武汉理工大学专业英语

动力工程专业英语大作业

院系：能源与动动力工程学院

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2015年 12 月 27日

武汉理工大学能源与动力工程学院

Application of a multi-zone combustion

model to investigate the NOx reduction

potential of

two-stroke marine diesel engines using EGR Author:Raptotasios, SI (Raptotasios, Spiridon I.)[ 1 ] ; Sakellaridis, NF (Sakellaridis, Nikolaos F.)[ 1 ] ; Papagiannakis, RG (Papagiannakis, Roussos G.)[ 2 ] ;Hountalas, DT (Hountalas, Dimitrios T.)[ 1 ]

DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.12.041

Acceptance Date： NOV 1 2015

Abstract

The most promising solution for propulsion of marine vessels currently and for the near future is the two-stroke low-speed diesel engines. Despite its advantages, as far as specific fuel oil consumption, power density and reliability is concerned, it suffers from increased NOx emissions mainly because of its low rotational speed. But the upcoming NOx emission legislation (Tier III) in the marine sector requires considerable reduction of NOx emissions towards levels which have not yet been commercially achieved using primary methods. This creates new challenges for the development and application of innovative techniques that could reduce engine's NOx emissions with the lowest possible fuel penalty. This is important considering current and future fuel prices. The large size of the 2-stroke marine engine makes the use of experimental techniques, to investigate this potential, expensive and time consuming. Modelling can significantly contribute towards this effort and result to reduction of research and development cost. Among the most effective in-cylinder techniques for NOx reduction is EGR, a proven technology for smaller engines used in the transport sector. In the present study, it is investigated via modelling, the potential to reduce NOx emissions of two-stroke marine engines using EGR Despite the technological difficulties resulting mainly from the use of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO), which makes the application of conventional EGR techniques difficult, it is worthwhile investigating the NOx reduction potential, since significant progress has been achieved towards the development of new EGR gas cooling techniques and scrubber technologies for removal of sulphur species from the exhaust gas. The present investigation makes use of an existing well validated multi-zone combustion model, initially developed for high-speed DI dieselengines. The model has been successfully applied in the past, to investigate heavy duty diesel engine NOx reduction via EGR, providing favourable results. Currently it is modified and applied on a two-stroke marine diesel engine using EGR. Model evaluation is based on experimental data acquired from the

international literature, due to lack of experimental data for 2-stroke engines. The analysis of derived results reveals model's ability to predict both engine performance and NOx emissions but most important the ability to predict the overall effect of EGR on NOx emissions in a qualitatively correct way. The re the strong potential of EGR to control NOx emissions of 2-stroke engines with relatively compared to alternative techniques. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

KeyWords：Multi-zone combustion model; Exhaust Gas Recirculation; NOx emissions; Two-stroke low-speed diesel engine; Engine performance

二冲程船用柴油机废气循环应用多区域燃烧模型研究氮氧化物减排的可能性

摘要

目前和不远的将来最有效的解决海洋船舶的方案是低速二冲程柴油机。就燃油消耗率,功率密度和可靠性而言,它有优势，但由于较低的转速会加剧氮氧化物颗粒的形成。但即将到来的氮氧化物排放立法(第三层)在海洋领域需要相当大的减少氮氧化物的排放对水平的主要方法尚未商业化实现使用。创新技术的开发和利用,能减少发动机的氮氧化物排放最低的燃料处罚标准。考虑燃油当前和未来的价格是很重要的。大型二冲程柴油机使用实验技术去调查它的潜力，这既浪费金钱又浪费时间。造型可以显著促进对这一努力和结果减少研究和开发成本。最有效的缸内技术减少氮氧化物是苛刻的,小排量的成熟技术,用于在运输部门。在目前的研究中,它是通过造型,调查的潜在减少氮氧化物排放二冲程船用引擎使用废气循环尽管技术产生的困难主要来自使用重油(高频振荡器),这使得传统的应用废气循环技术困难,值得调查氮氧化物还原电位,自取得重大进展向新的苛刻的气体冷却技术的发展和洗涤器技术去除废气的硫物种。目前调查利用现有的验证分域燃烧模型,最初为高速DI 柴油机的开发。模型已成功应用于过去,探讨重型柴油机氮氧化物减少通过废气循环技术提供有利的结果。目前它被修改和应用二冲程船用柴油机使用苛刻的。模型的评估是基于实验数据获得国际文学,由于缺乏实验数据为二冲程。派生的分析结果揭示了模型预测发动机性能和氮氧化物排放的能力但最重要的是能够预测废气循环对氮氧化物排放的总体效果正确定性。

关键词：多区域燃烧模型；废气循环；氮氧化物颗粒；大型低速船用二冲程柴油机；发动机性能

Analytical Framework to Evaluate

Emission Control Systems for Marine

Engines

Author:Jayaram, Varalakshmi

Acceptance Date:2010

Series:UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Degree:Ph.D., Chemical and Environmental EngineeringUC Riverside

Advisor(s):Cocker, David R

Committee:Miller, J Wayne, Norbeck, Joseph

Abstract

Emissions from marine diesel engines are mainly uncontrolled and affect regional airquality and health of people living near ports. Many emission control strategies areevolving to reduce these emissions and their impacts. This dissertation characterizes the effectiveness of new technologies for reducing NOx and PM2.5 emissions from a range of marine diesel engines. Researchers, regulators and policy makers require these characterizations to develop emission inventories and suitable mitigation strategies. KeyWords：marine diesel engines；emission；new technologies；mitigation strategies

船用柴油机排放控制系统的分析框架

摘要

船用柴油机的排放主要是控制和影响港口附近居住的人区域空气质量和健康。许多排放控制策略而逐渐减少这些排放及其影响。本论文的特点及新技术的有效性，减少从一系列船用柴油机NOx排放和可入肺颗粒物。研究人员，监管机构和政策制定者需要这些特性来制定排放清单和适当的缓解策略。

关键词：船用柴油机；排放；新技术；缓解策略

Natural gas as a marine fuel

Author:Thomson, H (Thomson, Heather)[ 1 ] ; Corbett, JJ (Corbett, James

J.)[ 1 ] ; Winebrake, JJ (Winebrake, James J.)[ 2 ]

DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2015.08.027

Acceptance Date：DEC 2015

Abstract

This paper provides new knowledge about the life-cycle emissions of natural gas compared to traditional petroleum-based fuels in the marine sector. While natural gas will reduce local air pollutants, such as sulfur oxides and particulate matter, the implications for greenhouse gases depend on how the natural gas is extracted, processed, distributed, and used. Applying a "technology warming potential" (TWP) approach, natural gas as a marine fuel achieves climate parity within 30 years

for diesel ignited engines, though could take up to 190 years to reach climate parity with conventional fuels in a spark ignited engine. Movement towards natural gas as a marine fuel continues to progress, and conditions exist in some regions to make a near-term transition to natural gas feasible. Liquefied natural gas

in marine transportation is likely to be incentivized where economics favoring natural gas is coupled with air emissions public policy targets. To ensure that climate neutral conversion is achieved with the least delay, TWP results highlight the important role of energy policy for infrastructure development of upstream pathways and onboard ship systems technology innovation.

KeyWords：Natural gas; Life-cycle analysis; Greenhouse gases; Marine transportation; Environmental policy

天然气燃料船舶

摘要

本文提供了在海洋部门新知识的生命周期排放天然气相比传统石油燃料。而天然气将会减少当地的空气污染物,如硫氧化物和颗粒物,对温室气体的影响取决于天然气提取,加工、分发和使用。应用”技术变暖潜力”(TWP)方法,天然气作为船用燃料达到气候平价在30年柴油点燃发动机,虽然可能需要190年才能达到气候与传统燃料平价火花点燃引擎。运动对天然气船用燃料继续进步,一些地区和条件存在短期过渡到天然气的可行性。液化天然气在海洋运输可能会鼓励经济学有利于天然气加上空气排放公共政策目标。确保气候中立的转换实现最少的延迟,TWP的结果突出能源政策的重要作用上游基础设施发展的途径和船载系统技术创新。

关键词：天然气；生命周期分析；温室气体；海洋运输；环境政策

The Dynamics of Competition in the

Internet Search Engine Market

Author:Gandal, Neil, Tel Aviv University, University of Calilfornia, Berkeley, and CEPR

Publication Date:01-02-2001

Series:Other Recent Work

Abstract

Search engines hold the key to helping consumers access the wealth of information on the web.In this paper I examine the evolution of and competition in the internet search engine market. The goal of my analysis is to examine whether early entrants benefit in the long-run from their firstmover position in internet markets.

I find that while early entrants (Yahoo, Lycos, Excite, Infoseek, and Altavista) still have an advantage, the pure "brand effect" advantage has been declining over time. Yahoo has maintained its leadership position by providing a superior product. The success of a wave of recent new entrants suggests that entry barriers are still quite low in the internet search engine market.

Keywords: Internet；Search Engines；Empirical Study

互联网搜索引擎市场竞争的动态

摘要

搜索引擎的关键是帮助消费者获取网络上的信息，在本文中，我考察了互联网搜索引擎市场的演变和竞争。我分析的目的是检查是否从他们的互联网市场先行者的地位在长期的早期进入者的利益。我发现，早期进入者还是有优势的，纯粹的“品牌效应”的优势已随时间而下降了。雅虎一直保持领先地位，提供一个卓越的产品。最近新加入的一个浪潮的成功表明，进入壁垒仍然是相当低的互联网搜索引擎市场。

关键词：互联网；搜索引擎；成功表明

Particle- and Gaseous Emissions from an

LNG Powered Ship

Author:Anderson, M (Anderson, Maria)[ 1 ] ; Salo, K (Salo, Kent)[ 1 ] ; Fridell,

E (Fridell, Erik)[ 1,2 ]

DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02678

Acceptance Date：OCT 20 2015

Abstract

Measurements of particle number and mass concentrations and number size distribution of particles from a ship running on liquefied natural gas (LNG) were made on-board a ship with dual-fuel engines installed. Today there is a large interest in LNG as a marine fuel, as a means to comply with sulfur and NOx regulations. Particles were studied in a wide size range together with measurements of other exhaust gases under different engine loads and different mixtures of LNG

and marine gas oil. Results from these measurements show that emissions of particles, NOx, and CO2 are considerably lower for LNG compared to present marine fuel oils. Emitted particles were mainly of volatile character and mainly had diameters below 50 nm. Number size distribution for LNG showed a distinct peak at 9-10 nm and a part of a peak at diameter 6 nm and below. Emissions of total hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are higher for LNG compared to present marine fuel oils, which points to the importance of considering the methane slip from combustion of LNG. KeyWords:Compressed natural-gas; Particulate matter; Size

distribution; Diesel-engines fastmobility; Dilution; Exhaust

以液化天然气为动力的船舶废气和微粒的

排放

摘要

在一艘正在运行装了双燃料发动机的船上测量微粒的数量、浓度和大小分布。目前人们有兴趣使用液化天然气作为船用燃料这样做是为了遵守硫和氮氧化物的排放规则。在不同的柴油机负载和不同的油气比一系列范围内研究排放的废气微粒。从这些测量结果表明,液化天然气柴油机的固体颗粒、氮氧化物、二氧化碳的排量比目前的燃油船舶要低。排放微粒主要指有挥发特征和主要直径低于50 nm。液化天然气船舶排放的数量、大小直径分布显示在9-10 nm 不同的峰

值一部分的峰值直径在6nm以下，现在的船用燃油,总碳氢化合物和一氧化碳的排放比液化天然气船舶较高，这个观点说明了考虑燃烧天然气的重要性。

关键词：压缩天然气；悬浮微粒；尺寸分布；柴油机机动性良好；稀释；排气；

Investigation of Solid Particle Number

Measurement of Engine Emissions Author:Zheng, Zhongqing

Acceptance Date:2012

Series:UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Degree:Ph.D., Mechanical EngineeringUC Riverside

Advisor(s):Jung, Heejung

Committee:Tsutsui, Hideaki, Rao, Masaru

Abstract

As diesel PM regulation gets more stringent, the current gravimetric method which has been used for legal determination of PM mass for vehicle emissions will have difficulty accurately quantifying PM mass emissions. Progress in regulating diesel PM emissions by non-gravimetric means has been made in the Europe. The method, so called particle measurement program (PMP) protocol specifies counting solid particles larger than 23 nm. This method has already been adopted for Euro V and VI to regulate light-duty and heavy-duty vehicle emissions and it is also expected to be adopted to regulate emissions for aviation section. However, exclusion of sub-23 nm particles poses some potential issues. In this thesis, the PMP method was investigated with a focus on finding the nature of sub-23 nm particles which are excluded in the current PMP protocol.

KeyWords: Adjustment of diesel engine; non gravimetric method; measurement plan; protocol

固体颗粒数测量发动机排放的研究

摘要

随着柴油机的调节变得越来越严格，目前的重量法已被用于车辆排放的污染物的法律确定，将有困难准确量化分时质量排放。调节柴油机排放的研究进展在欧洲，由非重量手段制造的方法，所谓的粒子测量计划（PMP）协议指定计数的固体颗粒大于23纳米。该方法已被采用欧元V和VI规范轻型重型汽车的排放量，也有望通过调节排放量航空科。然而，sub-23纳米颗粒的排除带来了一些潜在的问题。在这篇论文中，PMP的方法进行了研究，以寻找其中被排除在当前PMP协议sub-23纳米颗粒的性质。

关键词：柴油机的调节；非重量手段；测量计划；性质

Particulate matter in marine diesel engines exhausts: Emissions and control strategies

Author:Di Natale, F (Di Natale, Francesco)[ 1 ] ; Carotenuto, C (Carotenuto, Claudia)[ 2 ]

DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2015.08.011

Acceptance Date：OCT 2015

Abstract

Marine diesel engines emit particles that have a complex nature, being composed by carbonaceous particles, with size spanning from few nanometres to less than one micron, and inorganic particles of micron size mainly made by ashes and sulphates.

On a global scale, international shipping is responsible for few percentages of the particulate matter emissions, which also affect climate, but the regional distribution of naval traffic suggests the insurgence of significant exposure risk for population living along the coastal areas, due to chronic exposure effects. Specific strategies should be implemented to reduce the emissions of all the components of particulate matter. This paper aims to present a survey on the current and innovative strategies to remove particles from marine diesel engine exhausts, along with a critical review of the most recent findings on ships emitted particles. Evidences on

physical-chemical properties, toxicology and emission factors of the particles were reported. This survey indicates that several strategies can provide a significant reduction of particulate matter emissions from ships and integration between innovative after-treatment systems, ships design and operation procedures can potentially lead to overall reduction of more than 99% even with parallel fuel savings. KeyWords: Diesel engines; Particulate matter; Black carbon; Soot; Emission control

柴油机废气中微粒物质：排放控制策咯

摘要

船用柴油机排放微粒有复杂的性质,是由大小从几纳米到小于1微米的碳颗粒和无机微米大小的主要由灰和硫酸盐组成的颗粒物构成。

在全球范围内,国际航运对颗粒物排放负有一定的责任,它也影响气候,在海上交通分布密集的海岸线区域生活的人们由于长期暴露的在这些排放物中而承受着很大的危险。具体的策略应该实现降低排放颗粒物的组成部分。本文旨在提供一个调查当前和创新策略消除船用柴油机尾气颗粒的排放以及评论最近的船上发现的排放颗粒物。在理化性质、毒理和排放因素的粒子的证据被报道。这个调查表明,一些策略可以显著减少船舶排放的颗粒物和在后期理的创新的处理系统,船舶设计和操作规程中集成的措施都可以使整体排放量降低超过99%同时节约燃料。

关键词:柴油机；微粒物；黑碳；烟尘；排放控制

New Rotary Engine Designs by Deviation

Function Method

Author:Warren, Sarah

Acceptance Date:2012

Series:U CLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Degree:Ph.D., Mechanical Engineering 0330UCLA

Advisor(s):Yang, Daniel C H

Committee:Gadh, Rajit, Stenstrom, Michael K, Tsao, Tsu-Chin

Abstract

By using the DF method, a larger variety of engine proles is available to meet multipldesign criteria and allow more exibility in the design process. Some example deviationfunctions are provided for process illustration and design development. Engine prole designsand methods using circular pitch curves are developed using both arc-based and nonarc-basedapex seal proles. Engine prole designs with noncircular pitch curves are developed usingthe arc-based seal prole.

KeyWords: Method; flexibility; design and development

一种新的旋转式发动机设计的偏差函数法

摘要

采用DF方法，较大的各种发动机的设计可以满足多设计标准，并允许更多在设计过程中的灵活性。一些例子偏差功能是提供流程图和设计开发。机板型设计采用圆形节曲线方法的开发使用电弧和基础径向密封设计。非圆节曲线板型设计发动机的开发利用基于设计的弧。

关键词:DF方法；灵活性；设计开发

Evelopment and validation of a new

turbocharger simulation methodology

for marine two stroke diesel engine

modelling and diagnostic applications Author:Sakellaridis, NF (Sakellaridis, Nikolaos F.)[ 1 ] ; Raptotasios, SI (Raptotasios, Spyridon I.)[ 1 ] ; Antonopoulos, AK (Antonopoulos, Antonis K.)[ 1 ] ;Mavropoulos, GC (Mavropoulos, Georgios C.)[ 1 ] ; Hountalas, DT (Hountalas, Dimitrios T.)[ 1 ] DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2015.08.049

Acceptance Date：NOV 2015

Abstract

Engine cycle simulation models are increasingly used in diesel engine simulation and diagnostic applications, reducing experimental effort. Turbocharger simulation plays an important role in model's ability to accurately predict engine performance and emissions.

The present work describes the development of a complete engine simulation model for marine Diesel engines based on a new methodology for turbocharger modelling utilizing physically based meanline models for compressor and turbine. Simulation accuracy is evaluated against engine bench measurements. The methodology was developed to overcome the problem of limited experimental maps availability for compressor and turbine, often encountered in

large marinediesel engine simulation and diagnostic studies. Data from the engine bench are used to calibrate the models, as well as to estimate turbocharger shaft mechanical efficiency. Closed cycle and gas exchange are modelled using an existing multizone thermodynamic model.

The proposed methodology is applied on a 2-stroke marine diesel engine and its evaluation is based on the comparison of predictions against measured engine data. It is demonstrated model's ability to predict engine response with load variation regarding both turbocharger performance and closed cycle parameters, as well as NOx emission trends, making it an effective tool for both engine diagnostic and optimization studies.

KeyWords:Two stroke diesel engine; Turbocharger simulation; Engine cycle simulation; Meanline model

开发和验证一个新的船用二冲程柴油机涡轮增压器模型的仿真方法和诊断应用程序

摘要

发动机循环仿真模型正越来越多地用于柴油机模拟和诊断应用程序,减少实验工作。涡轮增压器仿真中发挥着重要作用模型能够准确地预测发动机性能和排放目前的工作描述一个完整的发动机仿真模型的开发船用柴油机基于新方法基于涡轮增压器模型利用身体等分线模型对压缩机和涡轮机。仿真准确度评估对发动机台架测量。方法被开发来克服有限实验地图可用性问题的压缩机和涡轮机,经常遇到在大型船用柴油机引擎模拟和诊断研究。数据从发动机试验台用于校准模型,以及估计涡轮增压器轴机械效率。闭合循环和气体交换是模仿使用现有的多层的热力学模型。

提出的方法应用于二冲程船用柴油机及其评价是基于预测的比较与衡量发动机数据。演示了模型的预测能力引擎响应随负载变化对涡轮增压器的性能和闭合循环参数,以及氮氧化物排放趋势,这使得发动机诊断和优化研究的有效工具。

提出的方法应用于二冲程船用柴油机及其评价是基于预测的比较与衡量发动机数据。演示了模型的预测能力引擎响应随负载变化对涡轮增压器的性能和闭合循环参数,以及氮氧化物排放趋势,这使得发动机诊断和优化研究的有效工具。

关键词：二冲程柴油机；涡轮增压器建模；柴油机循环建模；等分线模型

Investigation of Alternative Fuels and Advanced Engine Technology: Improving

Engine Efficiency

and Reducing Emissions

Author:Rapp, Vi Hai

Acceptance Date:2011

Series:UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Degree:Ph.D., Mechanical EngineeringUC Berkeley

Advisor(s):Dibble, Robert W.

Committee:Chen, Jyh-Yuan, Neumark, Daniel M.

Abstract

The internal combustion engine has vastly improved over the past 100 years. With global warming and pollution being a rising concern, engineers are working towards improving eciency and emissions of engines. The spark-ignited engine (or gasoline engine) oers improvement in emissions with a sacrice in thermal eciency. The compression ignition engine (Diesel engine) increases the thermal eciency, due to operation at higher compression ratios, but emits high amounts of particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Although improvements in fuel renement have decreased the amount of engine pollutants, the output of pollutants for both

spark-ignited and Diesel engines is still too great.

KeyWords:Internal combustion engine; efficiency; emission; compression ratio; pollutant

替代燃料和先进发动机技术研究：提高发动

机效率减少排放

摘要

内燃机在过去的100年里有了很大的改善，全球升温和污染是

一个日益关注的问题，工程师们正在努力改进发动机的效率和排放。火花点火发动机（或汽油机）在热效率下提高了排放，压缩点火发动机（柴油发动机）提高热效率，由于运行在较高的压缩比，但排放大量的颗粒物和氮氧化物（NOx）。虽然在燃料改进降低发动机污染物排放量，但是柴油发动机的污染物仍然太大。

关键词：内燃机；效率；排放；压缩比；污染物

材料概论英文版武汉理工大学

Material:Solids used by man kind to produce items which constitute the support for his living environment Characteristics of materials ◆Have certain compositions; ◆Can be processed; ◆With certain shape and color; ◆Can be used and reused or recycled. ◆特点: ?具有一定的成分和配比； ?可成型加工； ?保持一定形状和外观； ?具有使用价值并可回收再利用。 材料性能的决定因素 ◆组成材料的各元素的原子结构， ◆原子间的相互作用、相互结合， ◆原子或分子在空间的排列分布和运动规律, ◆原子集合体的形貌特征。 Classification of materials ◆Atomic structures ◆Nature of chemical bonds: ?Metallic bond 金属键 ?Ionic bond 离子键 ?Covalent bond 共价键 ?Secondary bond 次价键 ?Van der Waals bond 范德华力 ?Hydrogen bond 氢键 Classification: ◆metals and their alloys:- metallic bonding ◆Organic polymers: Covalent bonding & secondary bonding ◆Ceramics:Ionic bonding & covalent bonding

武汉理工大学理论力学期末考试试题及答案

1-1、自重为P=100kN 的T 字形钢架ABD,置于铅垂面内，载荷如图所示。其中转矩 M=20kN.m ，拉力F=400kN,分布力q=20kN/m,长度l=1m 。试求固定端A 的约束力。 1-2 如图所示，飞机机翼上安装一台发动机，作用在机翼OA 上的气动力按梯形分布：1q =60kN/m ，2q =40kN/m ，机翼重1p =45kN ，发动机重2p =20kN ，发动机螺旋桨的反作用力偶矩M=18kN.m 。求机翼处于平衡状态时，机翼根部固定端O 所受的力。 1-3图示构件由直角弯杆EBD 以及直杆AB 组成，不计各杆自重，已知q=10kN/m ，F=50kN ，M=6kN.m ，各尺寸如图。求固定端A 处及支座C 的约束力。 1-4 已知：如图所示结构，a, M=Fa, 12F F F ==, 求：A ，D 处约束力. 解： 1-5、平面桁架受力如图所示。ABC 为等边三角形，且AD=DB 。求杆CD 的内力。 1-6、如图所示的平面桁架，A 端采用铰链约束，B 端采用滚动支座约束，各杆件长度为1m 。在节点E 和G 上分别作用载荷E F =10kN ，G F =7 kN 。试计算杆1、2和3的内力。 解： 2-1 图示空间力系由6根桁架构成。在节点A 上作用力F ，此力在矩形ABDC 平面内，且与铅直线成45o 角。ΔEAK=ΔFBM 。等腰三角形EAK ，FBM 和NDB 在顶点A ，B 和D 处均为直角，又EC=CK=FD=DM 。若F=10kN ，求各杆的内力。 2-2 杆系由铰链连接，位于正方形的边和对角线上，如图所示。在节点D 沿对角线LD 方向作用力D F 。在节点C 沿CH 边铅直向下作用力F 。如铰链B ，L 和H 是固定的，杆重不计，求各杆的内力。 2-3 重为1P ＝980 N ，半径为r =100mm 的滚子A 与重为2P ＝490 N 的板B 由通过定滑轮C 的柔绳相连。已知板与斜面的静滑动摩擦因数s f =0.1。滚子A 与板B 间的滚阻系数为δ=0.5mm ，斜面倾角α=30o ，柔绳与斜面平行，柔绳与滑轮自重不计，铰链C 为光滑的。求拉动板B 且平行于斜面的力F 的大小。 2-4 两个均质杆AB 和BC 分别重1P 和2P ，其端点Ａ和Ｃ用球铰固定在水平面，另一端Ｂ由球铰链相连接，靠在光滑的铅直墙上，墙面与AC 平行，如图所示。如AB 与水平线的交角为45o ，∠BAC=90o ，求A 和C 的支座约束力以及墙上点Ｂ所受的压力。 3-1 已知：如图所示平面机构中，曲柄OA=r ，以匀角速度0ω转动。套筒A 沿BC 杆滑动。BC=DE ，且BD=CE=l 。求图示位置时，杆BD 的角速度ω和角加速度α。 解：

武汉理工大学 大学英语2 作业二

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when D. since 3、Come on , I want to tell you a secret now．But you must it from other people． A. remain B. keep C. leave D. prevent 4、It has been ten years since the Labour Party came into ______ in that country. A. control B. force

C. power D. charge 5、 China is a wonderful place and there is ______ to see and enjoy. A. a lot of B. many C. much D. many more 6、How strange it is the children are so quiet! A. whether

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注：1.其他院系课程，可在导师指导下选修；2. 博士生在硕士阶段如已经选修第二外国语，则在博士阶段可不选第二外国语，否则，第二外国语为必选课。 六、科学研究及相关要求 1、制定个人培养计划 研究生2周内，在导师指导下完成个人培养计划。内容包括：课程选修计划，课题研究方向与学习进度安排，文献阅读计划。重点培养博士研究生在本领域独立的科研能力。 2、论文、设计作品与阅读 1）博士研究生发表论文符合研究生手册《博士研究生申请学位发表论文的规定》的相关要求； 2）在指导师指导下，阅读专业图书文献不少于80本，其中外文文献不少于25篇，写出读书笔记。 3、设计实践（由导师根据学生完成情况给予1学分） 1）在导师指导下完成导师制定的研究课题； 2）在导师指导下完成专业实习与设计实践。 4、博士生论文开题及中期检查（由导师根据学生完成情况给予1学分） 1）每年开题时间为二次（3月底、10月底） 2）博士生开题报告应包括文献检索情况、学位论文选题依据、论文研究方案、预期达到的目标、预期的研究成果、论文详细工作进度安排等。（PPT讲述时间25分钟，提问时间5分钟）开题报告经评审不通过者，应限期组织第二次开题，由原评审小组组织重新评审；仍未通过者终止培养。开题报告通过后，若学位论文课题有重大变动，应重新作开题报告。 5、学术活动 博士生在学期间应积极参加本学科领域内的各类学术报告会、研讨会，并就个人方向范围内至少作一次报告（不含开题报告）。 要求参加10次以上的一级或二级学科的学术活动。每次应有不少于l000字的小结。经

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单选题 1. 就每一特定市场而言，最佳市场营销组合只能是_____的结果。 (A) 市场细分 (B) 精心策划 (C) 综合平衡 (D) 统筹兼顾 难度：较易分值：2.0 2. 市场营销学作为一门独立的经济管理学科诞生于20世纪的 (A) 美国(B) 日本(C) 中国(D) 欧洲 难度：较易分值：2.0 3. 一部正在畅销的小说被作者、编剧改编成电视连续剧，并投入制作，搬上荧屏，这是信息 的____特征。 (A) 可检索性 (B) 可共享性 (C) 可转换性 (D) 可存储性

难度：较易分值：1.5 4. 运用科学的方法，有目的地收集、整理和分析研究有关市场营销方面的信息，提出解决问 题的建议，供营销人员了解营销环境，发现机会与问题，作为市场预测与营销决策的依据，我们把它称之为 (A) 营销信息系统 (B) 市场调研 (C) 市场预测 (D) 决策支持系统 难度：较易分值：2.0 5. 产品组合的宽度是指产品组合中所拥有_____的数目。 (A) 产品项目 (B) 产品线 (C) 产品种类 (D) 产品品牌 难度：较易分值：2.0 6. 准确地计算产品所提供的全部市场认知价值是_____的关键。 (A) 认知价值定价法

(B) 反向定价法 (C) 需求差异定价法 (D) 成本导向定价法 难度：较易分值：1.5 7. “市场同合化”的理论，主张从______的比较出发适度细分市场。 (A) 成本和收益 (B) 需求的差异性和一致性 (C) 利润和市场占有率 (D) 企业自身与竞争者资源条件 难度：较易分值：2.0 8. 区分战略经营单位的主要依据是多项业务之间是否存在共同的 (A) 经营目标 (B) 经营方针 (C) 经营主线 (D) 经营利益 难度：较易分值：1.5

武汉理工大学 基础英语 2002

武汉理工大学2002年研究生入学考试题 课程代号619 课程名称基础英语 Section One: Reading Comprehension (30) Direction: In this section there are four reading passages followed by 25 multiple-choice questions. Read them and write your answers on your ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Education was of primary importance to the English colonists and was conducted at home as well as in established schools. Regardless of geographic location or finances, most Americans learned to read and compute numbers. For many, the Bible and other religious tracts were their only books; however, the excellent language contai ned in such works usually made them good primers. Many families owned one or more of Shakespeare’s works, a copy of John Bunyan’s classic A Pilgrim’s Progress, and sometimes collections of Engli sh literary essays, poems, or hi storical speeches. In 1647 the Massachusetts School Law required every town at least 50 households to maintain a grammar school. The law was the first to mandate public education in America. In the middle colonies at the time, schools were often dependent on religious societies, such as the Quakers and other private organizations. In the South, families employed private tutors or relied on the clergy to conduct education. At the outset, most elementary schools were for boys, but school s for girls were established in the eighteenth century in most cities and large towns. In spite of the informal atmosphere of most American schools, the literacy rate in the colonies of mid-eighteenth century America was equal to or higher than in most European countries. Before the American Revolution, nine colleges had been founded, including Harvard, William and Mary, Yale, the College of New Jersey (now Princeton), Brown, Rutgers, Dartmouth, and Kings College (later Columbia University). By 1720 the natural sciences and modern languages were being taught, as well as courses in practical subjects such as mechanics and agriculture. At the end of the 18th century, medical schools were established at the College of Philadelphia and at King’s College. 1. Which of the following words best describes the English colonists’ attitude toward education? (A) Indifference (B) Distrustful (C) Enthusiastic (D) Casual 2. According to the passage, most Americans learned how to _____. (A) write (B) read (C) farm (D) speak a foreign language 3. According to the passage, all of the following sometimes substituted for school books EXCEPT ______. (A) historical speeches (B) works of Shakespeare (C) literary essays (D) biographies 4. According to the passage, the Massachusetts School Law applied to every town with how many households? (A)Less than 50 (B)Exactly 50 (C)Fifty or more (D)Fifteen 5. According to the passage, the middle colonies often depended upon which group to provide education? (A)Private organizations (C)Established primary schools (B)Colleges (D)Businesses 6. According to the passage, who often conducted education in the South? (A)Public school teachers (B)Doctors (C)Clergy (D)Politicians 7. How well educated were Americans in comparison to most European countries? (A) Much worse (B)The same or better (C)Far better (D)Less or equal 8. According to the passage, all the following subjects are mentioned as being taught in colleges in the 1700s EXPECT

武汉理工大学 理论力学 期末试题及答案

理论力学 期末考试试题 1-1、自重为P=100kN 的T 字形钢架ABD,置于铅垂面内，载荷如图所示。其中转矩M=20kN.m ，拉力F=400kN,分布力q=20kN/m,长度l=1m 。试求固定端A 的约束力。 解：取T 型刚架为受力对象，画受力图. 1-2 如图所示，飞机机翼上安装一台发动机，作用在机翼OA 上的气动力按梯形分布： 1q =60kN/m ，2q =40kN/m ，机翼重1p =45kN ，发动机重2p =20kN ，发动机螺旋桨的反作用 力偶矩M=18kN.m 。求机翼处于平衡状态时，机翼根部固定端O 所受的力。 解：

1-3图示构件由直角弯杆EBD以及直杆AB组成，不计各杆自重，已知q=10kN/m，F=50kN，M=6kN.m，各尺寸如图。求固定端A处及支座C的约束力。

1-4 已知：如图所示结构，a, M=Fa, 12F F F ==, 求：A ，D 处约束力. 解： 1-5、平面桁架受力如图所示。ABC 为等边三角形，且AD=DB 。求杆CD 的内力。

1-6、如图所示的平面桁架，A 端采用铰链约束，B 端采用滚动支座约束，各杆件长度为1m 。在节点E 和G 上分别作用载荷E F =10kN ，G F =7 kN 。试计算杆1、2和3的内力。 解：

2-1 图示空间力系由6根桁架构成。在节点A上作用力F，此力在矩形ABDC平面内，且与铅直线成45o角。ΔEAK=ΔFBM。等腰三角形EAK，FBM和NDB在顶点A，B和D处均为直角，又EC=CK=FD=DM。若F=10kN，求各杆的内力。

武汉理工大学第四届学位评定委员会第二次会议授予博士、硕士学位公告

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交通运输规划与管理（31人） 徐磊王旋旋刘玲丽骆敏吴庆嵩陈伯如邓爽张佳佳郭劲松余金林朱怀忠易丹于乐文小凤金小莹刘启远汪璐尹晨王振宇周宇昆时宗琦李琴周伟郭盼吴俣龚晓蓉魏培荣陶鹏鹏李胜MONDE, AMINATOU YASMYNE UMUHIRE, HASSINA 物流管理（6人） 曾婷彭凤付蒙陈夕康燕燕徐存意 工程力学（1人） 韩璐 公路桥梁与渡河工程（2人） 冉瑞江罗佳意 海洋工程结构（1人） 张汉生 3、管理学院（32人） 工商管理（3人） 郭思圻胡文广王通通 管理科学与工程（4人） 姚瑶刘雯婷赵建新王沐心 会计学（18人） 程臻李丹丹张华张文婷杨维娜冯岩牟星姜鑫李瑞敏丁小书黄优妮陈峰罗瑶陈碧君晏丽娜方媛卢楠杨典沫 技术经济及管理（3人） 梁莹谢西璐黄知之 企业管理（3人） 郭海林朱紫瑛邓菁 系统工程（1人） 褚明 4、机电工程学院（2人） 工业工程（1人） KWIZERA, HUBERT 机械工程(1人) 侯佳涛 5、能源与动力工程学院（8人）

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1-3图示构件由直角弯杆EBD以及直杆AB组成，不计各杆自重，已知q=10kN/m，F=50kN，M=6kN.m，各尺寸如图。求固定端A处及支座C的约束力。

1-4 已知：如图所示结构，a, M=Fa, 12F F F ==, 求：A ，D 处约束力. 解： 1-5、平面桁架受力如图所示。ABC 为等边三角形，且AD=DB 。求杆CD 的内力。

1-6、如图所示的平面桁架，A 端采用铰链约束，B 端采用滚动支座约束，各杆件长度为1m 。在节点E 和G 上分别作用载荷E F =10kN ，G F =7 kN 。试计算杆1、2和3的内力。 解：

2-1 图示空间力系由6根桁架构成。在节点A上作用力F，此力在矩形ABDC平面内，且与铅直线成45o角。ΔEAK=ΔFBM。等腰三角形EAK，FBM和NDB在顶点A，B和D处均为直角，又EC=CK=FD=DM。若F=10kN，求各杆的内力。

2-2 杆系由铰链连接，位于正方形的边和对角线上，如图所示。在节点D沿对角线LD方向F。在节点C沿CH边铅直向下作用力F。如铰链B，L和H是固定的，杆重不计，作用力 D 求各杆的内力。

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