2015年四川大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

2015年四川大学考博英语真题及详解

I.Reading Comprehension(30%;one mark each)

Directions:Read the following six passages.Answer the questions below each passage by Choosing A,B,C,or D.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

Passage One

Speech is so familiar a feature of daily life that we rarely pause to define it.It seems as natural to man as walking,and only less so than breathing.Yet it needs but a moment’s reflection to convince us that this naturalness of speech is but an illusory feeling.The process of acquiring speech is,in sober fact,an utterly different sort of thing from the process of learning to walk.In the case of the latter function,culture,in other words,the traditional body of social usage,is not seriously brought into play.The child is individually equipped,by the complex set of factors that we term biological heredity,to make all the needed muscular and nervous adjustments that result in walking.Indeed,the very conformation of these muscles and of the appropriate parts of the nervous system may be said to be primarily adapted to the movements made in walking and in similar activities.In a very real sense,the normal human being is predestined to walk,not because his elders will assist him to learn the art,but because his organism is prepared from birth to take on all those muscular adaptations that result in walking.To put it concisely,walking is an inherent,biological function of man.

Not so language.It is of course true that in a certain sense the individual is predestined to talk,but that is due entirely to the circumstance that he is born in the lap of a society that is certain to lead him to its traditions.Eliminate society and there is every reason to believe that he will learn to walk,if,indeed,he survives at all.But it is just as certain that he will never learn to talk,that is,to communicate ideas according to the traditional system of a particular society.Or, again,remove the new-born individual from the social environment into which he has come and transplant him to an utterly foreign one.He will develop the art of walking in his new environment very much as he would have developed it in the old.But his speech will be completely at variance with the speech of his native environment.Walking then is a general human activity that varies only within a restricted limit as we pass from individual to individual.

Its variability is purposeless.Speech is a human activity that varies without assignable limit as we pass from social group to social group,the product of long-continued social usage.It varies as all creative effort varies...not as consciously,perhaps,but none the less as truly as do the religions,the beliefs,the customs,and the arts of different peoples.Walking is an organic,an instinctive,function;speech is a non-instinctive,acquired,“cultural”function.

1.The first sentence of Paragraph Two,“Not so language”,is the closest in meaning to_____.

A.This is not the case with language

B.So is language and net anything else

C.No such a thing exists in language

D.Not so much with language

2.The real difference between the ability to walk and the ability to talk is that_____.

A.the former is like breathing while the latter is not

B.the former does not require social interaction while the latter does

C.the former requires muscular movement while the latter does not

D.the former is predestined while the latter is not

3.Which of the following is NOT an idea of the author?

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/698159676.html,nguage is biologically programmed but has to be acquired later on.

B.Only when a child grows up in a community can he learn to talk.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/698159676.html,nguage interaction is a way to impart culture.

D.Formal education is necessary for the learning of language.

4.When the author says the variability of walking“is purposeless”,he means that_____.

A.any person who walks would not have a purpose

B.in all cultures people walk aimlessly

C.culture does affect the ways people walk

D.purpose in walking varies with one’s ability

5.The author wrote this passage in order to_____.

A.argue for a point

B.provide information

C.narrate a legend

D.debate with his rivals

【答案与解析】

1.A文章第一段最后一句提到“walking is an inherent,biological function of man”，行走是人

与生俱来的生物功能。而第二段讲的是人类的语言能力是通过后天的学习获得的，因此“Not so language”表明情况和上文提到的不一样，因此本题正确答案是A。

2.D文章第一段主要讲的就是人类天生就有行走的能力，第二段则提到人类的语言能力不

是天生的，是通过后天的学习和环境影响得来的，因此D选项表达正确。

3.A A选项表达的意思是：语言是由生物程序设计的（天生的），但必须通过后天学习才能

获得。而文章最后一句提到：“speech is a non-instinctive,acquired,‘cultural’function”，语言是一种非本能的，获得性的“文化”功能。所以A选项不符合作者表达的观点，答案选A。

4.D文章第二段提到“Walking then is a general human activity that varies only within a

restricted limit as we pass from individual to individual”，意思是：行走是人类的一种普遍活动，它在我们从个体到个体传递的过程中的有限的范围内变化。这表明行走是天生的，只是存在个人能力的差别。因此D选项符合句意表达。

5.A作者在第一段提出“人的行走能力是天生的，而语言能力不是，需要通过后天学习获

得”这一论点，下文中用具体例子进行了解释说明。因此作者写作的主要目的是为了论证这一观点，A选项正确。

Passage Two

The observer does not have to look far to discover that Western society is youth oriented and youth worshiping.The phenomenon shows itself in many ways.Firstly`,adults do all they can to be youthful and to remain young because old age is feared and youthfulness admired.Beauty and cosmetic industries have made billions of dollars by encouraging this emulation of agelessness.

Secondly,much of what parents do is for their young.Thousands of parents make daily sacrifices for their children.The numerous benefits heaped upon children are evident.Many mothers say:“I would give my life for my children.”This feeling does not apply to all parents,but

it applies to enough of them to be proof positive that today’s adults care about their young people.

Thirdly,most adults say that the majority of youth today are“pretty good kids.”This point of view can be fairly well substantiated.Most studies that focus on normal adolescents agree that the majority are not problems,not in turmoil,not deeply disturbed,not at the mercy of their impulses,not resistant to parental values,not politically active,and not rebellious.In a recent Gallup poll,97percent of teens said they got along with their parents either very well or fairly well.Only3percent said they did not get along at all well.Sometimes,parents carry a positive view of their teenagers to an over-idealized extreme.They refuse to believe their children are ever at fault or ever capable of doing wrong,and they tend to attack any friend,teacher,or town official who tries to tell them otherwise.Despite this over-idealization most youths are not problems—to themselves or to their communities.Misconceptions are foraged by focusing only on the drug-addicted,delinquent,and disturbed or on the social rebels who are in fact a minority.

Finally,although most youths today are not activist rebels like those of the late1960s and early1970s;youthful idealism is still much in evidence.Adolescents are much concerned about social issues such as juvenile crime,drug abuse,the energy crises,unemployment,women’s liberation,materialism and indifference in society,pollution,and the environment.They also show genuine concern for the underdog,indicated by their frequent political alliance with blacks or the poor.They will give generously and work hard to help the starving overseas or will come to the defense of convicted criminals if they feel their cause is just.Clergy and other caring adults applaud youths who join the“love”generation to find more meaningful relationships than those between their parents at home or between business elements in a highly competitive society. These adults emphasize that parents ought not to be critical of their young for hating corruption, injustice,or superficial values.Although they are a little awed by youths who will work for months to keep a wilderness area from being mined by developers,value-oriented adults tell parents to admire their Young and admit that their activities are more worthwhile than swallowing goldfish or seeing how many kids can crowd themselves into a telephone booth.

6.By“youth worshiping”,the author expressed the idea that in Western society the adults_____.

A.worship the young people

B.are all religious believers

C.desire to stay young

D.worship God like the youth

7.According to the passage,teenagers in Western society are_____.

A.unmotivated students in schools

B.sympathetic with the unfortunate

C.highly competitive on the job market

D.equipped with all kinds of values

8.All of the following can be inferred from the passage EXCEPT that_____.

A.young people are more active than adults in protecting their environment

B.a majority of families live in peace and harmony

C.adults used to believe that adolescents are rebellious

D.it is not right for adults to criticize the youths

9.Which of the following is the best paraphrase of the idea of the last sentence of the passage?

A.Youths may go too far in their social activities,but that’s‘better than their doing

mischievous things or wasting their time.

B.Youths may oppose development,and that’s worthwhile because goldfish and telephone

booth are far less important.

C.Youths are environment protectionists,but they may also cause damage to wildlife or to

public properties.

D.Youths stay too long in wilderness,since they love things in nature instead of goldfish or

telephone booths in modem cities.

10.Most likely,the author of this passage is_____.

A.a sociologist

B.a loving parent

C.a political official

D.a clergyman

【答案与解析】

6.C文章第一段提到“adults do all they can to be youthful and to remain young because old

age is feared and youthfulness admired”，成年人想尽办法保持年轻，因为年老让人害怕。因此C选项符合题意，在西方国家，成年人想永葆青春。

7.B文章最后一段提到“They also show genuine concern for the underdog,indicated by their

frequent political alliance with blacks or the poor…”，青少年对地位低的，穷苦的人十分关心，他们还努力帮助世界上饱受饥饿和受到不公平待遇的人。所以可以知道西方国家的青少年们十分同情不幸的人。因此本题答案选B。

8.C C选项表达的意思是：成年人过去认为青少年时期是非常叛逆的。而文中第三段提到

“most adults say that the majority of youth today are‘pretty good kids’”，大部分成年人都觉得大多数青少年都是好孩子。C选项与文章表达的意思相悖，因此正确答案选C。

9.A文章最后一句话的大意是：尽管成年人会有些惊讶，孩子们会努力数月来阻止采矿人

开垦荒地，但价值导向的成年人告诉家长们要敬佩他们的年轻人，并承认他们的活动比吞食金鱼或者看有多少孩子可以挤进电话亭更有价值。言下之意是：孩子们的做法可能有些离谱，但也比他们每天干一些无聊的事或者搞破坏要强得多。因此A选项的表达符合要求。

10.A本篇文章写得是西方社会成年人对青少年的看法以及青少年的一些行为分析，这和

社会学有关，因此作者最有可能是个sociologist，社会学家，答案选A。

Passage Three

Crocodiles are incredibly strong,agile and aggressive.They are merciless killers and it’s their nature to be brutal.They are estimated to kill up to200people per year in Africa and they can eat up to half their body weight in one meal.This is why in Burkina Faso,the lakeside Bazoule village is famous for its unique tradition.

For many generations the villagers have lived harmoniously with about200wild crocodiles. Crocodiles have remained the same for over200million years.They are feared and avoided by humans and animals alike.But the people of Bazoule revere the sacred crocodiles in the lake.This unique tradition started many generations ago at a time when the people of Bazoule were facing a great drought and there was no water.Women used to walk40kilometers searching for water.

The crocodiles lived apart and hence there was no co-habitation between the crocodiles and the people of Bazoule.Legend says that one day the women were passing close to the crocodiles

and one woman attempted to collect water in the lake and the crocodile let her fetch water without attacking her.From then onwards all the women in Bazoule village could fetch water from the lake.The villagers named the ferocious animals the sacred crocodiles for they had saved them and they could not only fetch drinking water but also water their plants and they survived the famine.“The crocodiles of Bazoule are sacred because they are the totems of the village. They’re the ancestors of the village because they saved the villagers and that is why they’are called sacred,”says Prosper Kabore,Head Crocodile guide.

Prosper was born into this tradition.His job is to safeguard the unique relationship between the people and the sacred crocodiles.Every child in Bazoule is taught to be kind and respectful. They are constantly reminded that the life they enjoy today is as a result‘of the kindness and compassion shown to their ancestors.Kindness and help provided to them by the most unlikely animals,the crocodile.At one point in time the crocodiles cried for one month.Everybody wondered what was wrong.When Prosper told the local chief who is entirely in charge of the conservation of the sacred crocodiles,he prohibited children from picking grass at the lake.Then one night a child went into the water and did not return.The crocodiles cried a lot.The day that followed people saw somebody drowned in the water.“We tried to retrieve the body but we couldn’t.Then we saw the crocodile bringing the body.He pushed it out of the water and we took the body and buried,”recalls Kabore.

Hence this unique co-existence is what draws people from all over and they are shocked to see this phenomenon that has been in this village for many generations.They get a chance to ride on the backs of the sacred crocodiles,feed them with chickens.The chickens fed to the crocodiles come from Bazoule village,any chicken outside the village is not fed to the crocodiles. This is meant to appease the ancestors.The sacred crocodiles and Bazoule people have a great interdependency.The crocodiles allow the villagers to use the water and the villagers allow the crocodiles to feed on their plants and the cycle of life goes on harmoniously.The money attained from tourists goes directly to help the needy children in Bazoule.Hence not only does the community help in conserving the crocodiles and the old tradition but it also,uplifts the lives of its community members.

11.All of the following about crocodiles are true EXCEPT that they_____.

A.move swiftly and flexibly

B.need a lot of food to eat

C.have a mild temperament

D.live in waters

12.According to the passage,the Bazoule villagers respect the crocodiles as sacred beings

because the crocodiles there_____.

A.live far away from the village

B.are respected as the emblem of the villagers

C.eat chickens and plants only

D.would feel sad when a human being dies

13.Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?

A.The Bazoule villagers are active animal protectionists.

B.Even crocodiles can be tamed just like dogs are domesticated.

C.Ecological harmony may lead to the prosperity of tourism.

D.Human beings have treated ferocious animals in a wrong way.

14.Which of the following is opposite in meaning to“uplift”in the last sentence of the passage?

A.degrade

B.downplay

C.downpour

D.delimit

15.Which of the following may be the most appropriate title for this passage?

A.Animal Protection and Development of Tourism

B.An Unbelievable Tradition in an African Tribe

C.Crocodiles and Villagers in Mutual Understanding

D.Crocodile Conservation:a Human Endeavor

【答案与解析】

11.C文章第一句提到“Crocodiles are incredibly strong,agile and aggressive.”，表明鳄鱼是非

常强大，敏捷和有攻击性的。而C选项说鳄鱼是十分温顺的，表达错误。因此C选项符合题目要求，答案选C。

12.B文章第三段描述了Bazoule村民为什么认为鳄鱼是神圣的原因，是因为在一次干旱中，

鳄鱼没有攻击前来取水的村民使得村民和庄稼都得救了。“The crocodiles of Bazoule are sacred because they are the totems of the village”，鳄鱼之所以神圣是因为它们是这个村子的图腾，受人尊敬。因此正确答案选B。

13.C文章最后一段提到“this unique co-existence is what draws people from all over and they

are shocked to see this phenomenon…”，鳄鱼和村民的和谐共处吸引了各地来的游客，促进了当地旅游业的发展，提高了人们的生活水平。因此答案选C，生态和谐促进旅游业的繁荣发展。

14.A uplift表示“提高”的意思，它的反义词是“降低”。A降低；降级。B不予重视；将……

轻描淡写。C倾盆大雨；注下。D划界；定界限。因此正确答案选A。

15.A文章主要描写的是在非洲国家的一个小村庄里鳄鱼和村民和谐共处的故事，这种奇特

的现象吸引了来自世界各地的游客，促进了旅游业的发展。因此最恰当的标题应该选A，动物保护与旅游业的发展。

Passage Four

Excessive sun exposure is bad for our health.But sun deprivation is also harmful-contributing to ailments from depression to disturbed sleep,obesity and even cancer. People inhabiting the far northern hemisphere are particularly vulnerable,forced to endure long, dark winter nights and sometimes only seeing the sun for three quarters of an hour per day in December.

But relief could be on its way,with Swedish researchers exploring a range of projects that could bring light to the wider population.They are working on a device that could transform people’s homes and lives by regulating the amount of light to which they are exposed.At Lund University,in southern Sweden,Prof Thorbjorn Laike shows off what he calls an“artificial sun”,a collection of bright bluish lights that wouldn’t look out of place in a giant’s dentist surgery.

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曹翔同志于2009年12月加入中国共产党，坚决拥护中国共产党领导，在党组织开展的各项活动中表现积极，政治可靠，有很强的责任心和集体荣誉感。 该同志是在2010年9月以优异的成绩成为我的硕士研究生的。入学之初，我即对他强调要系统学习专业知识，认识研读文献资料。读研期间，该同志的业务水平不断提升，主持了一项西南民族大学创新型科研项目，参与了一项西南民族大学中央高校科研项目，撰写了一篇题为《湘西自治州扶贫开发中人力资本提升问题研究》的硕士论文，并通过了硕士论文答辩，拿到了管理学硕士学位。 此外，该同志及时追踪最新的学科进展，涉足的时间尺度和研究方法都不局限于硕士论文的选题大量，有较宽的科学视野和开放的思维方式。该同志外语水平较强，曾荣获2009年全国大学生英语竞赛优秀奖，读研期间通过不断地刻苦训练，业已具备不错的交流能力。 作为该同志的硕士研究生导师，我有足够的理由相信，他会在更有竞争力的环境中取得更好的成绩，并为祖国的繁荣富强做出积极努力。他蕴藏的学术潜力正待更有效地激发和引导。 作为他的硕士导师，我很高兴推荐他成为四川大学博士研究生。

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