《周公诫子》《教子有方》中考阅读练习及答案(2017年四川省资阳市中考题)

阅读下面文言文，回答20—23小题。

【甲】周公诫子成王封伯禽于鲁，周公诫之曰：“往矣！子无以鲁国骄士。吾，文王之子，武王之弟，成王之叔父也，又相天子，吾于天下亦不轻矣。然一沐三握发，一饭三吐哺，犹恐失天下之士。吾闻德行宽裕，守之以恭者，荣；土地广大，守以俭者，安；禄位尊盛，守以卑者，贵；人众兵强，守以畏者，胜；聪明睿智，守之以愚者，善；博闻强记，守之以浅者，智。夫此六者，皆谦德也。夫贵为天子，富有四海，由此德也；不谦而失天下，亡其身者，桀、纣是也；可不慎欤！【乙】教子有方方其①在任时，生二子。谓其妻曰：“予年将半百，有子已足，况再索乎？予意送汝归故里，以教予子。是方成章②，尚不知习俗。假令长在署中，其安分者不过无能，其不安分者则竟败类矣。盖衙门之所尚者，骄惰奢侈，娼、酒、赌、博无所不为，此则知识未定之人之所大忌。天下之不为习俗所移，出类拔萃者，能有几人乎？予以何等起家？祖功宗德，尽于此矣？安敢望后亦有豪杰之士耶？汝以二子归，先训之读，二三年可知其志。倘能读书则善，否则，农、工、商贾，各予一业，决不至饿殍③者，若曰…少君?而已矣。此不但饿殍，皆俳优④之流亚⑤也。”其母、妻皆性喜俭朴，亦恶坐享，欣然同归。【注】①其：他，指沈太守；②成章：事物发展到一定阶段或具有一定规模；③殍（piǎo）：饿死；④俳（pái）优：古代演滑稽戏杂耍的艺人；⑤流亚：指同一类人物。

20.下列各项加点字用法和意义都相同的一项是（）（2分）

A.犹恐失天下之．士安敢望后亦有豪杰之．士耶

B.夫贵为．天子天下之不为．习俗所移

C.守以．检者予以．何等起

家

D.不谦而．失天下黑质而．白章

【答案】A

【解析】试题分析：注意题干中的提示，“意义”指字词的含义，“用法”指词性的变化，两点都“相同”。根据注释，理解文章内容，了解选项各句话的意思，了解文言常用字词多个义项，根据语境判断，进行比较。A项两句中“之”皆是“结构助词，的”的意思。B是/被；C用/介词，靠；D连词，表因果/连词，表并列。所以选A。

虚词泛指没有完整意义的词汇，但有语法意义或功能意义的词。具有必须依附于实词或语句，表示语法意义、不能单独成句，不能单独作语法成分、不能重叠的特点。

文言虚词共18个[而、何、乎、乃、其、且、若、所、为、焉、也、以、因、于、与、则、者、之]

古虚词是在汉语中没有实际意义的字，其中一部分相当于现代的虚词。虚词不能独立成句，只有配合实词来完成语法结构。虚词对实词有协助作用，这类词包含介、连、助、叹、副、象声六大类。虚词在联句中的作用非同小可，有的联只因一虚词之差，便谬之千里。巧妙运用虚词，可使联句增色，情趣斐然。

请看下联：君恩似海矣；臣节如山乎。

原来此联是明末陕西总督洪承畴的门联，原本无联句尾处两虚字，为“君恩似海，臣节如山”，是一副表白自己、歌颂皇恩的对联。洪承畴后来投敌卖国，遭人唾弃，便有人在原联句尾添此“矣”、“乎”二字，其意即大相径庭，成为一副绝妙的讽刺联。

【考点定位】理解常见文言虚词在文中的含义。能力层级为理解B。21.解释下列加点字的意思。（2分）

（1）又相．天

子（）（2）守以畏．者（）（3）予意．送汝归故里（）（4）亦恶．坐享（）

【答案】（1）辅佐（2）威，威严（3）意图（打算，想）（4）厌恶（每空0.5分）

【解析】（1）相：名称用作动词，辅佐。

（3）予意．送汝归故里，意：意图（打算，想）

意：[动]⑴思念；放在心上。如：意悬悬（忐忑不安；提心吊胆）；意悬（挂念）；意顾（挂念）⑵意料；猜测

而小人善意。臣意之也。——《管子?小问》

何意致不厚。——《玉台新咏?古诗为焦仲卿妻作》

意北亦尚可以。——宋?文天祥《指南录?后序》

当其为里正、受扑责时，岂意其至此哉?——《聊斋志异?促织》

不意作缘。——清?周容《芋老人传》

多以意构。——蔡元培《图画》

⑶又如：意定（猜定）；意度（揣测；设想）

⑷怀疑

于是天子意梁。——《汉书?梁孝王武传》

⑸又如：意意似似（意意思思。犹犹豫豫；吞吞吐吐）；意疑（怀疑）；意忌（疑忌）

【考点定位】理解常见文言实词在文中的含义。能力层级为理解B。22.将文中划线句翻译为现代汉语。（4分）

（1）吾闻德行宽裕，守之以恭者，荣。

【答案】我听说，用恭敬的态度保有宽以待人的德行，就会得到荣耀。（句式“守之以恭者”0.5分，“荣”0.5分，句意1分）

（2）汝以二子归，先训之读，二三年可知其志。

【答案】你跟两个儿子回去，先教导（教诲）他们读书，二三年后能知道他们的志向。（“训”“志”各0.5分，句意1分）

【解析】重点词有：闻，听说；荣，形作动，得到荣耀。句意：我听说，用恭敬的态度保有宽以待人的德行，就会得到荣耀。重点词有：训，教导（教诲）；志，志向。句意：你跟两个儿子回去，先教导（教诲）他们读书，二三年后能知道他们的志向。

翻译的要求是做到“信、达、雅”，翻译的方法是“增、删、调、换”，具体到某一句子时要注意通假字、词类活用、一词多义、特殊句式等情况，如遇倒装句就要按现代语序疏通，如遇省略句翻译时就要把省略的成分补充完整。

文言文翻译的“信”基本要求：----信：指的是译文要准确表达原文的意思，避免曲解原文的意思。如：①有功绩，寻为上大夫：（因为）

有功绩，不久（皇帝）加封（他）为上大夫。②人穷则反本：人贫穷，就会追念本源。（“穷”应译为“困顿”）那么，如何达到'信'的要求：要达到古文翻译'信'的要求，首先要忠实原文，不凭主观好恶随意增减意思，其次还要注意以下几方面的问题：1、注意古今词义、色彩的

变化：⑴先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉曲，三顾臣于草庐之中。（色彩变化）译：先帝不因为我低贱鄙陋，降低身份，委屈自己，三次到草房中来看望我。⑵璧有瑕，请指示王（单、双音节词的变化）译：

璧上有斑点，请让我指出来给大王看。⑶所以遣将守关者，备他盗之出入与非常也（词义变化）译：（我）派遣军队守住函谷关的原因，是防备其他盗贼进来和意外变故 2、注意词类活用现象⑴一狼径去，其一犬坐于前。（名做状）译：一只狼径直地离开了，其中的（另一只）象狗一样坐在屠者的面前。⑵君子死知已，提剑出燕京（为动）译：君子为知已而死，提着剑离开燕京。⑶先生之恩，生死而肉骨也。（《中山狼传》）（使动）译：先生的大恩，是使死了的人复生，使白骨长肉啊！ 3、注意有修辞的语句的翻译⑴乃使蒙恬北筑长城而守藩篱（比喻）译：于是派蒙恬在北边修筑长城并守住边防⑵臣以为布衣之交尚不相欺，况大国乎？（借代）译：我认为老百姓之间的交往，尚且不相互欺骗，更何况大的国家呢？⑶何故怀瑾握瑜而自令

见放为？（比喻）译：为什么要保持美玉一样高洁的品德而使自己被流放呢？ 4、注意有委婉说法的语句的翻译⑴若有从君惠而免之，

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初二英语阅读理解试题 A A man has a cat. He likes her very much. At mealtime the cat sits at the table with him. The man eats with a knife and a fork, but the cat eats from her plate. Sometimes, when she finishes her dish, her master will give her a bit of his food. He shares his meal with her. One day the cat is not at the table at mealtime. ―Ah! Where is my cat?‖ asks the man..His wife says, ―Can’t you eat without her?‖ So the meal begins without the cat. Before lunch is over, the cat rushes into the room and jumps into the chair quickly. She has two mice in her mouth, and before anyone can stop her, she drops(扔下) one into her own plate, and the other into her master’s plate. ―Dear me!‖ cries the woman, ―A mouse is in your plate!‖ ―Hush(安静)!‖ says her husband.―This shows that she is a nice cat. She knows what friendship(友谊) is. She wishes me to share her dinner as I often share mine with her. 根据短文内容，判断正误，正确（T），错误（F）。 ( )1. The master loves his cat very much. ( )2. The cat always shares her food with her master. ( )3. One day the cat is not at the table at mealtime. ( )4. The cat hurries(匆忙) home with two mice in her mouth when the master and his wife are having lunch. ( )5. The story tells us the cat also loves her master. B My name is Max. I am twelve years old. I have many friends. Most of them are as old as I. Some are older. Some are younger. My best friend is Bill. He lives near me. We go to the same school and we are in the same class. Bill helps me with my maths homework. I help him with his English homework..Bill is taller than me. He is quite fat. He doesn’t like sports, so he doesn’t get much exercise. We both have black eyes, but Bill’s hair is longer. I like sports and I play football or go swimming every day. Every Sunday morning Bill and I play computer games. Sometimes I win. Sometimes he wins. ( )6. The main idea(主题) of the text is ________ .

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市2017 年高中阶段教育学校统一招生考试 （含市初三毕业会考）语文试题 A 卷（共100 分） 第Ⅰ卷（选择题，共24 分） 一、基础知识（每小题 3 分，共12 分） 1.下面加点字注音有误的一项是（） A. 收敛．（liǎn）重荷．（hè）豁．然贯通（huò） B. 琐屑．（xuè）媲．美（pì）锲．而不舍（qiè） C. 簇．新（cù）倔强．（jiàng）长吁．短叹（xū） D. 绮．丽（qǐ）卓．越（zhuó）心会神凝．（níng） 2.下列语句中书写正确的一项（） A. 公朴同志被害之后，警报叠起，形势紧，闻先生大骂特务，慷慨淋漓。 B. 蚊子战胜了狮子，就吹着喇叭，唱着凯歌飞走，却又被蜘蛛网沾住了。 C. 父亲觉出其中有什么奥秘，逼我立即拿来，我只好进屋把书拿了出来。 D. 你这罕见的地下森林，究竟遭受了什么不幸，以致沉入这黑暗的深渊？ 3.下列语句中加点的成语使用有误的一项是（） A.“名师论坛”上，名师的教学与作家的演讲相得益彰 ．．．．，让听众尽享文学之美。 B.入选“感动中国十大人物”的梁益建大夫，医术精湛，医德高尚，令同行肃然起敬 ．．．．。 C. 国学泰斗季羡林先生深信开卷有益 ．．．．，生前多次在不同场合倡导青少年要广泛阅读。 D. 正如演出前预料的那样，雷将歌曲《》演绎得荡气回肠，这让导演喜出望外 ．．．．。 4.下列语句中没有语病的一项是（） A.移动和摩拜单车合力启动大数据交通工程，其目的是为了破解城市交通拥堵难题。 B.关于《摔跤吧，爸爸》，看似简单的励志故事，实则深刻反映出印度社会的现实问题。 C.随着“绿满蓉城，花重锦官，水润天府”建设规划的提出，再次成为全国关注 的焦点。 D.为提高节目的文化特色，《朗读者》邀请文化艺术界重量级专家参与节目的策划与制作。 二、文言文阅读（每小题 3 分，共12 分） 阅读下面文言文，完成5-8 题。 河中石兽纪昀 南一寺临河干，山门圮于河，二石兽并沉焉。阅十余岁，僧募金重修，求石兽于水中，竟不可得。以为顺流下矣，棹．数小舟，曳铁钯，寻十余里无迹。 一讲学家设帐寺中，闻之笑曰：“尔辈不能究物理，是非木杮，岂能为暴涨携之去？乃石性坚重，沙性松浮，湮于沙上，渐沉渐深耳。沿河求之，不亦颠．乎？”众服为确论。 一老河兵闻之，又笑曰：“凡河中失石，当求之于上流。盖石性坚重，沙性松浮，水不 能冲石，其反激之力，必于石下迎水处啮沙为坎穴，渐激．渐深，至石之半，石必倒掷坎穴中。