阅读完形专练 - 学生版

阅读完形专练

一、阅读理解

A

How does your skin smell? Pretty well, as it turns out, thanks to receptors that can be found all over you. What’s more, they could help you heal.

There are more than 350 types of olfactory(嗅觉) receptors in the nose, noticing different scents. About 150 are also found in body issues such as those of the heart, liver and gut(胃)，but they are hard to study.

Hanns Hatt’s lab at Ruhr University Bochum in Germany focused on skin, which is easier to study, and tasted the response to scents(pleasant smells) of receptors in keratinocytes(角质化细胞)，the main skin cell type.

They found that an olfactory receptor in skin called OR2AT4 respond to man-made sandalwood(檀香) perfumes and skin care products. Rather than sending a message to the brain, as nose receptors do, the receptor caused cells to divide and migrate, important processes in repairing damaged skin.

Cell growth increased by 32 percent and cell migration by nearly half when keratinocytes in a test tube were mixed for five days with man-made sandalwood.

“There is a big trend towards olfactory receptors being found elsewhere in the body doing other jobs.” Says Joel Mainland o the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia. So it is not unexpected to find receptors in skin, but it is a surprise to learn that they are involved in wound healing.

Hatt and Mainland both caution that these olfactory receptors are very finely adjusted, as is shown by their distinguishing between various man-made kinds of sandalwood. And there is genetic variability in human receptors, so your receptor might be a bit different from your neighbor’s.

It leaves open the question of whether receptors might differ so much between individuals that the man-made sandalwood that benefits one person might be useless or even poisonous to another

Hatt says the 150-200 olfactory receptors identified in tissue outside the nose represent a new family of targets for experiments and new opportunities to treat disease.

Treatments that heal wounds and repair the effects of ageing in the skin are likely to be the easiest to develop, he says. Understanding receptors on internal (inside your body) organs and creating beneficial drugs is likely to take longer.

( )1.What can we learn about OR2A T4?

A. It is a kind of nose keratinocyte.

B. It works like a nose receptor.

C. It can help damaged skin recover.

D. It can be found in man-made sandalwood.

( )2.How did the scientists observe olfactory receptor’s reactions to scents?

A. By studying receptors in body tissues

B. By comparing OR2A T4 and nose receptors.

C. By using man-made sandalwood in hospitals.

D. By mixing keratinocytes with man-made sandalwood.

( )3. Which of the following about olfactory receptors is amazing?

A. They are found in skin.

B. They can do other jobs.

C. They may help heal wounds.

D. They exists all over the body.

( )4.Man-made sandalwood may be harmful to someone because_________.

A. sandalwood scents are sometimes unsafe.

B. receptors may be different among people.

C. some individual’s s kin is unable to smell.

D. man-made products have some side effects.

B

What inspires people to act selflessly, help others, and make personal sacrifices? Each quarter, this column features one piece of scholarly research that provides insight on what motivates people to engage in what psychologists call "prosocial behavior"— things like making charitable contributions, buying gifts, volunteering one's time, and so forth. In short, it looks at the work of some of our finest researchers on what spurs people to do something on behalf of someone else.

This quarter we focus on how perceptions of "group membership" can influence whether others decide to help us in emergency situations. A 2005 British study reported in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin shows that bystanders are more likely to help strangers in distress when they recognize such strangers as belonging to a common group. However, what counts as group membership is not fixed. When people are encouraged to see greater commonalities with strangers, they will extend help to those whom they may have otherwise considered part of the "out group."

Two studies conducted at Lancaster University in the UK played on the intense rivalry between fans of two English football teams, Manchester United and Liverpool. In the first study, Manchester United fans were recruited to fill out questionnaires about their interest in the team and the degree to which they identified as fans. They were then invited to walk across campus to see a video about football teams. Along the way, an accident was staged in which a runner slipped and fell, groaning in pain. Hidden observers watched the incident, and those taking part in the study were asked about it when they reached the projection room.

Participants, all of whom had a strong identification as Manchester fans, were more likely to ask the runner if he needed help when he was wearing a Manchester United shirt than when he was wearing a Liverpool shirt or an ordinary unbranded shirt.

In the second study, Manchester United fans were again recruited, but when they arrived they were told that they were participating in a study about football fans in general (not Manchester United fans, specifically). They were also told that the study aimed to focus on the positive aspects of fan hood as opposed to the negative incidents and stories that usually get attention. The study questionnaires asked them about their broader interest in the game and what they shared with other fans. They then were instructed to cross campus to head to the projection room, and along the way witnessed the same staged incident and conditions described in the first study.

In this case, participants were as likely to help a victim in a Manchester United shirt as they were to help someone in a Liverpool shirt. And they were more likely to help those wearing team shirts than those who were not.

When people expand their notion of the "in-group" they are more likely to reach out to those in the "other camp."

One noteworthy strength of this research is that it offers an analysis of actual helping behavior rather than "beliefs about" or "intentions" to act. Evidence of dramatic shifts in such behavior across deeply entrenched antagonisms（根深蒂固的敌对情绪）in response to simple changes in levels of categorization is striking.

( )5.According to the 2005 British study, people tend to help strangers if _________.

A .the later are in great pain and suffering

B. they two share something in common

C. they themselves can get something in return

D. the latter belong to a different group

( )6.What contributes to different results of two studies?

A. That each group witnessed a different accident.

B. That only one group was told the purpose of the study.

C .That the two group were fans of different football teams.

D. That participants of the two group were form different cities.

( )7.The research is worth noting in that ____________.

A. it is based on behavioral experiments

B. it deals with problems all circumstances

C. it involves participants of different identities

D. it creates new approaches to friendship-building

C

Books, Films and Plays

The novelist’s medium is the written word, one might almost say the printed word. Typically the novel is consumed by a silent, individual reader, who may be anywhere at the time. The paperback novel is still the cheapest, most portable and adaptable form of narrative entertainment. It is limited to a single channel of information---writing. The narrative can go, effortlessly, anywhere: into space, people’s head, palaces, prisons and pyramids, without any consideration of cost or practical possibility. In determining the shape and content of his narrative, the writer is restricted by nothing except purely artistic criteria. The novelist keeps absolute control over his text until it is published and received by the audience. He may be advised by his editor to revise his text, but if the writer refused to meet this condition no one would be surprised. It is not unknown for a well-established novelist to deliver his or her manuscript(手稿) and expect the publisher to print it exactly as written.

However, not even the most well-established playwright or screenplay writer would submit a script and expect it to be performed without any rewriting. This is because plays and motion pictures are cooperative forms of narrative, using more than one channel of communication.

The production of a stage play involves, as well as the words of the author, the physical presence of the actors, their voices and gestures, the “set” a nd possibly music. Although the script is the essential basis of both stage play and film, it is a basis for subsequent revision negotiated between the writer and the other creative people involved. They are given “approval” of the choice of director and actors and have the right to attend rehearsals(排演), during which period they may undertake more rewriting work. In the case of the screenplay, the writer may have little or no control over the final form of his work. Contracts for the production of plays protect the rights of authors in this respect.

In film or television work, on the other hand, the screenplay writer has no contractual right to

this degree of consultation. While the script is going through its various drafts, the writer is in the driver’s s eat, although sometimes receiving criticism from the producer and the director. But once the production is under way, artistic control over the project tends to pass to the director. This is a fact overlooked by most journalistic critics of television drama, who tend(unlike film critics) to give all the credit or blame for success or failure of a production to the writer and actors, ignoring the contribution, for good or ill, of the director.

( )8. Where might you find the passage?

A. In a textbook.

B. In a movie magazine.?

C. In a travelling brochure.

D. In a shopping guide.

( )9. Which of these subtitles would be most appropriate?

A. Why does the future look good for writers of books, plays and films?

B. What do audiences want from these three forms of entertainment?

C. How do these forms of media compare for their producers?

D. What benefit can we get from these forms of media?

( )10. Why can the novelist expect the publisher to print the manuscript exactly as written?

A. Because the novelist keeps absolute control over his text.

B. Because the paperback novel is most portable and adaptable.

C. Because the novel is limited to a single channel of information---writing.

D. Because the novelist is seldom advised by editors to revise the text.

( )11. Which of the following statements is True according to the passage?

A. Playwrights envy the simplicity of the novelist’s work.

B. Experience in the theatre improves the work of screenplay writers.

C. Screenplay writers usually have the final say in how a TV drama will turn out.

D. Playwrights are frequently involved in revising their work.

( )12. What can be implied from the last sentence of the passage?

A. TV critics often blame the wrong people for the failure of a programme.

B. The director is a determining factor in the future of a television drama.

C. Few people know that the screenplay writer is often criticized by the director.

D. It is urgent for the film critics to realize their mistakes.

D

We all fail, all the time. We might miss a call with a client because of an emergency work meeting, or miss that meeting because another project has suddenly become urgent. And then we(or our families) get sick. and we have to shift priorities around again.

These unsystematic failures are benign, though. They reflect that all of us have limited resources. There simply is not enough time, energy, or money to do everything you want to do all the time. Part of being a responsible adult is learning to make tradeoffs, balancing your conflicting goals and trying to get as much done as you have.

The thing your really need to watch out for is the systematic failure .The systematic failure happens when there’s a particular goal you want to achieve, but never get to. The causes of systematic failures usually boil down to some combination of these three factors.

1.Short-term pressures versus long-term goals. Most of us prefer to achieve pressing short-term goals rather than put time into long-term projects .Lots of research suggests that our brains are wired to prefer tasks that pay off in the short term rather than those whose benefit is long-term. The people who do manage to accomplish their long-term goals create regular space to make

progress on them.

2.____________ Without even realizing it. We often do what is easiest to accomplish rather than what we say is most important. Email is a great example. If you are like most people, you keep your email program open at work all day. Consequently, each new message is an invitation to drop what you are working on to check it. It feels like work and it’s much easier than finishing that 100-slide presentation. Simply shutting off email for a few hours a day can remove this source of distraction(分心的事物)form the environment.

3. Working for too long. Many workplaces create to stay at the office for more and more hours, which(paradoxically) creates opportunities for systematic failures. Work is not an iron man competition where the wins. Most people have an optimal（最佳的）number of hours they can work each day. If I spend any more time at work than that, then at some point. I start doing “fake work”.

The next time you run into trouble, assess whether it’s an unsystematic failure or a systematic one. When you notice a systematic failures in your life, you need to make a change in your behavior. If you don’t make a change, you will continue to fail.

Finally, if you experience a lot of unsystematic failures, it might be worth rethinking the number of tasks you are taking on. Perhaps you need to offload some responsibilities onto someone else ,before you start experiencing more systematic failures.

( )13.The underlined word “benign” in Paragraph 2 means “ _________ ”.

A. not dangerous

B. not useful

C. relevant

D. troublesome

( )14.who was most probably affected by the first factor?

A. Andy who put his keep-fit plan aside due to a lack free time

B. Sarah who worked overtime till the next morning to finish her work ahead of time.

C. Philip who missed an important appointment because he has been under the weather lately.

D. Emily who kept her social networking platform on all day to receive updates about friends. ( )15.Which of the following could fill in the blank as a subtitle?

A. The truth about important goals.

B. Environments that are bad for our goals.

C. The easiest goals that often bring us little.

D. Ways to remove the source of distraction.

( )16.What is the main idea of the passage?

A. How to distinguish systematic failures from systematic failures.

B .When you should worry about failure and when you shouldn’t.

C. What to do to save yourself from constant systematic failures.

D. Why assessing failures you have encountered is important.

二、完形填空

One effective way of destroying happiness is to look at something and focus on even the smallest fault. It’s like looking at the tiled (铺瓦的) ceiling and concentrating on the space where one tile is 1 .

Once I heard a bald man said, “whenever I enter a room 2 I see is hair.” Once you’ve

3 what your missing tile is, explore whether acquiring it will

4 make you happy. Then do one of the three things: get it, replace it with a different

5 , or forget about it and

6 the tiles in your life that are not missing.

We all know people who have a relatively 7 life, yet are essentially unhappy while

people who have suffered a great deal but 8 remain happy.

The first 9 is gratitude. All happy people are 10 . Ungrateful people cannot be happy. We tend to think that being unhappy leads people to 11 , but it’s truer to say that complaining leads to people becoming unhappy.

The second secret is 12 that happiness is a byproduct (副产品) of something else. The most obvious 13 are those pursuit(追求) that give our lives purpose——anything 14 studying insects to playing baseball. The more passions we have, the more happiness we are 15 to experience.

Finally, the belief that something permanent goes beyond us and that our 16 has some larger meaning can help us to feel happier. We 17 a spiritual faith, or a philosophy, it should 18 this truth: if you choose to find the 19 in every situation, you will be blessed, and if you choose to find the awful, you will be cursed. As with happiness itself, this is 20 your decision to make.

1.A. different B. missing C. short D. broken

2. A. nothing B. none C. all D. anything

3. A. determined B. predicted C. assumed D. imagined

4. A. completely B. naturally C. hopefully D. really

5. A. tile B. brick C. ceiling D. house

6. A. look on B. focus on C. count on D. rely on

7. A. peaceful B. difficult C. easy D. ordinary

8. A. certainly B. merely C. hardly D. generally

9. A. secret B. factor C. rule D. key

10. A. wealthy B. grateful C. proud D. generous

11. A. upset B. quarrel C. complain D. depress

12. A. admitted B. assuming C. proving D. realizing

13. A. sources B. results C. answers D. goals

14. A. among B. from C. through D. for

15. A .probable B. possible C. likely D. capable

16. A. value B. destination C. survival D. existence

17. A. need B. lack C. demand D. expect

18. A. involve B. include C. absorb D. mean

19. A. worst B. best C. positive D. negative

20. A. absolutely B. totally C. exactly D. largely

Commentary Class of Reading Comprehension

and Cloze Test

Learning objectives：

1.To make advances in reading comprehension and cloze test

2.To improve the ability to listen and summarize

3.To enjoy the fun of cooperation

Teaching procedures

Step One: Make comments on the reading comprehension.

1. Activity 1. Discussion. (5’)

题号选项提示

6 B/C ? 推理判断题。Para3 -6

8 A/B ? 标题出处题。Pay attention to the title Books, Films and Plays

10 A/C ? 推理判断题。Para 1

11 B/D ? 推理判断题。Para 2

12 A/B ? 推理判断题。Para 4 (the last sentence)

13 A/D ? 词义猜测题。Hints: though &The thing your really need to

watch out for is the systematic failure

15 B/C? 标题概括。(the last sentence)

16 B/C ? 主旨大意题。The passage talks about unsystematic failure

and systematic failure. The former is not dangerous,

while the latter is dangerous.

2. Give the answers to the assignment and make proper comments on them.

3. Summary.

4.Activity 2 . Practice (5’)

Passage 1

Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “Take only as directed?” Read the following directions and see if you understand them.

To reduce pain, take two tablets(药片) with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For night-time and early morning relief (缓解疼痛) take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours.

For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount (量). For children under six years old, ask your doctor’s ad vice.

Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine.

（）This text is most probably taken from a ______.

A. textbook

B. newsreel

C.doctor’s notebook

D. bottle of medicine

Passage 2

Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his

graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors.

Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.

（）Q: What is the main idea of the passage?

A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.

B. Bingham is a diligent student.

C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.

D. A good lawyer needs good education.

Step Two: Make comments on the cloze test.

1.Activity 3. Discussion (3’)

题号选择项提示

3 A/C ? 一旦你____你缺失的瓦片是什么，探索能否得到它将真的是你很快乐。

7 B/C ? 根据后面的yet,他们过着相对____的生活，却根本不快乐。

8 A/D ? 根据后面的but,有些人遭受很多痛苦，却_______仍然保持乐观。

13 A/B ? 有了追求就有了生活的目标，这就是幸福最明显的_

16 A/D ? 我么们要意识到我们不可能长生不老，能______就好了，就很幸福了。

18 A/B ? A是涉及和需要的意思，B是包括的意思。

20 A/D ? A是绝对的意思，B是完全的意思，C是准确的意思，D是主要的意思。

就幸福而言, 幸福_______ 是你的选择。

2. Activity 4. Test (2’)

1）（）You can sense how ________you are in comparison with the world.

Meanwhile, you feel that the possibilities are limitless...

A. little

B. large

C. great

D. lazy

2）（）Never listen to other people’s tendencies to be _______ or pessimistic

because they take your most wonderful dreams away from you—— the ones you have

in your heart!

A. positive

B. negative

C. common

D. active

3.Activity 5. Fill in the blanks. (1’)

Para 1 One _______of destroying happiness

Para 2-3 How to deal with the _______ tiles in your life.

Para 4-5 Two _______ of happiness. They are gratitude and passions.

Para 6 You are the ________ of your happiness.

4.Activity 6. Writing (3’)

(White a summary of the cloze test with about 30 words.)

__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Step Three : Listening. (3’)

Imagine, if you will，a gift. I'd like for you to 1 it in your mind. It's not too big —about the size of a golf ball. So envision(想象) what it looks like all wrapped up. But before I show you what's inside, I will tell you, it's going to do incredible things for you. It will bring all of your family together. You will feel

2 and appreciated like never before and reconnect with friends and acquaintances you haven't heard from in years. Adoration(崇拜)and admiration will overwhelm（充溢）you. It will recalibrate（重新检视）what's most

3 in your life. It will redefine your sense of spirituality and

4 . You'll have a new understanding and trust in your body. You'll have unsurpassed vitality（无以伦比的活力）and energy. You'll

5 your vocabulary, meet new people, and you'll have a healthier lifestyle. And get this — you'll have an eight-week vacation of doing

6 nothing. You'll eat countless gourmet meals. Flowers will arrive by the truckload. People will say to you, "You look

7 . Have you had any work done?" And you'll have a lifetime supply of good drugs.

You'll be challenged, 8 , motivated and humbled. Your life will have new meaning. Peace, health, serenity（宁静）, happiness, nirvana（涅槃）. The price? $55,000, and that's an incredible deal.

By now I know you're 9 to know what it is and where you can get one. Does Amazon carry it? Does it have the Apple logo on it? Is there a waiting list? Not likely. This gift came to me about five months ago. It looked more like this when it was all wrapped up — not quite so pretty. And this, and then this. It was a rare gem — a brain tumor（脑瘤）, hemangioblastoma（成血管细胞癌）— the gift that keeps on giving.

And while I'm okay now, I wouldn't wish this gift for you. I'm not sure you'd want it. But I wouldn't change my experience. It profoundly altered my life in ways I didn't expect in all the ways I just shared with you.

So the next time you're faced with something that's10 , unwanted and uncertain, consider that it just may be a gift.

Step Four: Homework.

《零距离》P41-43

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