a knew that some of the other sections had similar collections. She had sometimes used her friendship with one of the women in another department, Gu Ming, to borrow English novels and reference books and in turn had let Gu Ming borrow books from her secti on?s collection. On other occasions, she had seen friendly, noisy exchanges, where one of the other workers in her division had lent a book or video to a colleague from another section.

Anna thought it was a great idea when a memo was circulated saying that the company?s leaders had decided to collect all the English language materials together into a single collection. The plan was to put them in a small room that was currently being used for storage so that all employees could have equal access to them. Now she would no longer have to go from department to department trying to find the materials she needed.

Anna was surprised to hear her co-workers complaining about the new policy. When the young man in charge came to the department to collect their English language materials, she was astounded to see them hiding most of the books and all but one of the videos in their desks. When she checked out the new so-called collection, she found that the few items were all outdated or somehow damaged. She also noticed that none of the materials she had borrowed from Gu Ming were in the collection. She asked her friend why the Chinese were unwilling to share their English language materials with all their co-workers, when they seemed willing to share them within their departments.

Analysis: 西方人对隐私方面有许多禁忌，中国人对自我隐私的保护也十分注重，但是两者之间存在较大差别。西方人乐于将自己的书籍和整理的资料拿出来让朋友和同事共享，而在中国，即便是朋友间，人们也不愿意与人共享自己的书籍和资料。由于这种资料共享的观念不同，案例中Anna才会难以理解顾明等同事将自己的资料，书籍藏起来的做法。

Unit 3 What?s in a Name?

Theory: 1. Chinese and British people call each other with titles in different ways.

2. Kin terms are used in family members, but it differs between westerns and Chinese people.

Case 1: A British tourist is traveling by train in China. Sitting opposite him is a Chinese passenger. They introduce themselves to each other…

Br itish tourist: Hello, I?m Eric Jackson. Glad to meet you.

Chinese passenger: Hello, my name is Liu Xin. I?m glad to meet you, too. Where do you come from, Mr. Eric?

British tourist: I?m from Britain. Please just call me Eric, Mr. Xin.

Chinese passenger: And you may just call me Liu Xin.

Analysis: Both of them have taken each other?s given name for the surname, since the order of the surnames of Chinese and English names are just the opposite. As in both cultures a title is usually used with the surname, they feel unnatural when their given names are used with the titles. According to British custom it?s quite normal for persons who first meet to address each other by their given names alone, whereas here, when people first meet, they usually address each other by their full names and never by their given names alone.

Case 2: A British tourist is visiting a Chinese family. The Chinese hostess introduces herself and her husband to guest…

Chinese hostess: Welcome to my home. My name is Cai Hong, and this is my husband.

British tourist: Thank you, Mrs. Cai. It?s a pleasure to meet you, Mrs. Cai. I?m Lucy Taylor.

Chinese hostess: Have a seat, Madam Lucy.

Analysis: The British tourist thinks that Cai Hong?s surname is her husband?s surname, since she is unaware of the fact that in China women still use their own surname after marriage. Cai Hong thinks that …madam? is a respectful term of address for any female English-speaker, unaware of the fact that in Britain it is usually used by someone who is providing a service such as a shop assistant to a customer or a policeman to a member of the public as in …Can I help you, madam?? It is never used as a title before someone?s name. She also mistakes the given name for the surname.

Case 3: Lin Mei is a Chinese student who is now studying at a university in America. Her seven-year-old daughter Jiajia is with her and studies in a primary school. They have been in America for three years. Wang Xiaohong is a Chinese visiting scholar at the same university as Lin Mei and the two get on well with each other. Wang Xiaohong sometimes feels lonely since she has been in America for only two months, so she sometimes visits Lin Mei?s family. One day she came to visit them. Below is their conversation.

Wang Xiaohong: 佳佳，你妈妈在家吗？

Jiajia: 在。妈妈，小红阿姨找你。

Lin Mei: 王教师您来啦，请坐。我女儿真不懂礼貌。佳佳，以后要叫王阿姨。

Analysis: The combination of the term of address Xiaohong Ayi (given name + Auntie) reflects the mixture of the two cultures. On the one hand we have the extended use of kin terms prec eded by a person?s name, conventionally surname, e.g. Wang + Auntie, in Chinese culture. On the other we have the conventional use of kin terms followed by given names e.g. Auntie + Xiaohong, in the culture of English—speaking countries. In other words, it shows the combination of Chinese sequence, i.e. name + kin term and English use of given name. Since Jiajia has lived in America for three years, she must have been strongly influenced by the foreign culture despite the influence of Chinese culture from h er mother and other Chinese. So from Jiajia?s point of view it is appropriate and polite to call Wang Xiaohong Xiaohong Ayi. However, Lin Mei, as an adult, still sticks to the Chinese culture when dealing with a Chinese who came to America only recently; and according to Chinese culture, it is impolite for child to address an adult by using his or her given name.

Unit 4 Social Interaction

Theory: Social interaction is one of the most common interactions between people. Cultural differences can lead to difficulties when foreigners and Chinese meet. Such differences can cause misunderstanding, unsatisfactory interaction and even unpleasant physical reactions. Different expectations exist, governing what is considered appropriate, polite and respectful. Expectation can also differ regarding privacy, and the directness and indirectness with which people should express themselves.

Case1: Erica goes to a small dinner party to which she and a friend have been invited. Her host, Mrs. Penny meets them at the door of her home.

Penny: Hello, Erica. Welcome. Please come in.

Erica: Thank you. John, I?d like to introduce Mrs. Penny Roberts. Penny, this is my friend John Pernot.

Penny: Hello, John. Welcome.

John: Hello, Mrs. Roberts.

Penny: Please call me Penny. Now do come inside and sit down.

Analysis：在介绍时，先介绍谁是有些规矩的，弄不好会产生误会。但学起来并不难。一般的规矩是：首先介绍女性，男女主人，来宾或不太熟的人。

Case2: Erica: Professor Honda, may I introduce my classmate Steven Jacobs. Steven, this is my professor of literature.

Prof: Nice to meet you, Steven.

Steven: Thank you. It?s a pleasure to mee t you, Professor Honda. Etica has talked a lot about you.

Porf: All good, I hope.

Analysis：在西方，将较年轻的人介绍给年纪较大的人以表示对后者的尊重。这也适用于对社会地位的考虑。如果有三个人：一位教授，两位学生。教授的名称要先被提起，同时请他接受向另一位学生的介绍，然后再把第二位学生介绍给他。

Case 3: When my wife introduced me to a tourist from Canada, I shook hands with him and used my business card. And he seemed embarrassed.

Analysis：西方人通常不像中国人和日本人那样在介绍时彼此递送名片。他们通常只有在商务活动中才使用名片。

Case 4: A Frenchman took part in a party; the host didn?t introduce him to others. But the Frenchman chatted with one of the guests. The others became angry.

Analysis：当两个西方人在一起的时候，如果遇到另一个人，通常要把在场每一个人介绍一遍。如果新加入的人没有被介绍就同其中一个人聊了起来，其他的人就会认为这两个人的行为没有礼貌。

Case 5: When Lin met a lady from America, he didn?t know whether he should shake hands with her or not, but having taken politeness into consideration, he reached out his hand.

Analysis：如果一位男士拿不准是否要与一位女士握手，最好先等这位女士把手伸出来。

Case 6:

Erica: Hello! Thank for coming. Here, let me take your coat.

Lin: Hello. Thanks. Here?s some wine for you.

Erica: That?s lovely. You really shouldn?t have, Lin. Thank you. Let?s go in and meet the others.

Analysis：无论东方还是西方，去做客总要带点儿礼物。无论赴晚会还是晚宴，带甁葡萄酒总是适宜的。有些西方人给女主人买些花儿，或是巧克力。呈上礼物的时候，对你的礼物低调处理，就是说，不要太多地谈论你的礼物。上面的范例是，受礼的主人倒要说上两句，以表谢意。

Case 7:

Two colleagues are at work.

Karen: What are you doing for Christmas?

Li: Some friends have invited me to stay with them over Christmas.

Karen: That?s great! I guess you?ll experience a western-style Christmas then?

Li: Yeah. It?s good, isn?t it? Maybe you can help. I?d like to take something but I?m not sure what.

Karen: Do your friends have any children?

Li: Mmmm. Two, I think. One?s 6 and the other?s a little younger, I think. Karen: Well you can?t go wrong if you take a gift for each of them. Wrap them up and put them under the Christmas tree.

Li: Such as?

Karen: Maybe a box of Christmas candy.

Li: That?s a great idea!

Karen: Well, I have to go now, Li. Merry Christmas.

Li: Merry Christmas to you, Karen. Thanks for your help.

Analysis：礼物都要在节前包好放在圣诞树下，要在圣诞节那天打开。客人送的礼物也会同家人的一起方在树下。礼物都要富有圣诞色彩的纸包装，放上一个小

标签（名签），上写有送的人和接收礼物的人的名字。

Case 8:

Erica: Lin, do have some more dessert.

Lin: Thank you, but I?m afraid I?ve had enough. It?s wonderful.

Analysis：同世界上其他国家的人一样，西方人也很好客。他们也总是想让客人吃得多多的。所有学会怎样在餐桌上婉言谢绝很有用处。

Case 9:

Linhua has accompanied an American delegation to visit China. They have experienced the hospitality of the Chinese people. After returning to America, Linhua once visited them. They were so glad to meet again. Linhua offered to host the meal, but they refused. They ordered their own dish, and Linhua ordered her own. When footing the bill, they only paid their part, and no one wanted to pay for Linhua. Linhua found them so inhospitable, though she knew the Americans would usually pay for their own food.

Analysis：在中国，为了表示热情好客，人们往往会请客人在自己家里吃饭，要是在外就餐时，主人也会抢着为客人买单。而在美国，为了表示平等与独立，就餐时，人们一般都实行AA制，各付各的帐。

Case 10:

A famous Chinese actress married a German. One day when she was acting, her husband was there watching, saying again and again that she was the best actress. The actress? colleagues present asked her afterwards to tell her husband not to praise his own wife like that in public. On learning this, the German wondered what he did wrong.

Once the actress and her husband were talking with their Chinese friends at a party, her husband politely praised a Chinese lady on her beauty. The lady? husband said that his wife was moderately good looking when young, but now she was old and no longer so. The lady nodded in agreement with a smile. The actress? husband was surprised.

Analysis：在西方国家里，家庭成员之间互相赞美是很正常的事情，被赞美者通常也会感到很愉快。但是中国人似乎很少在公共场所赞美自己的家人。在第二个例子中，西方文化里认为说自己的家人看上去很老，这样的说法是不合适的。称赞“你有一个漂亮的妻子”在西方国家里是很自然的也是被高度欣赏的，而在中国同样的赞美或许会被认为是不妥当的，尤其在年长者面前。

Unit 5 Role and Relationships

Theory: There are different expectations towards different roles between males and females, parents and children, and among friends in different cultures. For instance, different values in child-rearing, family relationship, friendship and so on.

Case 1:

The Entrepreneur

Charles was excited about his new promotion and transfer to China .He had done well in the marketing department of his company and had been promoted to assist the director of marketing at the company?s recently established operations in Shanghai. HE had studied a bit about Chinese, but so far had worked only in the United States and had little experience with Chinese individuals or culture. In the two months before relocating, Charles often went to the local university library to try to absorb all he could about China, its culture, and the ways of doing business. In addition, his company provided a week-long culture seminar just prior to his departure.

After arriving in Shanghai, Charles found that his work was exciting and that marketing to the Chinese was a new challenge .During his culture seminar he had learned several concepts that were important in the Chinese business environment such as the concept of guanxi .HE had also learned about individualism .He felt he understood these concepts and was sure he would learn more.

Because the marketing director had two assistants, Charles worked closely with Dashan, his Chinese was counterpart .Charles learned that Dashan came from a fairy influential family in the area. Dashan was quite motivated and worked very hard .to Charles it seemed tha t Dashan was quite “individualistic” as he worked hard for bonuses, was always going the extra mile, and had set a number of work related goals for himself.

After a few months, Dashan left the company to start a venture of his own .Charles kept in touch wi th him and noticed that Dashan?s business was doing very well. One weekend, Dashan invited Charles for dinner .Many of Dashan?s relatives were present as well as some friends whom Charles had not met .Charels found that Dashan?s house was quite nice and equipped with many big-ticket consumer items ,such as a personal computer ,air-conditioning, and modern kitchen appliances ,Charles also learned that Dashan had recently bought a new car for his parents .It was clear that Dashan?s business was very profitabl e and successful .Dashan was managing it himself and already had 40 or 50 employees .It seemed to Charles that Dashan was doing quite a good job of being “individualistic.”

Analysis: 中西方人们对父母和孩子之间关系的理解有一定区别。案例中，大山对工作努力、拿奖金、跳槽、装修房子、给父母买新车等都被Charles视为个人主义很强，为了得到自己的利益才努力工作等。而在中国人眼里，给父母买房子，买车，努力工作以让自己父母过上好日子都是孝顺的表现。

Case 2:

What is True Friendship?

Yang Ruifang worked as a secretary in an Australian company in Melbourne. She became friendly with one of the Australian secretaries , a woman named Cathy Lane .The two usually ate lunch together and Yang Ruifang often asked Cathy for advice on problems she she faced adjusting to Australian society. Cathy gave her a lot of advice and helped her move from one apartment to another. Cathy went with Yang Ruifang to the Immigration Bureau several times to help sort out some problem. Yang Ruifang visited Cathy several times at home but did not invite Cathy to her apartment because she shared it with four other people .If they did not see each other over the

weekend , they usually talked on the telephone. As Yang Ruifang was also preparing to take an English test, she was able to get a lot of help with English in this way.

However, something seemed to be going wrong. Cathy seemed to be getting impatient, even a little cold .She started going out by herself at lunchtime instead of eating with Yang, and seemed reluctant to answer questions. Yang Ruifang was puzzled. She couldn?t imagine the problem w as.

Analysis: 中西方文化差异中，友谊的定义也是不同的，中国人觉得真正的朋友就应该非常随便，每天形影不离，一起吃饭，一起购物，在自己很无聊或是心情不好的时候随时都可以好朋友聊聊天，搬家的时候叫上朋友一起帮忙，案例中的瑞芳就是这样对待他的秘书Cathy而使Cathy感觉不自在。因为在西方国家，人们对友谊的定义与中国不同，在他们看来，无论是多么亲密的朋友都应该先约好，并且应该有自己的私人空间。

Case 3:

Are You Mad at Me?

Jeff was pleased to have been assigned an international student as his roommate in his second year at a small liberal arts college in the US. Ji Bing was an easy-going guy, a good listener, warm-hearted, and always ready for a new experience. He appreciated Jeff?s explanations of American life and unfamiliar language. Jeff didn?t think Ji Bing was any more difficult to get along with than the American roommate he had the year before, except that he seemed to want to study more than Jeff was used to and he sometimes borrowed Jeff?s things without asking first.

One night Jeff was working on a project that required some artwork. Ji bing was at his desk studying for a test. Jeff?s scissors were just too dull to do the job, so he asked Ji bing, “Sorry to bother you while you?re studying, but could I use your scissors for a while?”

Ji Bing said, “Sure, “opened his desk drawer and handed Jeff the scissors. “Thanks, thanks a lot,” Jeff said. A few minutes later Jeff decided that his roommate again; “Sorry to bug your again, but these crayons make this look like kindergarten. You know those colored pencils you have? Would it be OK if I used them for my project?”Ji Bing got up and got them off the shelf and said, “Help yourself,” and went back to reading as Jeff thanked him.

After another few minutes Jeff said, “I must be driving you crazy, but have you got any glue or tape? Promise I?ll buy you another roll.”

Ji bing handed Jeff a role of tape that was on his desk saying, “Use as much as you want. I don?t need it.” “Appreciate it,” mumbled Jef f as he went back to his project.

Ji Bing went back to his reading. As Jeff was finishing his project he noticed that Ji Bing was watching him. He looked up and was surprised to hear his Chinese roommate ask him in a plaintive tone, “Are you angry at me?”

“Of course not,” Jeff replied, “What makes you think that?”

Analysis: 中西方文化中，好朋友之间的交谈用语也有差别。在我们看来，向好朋友借用东西是不需要用很客气或正式的语言甚至是不需要打招呼，如果好朋友间用很客气的语言借用或是询问某事的话，会认为是见外，或者是生了对方了的气。而在西方国家，即便是再亲密的朋友，借用东西都要用很正式很客气的语言。

Unit 6 Non-verbal Communication

Theory: Non-verbal communication deals with how we communicate without words and how the effectiveness of what we say can be helped or hindered by the various non-verbal message our bodies send. When we communicate with people from other cultures, our body language sometimes helps make the communication easier and more effective, such as by shaking hands when greeting others. This has become such a universal gesture that people all over the world know that it is a signal for greeting.

Case 1:

In a Chinese classroom a girl was asked to answer a question. She stood up and smiled, without making any sound.

When an American is parking his bicycle and the bicycle accidentally falls over, he feels embarrassed at his awkwardness, and his quite angered and humiliated when Chinese onlookers laugh.

In the dining room, when an American drops a plate quite by accident and feels bad, and Chinese onlookers laugh, compounding his discomfort and causing anger and bad feeling.

Analysis：微笑通常表达的是友好，支持，满意，快乐等等。但很多西方人对于亚洲人的笑有时候感到很困惑。在案例A中，女孩处于无法回答这个问题想通过微笑来掩饰自己的尴尬局面。在案例B和C中，这时的笑显然并不是针对这个人或者是他的遭遇本身。它可表达很多意思：不要这么在意，笑笑就过了，没什么的，这样的事情在我们每个人的身上都有可能发生等等。

Case 2:

One Japanese student in America said: “On my way to school, a girl whom I don?t know smiled at me several times. I was a little surprised.”

An Arab student in America said: “When I was walking on the campus the first day, many people smiled at me, which made me quite ashamed. I hurried to the bathroom to see if anything was wrong with my c lothes. Now I?m used to all smiles. Analysis：在日本学生这个例子中，因为在日本文化中，女孩一般不和陌生人微笑，更不用说陌生男子了。但是在美国微笑并没有什么特别的含义，他所表达的纯粹就是一种友好的意思。人们也通常会对陌生人微笑以表示他们的友好。Case 3:

In India, there are elaborate rules about how closely members of each caste may approach other castes, and Arabs of the same sex do stand much closer than North Americans. North Americans in an elevator maintain personal space if the physical space permits it. An Arab entering an elevator may stand right next to another person and be touching even though no one else is in the elevator.

Analysis：本案例反映的是非言语交际中的一个方面——空间交际学。交谈时，应注意不同文化之间，交谈者之间的距离是不同的。

Case 4:

Too Close for Comfort

Bill had just arrived from the United States to study engineering at a Chinese university .He studies Chinese back at his home university and was confident that doing his graduate study at a Chinese university would give hi an edge in talking advantage of future opportunities in the growing Chinese economy .

In the first few days he met and moved in with his roommate Zemin and met several of the students who lived in nearby dormitory rooms .Most of them were also studying engineering but had little experience with Americans .He usually went to the student cafeteria with them and they were very helpful in showing him around and in gently correcting his classroom Chinese.

One evening he settled in for his first study session in his room .After a time Zemin left to visit another room where friends were listening to a radio broadcast .Bill said he would join him later .When Bill decided to take a break and see what the “guys” were up to ,he found Zemin and two other boys huddled over the radio .Bill found it quite odd ,however ,that Zemin was draped over the back of the boy seated in front of the radio .Moreover ,that boy had his fact propped up on his roommate who was seated nearby .it seemed to Bill that he had startled then ,since they jumped up and welcomed him and even offered him tea After Bill had a cup of tea and a chair to sit in ,the group returned to the radio .

Bill shrugged the incident off, but over the next few days noticed that female students on campus frequently walked arm-in-arm or even holding hands .He noticed, too, that students of both sexes, but especially the boys, would huddle around newspaper displays in a fashion of close contact similar to Zemin and others around the radio .Bill felt rather uncomfortable and wondered how he would respond if one of his classmates were to put his arms around him.

Analysis：在西方一些国家中，人们之间交谈时总是保持45-80cm的距离，除短暂的握手外，无其他任何身体部位的接触。而在中国，好朋友之间会有很多身体上的接触，如在一起开玩笑，打闹，手挽手，并肩或近距离交谈。中国人看到年轻的父母带着可爱的孩子时，总是愿意抚摸孩子表示喜欢，而做父母的也为自己的孩子被人喜欢而骄傲。西方人，尤其是英美人对此比较反感，他们不愿意让他人抚摸自己的孩子。他们看到朋友之间近距离聊天嬉戏打闹或有很多身体上的接触会很诧异。所以，案例中Bill难以理解他的朋友泽明及其他一些中国朋友的行为。

Unit 7 In Other Words

Theory: In avoidance of using the same pattern to describe the same thing, westerns and Chinese have different words of saying the same thing. Therefore, there are many synonyms in each language. On one hand, language plays a very important role in culture since much of the culture is created, maintained an expressed through language. On the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture. In this case, the idioms, proverbs, slang, euphemisms and taboo words are produced.

Case 1:

Practicing English

One night a Chinese student majoring in English sat on the steps of the foreign students? residence and talked with two young male foreign students, one German and one American. They did not speak a word to her on their own initiative, but she asked many questions to get a conversation started. Every time they answered her with only one or two words. But she was determined to practice her English so she tried to keep the conversation going.

“How do you spend your weekend?” she asked.

The German boy answered immediate ly, “Fishing,” and the two boys looked at each other meaningfully.

“Fishing?” She was really confused. “But where do you fish?” she asked.

“Fishing has two meaning. One is the literal meaning. The other is just sitting here or walking on the street and wai ting for some girls to come up to us.” Then they both burst out laughing.

She was annoyed. She sat there silently and then suddenly stood up and walked away without saying goodbye.

Analysis：某些英语词汇在英美国家有特殊的含义，如本案列中，“fishing” 一词除钓鱼之外，还有在街头物色漂亮女孩的意思。如果不理解两个含义，在交际中容易发生误解。

Case 2:

Xie Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.

Xie Li: I don?t know where it went wrong!

T om: Don?t feel so bad. Cheer up; you?ve done your job.

Xie Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.

Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I?ll face the music.

Xie Li: Tom, we are not playing children?s games here. This is a scientific experiment. Tom: I?ve never taken the experiment as child?s play, and I?m playing the game.

Xie Li: You say you?re playing the game! It?s a rather important experiment!

Xie Li walks out of the laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.

Analysis：俗语、成语等具有很强的文化内涵，经常会让非母语者产生困扰。在本案例中，谢力错解了Tom使用的两个俗语（face the music 和playing the game），导致交际失败。

Unit 8 From a Primitive Tribe to a Global Village

Theory: Human communication developed from original communication ways to hi-tech communication language. With the rapid development, people become more adaptable in our global village.

Case 1:

Li Ping is calling his colleague and friend Tony. Tony lives in the student dormitory.

Someone else answers the phone.

Student: Hi, Student Dormitory.

Li: Hello. I?d like to speak to Tony please.

Student: Okay, just a moment. I?ll see if he?s in.

Li: Thanks.

Student: He?s on his way. Won?t be long.

Li: Thanks for your help.

Tony: Hello? Tony is here.

Li: Hello, it?s Li Ping.

Tony: Hi. Is everything okay?

Li: Yes, fine. I wanted to call you to see if you?d like to come over for dinner tonight. I?m cooking a Chinese meal.

Tony: That?s fine. By the way, how is your major essay coming along? Have you finished all the reading?

Li: Almost. I have to finish the reading by next Sunday. Then I can start writing the essay. What about you?

Tony: Still plowing my way through.

Li: Well maybe we can share some ideas over dinner.

Tony: Good idea.

Li: Well, I?d better go. I?ve got lots to do.

Tony: Okay. I?ll see you tonight at 6. I?ll bring something to drink.

Li: See you then. Bye.

Tony: See you.

Analysis：拿起话筒给朋友，同事，家人拨一个电话，有什么规矩可言哪？不要马虎，还是遵照以下规矩行事为好：简单打招呼语问候对方，对对方的信息做恰当的答复，开门见山说明要谈的事，结束电话。由于身体语言的被排除，最大程度地使用或理解一些暗示语，即通过声音线索去抓住对方的支持、赞同或反对的态度、感情很重要。用好电话能帮助你保持与人的联系，建立新的友谊，是涉外生活、学习和工作不可多得的法宝。

Case 2:

Can We Talk About It?

Linda Carmichael lives in a Canadian city with her two-year-old adopted Chinese daughter Ming. Linda is a busy professional woman and a single parent who wants her daughter to speak Chinese and know the culture she was born into. For this reason Linda invites new Chinese immigrants to live in a spare bedroom in her house. She always interviews prospective housemates before they move in. She wants to avoid any misunderstandings by making her expectations clear, and she wants everyone who lives in the house to benefit .Among other things, she wants to see how Ming likes any new person who might live with them. She expects a new resident in her home to agree to share housework and to speak Chinese to Ming. In exchange Linda agrees to help with English and any other problems the newly arrived immigrant might face in adapting to life in Canada.

Linda liked 32-year-old Jiang Yumei, an engineer from northeast China, immediately

when she came for her interview, and so did Ming. Jiang Yumei thought this would be an ideal place to spend the six months she had to wait until her husband and 4-year-old son could join her. They lived with Jiang Yumei?s parents, where she and her husband had lived since they married. She had never lived apart from her parents except to be able to live with a family. She readily agreed to everything Linda said during the interview.

After a few weeks Linda noticed that Jiang Yumei seldom did any housework. She did not even clean up after herself, so Linda had more housework than before Jiang Yumei moved in. Linda helped JiangYumei with English and job applications, and practiced job interview with her. At the same time Jiang Yumei did not seem to spend much time with Ming.

Linda gave Jiang Yumei some lightened reminders such as joking about how she hates housework or saying,”Ming, tell me what you did this afternoon.”

This did not produce any positive result, so Linda decided to discuss the problem directly. One evening at the kitchen table Lina said, “I think we have some crossed lines of communication. Understood that we had a certain agreement between us, but you obviously understood something different .Can we talk about it?”

Jiang Yumei was silent and stared at the table.

Linda tried again, “I hoped you would spend more time with Ming, You two got along so well at first. She likes you and is disppointed that you don?t play with her.”Jiang Yumei did not say anything. She did not look at Linda. Her body stiffened, her face turned red, and she stared at the floor.

Linda tried again, “I?m not angry, just confused, tell me what you?re thinking, I want to understand your point of view.”

More silence.

Finally Linda could not tolerate Jiang Yumei?s silence any longer. She was angry when she said, “You know, in this culture it?s very rude to stay silent when someone is trying wery hard to resolve a misunderstanding.”

The next day Linda went to see her friend Liu Qian, who had lived in Canada for over a year. Liu listened to Linda?s story and said, “She?s angry!” This was a surprise to Linda.

“What is she angry about? Why won?t she talk to me?”

Linda never found out. Jiang Yumei moved out soon after.

Analysis：中国人较含蓄内敛，而外国人热情外向。所以本案列中，一加拿大人为了帮助自己的养女学习中文，找了一个中国移民来家里生活，但是由于双方的性格差异和文化差异，在日常生活中常会发生一些冲突。

Case 3:

Wang Hao is new to the university and has decided to go the Orientation Week to find out about joining a sports club.

Wang: Excuse me; your sign says that this is the information booth about the university tennis club.

Susan: That?s right. Can I help you?

Wang: Maybe…I?m new here and I?m not sure about some things. Can any student

join this club?

Susan: Sure. As long as you hve paid your gees and belong to this university. Wang: What happens then?

Susan: You can come to the tennis clubhouse at these times to pick up your tennis club card. Allow one week for processing.

Wang: Thanks. You?ve been relly helpful. Maybe I?ll see you at the tennis courts. Susan: Great. Make sure you say “Hello”.

Analysis：埋头学习并不等于就是介入了大学生活，大学生活意味着许许多多机会。即使你是一个对学习非常认真负责的学生，也不排除你应该拿出时间来从事体育活动，参加校内社会团体的聚会。这些活动除了帮助排解学习压力外，还提供一条水到渠成的交友途径。对于留学生来说，有一些当地朋友非常重要，他/她们能帮你更好地理解文化，还可以减少异文化和思念家乡给你带来的痛苦。校园内的活动是为所有学生的，多投入你才能从中多收益。

Case 4:

How Do Students Learn?

Karen Randolph had been teaching high school English in the United States before s he accepted a teaching job at a teacher?s college in China. She found her new environment and her new teaching assignment exciting. Both her students and her colleagues seemed a bit shy of her, but Karen was sure that in time they would all come to be friends.

In the classroom, however, Karen was very frustrated. When she asked a question, the class was silent. Only if she called on a particular student would she get an answer, often a very good one. She could not understand why they wouldn?t volunteer when they obviously knew the answers. They were very quiet when she was peaking in front of the class, and never asked questions, let alone interrupt with an opinion, but as soon as the class ended, they would cluster around her desk to ask their questions one-by-one. They would also offer their suggestions about the lesson at this time. Karen often asked her students to work in small groups during class, especially when they were editing each other?s writing. They were slow to move into groups and when they did, they often simply formed a group with the people sitting next to them. Finally she devised her own system of forming groups to get them to interact with students sitting in another section of the classroom.

Most frustrating of all, after she taught her class how to edit essays, she found that the students were likely to write vague and not very helpful remarks on their classmates? papers. They would say nice things about the essays and correct small grammatical errors, but seemed unwilling to criticize them in a way that would help another student revise the essay. They usually accepted her criticism of their writing with good spirits and promises to improve. In fact they frequently asked for more correction of their English from her than she wanted to give. She felt that one hundred percent grammatical correctness was not as important as learning how to correct what they had written on their own and with the help of others. After all, they would not always have a teacher to tell them what was good and not so good about their English writing.

跨文化交际与翻译

Intercultural communication and translation Intercultural communication mainly refers to the communication between the native speakers and non-native speakers, as well as the communication between people who differ in any aspect of language or culture background. Due to the differences in surroundings, societies and religions of different ethnic groups, each language community results in its own code of language, social culture, customs and practices and so on. Intercultural communication studies situations when people from different culture backgrounds interact. Aside from language, IC focuses on social attributes, thought patterns and the cultures of different groups of people. IC also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. There are three formats of IC: interracial communication (when source and receiver are different races), interethnic communication (situation in which the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins) and intracultural communication (communication between members of the same culture including racial, ethnic and other co-cultures). The term translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the product (the text that has been translated) or the process (the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as translating). The process of translating between two different written languages involves the translator changing an original written text (the source text) in the original verbal language (the source language) into a written text (the target text) in a different verbal language (the target language). This type corresponds to “interlingual translation” and is one of the three Roman Jakobson in his seminal paper. Jakobson’s categories are: 1. Intralingual translation, or “rewording”– an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language; 2. Interlingual translation, or “translation proper”–an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language; 3. Intersemiotic translation, or “transmutation”– an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems. Intralingual translation would occur when we rephrase an expression or text in the same language to explain or clarify something we might have said or written. Intersemiotic translation would occur if a written text were translated, for example, into music, film or painting. It is interlingual translation which is the traditional, although by no means exclusive, focus of translation studies. It is easily seen that the three forms of intercultural communication and the three types of translation are partly corresponding to each other, especially interracial communication and interlingual translation which both attach attention on the communication between native and non-native, and where different cultures of different countries play more important role. To conduct effective intercultural communication, one has to understand the differences between the different nations and then to look for them and pay attention to in every cross-cultural communication situation. By doing this, the high-context communicators can learn to use and respond words, emotions, postures differently, and low-context communicators can learn to

以霍夫斯塔德的文化差异维度理论分析电影《喜宴》中的跨文化交际问题

摘要：随着全球一体化的趋势，跨国界、跨民族、跨文化的经济和社会交流不断增多，文化碰撞问题日渐凸显。文学、影视作品也开始越来越多的关注文化碰撞问题。李安执导的电影《喜宴》体现了东西方文化在日常生活、伦理道德、婚姻观念、思维方式上的差异。本文以霍夫斯塔德的文化差异维度理论为基础，分析电影《喜宴》中的跨文化交际问题，并探讨如何规避跨文化交际中的碰撞、冲突问题。 关键词：霍夫斯塔德；文化差异维度；喜宴；跨文化交际 一、引言 《喜宴》讲述的是远在台湾的父母赶赴美国参加儿子婚礼而引发的一系列问题。影片男主角伟同在纽约定居十年，事业有成，与男友赛门过着幸福的同居日子。而远在台北父母的一次次逼婚，使伟同被逼以“乖乖仔”形象修书一封声称会在美国结婚，怎料父母想赴美亲眼见证儿子成家。无奈，伟同只得拉上来自上海的不得志的女艺术家葳葳“假结婚”。父母对葳葳相当满意，却对伟同的草率态度不满，为让父母满意尽快返回台北，伟同犹如“拼命三郎”使出了浑身解 数。但人算不如天算，不断的波折使得父母的返台日期一次次推迟，令他和赛门的感情亮起“红灯”，而葳葳又意外怀上了他的孩子。中西方各自的文化特征及文化冲突问题，在复杂的电影情节中展现的淋漓尽致。因此，本文以霍夫斯塔德的文化差异维度理论为基础，分析电影《喜宴》中的跨文化交际问题，唤醒人们的跨文化交际意识，并探讨如何规避跨文化交际中的碰撞、冲突问题。 二、霍夫斯塔德的文化差异维度理论在电影《喜宴》中的体现 根据霍夫斯泰德的文化维度理论，文化差异可用五个文化维度来进行描述和比较。这五个维度分别是个人主义/集体主义、权力距离、回避非确定性、刚性/柔性倾向和短期/长远取向，（汤新煌，2006.08），它们对分析文化冲突的产生具有一定程度的影响。电影《喜宴》体现了东西方文化的各种差异，而霍夫斯塔德的文化差异维度理论是用来衡量不同国家文化差异、价值取向的一个有效架构。 1、个人主义（individualism）和集体主义（collectivism）。 霍夫斯塔德在《文化与组织：思维的软件》一书中把个人主义和集体主义定义为：“在个人主义的社会中，人际关系松散，人人各自照顾自己和自己的家庭；相反，在集体主义的社会中，人们从一出生开始就与强大而又具有凝聚力的内部集团结合在一起，而这种内部集团又对这些忠诚的成员提供终生的保护。”（hofstede， 1991： 51） 中国是典型的集体主义的国家，强调群体和谐、个人与集体联系紧密，这一思维方式直接体现在中国人的婚姻观念上。中国人在婚姻中重家庭而轻爱情，婚姻不仅仅是个人的事情，而是以家族为单位的“集体”的事情，婚姻的目的很大程度上在于为家族这个“集体”延续香火，传承子嗣。影片中，伟同的父亲始终盼望着伟同能娶妻生子，使自己早日抱上孙子，于是影片中出现了父亲虽然因重病住院却仍念叨着要伟同娶妻生子的场景。为了帮助父亲实现愿望，为了完成自己传宗接代的任务，伟同决定与葳葳结婚。伟同深爱赛门，虽然极不情愿，但为了取悦父母，伟同还是选择了与葳葳结婚。而西方人宣扬天赋人权，主张人人生而平等以及人权神圣不可侵犯，他们认为，婚姻纯属个人私事，任何人都不能干涉，所以他们极其尊重个人选择的自由。片中伟同的同性伴侣，美国人赛门，一个人在纽约生活，父母并未对他的私生活过多管束，赛门的生活基本与家庭这个“集体”是分离的，所以赛门能够大胆追求自己的幸福，没有太多的顾忌。赛门选择同性恋生活实质就是遵循了西方自由恋爱和爱情至上的观念，仅仅是满足身心需要，而没有对于后代的顾虑，这是个人主义的重要表现。 个人主义和集体主义的不同还体现在中西方对待婚礼的不同态度上。西方婚礼不强调婚礼的隆重性，仅仅是一种证明婚姻合法的手段，在宗教和法律面前的宣誓以示对感情的认真、

跨文化交际(英文版)

Cross –cultural communication Thesis statement: This paper is mainly talking about the culture differences between several countries. Outline: Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication Chapter2: Culture shock Chapter3: What’s in a name? Chapter4: Social interaction Chapter 5: Roles and relations Chapter6: Non-verbal communication Chapter 7: In other words. Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global Village Conclusion Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication There is no denying the fact that out daily lives depend largely on communication, without it we can’t know each other. So, we should come to realize that communication is of great importance. What is communication? In total, communication can be divided into two parts; they are verbal communication and non-verbal communication. However, different people hold different opinions about communication. In general, if there is communication, there must have 4 cases: there are at least two or more people, some contact between communicators, a language shared by communicators, an exchange of information has taken place. I just take the fist one for example. Suppose there is one person, there can’t be communication. Otherwise, he may talk to himself. Communication not just exist in human-beings There are five kinds of communications they are human communication, animal communication, human-animal communication, human machine communication, machine communication. So, Animals and machines can also communicate with each other. For human beings, how can we communicate with each other? Experts say that there are various kinds of communication. Nowadays, there are different kinds of tools for us to communicate .For people we can use telephone and computer to communicate with each other. By them, finally we can receive message. What is social situation? When there are two or more people gather to do a job or an activity, then it creates a social situation. That is to say, an individual working alone can not constitute a social s A social situation may have two definitions. One is given by the community, and the other by the participants. Finally, we should notice that being polite plays a crucial role in

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广东职业技术师范学院学报 2002年第2期 Journal of Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University No 2,2002 汉英跨文化交际翻译中的C HINA ENGLISH 金惠康 (广东职业技术师范学院外语系,广东广州 510665) 摘 要:本文讨论什么是中国英语及其在汉英跨文化交际翻译中的功能。关键词:跨文化交际;汉英翻译;中国英语 中图分类号:H 315 9 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-2803(2002)02-0072-07 一、什么是中国英语 中国英语(China English)不同于中式英语(Chinglish),它既不是中国学生学习英语过程中所产生的 过渡语 ,也不是因英语不够表达而胡编乱造的英语。本文倡导的宗旨就是要使用规范英语来描述中华文化和社会,尽量避免中式英语。目前行之有效的手段之一就是使用和拓展中国英语。 1 从广义上来说,中国英语产生于国际英语对中华文明和华夏社会的描述,也源于中国人长期用英语对自己与世界描述,它是国际英语的拓展与延伸。中国英语以国际规范英语为共核,把中国独有的文化、语言、事物、意念和传统等通过音译、译借及语义再生等手段传入国际(英语)社会,同时也融入许多具有中国文化内涵和汉语言特色的表达方式。如别有风味的词汇、短语、句式、认知方式、修辞手段、行文风格和章法结构。因而,中国英语具有国际规范英语的共性,又具有汉文化的内涵和汉语言的一些个性特色。毫无疑问,中国英语是长期东西方跨文化交流的产物。从狭义的角度来说,中国英语指的就是:在描述(翻译)华夏文明、中国社会及汉语言中所拓展了的那部分英语。 有人说在汉译英中使用中国英语是不得已而为之,其实这句话也要从另一面理解为 非得如此不可 。社会发展与变革必然引起语言的变化发展并给语言注入新的文化内涵和新的表达方式,这是很值得深入研究和总结的。 中国英语的规范主要是来自现代中国官方媒体的英语文本典范和国际现代英文媒体的主流内涵;也来自汉英双语娴熟者描写华夏文明和中国社会的英文文本和由中国人用英语创作的文学作品等。这里使用 中国英语 这个词语(概念)来描述和记录国际英语在描述中华文明和社会、中国人民和政府用英语表达自己对世界事务的理解、看法和立场时,英语所发生的变化与发展。从这个意义上讲,凡是有中国文化内涵和汉语表达特色的、并能为国际英语读者所普遍理解和接受的英文(文本)都可称之为中国英语。 2 从社会语言学的角度来看,中国本土的社会文化环境造成了中国英语的中国特色,即本土化(nativization 或是indigenization)。社会语言学中的本土概念的实质是主张文化和语言的相对价值、尊重个性,并以此来促进不同文化和语言之间的彼此的适应与沟通。 72 收稿日期:2001-11-05 作者简介:金惠康(1950~),男,湖南邵东人,广东职业技术师范学院教授,研究方向为跨文化交际研究与应用语言学。

(完整版)新编跨文化交际英语教程翻译1-10单元

1 Translation 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2 Translation 文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。 文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。 如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。 3 Translation 43

跨文化交际案例

跨文化交际案例 IMB standardization office【IMB 5AB- IMBK 08- IMB 2C】

日本 中日称谓方式 如中国人对成年男士的称呼多为“先生”,这是一种社交场合对对方的尊称 事实上,日本人使用“先生”这一称呼的范围比中国人小得多,一般只用于学校的教师、医生、议员和艺术家。此外,中国人很少称女士为“先生”,而日本人则不分性别,只要属于这一范围的均可称作“先生”。 另外,日本人在称呼对方时习惯于拉近上下辈的距离以表示亲密,而中国人则正好相反,往往要抬高对方的辈份以示尊敬。因此,在日本,小学生对20多岁的人称作“哥哥”、“姐姐”,而在中国则称作“叔叔”、“阿姨”;再比如,小学生对50多岁的人称作“叔叔”、“阿姨”,而在中国就要称作“爷爷”、“奶奶”了。 寒暄 日本人每日初次见面除了互道一声“早上好”之外,必定要围绕天气寒暄一番,例如:“今天天气真好啊!”“今天真冷啊!”“今天真热啊!”“连日阴雨,真叫人烦闷”等等。而中国人除彼此问好外,最常用的寒暄问候语也就是“饭吃了吗?”“你上哪去?” 中国人之间初次见面为表示亲密,喜欢打听一些与对方生活、家庭、工作有关的事。以示看重和关心对方。日本人则不会。 敬意表达 1自谦 2自责经常在社交场合用自责言语以求的人际关系的和睦。踩脚（中国人：踩的人道歉；日本人：被踩的道歉。）迟到（中国人：来晚的道歉；日本人：来早的道歉） 3致谢致谢必须铭记在心，感恩要求极为严格。

4否定表达中国人直接日本人会绕很大的弯子，只为缓和气氛（是非观的差异）思维方式 中国人：论辩为主 日本人：体察为主 德国 德国人重视法律：中国人重视道德 这是我的权力，我有权这样做；你有权这样做但这样做不道德 德国人靠大脑来感觉；中国人靠心 德国人理性，有严格的纪律；中国人感性，会随心所欲，会冲动。 德国贝多芬伟大令人倾倒不浪漫，要求音乐的精准和完美，对音乐严肃认真。 肖邦诗意又浪漫 德国人不灵活，中国人应变能力强 请客请两个人就只准备两个人；中国人则无所谓会准备很多 德国人冷静中国人客套 不喜欢恭维，恭维是一种谦虚的表达 德国人喜欢喝中国人喜欢吃 数小时喝酒；数小时吃饭。 德国人慢中国人快 井井有条；粗枝大叶 德国人喜欢喝啤酒中国人喜欢喝茶 坐在公园里喝酒，坐在公园茶馆里喝茶 德国人靠耳朵享受中国人靠舌头享受

跨文化交际英文案例

Case 1 Girl-ness As a visiting professor in an American university, Zhang Hua was invited to give a lecture to a group of American students. He talked about university students in China. During the question-and-answer period after the lecture, one female student asked a question that surprised Zhang Hua. “When you talked about female students, you referred to them as girls. Why?” “Because they are girls. That’s what they are called,” Zhang Hua tried to answer, but he knew he did not really understand the intent of the question. “ I don’t quite understand your question, I’m afraid.” “In the States, we call ourselves ‘ women’ if we’re old enough to go to the university. Calling us ‘girls’ is insulting.” Do Chinese female college students prefer to be called women? Case 2 Many years ago, a Chinese man showed a photo of his wife to some American visitors. Out of courtesy, they all said,” She is very beautiful.” Also out of courtesy, the man replied with what he would have done in Chinese under the circumstance,” Where! Where!” Quite taken aback, nobody said anything for a moment, until the most ingenious one among the visitors, taking another look at the photo, said, “Oh, everywhere!” What did the Chinese intend to mean by replying with “ Where! Where!”? Case 1 Girl-ness As a visiting professor in an American university, Zhang Hua was invited to give a

跨文化交际翻译作业

跨文化交际翻译作业10级中文系对外汉语 张妍 20101040022030

原文： If movie trailers supposed to cause a reaction, the preview for “United 93”more than succeeds .Featuring no famous actors, it begins with image of a beautiful morning and passengers boarding an airplane .It take you a minute to realize what the movie’s even about .That’s when a plane hits the World Trade Center .The effect is visceral .When the trailer played before “Inside Man”last week at a Hollywood theater, audience member began calling out, “Too soon !” In New York City , the response was even more dramatic .The Loews theater in Manhattan took the rare step of pulling the trailer from its screens after several complaints . 译文： 如果电影预告片能够引起一种反应，那么《93号航班》的试映不仅仅是成功了。（trailer译为预告片,suppose to译为应该做，能够做，cause译为引起，preview译为试映.n. more than 译为不仅仅.而且第一句为虚拟语气）这部电影没有著名的演员出演，他只是开始于在一个美丽的早晨乘客登机的画面。（feature译为由…主演,featuring no famous actors为状语从句,我译时将其主语译出来了,而面主语用“它”来代替了.登记用“board an airplane”）你只需要花费一分钟就会明白这部电影实际上讲的是什么（这句话有一个句型：it takes sb. Some

浅谈跨文化交际中秘书应注意的问题

浅谈跨文化交际中秘书应注意的问题

浅谈跨文化交际中秘书应注意的问题 [内容摘要] 经济全球化发展，随着国际贸易的增多，跨文化交际活动也愈加频繁。这对涉外秘书工作人员来说既是机遇也是挑战。由于不同的语言和文化背景而产生的跨文化交际的障碍比比皆是，作为秘书工作者要处理好跨文化交际活动，避免跨文化交际障碍的出现，促进跨文化交际活动的顺利进行。因此，了解不同国家与地区的文化风俗习惯与信仰、交往礼仪、语言与非语言交际等就十分必要了。本文就风俗习惯与信仰、交往礼仪、语言与非语言交际三个方面对涉外秘书在跨文化交际活动中应该注意的问题进行了简要分析。 [关键词] 跨文化交际；涉外秘书；文化差异 随着经济的高速发展和我国加入世贸组织，涉外活动日益增多，我们常说：“中国经济要与国际接轨。”但是，我们在“经济接轨”的同时也应重视“文化接轨”。经济全球化发展，使得中国与世界其他国家和地区人们的交往日益频繁，跨文化交际活动也日益增多。所谓的跨文化交际，是指来自不同文化背景的人从事交际活动、相互交流的过程。而跨文化交际与普通交际的差别就在于一个“跨”字，即交际双方来自不同的文化背景。英国人类学家泰勒曾给文化下过一个经典的定义：“文化是一个复合体，其中包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、风格以及人作为社会成员而获得的任何其他能力和习惯。”随着我国对外开放的逐渐深入，西方社会的人与事物越来越多的走进我们的视野，它为我们提供了与西方人接触和交往的机会。但是，在跨文化交际中，面对来自陌生文化和国度的思维方式、生活方式和行为方式与我们迥然不同的人，在交往活动中不可避免的会出现文化冲突的现象，从而最终导致跨文化商务交际的失败。因而了解不同的文化风俗习惯与信仰、交

跨文化交际中的语言行为与非语言行为

跨文化交际中的语言行为与非语 言行为 跨文化交际中的语言行为与非语言行为 09电气班汪晶 098320127 摘要:语言行为是交际的主导因紊，非语言行为是语言行为的重要辅助手段。跨文化交际中，保持两者的和谙一致是交际双方都应遵循的原则。文章拟在非语言交际行为及其与语言交际行为之关系论述的基础上，阐述两者之间相互冲突的一面，并对于如何进免冲突、保持两者间的和谐进行深入的探讨和分析。关锐词：语言行为；非语言行为；跨文化交际人类交际有两种渠道：语言行为和非语言行为。生活中，人们主要通过语言进行交际。在研究交际的过程中，人们通常只注重

语言行为，而忽视了非语言行为。但是，同语言 行为的交际功能相比，非语言行为具有更真实地 传递信息、更准确地表达情感等功能。在跨文化 交际中，同语言行为一样，非语言表现形式在很 大程度上不可避免地会受文化的影响，同样的形 式在不同的文化中可能亦有不同的含义，这些差异在跨文化交际中往往会引起交际双方的误解， 严重影响彼此的交际。本文拟对跨文化交际中的 语言交际和非语言交际进行分析。 一、非语盲交际1?非语言交际的界定 非语言交际(NonvethalConununieauon)指的是在一定交际环境中语言因素以外的，对输出者或接受者含有信息价值的那些因素。这些因素既可人为地生成，也可由环境造就。，［'广义的非语言交际包括除言语交际以外的所有交际行为。狭义的非语言交际包括那些个人发出的有可能在他人头脑中产生意义的非语言暗示的加工过程，它是一种体现非语言行为的过程，在特定的场合或语境中要么独自出现，要么与语言行为同 时发生。非语言交际是一门跨学科的学术研究， 它的涵盖范围广，涉及到多个知识领域，如：人 类学、心理学、跨文化交际学、社会语言学等。

跨文化交际翻译

题名／责任者／语种：跨文化交际翻译／金惠康著／中文 出版发行／载体形态：北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2003 ／402页;20厘米ISBN／装订形式／定 价： ISBN：7-5001-1010-3／23.00元 索书号：H315.9/8050 丛编：翻译理论与实务丛书．－（） 附注：“十五”国家重点图书 附件： 文摘或提要：本书以实例描写为主，配以适量的理论指导与分析，收集了近二十年来大陆、港、台、澳及海外华人的精彩汉英翻译例证，形成了一个比较统一、规范的汉英对译系统。 跨文化交际翻译 作者:金惠康 书摘 a sea oI people／flames／blood／flags／flowers／happy faces如海般的／如潮一样的人群；火海；血海；旗海；花海；无数幸福的面孔 an ocean of trouble／time／space／cheering 无穷的麻烦；无休止的时间；浩瀚的宇宙；欢乐的海洋 a scene of great rejoicing一片欢腾 a chorus of protest／praise一片抗议之声／赞扬之声 a trove of Chinese porcelain一批中国磁器 a grove of coco(a)nut／hamboo一战挪椿}镌椿 a blaze of lights一片灯火

a mountain of debts／rubbish／money／dirty clothes 债台高筑／gr圾如山；家财万贯；一大堆脏衣服 a mass of images／facts／figures／data大量的图像／事实／数据等 a rain／storm of tears／ashes／arrows／bullets嚎啕大哭；尘土蒙蒙；一阵箭雨，一阵弹雨 a storm of applause／criticism／cheering 一阵暴雨般的掌声；激烈的批评；狂热的欢呼 a gale oflaughter／excitement阵阵欢笑；一阵激动 a flood of tears／words／light／terror 泪如潮涌；滔滔言辞；一片光明；一片恐惧 a store oflearnlng／experience知识渊博；经验丰富 a wealth of experience／data／troubles／good／goods 经验丰富；丰富数据；问题多多；大有好处；商品丰富 a sudeit offood／drug dosage 过量的食品；过量的药品 a succession of defeat接二连三的挫败 a world of goods／food／pleasure／meaning／to do s b a world of good／harm a forest of hllls／nags／chimneys／hands 这些表量的手法也可用复数，像10ts of，tho。。。。d。。f一样．如seas。f，mountains。f，st。r es。f，swamls。f，thunders。f。sh。wers of，in showers，in stores，in numbers。 a(great)number of books许多的书 numbers of peoples许多的民族 a quantity of energy大量的能量 quantities of oxidize大量的氧化酶 an amount of material大量的材料 small amount of water少量的水 l he。mount of energy possessed by a given quantity of radiation depends strictly on it s frequency．一定量的辐射所掘有的能量完全基于其频率。 The total amount of radiation辐射的总量 What’S the size?尺码多少?

新编跨文化交际英语教程(许力生) 课后翻译

1.纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，各民族与文化由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解，无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解－－从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义甚至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往日益增多，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解与我们有着天壤之别信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2.文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，也即我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持软件运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”(Windows)等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们可以审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是大不一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，从而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对我们了解自我是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序来运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之涵义的相似性阐释。如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么以及做些什么。文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样的。文化为我们提供超越个体经验的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑什么。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并解释为什么符合这些准则的行为正当、合法。 3.虽然，我们每个人都有各自一套独特的价值观，但在每一文化里，总有弥漫于整个文化之中的普遍的价值观。这些被称作文化价值观文化价值观通常是规范性的，它使文化的成员知道什么是好的和坏的、什么是正确的和错误的、什么是真的和假的、什么是积极的和消极的，等等。文化价值规定了什么是值得为之献身的，什么是值得维护的，什么会危及人们及其社会制度，什么是学习的恰当内容，什么是可讽刺嘲笑的，什么是形成群体团结的途径。文化价值观也指明了文化中的什么行为是举足轻重的，哪些是应当尽力避免的。价值观是人们在做出抉择和解决争端时作为依据的一种习得的规则体系。 跨文化交际的参与者所具有的价值观是十分重要的，因为价值观产生出决定何为正当或不正当社会行为的标准。换言之，价值观有助于人们决定他们的行为方式，以符合他们的价值系统所期望的行为准则。由于文化价值系统之间存在差异，我们可以预见，在相似的情境中，跨文化交际的参与者会表现出并期待着不同的行为。 4. 我们说语言总是模糊的，指的是我们所说所写的东西总不能完全表达我们的意图。我们通过说话和写作所传达的意思不仅仅由词语和句子本身决定，听众和读者的理解也起到了一定的作用。换言之，是交际双方共同创造了语言所表达的意思。语言的模糊性是与生俱来的。为了沟通，我们必须自己推断出对方的意思，除此之外别无他法。在理解别人说话时，我们必须推测这些话的意思。这些推测主要基于以下两个来源：（1）他们所使用的语言；（2）我们的世界知识。

跨文化交际中文化差异带来的问题

人文天下 当我们在这个世界上进行交际时，各种误解和问题在所难免。认知障碍、思维定势、民族中心主义是跨文化交际中主要的问题。因此，要做一个出色的交际者，我们必须与外来价值观、态度及感情密切沟通，与其他文化背景的人们进行有效地交流，以提高我们的跨文化交际能力。 1.文化差异因素 1.1社会价值观的差异 中国社会中的人际关系和西方人际关系的处理有明显的差异，在中国社会人与人的交往中，往往注重情义，而忽视法理。而在西方，人们更注重人的理性。例如，在国外，有一对夫妻因有事要把孩子放在一位中国人朋友家代为照管，事后这对夫妇给了这位中国人孩子照管费，这种行为在中国人的眼中是很不理解的，但西方人体现出一种你既然付出，就能得到的一种社会关系。 1.2思维方式的差异 由于种种历史、地理、人文因素的冲击和沉积，中国和西方的思维模式经历了不同的演变过程，形成了各自鲜明的特点。一种思维方式常常渗透在各个领域。 1.3文化差异 我国的群体性文化，很重视家庭亲友关系；而西方国家，崇尚独立、自主、自强、自立。中国人重视传统的君臣，父子，论资排辈。而在英美国家，长辈与晚辈间地位平等，多以朋友相处。中国的传统观念历来崇尚“四世同堂”“合家团圆”。而在英美国家，成年后的子女人住在家里依靠父母生活是不可思议的事情，他们必须依靠自己的去独立生活。同样，年龄大的父母即使失去了生活自理能力，一般也不会拖累子女，而选择住进养老院，由社会关照。 2.文化差异带来的各种问题 2.1认知障碍 一个在美国学习的日本学生说：“在我去学校的路上，一个我不认识的女孩对着我笑了好几次，我有点吃惊。”这种情况是因为在日本的文化中，女孩子不对陌生人微笑，更不用说陌生的男人。然而，对于美国人来说，这种微笑并没有特别的含义，而是一种表示友好的方式。日本学生遇到这个问题是因为忽视了他遇到的人们的文化。他总是认为，尽管是无意识的，与他交流的对方持有与他相同的价值观、信念、行为和习惯。一旦所发生的情况与他预料的不同，他就会感觉很失落、沮丧甚至生气。这种问题就是认知障碍。 2.2思维定势 思维定势并不是与生俱来的。就像文化本身一样，它可以通过很多方式获得。首先，人们从父母、亲戚、朋友等处学到。那些从父母那里听到“那些犹太人控制着企业真糟糕”的人不自觉地就学到了思维定势。其次，思维定势因为有限的人际交往产生。如果我们遇见一个很富有的巴西人，就会认为所有来自巴西的人都很富有。再次，很多思维定势是媒体提供的。电视提供了很多民族扭曲的形象。这个问题在很多人身上就形成了思维定势。 2.3民族中心主义 民族中心主义是一种认为自己文化优于他文化的信条，我们在生活中很早就学到了民族中心主义，虽然是无意识的。因此，它可能是跨文化交际中最主要的问题。当然，很少人公开声称自己文化优于他文化，但是人们会无意识地做出基于他们自己的价值系统的判断。一些学者认为没有人能完全不受民族中心主义的影响。 3.提高跨文化交际能力的方式 3.1求同存异 因为很多因素，各种文化确实是不同的。但这并不意味着没有相似或者相同之处。相反，生活在这个世界上的我们有很多能把人们联系起来的至关重要的特征。例如，我们共有一个星球。我们都渴望自由，尽管自由有不同的程度和不同的含义。 人们有很多共同点，也有受自己文化制约的不同之处。所以，如果我们要成功地进行跨文化交流，就应该重视不同文化之间的巨大差异。我们如果能欣赏相同尊重文化间存在的不同，我们就可以更好地估计我们行为可能产生的结果，也就能更加容忍别人那些行为。 3.2加强语言能力的培养 跨文化交际能力核心能力的培养就是语言能力的培养，语言能力不仅仅是口头表达能力的培养，更注重语言使用的得体性。语言是一种社会文化现象，受到社会诸多文化因素制约，要表达与理解一定语境中的话语，不但要遵循一定的语言、语法等语言规律还要按照一定的社会文化的准则形式。在交际中，要参照交际对象的年龄、身份、文化素质、购买需求等因素恰当地使用语言，营造出与交际对象相适应的气氛，从而有助于达到交际目的和提高交际能力。 4.结论 当来自不同种族、不同文化背景的人们相互交流的时候，各种问题与误解时常发生。认知障碍、思维定势、民族中心主义是其中的一些。为了避免这些问题，提高跨文化交流，我们应该采取一些措施，例如：求同存异、加强语言能力的培养、文化移情等。这样才能成为一名出色的跨文化交际者。 参考文献 [1]张爱琳．跨文化交际.重庆：重庆大学出版社，2003． [2]胡文仲．跨文化交际学.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999． [3]贾玉新.跨文化交际学.上海:外语教育出版社,2004. [4]林大津.跨文化交际研究.福建：福建人民出版社，2008. [5]毕继万.跨文化非语言交际.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999. [6]关世杰.跨文化交流学.北京：北京人民大学出版社，1995. 跨文化交际中文化差异带来的问题 么海燕 （西京学院人文科学系710123） 摘要：当我们与不同文化背景的人进行交际时，经常出现误解和各种问题。认知障碍、思维定势、民族中心主义是跨文化交际中主要的问题。因此，鉴别和警惕这些问题很重要。另外，我们需要检查问题产生的原因，只有认识到原因，才能成为出色的跨文化交际者。 关键词：跨文化交际误解问题原因 287 现代营销