大学英语四级考试语法笔记(一)

大学英语四级考试语法笔记(一)

导读：本文大学英语四级考试语法笔记(一)，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。

Hello, everyone. Welcome to the English grammar lecture series.

欢迎大家参加英语语法系列讲座。

First, I’d like to ask you a question: “What is the most difficult thing for you in learning English?”

对你来说，学习英语的困难是什么?

对于这个问题，许多同学的回答是“语法”。中国学生为什么容易犯英语语法错误，从而觉得英语语法难学，甚至对之产生某种恐惧心理呢?这主要有两个原因：

一是汉语的语法相对简单，而中国学生在学习英语时习惯用汉语进行思维，在运用英语时套用汉语的语法;

二是对于英语语言的接触和分析不够：学习英语要多阅读、多听，对于一个英语句子，要分析其所以然，这样就能找到英语语言的规律。

每种语言都有它的难点。汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言，汉字很难写，而且有四种声调。其实，许多接触过多种外语的人都认为，英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单，是最容易学的。语言学家乔姆斯基说过，语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。因此，学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。希望大家对英语语法充满信心，对学好英语充满信心。

下面我们从英语语法的难点和核心?动词?开始英语语法的学习。

一、英语动词的时态

(一)英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异：

英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定，比如“书”这个字，“一本书”、“三本书”都一样，没有词形变化。英语就不同了，book, books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。

动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说，学好英语就是学好动词，此言甚是。同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在，表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式，这就是时态。

例如：在“中国是个伟大的国家。”和“中国曾经是世界上最伟大的国家。”这两句话当中，汉语的“是”没有变化，而是用“曾经”这个词来表达时间的不同。

China is a great country.中国是个伟大的国家。

China was the greatest country in the world.中国曾经是世界上最伟大的国家。

在这几句中，动词be的形态变了，表示的时间变了，但意义没有变化。

再如，“他经常帮助我。”“他昨天帮助我了。”和“他一直在帮助我。”这三句话当中，汉语的“帮助”没有任何变化，而是用“经常”、“一直”和“昨天”分别表达出时间的区别。英语就不同，它必须用动词本身的形态变化来完成任务。

He often helps me.他经常帮助我。

He helped me yesterday.他昨天帮助我了。

He has been helping me.他一直在帮助我。

在这几句中，动词help的形态变了，表示的时间变了，但意义没有变化。

(二)英语动词的形式：

英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此，了解动词的形式及其变化

规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式：

(1) 动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后，或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。

(2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式(简称现单三)：主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。

(3) 过去式：主要用于一般过去时。

(4) 现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。

(5) 过去分词：主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情况。

这里提到的“语法规定的其他情况”我们在以后的讲座中会详细介绍。

下面把这些动词形式的构成说明一下。

动词一般现在时第三人称单数(现单三)的构成，见下表：

词尾变化（规律与名词变复数相同，读音也与名词复数相同）

举例

一般加-s

Help---helps; read---reads

在ch, sh, s, x 或元音字母o后面加-es

Do, fix, pass, push, teach ---does, fixes, passes, pushes, teaches

以辅音字母加y结尾的词，变y为i再加-es

Try, study --- tries, stuides

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