2012考博英语(四川农业大学)

四川农业大学

2012年招收攻读博士学位研究生考试试题

科目名称： 1080英语(总分：100分)

考生注意：所有答案必需写在答题纸上，否则无效！本试题随同答题纸交回！

Passage One

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.

Traditional methods of teaching no longer suffice in this technological world. Currently there are more than 100 000 computers in schoolrooms in the United States. Students, mediocre and bright alike, the first grade through high school, not only are not intimidated by computers, but have become avid participants in the computer epoch.

Kids operating computers implement their curriculum with great versatility. A musical student can program musical notes so that the computer will play Beethoven or the Beatles. For a biology class, the computer can produce a picture of the intricate actions of the body’s organs, thus enabling today’s students to envisage human biology in a profound way. A nuclear reactor is no longer an enigma to students who can see its workings in minute details on a computer. In Wisconsin, the Chippewa Indians are studying their ancient and almost forgotten language with the aid of a computer. More commonly, the computer is used for drilling math and language concepts so that youngsters may learn at their own speed without trying the patience of their human teachers. The simplest computers aid the handicapped, who learn more rapidly from the computer than from humans. Once irksome, remedial drills and exercises now on computer are conducive to learning because the machine responds to correct answers with praise and to incorrect answers with frowns and even an occasional tear.

Adolescents have become so exhilarated by computers that they have developed their own jargon, easily understood by their peers but leaving their disconcerted parents in the dark. They have shown so much fervor for computers that they have formed computer clubs, beguile their leisure hours in computer stores, and even attend computer camps.

This is definitely the computer age. It is expected that by 1999 there will be between 300 000and 650 000 computers in American schools. Manufacturers of computers are presently getting tax write-offs for donating equipment to colleges and universities and are pushing for legislation to obtain further deductions for contributions to elementary and high schools. Furthermore, the price of computers has steadily fallen to the point where a small computer for home or office is being sold for less than﹩100. At that price every class in the country will soon have computer kids.

1.Which of the following does“traditional methods”in the first paragraph refer to?

A. Technological methods of teaching.

B. Teachers, textbooks and class drills.

C. Computer teaching.

D. Television teaching.

2. Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A. Students have to be bright in order to operate a computer.

B. High school students are less threatened by computer compared with grade 1 students.

C. All the students take an active part in computer operation today and ordinary students are no exception.

D. Today’s students are more versatile than with the implementation of computers.

3. With the help of computer, today’s students .

A. can understand more complex concepts

B. learn more rapidly from computer than from their teachers

C. can learn everything without their teachers’ help

D. can build nuclear reactors

4. What does the word“disconcerted”in paragraph 3 mean?

A. Dissatisfied.

B. Disinterested.

C. Nearsighted.

D. Confused.

5. Which of the following can we infer from the passage?

A. Parents encourage their kids to attend computer camps and form computer clubs.

B. The country encourages the popularization of computers among the school children.

C. The price of computers has fallen steadily.

D. Computer manufacturers are donating equipment for colleges and universities purely for the good of the

students.

Passage Two

Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.

To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on “persuasive salesmanship” to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money.

Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase.

The concept does not imply that business is benevolent or that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transaction-----the firm and the customer----and each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers. A striking example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself in mid-1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The nonacceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King Customer ruled!

6. The marketing concept discussed in the passage is, in essence, .

A. the practice of turning goods into money

B. marking goods available for purchase

C. the customer-centered approach

D. a form of persuasive salesmanship

7. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

A. Most industries today concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods.

B. Companies today focus on the preferences of the dealers.

C. Companies put the consumer interest above their own interest.

D. Analysis of the consumer interest does good to the companies.

8. According to the passage,“to move as much of these goods as possible

(para.1)means“”.

A. to sell the largest possible amount of goods

B. to transport goods as efficiently as possible

C. to dispose these goods in large quantities

D. to redesign these goods for large-scale production

9. What does the restoration of the Classic Coke best illustrate?

A. Traditional goods have a stronger appeal to the majority of people.

B. It takes time for a new product to be accepted by the public.

C. Consumers with conservative taste are often difficult to please.

D. Products must be designed to suit the taste of consumer.

10. In discussing the market concept, the author focuses on .

A. its main characteristic

B. its social impact

C. its possible consequence

D. its theoretical basis

Passage Three

Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.

Statistics regarding cigarette smoking are anything but encouraging. The Federal

Trade Commission recently announced that in 1990 Americans purchased 628.2 billion cigarettes, an appallingly greater number than ever before. The average smoker consumed 11 633 cigarettes, of which 44.8 percent were low-tar cigarettes containing less than 15 milligrams of tar. In 1968 the average tar content was 22 milligrams.

Despite the fact that every cigarette pack has a printed warning from the Surgeon General, those who still smoke are smoking more heavily. Many people have forsworn smoking in fear of lung cancer. The American Cancer Society reports that death rates from lung cancer have escalated, whereas those for other major cancers have leveled off or declined. Last year 111 000 Americans died of lung cancer, while it is estimated that 117 000 will succumb this year. Lung cancer heads the list in killing 35 percent of males who die from cancer. Lung cancer accounts for 17 percent of women’s cancer deaths. An estimated 440 000 deaths from cancer will occur this year, 9000 more than previous year. Lung cancer accounts for two thirds of the increase. Although many cancer patients have survived the disease, the prognosis for lung cancer patients is most disheartening. Ninety-one percent of all diagnosed cases of lung cancer do not survive.

11. From the passage, we can infer that low-tar cigarettes .

A. reduce the dangers of smoking

B. appeal to a majority of smokers

C. cause lung cancer

D. have the Surgeon General’s approval

12. We can infer from the first paragraph that average smokers smoke .

A. less than they did in the past

B. more than they did in the past

C. the same as they did in the past

D. none of the above

13. It is predicted that the number of deaths from lung cancer this year will be .

A. reduced from the number last year

B. the same as the number last year

C. 6 000 more than last year

D. 111 000

14. The percentage of women’s lung cancer deaths is .

A. equal to that of men’s lung cancer deaths

B. rising annually

C. about half the percentage of men’s cancer deaths

D. an indication that women are not susceptible to lung cancer

15. We may infer from the passage that lung cancer .

A. can be treated effectively

B. is incurable

C. will cause cigarettes to be taken off the market

D. currently has no infallible cure

Passage Four

Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.

Ever since Antarctic exploration began, men entering on the frozen continent have taken for granted being completely cut off from the rest of civilization. Now all that has changed. In June 1967 I was proud to be aboard a history-making airing—the first to make a regularly scheduled flight to the Antarctica in the black of its winter night.

A beginning was made in 1961, when a Soviet exchange scientist wintering at remote Byrd Station fell critically ill. Our Navy flew in and got him out, and he recovered. We flew in for another patient in 1964, and two more in 1966. All these flight were made on an emergency basis—and of course at considerable risk---during the months when, traditionally, Antarctica is cut off from the world. But, if we could get in and out safely in an emergency, why could we not fly in—and with greater safety—on a regular, planned schedule?

During the summer, Navy C-130s fly back and forth on routine over-ocean flights between the Deep Freeze advance base at Christchurch, New Zealand and McMurdo Station, the main American scientific base in Antarctica. But all these flights are made in broad 24 hour daylight. Even in summer, flying to and from Antarctica is hazardous. A man down in that icy water could live only about 10 minutes. In winter’s darkness and more intense coldness, the perils are multiplied. An aircraft down at sea or on the“ice”(our everyday term for Antarctica) can be a lot harder to find at night than in daylight.

Yet, despite these hazards, we had strong reason to open up Antarctica in winter. Scientists working in universities in the United States have summer free for research. Regular fly-ins allow us to deliver them and pick them up in time to resume their academic duty. Obviously, the flights would be popular with the men in the ice and good for morale, for they would carry in mail and fresh provisions.

16. Which of the following statements is not true according to the passage?

A. The writer was aboard an history-making airplane flights in june,1967.

B. A Soviet exchange scientist fell critically ill when I was in the Antarctica.

C. June is the winter in the Antarctica.

D. My trip to the Antarctica was the first regularly scheduled flight to the Antarctica.

17. Before June 1967, there were regularly scheduled flights .

A. only in the Antarctic summer

B. only in the Antarctic winter

C. in both summer and winter

D. only on an emergency basis

18. Our Navy flew in: what was special about this flight?

A. As a result of it, the sick man recovered.

B. It was in the Antarctica winter.

C. It was an international assistance—the U.S was coming to the help of a Soviet scientist.

D. All of the above.

19. Which of the following can we infer from the passage?

A. The writer was frightened by the hazard in the Antarctica.

B. The writer was restrained by the coldness in the Antarctica.

C. The writer is suggesting opening up the Antarctica in winter.

D. The writer wishes to be a scientist working in the Antarctica.

20. The flight was welcomed by the men in the Antarctica because .

A. it sends more companions to them

B. they can resume their academic duty

C. they will have a chance to get the news from their families and friends.

D. they can go back on the return flight

Passage Five

Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.

In recent years, there has been a steady assault on salt from the doctors: salt is bad for you regardless of your health. Politicians also got on board. “There is a direct relationship,” US congressman Neal Smith noted, “between the amount of sodium a person consumes and heart disease, circulatory disorders, stroke and even early death.”

Frightening, if true! But many doctors and medical researchers are now beginning to feel the salt scare has gone too far. “All this hue and cry about eating salt is unnecessary,” Dr. Dustan insists. “For most of us it probably doesn’t make much difference how much salt we eat.” Dustan’s most recent short-term study of 150 people showed that those with normal blood pressure experienced no change at all when placed on an extremely low-salt diet, or later when salt was reintroduced. Of the hypertensive subjects, however, half of those on the low-salt diet did experience a drop in blood pressure, which returned to its previous level when salt was reintroduced.

“An adequate to somewhat excessive salt intake has probably saved many more lives than it has cost in the general population,” notes Dr. John H. Laragh. “So a recommendation that the whole population should avoid salt makes no sense.”

Medical experts agree that everyone should practice reasonable “moderation”in salt consumption. For the average person, a moderate amount might run from four to ten grams a day, or roughly1/2 to 1/3 of a teaspoon. The equivalent of one to two grams of this salt allowance would come from the natural sodium in food. The rest would be added in processing, preparation or at the table.

Those with kidney, liver or heart problems may have to limit dietary salt, if their doctor advises. But even the very vocal “low salt” exponent, Dr. Arthur Hull Hayes, Jr. admits that “we do not know whether increased sodium consumption causes hypertension.” In fact, there is growing scientific evidence that other factors may be involved: deficiencies in calcium, potassium, perhaps magnesium; obesity (much more dangerous than sodium); genetic predisposition; stress.

“It is not your enemy,” says Dr. Laragh. “salt is the No.1 natural component of all human tissue, and the idea that you don’t need it is wrong. Unless your doctor has proven that you have a salt-related health problem, there is no reason to give it up.”

21. According to some doctors and politicians, the amount of salt consumed .

A. poses as an aggravating factor to people in poor health

B. cures diseases such as heart problem and circulatory disorders

C. correlates to some diseases

D. is irrelevant to people suffering from heart disease

22. Dr. Dustan’s study indicates .

A. a low-salt diet may do some good to people’s health

B. the amount of salt intake does not make much difference to one’s blood pressure

C. the reduction of salt intake can cure a hypertensive patient

D. an extremely low-salt diet results in a low blood pressure

23. In the third paragraph, Dr. Laragh implies that .

A. people should take excessive salt

B. doctors should not advise people to avoid salt

C. an adequate to excessive salt intake is recommended for people

D. excessive salt intake has claimed some victims in the general population

24. What does “moderation in salt consumption” (par.3) most probably refers to?

A. An excessive consumption of salt.

B. Low-salt consumption.

C. Both A and B.

D. Neither A or B.

25. What is the main message of this text?

A. The salt scare is not justified.

B. The cause of hypertension is now understood.

C. The moderate use of salt is recommended.

D. Salt consumption is to be promoted.

Passage Six

Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.

Just a few seconds of frenzied passion on the floor of the public bar and things would never be the same again for Michelle. It only took a few minutes to ruin her life. The end of all her hopes and dreams, her childhood and teenage innocence, all stripped away the first and only time she ever surrendered herself to a man.

No one saw it happen, but the news spread fast. It wasn’t long before the whole of Britain knew what had happened in the Queen Victoria—Dirty Den, the landlord, had done it again. Only this time he had gone too far.

For the millions who have agonized with her, Michelle’s pregnancy seems a terrible price to pay for one mistake—a little youthful stupidity. Yet, with the increasing number of teenage single mums, it’s not just a problem dreamed up for a soap opera—as actress Susan Tully, who plays Michelle, has discovered from hundreds of letters: It’s a dilemma many young girls face.

As she talks about Michelle and her baby, it’s easy to understand why Susan has been so successful in the role.

Even though she’s never had an experience like it herself, it’s one she recognizes all too clearly from what happens to some of her contemporaries at school. Michelle might almost be her younger sister rather than a fictional part in Britain’s most successful soap opera.

Susan says that she never became involved with men during her school years because of her work. With her time being split equally between school and television studios, she was busy learning lines while her girlfriends were dating boys. While they went out to discos and parties in the evening she was desperately catching up on her schoolwork.

“ I don’t feel as though I’ve missed out on anything,” she insists. “And unlike a lot of my friends. I’ve got plenty to look forward to. That’s what’s so nice about my boyfriend now. It’s very comfortable and there’s lots to find out about each other.”

“It’s then that I feel sad for Michelle. When she should be going out and having fun, she’s having to worry about whether she’s going to breastfeed the baby. She’s sad to say goodbye to being a teenager.”

26.What evidence is there that Michelle’s pregnancy is not just a problem dreamed up for a soap opera?

A. Micelle has got several letters from some young people.

B. Michelle always has several appointments every week.

C. Susan became involved with men during her school years.

D. Susan has got many letters from people in the same situation.

27. How did Susan avoid the dangers that many of her school friends faced?

A. By thinking of Michelle as her younger sister.

B. By doing many projects at home.

C. By working hard at school and at the TV studio.

D. By dating her boyfriend during her school years.

28. According to the passage, which of the following is not true?

A. Susan played Michelle successfully in a soap opera.

B. Michelle’s case is not rare in the British schools.

C. Girls should not yield themselves to a man easily.

D. Susan should have taken part in discos and parties in her school years.

29. What does the word “lines” in paragraph 5 mean?

A. Direction of a course.

B. Words spoken by an actor.

C. Thread for hanging clothes.

D. Telephone connection.

30. The best title for this passage is .

A. Sorry for Susan Tully

B. Sorry for Michelle

C. Susan’s School Years

D. Susan’s Hopes and Dreams

Passage Seven

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.

In the business world today, Coca-Cola, a little more than a century old itself, stands out as the most successful product in the history of commerce. People on every continent, in almost every country of the world, are familiar with the name and taste of this world-famous soft drink.

Coca-Cola was born in Atlanta on May 8, 1886, when Dr. John Styth Pemberton produced the syrup, a pharmacist named, according to legend, in a brass pot in his backyard. When, by accident or design, carbonated water was added to the syrup, it produced a drink that was declared “delicious and refreshing.”

The trademark “Coca-Cola” was registered in the U.S. Patent Office on January 31, 1893. Through clever advertising the demand for the product grew by leaps and bounds. One great leap forward came in 1894, when Joseph Biedenharn of Vicksburg, Mississippi, impressed with the demand for the drink at his soda fountain, installed bottling machinery and began to sell cases of Coca-Cola to plantations and lumber camps up and down the Missippi River. Today, the Coca-Cola bottling system is the largest, most widespread production and distribution, net-work in the world. In 1916 the uniquely shaped bottle, designed by a glass company in Terre Huate, Indiana, was developed to protect Coca-Cola from imitations.

In the1920s Coca-cola pioneered in producing “six-packs,”cardboard cartons that held six bottles of the drink. In 1929 a distinctively shaped fountain glass became standard and helped to advertise the popularity of the drink.

The international growth of Coca-Cola began in 1900, when a son of the company’s founder took a jug of syrup with him on a vacation to England. The same year Coca-Cola traveled to Cuba and Puerto Rico, where bottling operations soon began, as they did in Panama, the Philippines, and Guam. The first bottling company on the European continent began operation in France in 1920.

Coca-Cola and the Olympics began their association in the summer of 1928, when an American freighter arrived in Amsterdam carrying the United States Olympic team and 1 000 cases of Coca-Cola. Forty thousand spectators filled the stadium to witness two firsts: the first lighting of the Olympic flame and the first sale of Coke

at an Olympiad.

Many people outside the United States had their first taste of Coca-Cola during World War Ⅱ, when 64 bottling plants were shipped abroad (the first being in Algiers) to provide more than 5 billion bottles of Coke for American service personnel in Europe and the Pacific. In the next 20 years the number of countries with bottling operations nearly doubled.

The worldwide appeal of Coca-Cola was dramatically displayed in 1971, when young people from around the world gathered on a hilltop in Italy to sing “I’d like to buy the world a Coke”—presenting a unifying global spirit.

In 1976 the well-known advertising slogan “The Pause That Refreshes”(which first appeared in THE SATURDAY EVENING POST in 1929) was joined by a new slogan: “Coke Adds Life.” A few years later “Have a Coke and a Smile” was added, and in 1982 the theme “Coke is it !” was launched around the world, followed by “Can’t Beat the Feeling” in the late 1980s, and “Can’t Beat the Real Thing” in the early 1990s.

“The Pause That Refreshes” has come a long way in 109 years.

31. What did Dr. John Styth Pemberton do before he made the “delicious and refreshing” drink?

A. He was a soft-drink dealer.

B. He was an alcohol dealer.

C. He was a physician.

D. He was a pharmaceutical chemist.

32. The demand for the product grew through clever advertising.

A. very rapidly

B. steadily

C. slowly

D. unsteadily

33. Which of the following is NOT true?

A. Each cardboard carton can hold six bottles of the drink.

B. T he growth of Coca-Cola began in 1900.

C. In France, the first bottling company on the European continent began operation.

D. The Olympics and Coca-Cola associated with each other in the summer of 1928.

34. When did the number of countries with bottling operations nearly double?

A. 1920’s

B.1940’s

C.1960’s

D.1980’s

35. Which of the following slogans did not make their first appearance in the 1980’s?

A. “Coke is it !”

B. “Coke Adds Life.”

C. “Can’t Beat the Feeling.”

D. “Have a Coke and a Smile.”

Passage Eight

Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.

The year was 1959. Location: The central African city of Leopoldville, now

called Kinshasa, shortly before the waves of violent rebellion that followed the liberation of the Belgian Congo. A seemingly healthy man walked into a hospital clinic to give blood for a Western-backed study of blood diseases. He walked away and was never heard from again. Doctors analyzed his sample, froze it in a lest tube and forgot about it. A quarter-century later, in the mid-1980s, researchers studying the growing AIDS epidemic took a second look at the blood and discovered that it contained HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.

And not just any HIV. The Leopoldville sample is the oldest specimen of the AIDS virus ever isolated and may now help solve the mystery of how and when the virus made the leap from animals(monkeys or chimpanzees)to humans, according to a report published last week in Nature. Dr. David Ho, director of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center in New York City and one of the study’s authors, says a careful genetic analysis of sample’s DNA pushes the putative origin of the AIDS epidemic back at least a decade, to the early 1950s or even the 1940s.

Over the past 15 years, scientists have identified at least 10 subtypes of the AIDS virus. But they couldn’t tell whether they were seeing variations on one changeable virus or the handiwork of several different viruses that had made the jump from primates to man. A close look at the genetic mutations in the Leopoldville sample strongly suggests that all it look to launch the AIDS epidemic was one unlucky turn of events.

By comparing the DNA of the 1959 virus with that of samples taken from the 1980s and 1990s , Ho and his colleagues constructed a viral family tree in which the Leopoldville isolate sits right at the juncture where three subtypes branch out. The 39-year-old specimen is also strikingly similar to the other seven subtypes. The clear implication: all the viral strains can be traced back to a single event or a closely related group of events. One theory is that AIDS started through contact with infected monkeys in a remote area and spread to the rest of the population through urbanization and mass inoculations.

The findings underscore how rapidly HIV can adapt to its surroundings, making it devilishly difficult to develop effective vaccines. No one knows how many more subtypes of HIV will sprout in the next 40 years, but chances are that they will be every bit as lethal as the ones we see today, if not more so.

36.What does the phrase “Belgian Congo” mean?

A. Belgium was a colony of Congo.

B. Congo was a colony of Belgium.

C. Belgian Congo was a African state.

D. Belgium and Congo were two separate countries.

37. According to this article, HIV in human body originated from .

A. animals

B. plants

C. food

D. Not mentioned in the article

38. Are the ten subtypes of the AIDS virus variation of one?

A. Yes.

B. No.

C. Scientists are not sure about it at present.

D. It is not mentioned in the article.

39. Which of the following statements is true?

A. All the viral strains can be traced back to a single event.

B. HIV can not easily adapt to its surroundings.

C. AIDS started through contact with inflected monkeys in a remote area.

D. AIDS started through urbanization and mass inoculations.

40. Which of the following is the best topic for this passage?

A. How to Protect Yourself from AIDS?

B. Where Does HIV Come From?

C. Classification of HIV.

D. When Did AIDS Begin?

Part II: Translate the following into Chinese(30 points).

1. Britain almost more than any other country in the world most seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats.

2. It is said that the English man objects to this type of existence, but if the case is such, he does in fact differ from the inhabitants of most countries of the world today.

3. In the past our own blocks of flats have been associated with the lower-income groups and they have lacked the obvious provisions, such as central heating, constant hot water supply, electrically operated lifts from bottom to the top, and so on, as well as such details as easy facilities for disposal of dust and rubbish and storage places for baby carriages in the ground floor, playgrounds for children on the top of the buildings, and drying grounds for washing.

4. It is likely that the dispute regarding flats versus(对，对抗) individual houses will continue to rage on for a long time as far as Britain is concerned.

5. Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption that everyone prefers an individual home and garden. They also ignore the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both money and time of the journeys to work.

Part III: Writing(30 points)

Directions: In this section, you are supposed to write a short composition within 40 minutes, and your composition should be no less than 150 English words. Your composition is based on the title: The Personal Qualities of a Doctor Student

2012年上海高三英语翻译精编

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