高译教育-北京大学考研真题-翻译硕士英语真题2013

2013年北京大学翻译硕士考研真题回忆版

翻译硕士英语

注意事项：

1．本试卷共 6 道大题（共计 61 个小题），满分100 分；

2．本卷属试题卷，答题另有答题卷，答案一律写在答题卷上，写在该试题卷上或草纸上均无效。要注意试卷清洁，不要在试卷上涂划；

3．必须用蓝、黑钢笔或签字笔答题，其它均无效。

I. There are 15 sentences in this part. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the right one. (30points)

1. The streets of the Dual Springs neighborhood, a migrant-worker hub in northern Beijing, . That’s no surprise; more than 13,000 people have been quarantined in China s capital to halt the insidious spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

A. deserted

B. vacated

C. unlived in

D. removed

2. In many a lack of direction prompted the Republican Guard to call it a day.

A. occasions

B. cases

C. events

D. days

3. They did considerable work to the masses of the United States with the elementary problems of Latin America.

A. allow

B. acquaint

C. notify

D. propagate

4. My mother says a teaching machine has to be to fit the mind of each boy and girl it teaches and that each kid has to be taught differently.

A. modified

B. considered

C. adjusted

D. remanufactured

5 The big retailers are starting to think small, too. Sainsbury's and Tesco have launched convenience-store chains, called local and Express, respectively — that have fast become, in British towns.

A. ubiquitous

B.established

C. frequented

D. known

6. The solidarity among the young, especially the 386 Generation, is so strong that it s helping to the country’s deep-rooted regional divide.

A. enhance

B. dissolve,

C. weaken:

D. move

7. The Wright brothers continued their flying in France and all who saw them.

A. saddened

B. frightened

C. astonished

D. alarmed

8. We are well aware of the responsibilities that necessarily to our office.

A. attach

B. confronts G. given D. face

9. People say that what we are all is a meaning for life, but I don’t think that s what we all look for.

A. seeing

B. seeking

C. watching

D. looking

10. When Joe was left to live with those people, he found that they were so

of life that he couldn’t stay with them.

A. painful

B. disdainful

C. meaningful

D. fruitful

11. A survey asked British mums who work outside the home what they would most like for Mother’s Day. And what did they reply? “Flowers? Chocolates? Dinner in Paris?” No, what 72% wanted was this: a little bit of time for mother.

A. to myself

B. to mom

C. for mom

D. by myself

12. Of course, nobody ever thought the prime minister’s job shall be easy.

A.would

B. could

C. will

D. should

13. Downing Street is fighting fiercely for something it hopes it shall control: its reputation. “[The BBC] is now saying, ‘Nobody ever said the prime minister told a lie, but that’s exactly what they’re saying，’，Alastair Campbell, Blair’s director of communications, told Newsweek. “That’s pretty heavy.”

A. could

B. would

C. can

D. will

14.The made-in-America idea of the global brand has built a name that people will buy on faith, and the pioneer was Coca-Cola.

A. is building

B. is to build

C. was to build

D. was building

15. For the least, American roots are no longer an easy selling point. Through much of the postwar period, US brands could play off this cachet; Levi’s ad campaigns used wholesome themes of boy-meets-girl in a heartland American setting until the early 1990s.

A. At least

B. At the least

C. At most

D. At the most

II. Comprehension

Passage 1

Role of Play in Development

Play is easier to define with examples than with concepts. In any case, in animals it consists of leaping, running, climbing, throwing, wrestling, and other movements, either along, with objects, or with other animals. Depending on the species, play may be primarily for social interaction, exercise, or exploration. One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play is that it involves the same behaviors that take place in other circumstance--dominance, predation, competition, and real fighting. Thus, whether play occurs or not depends on the intention of the animals, and the intentions are not always clear from behaviors alone.

Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals. Play has been studied most extensively in primates and canids (dogs). Exactly why animals play is still a matter debated in the research literature, and the reasons may not be the same for every species that plays. Determining the functions of play is difficult because the functions may be long-term, with beneficial effects not showing up until the animal's adulthood.

Play is not without considerable costs to the individual animal. Play is usually very active, involving movement in space and, at times, noisemaking. Therefore, it results in the loss of fuel or energy that might better be used for growth or for building

up fat stores in a young animal. Another potential cost of this activity is greater exposure to predators since play is attention-getting behavior. Great activities also increase the risk of injury in slipping or falling.

The benefits of play must outweigh costs, or play would not have evolved, according to Darwin' s theory. Some of the potential benefits relate directly to the healthy development of the brain and nervous system. In one research study, two groups of young rats were raised under different conditions. One group developed in an "enriched" environment, which allowed the rats to interact with other rats, play with toys, and receive maze training. The other group lived in an "impoverished" environment in individual cages in a dimly lit room with little stimulation. At the end of the experiments, the results showed that the actual weight of the brains of the impoverished rats was less than that of those raised in the enriched environment (though they were fed the same diets). Other studies have shown that greater stimulation not only affects the size of the brain but also increase the number of connections between the nerve cells. Thus, active play may provide necessary stimulation to the growth of synaptic connections in the brain, especially the cerebellum, which is responsible for motor functioning and movements.

Play also stimulates the development of the muscle tissues themselves and may provide the opportunities to practice those movements needed for survival. Prey species, like young deer or goats, for example, typically play by performing sudden flight movements and turns, whereas predator species, such as cats, practice stalking, pouncing, and biting.

Play allows a young animal to explore its environment and practice skill in comparative safety since the surrounding adults generally do not expect the young to deal with threats or predators. Play can also provide practice in social behaviors needed for courtship and mating. Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social groups. They need to learn how to be dominant and submissive because each monkey might have to play either role in the future. Most of these things are learned in the long developmental periods that primates have, during which they engage in countless play experiences with their peers.

There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play by others, potentially leading to aggression. This is especially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predator behaviors. Thus, many species have evolved clear signals to delineate playfulness. Dogs, for example, will wag their tails, get down their front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate "what follows is just for play."

1. According to paragraph 1, why is play difficult to define?

O Play must be defined with concepts, not examples.

O Play behavior often looks like nonplay behavior

O Play often occurs in the presence of animals that are not playing

O Play occurs independently of an animal’s intentions

2. According to paragraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge to researchers who study play behavior in animals

O The delay between activities and the benefits the animal derives from them.

O The difficulty in determining which animal species play and which do not.

O The fact that for most animals, there is no clear transition from youth to full adulthood.

O The lack of research on the play behavior of animals other than canids and primates.

3. The word “considerable” in paragraph 3 is closest in the meaning to

O Initial

O Practical

O Eventually

O Significant

4. According to paragraph 3, each of the following is a cost to animals that engage in play EXCEPT

O exposure to predators

O a buildup of fat stores

O a loss of fuel that could be used for growth

O risk of injury from slipping or falling

5. Why does the author include the comment “though they were fed the same diets” in paragraph 4?

O To show why rats living in impoverished environments need less food than those living in enriched environments

O To eliminate the possibility that differences in diet were responsibly for observed differences in brain weight

O To emphasize the point that rats were fed only the amount of food needed to keep them alive

O To suggest that rats fed the same diet have smaller brains than those fed a varied food

6. Paragraph 4 supports which of the following statements about an animal’s brain.

O The heavier the brain, the richer the environment in which the animal was raised.

O The younger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve cells.

O The larger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve cells.

O The larger the animal’s cerebellum, the larger will be the animal’s nerve cells.

7. According to paragraph 5, why might play behavior of prey species be different from those of predator species?

O Unlike predator species, prey species use play to prevent inappropriate social behaviors, such as biting.

O Some prey species are physically incapable of certain types of predator movements.

O The survival of each species type is linked to particular sets of muscular movements.

O Predator species have more opportunities to practice play behaviors than prey species.

Passage 2

Desert Formation

The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desert-like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process.

Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water. In some cases the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a stony surface. In other cases, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridges of sand.

Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.

In some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions. Continued gradual global warming has produced an increase in aridity for some areas over the past few thousand years. The process may be accelerated in subsequent decades if global warming resulting from air pollution seriously increases.

There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.

Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation. The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.

The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.

Firewood is the chief fuel used for cooking and heating in many countries. The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs. The increasing use of dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land.

The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from overirrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil.

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.

1. The word “threatened” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○restricted

○endangered

○prevented

○rejected

2. According to paragraph 3, the loss of natural vegetation has which of the following consequences for soil?

○Increased stony content

○Reduced water absorption

○Increased numbers of spaces in the soil

○Reduced water runoff

3. The word “delicate” in the paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to

○fragile

○predictable

○complex

○valuable

4. According to paragraph 5, in dry periods, border areas have difficulty

○adjusting to stresses created by settlement

○retaining their fertility after desertification

○providing water for irrigating crops

○attracting populations in search of food and fuel

5. The word “progressively” in the paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to

○openly

○impressively

○objectively

○increasingly

6. According to paragraph 6, which of the following is often associated with raising crops?

○Lack of proper irrigation techniques

○Failure to plant crops suited to the particular area

○Removal of the original vegetation

○Excessive use of dried animal waste

7. The phrase “devoid of” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○consisting of

○hidden by

○except for

○lacking in

Ⅲ. Writing (30 points)

Joseph Epstein ,a famous American writer, once said, “We decide what is important and what is trivial in life .We decide, we choose .In the end ,we forming our own destiny is what ambition is about” However, the other scholar said modesity is most important .Write an essay to state your opinion about the relationship about modesty and ambition ,and how they affect future and success.

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