英语词汇学复习提纲 lexicology

Chapter 1 Lexicology and Words

What is lexicology?

Lexicology = study of words / the lexicon

It is closely related to morphology, semantics, etymology and lexicography.

Morphology: the study of the forms of words and their components.

Semantics: the study of meaning.

Etymology: the study of the whole history of words.

Lexicography: the writing and compilation of dictionaries

What is a word?

A Word is an uninterruptible unit of structure consisting of one or more morphemes; a unit of sound and meaning.

The total stock of English words is structured and organized in a systematic way.→word class; semantic field.

?Word class: closed class (grammatical or function words):preposition, pronoun,

determiner（限定词: the, every..）, conjunction, auxiliary verb(助动词)；

open class(lexical words): noun, adjective, verb, adverb.

?Lexical words and grammatical words

?Semantic (or lexical) field: semantic field of color terms, kinship terms, military ranks

and vehicles; semantic field analysis used in the descriptions of vocabulary in dictionaries like Roget?s Thesaurus& Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English(McArthur) & Longman dictionary of Scientific Usage & Longman Language Activator . Componential analysis: a method for establishing semantic field(e.g. the meaning of woman: [+human],[+adult],[+female]

Chapter 2—Some basic concepts and Word Meanings

Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit in a language;(e.g. moralizers is composed of 4 morphemes: moral+lize+er+s.)

A morpheme may be: A complete word; a word form such as an affix(e–able); a combining form(bio-, geo-)

?Free morpheme:

lexical morpheme: ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs, the words which carry the “content”

of messages we convey, e.g. boy, house, tiger, sad, long, sincere, open, look, follow, bread.

functional morpheme: consists largely of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, e.g. and, but, when, because, on, near, in, the, that, it.

?Bound morpheme(prefix or suffix):

Derivational morpheme: used to make new words in the language. e.g. (-ness, -ly, -ish, ment, re-, pre-, ex-, pre-, dis-, co-, un-); good—goodness, fool—foolish, bad—badly, pay—payment Inflectional morpheme: indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word. e.g. –ed, -s, -ing, -er, -est, -?s. In English, all inflectional morphemes are suffixes.

Morph/allomorph

Lexeme(lexical item): The base form of a word;A unit of lexical meaning (Crystal, 1995); An abstract vocabulary item;The headwords in a dictionary;May consist of one word or more than one word;

Stem: the word to which inflectional affixes are added and which carries the basic meaning of the resulting complex word; e.g. work, worker.A stem may consist of one or more morphemes; Root: A stem consisting of a single morpheme is labeled as root; e.g. work.

?Roots which are capable of standing independently are called free morphemes/roots;

?Roots which are incapable of occurring independently are called bound

morphemes/roots.

7 types of Word Meaning

?Conceptual meaning概念义(or denotative meaning, cognitive meaning) [meanings in

dictionaries]

?Connotative meaning隐含义: the communicative value of an expression by virtue of

what is refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content.Politician&statesman, colors, kitty&cat.

?Social meaning: Information about the speaker, such as their background or their

relationship to the hearer.

E.g., if Jo says wee instead of little, it may communicate to you that she’s Scottish; AmE /

BrE differences and other dialectal or accent differences; terms of address etc; Mummy, dogie—child.

?Affective meaning: Information about the speaker’s attitude toward the subject that’s

communicated by the words s/he’s chosen or the way s/he says them

e.g. strong-willed vs. pig-headed; slim vs. skinny; Bob vs. Bobby

?Reflective meaning: the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meaning,

when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense.

E.g. words which have a taboo meaning(intercourse)

?Collocative meaning: consists of the associations a word acquires on account of the

meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.

Pretty+woman, flower, garden, village vs handsome+man, car, vessel, overcoat, typewriter; cow+wander vs man+stroll; tremble with fear vs quiver with excitement;

highly: important, intelligent, profitable, recommended, sensitive;

a bit, a little: drunk, jealous, unkind;

wide awake, fully awake, sound asleep, far apart

?Thematic meaning: mainly a matter of choice btw alternative grammatical constructions

Mrs Bessie Smith donated the first prize.

The first prize was donated by Mrs Bessie Smith.

Polysemy一词多义: One lexical item that has more than one sense. Bank, eat, court, watch, dart, stuff.

Homonymy同形异义: More than one lexical item that just coincidentally sound/look the same.

?Complete homonymy (bat, pupil, , firm, bear, grave, stick, jam, steep, fleet, pad, stem)

?Homophone = same sound(to/ two, right/rite/write, root/route, knows/nose )

?Homograph = same spelling (wind, lead,)

◆How to distinguish polysemy and homonymy?

Whether the senses are related;

Whether they come from the same source;

Whether under one headword in a dictionary;

Ambiguity & Vagueness

Chapter 3 The origin of English Words

English belongs to West Germanic branch of Indo-European family.

Historical development of English vocabulary and characteristics of each period.

?The Old English period (450 -1066)

?OE: the speech of the earliest Germanic inhabitants of Britain;

The first OE manuscripts (around 700): glossaries of Latin words translated into OE, and a few early inscriptions and poems;

Most important literary work: the heroic poem Beowulf (written around 1000);

? 1.A frequent use of coinages known as ?kennings‘[古英语中的隐喻语] (vivid figurative

descriptions often involving compounds);

2. Preference for expressions that are synonymous;

3. The absence of a wide-ranging vocabulary of loanwords force people to rely more on

word-formation process based on native elements

4. The introduction of a number of ?loan translation‘;

5. Grammatical relationships in OE were expressed mainly by the use of inflectional

endings;

6. OE is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items.

?The Middle English period (1066 -1500)

?Norman Conquest;

?Extensive changes:

In grammar, Eng. changed from a highly inflected language to an analytical one.

In vocabulary, Eng. was characterized by the loss of a large part of the OE word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin.

?The Early Modern English period (1500 -1800)

?Transitional period from Middle Eng. to Modern English;

?Printing revolution marked its beginning;

?Eng. vocabulary grew very fast through extensive borrowing and expansion of

word-formation patterns;

? A great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings.

◆Two most important influences

William Shakespeare; James Bible of 1611

◆Two dictionaries

Dictionary of Hard Words (1604), Dictionary of the English Language (1775)

?The Modern English period (1800-present)

?The unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary;

The assertion of American Eng. as a dominant variety of the lang.;

The emergence of other varieties known as ?New Englishes‘.

Types of meaning change(7)

?Metaphor隐喻: using a word to refer to sthng it doesn‘t literally denote, but that has

some kind of similarity to the literal meaning

Head-- …body part above the neck? > …a person in charge?

baby --…infant? > …loved one?

?Metonymy转喻: using a word to refer to something that is associated with its literal

denotation.

Downing Street ?place where the PM lives‘ > ?the PM‘

crown ?an item of headwear worn by a monarch‘ > ?the monarch‘, ?the sovereignty of the monarch‘

?Synecdoche提喻: using a part to refer to the whole (or vice versa):

All hands on deck! - ?man, sailor‘

I got a new motor - ?car‘

?Broadening (/generalisation)扩大: a word refers to a more inclusive category:

manage ?to handle a horse‘ > ?to handle anything‘

bullish ?causing or associated with a rise in prices‘ > ?optimistic‘

?Narrowing (/specialisation)缩小: a word refers to a less inclusive category:

accident ?an event‘ > ?unintended/injurious event‘

undertaker ?someone who undertakes‘ > ?mortician‘

?Amelioration (/elevation)升格: the mng of a word becomes more positive

nice ?ignorant, stupid‘ > ?pleasant‘

fond ?foolish‘ > ?appreciative‘

?Pejoration (/degradation)降格: the mng of a word becomes more negative

sinister < ?left(-handed)‘

mistress < ?a woman in a position of power‘--an adulterous woman

Chapter 4 Word Formation

?Inflection and derivation

Inflection refers to a general grammatical process which combines words and affixes to

produce alternative grammatical forms of words.

new word by means of the addition of an affix to a stem. lexical process.

?Inflectional affixes and derivational affixes p58

Inflectional affixes: (only suffixes: plural marker –s, possessive marker ?s, comparative and superlative markers –er and –est, tense markers –s and –ed, present participle –ing…) (regular and irregular)

Derivational affixes: (class-changing slow-ly and class-maintaining child-hood)

prefix: re-, de-, in-, im-, un-, pre-, dis-

suffix: -ish, -ous, -ary, -ful, -er, -ence, -y, -ly, -ate, -able, -ation, -ure, -dom, -ful, -ment, -en,

I doesn‘t change the word class and grammatical category while d changes.

Prefixes and suffixes

Types of Word Formation (6)

?Derivation派生法: using derivational affixes:

final+ize, teach+er, sex+ism, eco+tourism, trans+atlantic

?Compounding复合法: putting existing wds together:

couch+potato, lap+top

Compounds: stems consisting of more than one root

Orthographic treatment of compounds: bedside, black market, car-wash

?Three features of compound:

●Phonological feature: (nominal compounds) A single primary stress; lack of juncture;

e.g. ?blackbird vs black bird;

hardcover vs hard cover;

greenhouse vs green house;

redcoat vs red coat

stonewall vs stone wall

●Syntactic feature: Single lexical unit, specific syntactic features

●Semantic feature: specialized meanings

e.g. blackboard, dustbin, redcoat, stonewall, cathouse, turncoat, mother wit, Indian paper,

dog days

?4 types of compound:

An endocentric compound: consists of a head and its modifier (doghouse);

A exocentric compound: does not have a head (white-collar, must-have)

A copulative compound: two semantic heads(bittersweet, sleepwalk)

An appositional compound: two attributes which classify the compound.(actor-director, maidservant)

?Conversion（词类）转化法: a change in word class without the addition of an affix.

? A change within the same class; e.g. some beer/sugar/tea→two beers/sugars/teas; vi →

vt

? A change from one class to another: n→v; v→n; adj.→n; adj.→v p67

?Blending拼缀法: combining parts of two words to form a third word which contains

some of the meaning of each part.

smog (smoke + fog), motel (motor + hotel),Eurovision (European + television)

brunch, chunnel, dawk, slanguage, bit, psywar, paratroops, guestimate

●Four types [69]

?Back formation逆生法:removal of perceived affixes (related to notion of folk

etymology):

to edit < editor (cf. to accelerate > accelerat-or)；to automate < automation；to beg < beggar；to lase < laser (n.)；to drowse < drowsy (adj.)；to housekeep < housekeeper

?Shortening缩略法

?Clipping截短–the process by which a word is shortened without a change in meaning

or function. lab (laboratory); plane (aeroplane); flu (influenza)

Three major types of clippings: fore clipping, hind clipping, midclipping[71]

?Initialisms:

●Alphabetism首字母缩略词/abbreviations- spelt out as letters :

o OTT < over the top

o DIY < do it yourself

●Acronyms首字母拼音词– using initial letters of a phrase to form a word, pronounced as

words:

o scuba < Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus

o NATO < North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

Chapter 5 Sense Relations

Synonymy同义关系：sameness

?Strict (or absolute) synonymy: gorse=furze

?Loose synonymy (Distinguishing synonyms): E.g. mislay ≈lose; foggy ≈

misty; mob ≈crowd, find/discover; forest/woods.

Antonymy反义关系：oppositeness

?Complementary antonyms (also called contradictory antonyms, binary antonyms)

互补词: In an either/or relation of oppositeness

E.g. asleep/awake; dead/alive (of e.g. animal); remember/forget; win/lose; open/shut;

hit/miss (a target); pass/fail (a test)

?Gradable antonyms可分级反义词: a more/less relation, 多为形容词

E.g. cheap/expensive, rich/poor, fast/slow, sweet/sour, young/old, beautiful/ugly,

tall/short, wide/narrow, clever/stupid, near/far, interesting/boring, love/hate

?Converse antonyms (also called reciprocal antonyms, relational opposites) 对立

词：two-way contrasts that are interdependent

e.g. precede/follow, buy/sell, lend/borrow, give/receive, speak/listen, rent/let,

employer /employee, husband/wife, parent/child, debtor/creditor, teacher/pupil, above/below, before/after

Hyponymy下义关系：subtype relation

?Hyponym（下义词）= ?type of’Robin is a hyponym of bird.

?Hypernym / superordinate（上义词）= refers to the larger category

Bird is the hypernym of robin, penguin, and pigeon.

Meronymy局部—整体关系：part/whole relation

?Meronym = ?part of‘：Arm is a meronym of chair.

?Holonym = ‘whole of’：Chair is a holonym of arm, back, and seat.

Collocation搭配关系

components are not freely interchangeable; certain restrictions; (differ from free combinations); e.g. decide on a boat

?Grammatical collocation: e.g. rely of, afraid of, good at, angry with, approve of, adhere

to, admiration for, allegiance to, amazement at…

?Lexical collocation: e.g. run a business/ a company/ a school/ a gym, make a decision,

put forward a strong argument…

Major relations: synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, meronymy—paradigmatic ‘sense relations’[纵聚合关系的]

Collocation—syntagmatic meaning relation[横组合关系的]

Chapter 6 Idioms, Multiword Verbs and Proverbs

Idiom: a group of words with a meaning of its own that is different from the meanings of each separate word put together.

Characteristics of English idioms

?Semantic features

Many idioms have dual meanings: literal and idiomatic meaning; Some literal meanings go against the logic of thinking and life; A great number of idiomatic meanings come from figurativeness. (simile and metaphor)

let the cat out of the bag/spill the beans说漏了嘴，泄漏秘密; under the weather身体不适; take in欺骗; have an axe to grind另有企图；know the ropes 懂行；了解情况；as blind

as a bat;

?Structural features: structural stability / syntactic frozenness;

to smell a rat觉得可疑; to see red突然大怒; to kick the bucket

Classification of English idioms

?Idioms verbal in nature: v. + particle

face the music; spill the beans; beat about the bush; bark up the wrong tree攻击错了目标; burn the candle at both ends过分地耗费精力; have a head on one?s shoulder有见识; poke one?s nose into; get wind of风闻; go easy从容不迫; come clean全盘招出; sit pretty 处于极为有利的条件；过舒服的生活；成功

?Idioms nominal in nature

blue chip优值股票; narrow escape九死一生; white elephant无用而累赘apple of的东西; an discord争端，祸根; a snake in the grass; the lion’s share; Achilles’heel致使弱点; Penelope’s web永远完不成的任务; wear and tear磨损; flesh and blood; brain trust智囊团; sheet anchor最后的/主要的靠山;

?Idioms adjectival in nature

high and mighty趾高气扬; cut and dried呆板的; on edge; on the go忙个不停; up in the air十分激动；气愤; wet behind the ears缺乏经验的; as cool as a cucumber; as slippery as an eel;

?Idioms adverbial in nature

heart and soul; tooth and nail竭尽全力地; in a breeze轻而易举地; behind the scenes秘密地; between the devil and the deep blue sea进退维谷; through thick and thin不顾艰难险阻

Multiword verb：

Units in which the main verb occurs with one or two particles(not, to, up, out…);

?Classification of multiword verbs;

?Prepositional verbs介词动词: v.+prep+(n). Call for, look for, ask for, refer to, go

into, come by, attend to, burn for, bump into, depend on, enter upon, work under.

?Phrasal verbs短语动词: v.+adv. Bring up, look up, give in, sit down, blow up, boil

over, drop in, end up, play around, stand up, take off…

?Phrasal-prepositional verbs短语介词动词: v.+adv.+prep. Check up on, get away

with, stand up for, walk away with, put up with, keep out of, look down on, look up to…

Proverb: short well-known statements that give practical advice about life; they capture the shared beliefs or collective wisdom of a society.

Chapter 7 English Dictionaries

Prescriptive dictionary and descriptive dictionary; historical dictionary;

?Prescriptive = s aying how the lg ?should‘ be used.

?Descriptive = recording the language exactly as it is used. E.g. W3

Three important dictionaries

?The Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson; (prescriptivism)

?OED; (historical principle)

The greatest of all unabridged Eng. Ds.;

The only Eng. D compiled totally from its own citation files;

?Webster?s New International Dictionary; (descriptive principle)

English corpora;Collins

General-purpose dictionary and specialized dictionary; learner‘s dictionary

?General-purpose dictionary

?Desk size(=college Ds in the USA),e.g. Collins English Dictionary, Longman

Dictionary of the English Language, the New Oxford Dictionary of English;[中型词典，案头词典]

?Concise size, e.g. the Concise Oxford Dictionary, Collins Concise English Dictionary,

Longman Concise English Dictionary; [简明词典]

?Pocket size, e.g. the Pocket Oxford Dictionary, etc. [袖珍词典]

?specialized dictionary: restricted to one variety(e.g. a dialect, technical jargon, slang) or

type of entry word(e.g. verbs, adjectives…)

Etymological Dictionary of English Language; Webster?s Dictionary of Synonyms;

Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English; An English Pronouncing Dictionary (Daniel Jones); A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English (John S. Kenyon) Roget?s International Thesaurus; A Dictionary of Modern English Usage (Henry Watson Fowler);

?Learner‘s Dictionaries

?Learner‘s Ds for native speakers, e.g. Chamber?s Student?s Dictionary; Collins

COBUILD Learner?s Dictionary;

?Learner‘s Ds for ESL students, e.g.

Oxford Advanced Learner?s Dictionary of Current English (1st edn. 1948; 3rd edn. 1974;

7th edn. 2005) Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (1978, 1987, 1995, 2003, 2009) Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary; Collins COBUILD English Learner?s Dictionary; Cambridge International Dictionary of English ; Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners.

Monolingual dictionary and bilingual dictionary;

?Monolingual dictionary: the language of description is the same as the language being

described.

?bilingual dictionary: give information about equivalences between two languages.

Chapter 8 Words in Context

Dialect: Dialect: a variety of a language that is characteristic of a particular group of the language‘s speakers; e.g. regional dialect, social dialect.

?regional dialect

?Same word, different meaning

pants, cupboard, public school, cracker, faculty;

?Same object, different words

post-graduate [graduate]; staff [faculty]; lorry [truck]; bonnet [hood]; petrol [gas]; sweets [candy]; tin [can];

?Words only used in Br. or Am. Eng

Br. duke, marquis, count, viscount, baron, knight;

Am. canyon, everglades, gopher, sagebrush;

?Social dialect: Varieties of language used by groups defined according to class,

education, age, sex, and a number of other social parameters.

E.g. old people talk about it “icebox and wireless”; but don?t know what is “totally

stoked”; women tend to “use sort of, kind of, isn?t it? don?t you?”

Register:a form of language appropriate to a specific situation; a variety of language distinguished according to context, which consists of the field of discourse, the relations between participants, and the mode of discourse.

Word choice is a feature among registers.

e.g. Tone refers to ―the interval between the first two degrees of a major scale‖ in music,

to ―a musical pitch of the voice that serves to change the meaning of a word‖in linguistics, to ―the color of a photograph‖ in photography, and to ― the state of the body with respect to the health and vigor of it s functions‖ in physiology.

Style: (formal, informal and colloquial)

Slang: used by a specific social group;

E.g. spaced out飘飘然的, right on好极了，你说得对, hang-up大难题, rip-off偷窃，索要高价, cool, hot, rave, ecstasy, crib, posse支持者, grass, pot, rap, cool, dig, stoned, bread, split, suck, gork, dis;

underworld slang, e.g. crack, payola, C-note, G-man, sawbuck; con, brek, burn, screw;

particularly rich in certain domain, such as violence, crime, drugs, sex;

Taboo：a strong social prohibition against words, objects, actions, or discussions that are considered undesirable or offensive by a group or community.

Euphemism：a mild, comforting, or evasive expression that takes the place of one that is taboo, negative, offensive, or too direct. P122

E.g. Gosh God,terminate kill, pass water/relieve oneself/urinate Piss, pass away, departed his life die, chest and limb breast and leg, heavens hell, bless it damn it, developing backward/underdeveloped countries, visually impaired blind.

Jargon: the language peculiar to a trade, profession, or other group; functions as a technical or specialized language; allow its users to talk precisely about technical issues in a given field;

Linguistic jargon, e.g. lexeme, morpheme, case, lexicon;

Jargon of ?computerese‘, e.g. modem, bit, byte; ROM, RAM, CPU;

?Green‘ jargon, e.g. lead-free, meat-free, zero-emission vehicle, eco-friendly, eco-tourism;

Sports jargon

Religious language

《英语词汇学》教学大纲

a t i m e a n d A l l t h 《英语词汇学》教学大纲 一、课程名称：英语词汇学 二、课程类别：英语专业限选课 三、教学时数与学分：本课程为34学时, 总学分为2分四、开课时间：本课程安排在第6学期进行五、教学对象：英语专业一年级学生六、教学目的： 通过学习，学生能够了解英语词汇学的基本理论知识，并能用所学的知识去独立思考、分析问题和解决问题。 七、教学内容： 教师授课与学生自学相结合。学生需在教师的指导下阅读有关词汇学书籍。检查学生的阅读质量主要采取由学生复述阅读内容，并对阅读内容中的思想和观点作出个人的评价。教师重点讲解学生在阅读中所遇到的重点和难点。 学生完成基础词汇学理论的学习后，应根据所学词汇学理论知识，在教师的指导下设计、完成自己的学期论文。 Chapter I A General Survey of English Vocabulary Chapter II Morphological Structure of English Words Chapter III Word-Formation (I)Chapter IV Word-Formation (II) Chapter V Word Meaning and Semantic Features Chapter VI Polysemy and Homonymy Chapter VII Sense Relations Between Words Chapter VIII Meaning and Context Chapter IX Changes in Word Meaning Chapter X English Idioms Chapter XI American English Chapter XII English Dictionaries and How to Use Them 八、时间安排：本学期6－13周进行课程的讲授，14周组织学生复习，15周考试。详见下表。 周次日期 星期/节次 讲授内容 备注 第一周月 日 第二周第三周第四周第五周第六周 10.1310.13周五.3.4周五.7.8General survey of English vocabulary; morphological structure of English words 第七周10.20周五.3.4Word-formation(I)第八周 10.2710.27 周五.3.4周五.7.8 Word-formation(II)

(完整word版)英语词汇学复习大纲整理

1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]

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表二: 大学英语教学大纲对词汇量的要求

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