卓顶精文2019年考研英语二真题及.答案

2019年研究生入学考试英语二真题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblackandmarkA,B,CorDonA NSWERSHEET1.(10points)

"TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers—aboontoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Bu tthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcybercrimethathas 1 acrosstheWeb. Canprivacybepreserved 2 bringingasemblanceofsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly 3 ?

Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation’scyberczar,offeredtheObamagovernmenta 4 tomaketheWebasaferplace—a“voluntaryidentify”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech 5 ofaphysicalkey,fingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled 6 one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential7 toaspecificcomputer,andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6012183473.html,erscould9 whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcou ldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdri ver’slicense 10 bythegovernment.

GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavesign-on”systemsthatmakeitposs ibleforusersto 11 justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.

12,theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”insafe“neighborhoods”andbright“street lights”toestablishasenseof 13 community.

Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhichindividualsandorganizationsc ancompleteonlinetransactionswith

14 ,trustingtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructurethatthetransactionruns 15 .'"

Still,theadministration’splanhas16 privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearth atsuchaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould 17 bealicense”mentality.

Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18 bysomeexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”wouldstillleavemuchoftheIntern

et19.Theyarguethatshouldbe20 toregisterandidentifythemselves,indriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.

1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden 2． A.for B.within C.while D.though 3． A.careless https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6012183473.html,wless C.pointless D.helpless 4． A.reason B.reminder https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6012183473.html,promise D.proposal 5． https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6012183473.html,rmation B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent 6． A.by B.into C.from D.over

7． A.linked B.directed C.chained https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6012183473.html,pared 8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve 9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize 10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered 11． A.carryon B.lingeron C.setin D.login

12． A.Invain B.Ineffect C.Inreturn D.Incontrast 13． A.trusted B.modernized C.thriving https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6012183473.html,peting 14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience 15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across 16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united 17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually 18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm 19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible 20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forced

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.Mar kyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs’sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:ayearl atershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanag edbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2019Ms.Simmonswasunderfi reforhavingsatonGoldman’scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousb onuspayoutspassunremarked?ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepos itionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.

Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm’s board.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoug hindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive’sproposals.Ifthesky,andthesharepri ceisfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheir owncrises.

TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsa ndmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2019.Thentheysimplycheckedwhich directorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingab oardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirecto rsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecom panywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbe ingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperform worse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemle avingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdire ctorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey“tradeup.”Leavingriskier,smallerf irmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.

Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablow totheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistorysho wstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsi dedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.Otherwiseoutsidedirectors willfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor.

[A]gainingexcessiveprofits

[B]failingtofulfillherduty

[C]refusingtomakecompromises

[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes

22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe.

[A]generousinvestors[B]unbiasedexecutives

[C]sharepriceforecasters[D]independentadvisers

23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector’ssurprised eparture,thefirmislikelyto.

[A]becomemorestable[B]reportincreasedearnings

[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket[D]performworseinlawsuits

24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors.

[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm[B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsi nthefirm

[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm

25.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis.

[A]permissive[B]positive

[C]scornful[D]critical

Text2

Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper?Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecession threatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.Ne wspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America’sFedera lTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomec haritablecorporations?Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon. Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.

Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshrugged offtherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeoftheglob alindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsth atwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.

Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.The AmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2019.Read ersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytod istantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjo urnalists,theycanbepushedfurther.

Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfrom readersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceona ds.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2019,accordingtotheOrganizationf orEconomicCooperation&Development(OECD).InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprising ly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.

Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasb eenconcentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershave gone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycut off.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenew spaperbusiness.

26.Bysaying“Newspaperslike…theirowndoom”(Lines3-4,Para.1),theauthorindicatestha tnewspaper.

[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis

[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies

[C]werenotcharitablecorporations

[D]wereinadesperatesituation

27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause.

[A]readersthreatenedtopayless

[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts

[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas

[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6012183473.html,paredwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebec ausethey.

[A]havemoresourcesofrevenue

[B]havemorebalancednewsrooms

[C]arelessdependentonadvertising

[D]arelessaffectedbyreadership

29.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaperbusiness?

[A]Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.

[B]Completenessistoblameforthefailureofnewspaper.

[C]Foreignbureausplayacrucialroleinthenewspaperbusiness.

[D]Readershavelosttheirinterestincarandfilmreviews.

30.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe.

[A]AmericanNewspapers:StrugglingforSurvival

[B]AmericanNewspapers:GonewiththeWind

[C]AmericanNewspapers:AThrivingBusiness

[D]AmericanNewspapers:AHopelessStory

Text3

WetendtothinkofthedecadesimmediatelyfollowingWorldWarIIasatimeofprosperitya ndgrowth,withsoldiersreturninghomebythemillions,goingofftocollegeontheG.I.Billa ndliningupatthemarriagebureaus.

Butwhenitcametotheirhouses,itwasatimeofcommonsenseandabeliefthatlesscouldtr ulybemore.DuringtheDepressionandthewar,Americanshadlearnedtolivewithless,andtha trestraint,incombinationwiththepostwarconfidenceinthefuture,madesmall,efficient housingpositivelystylish.

Economicconditionwasonlyastimulusforthetrendtowardefficientliving.Thephrase “lessismore”wasactuallyfirstpopularizedbyaGerman,thearchitectLudwigMiesvanderRo he,wholikeotherpeopleassociatedwiththeBauhaus,aschoolofdesign,emigratedtotheUni tedStatesbeforeWorldWarII

andtookuppostsatAmericanarchitectureschools.Thesedesignerscametoexertenormo usinfluenceonthecourseofAmericanarchitecture,butnonemoresothatMies.

Mies’ssignaturephrasemeansthatlessdecoration,properlyorganized,hasmoreimpac tthatalot.Elegance,hebelieved,didnotderivefromabundance.Likeothermodernarchitec ts,heemployedmetal,glassandlaminatedwood-materialsthatwetakeforgrantedtodaybuyt hatinthe1940ssymbolizedthefuture.Mies’ssophisticatedpresentationmaskedthefactth atthespaceshedesignedweresmallandefficient,ratherthanbigandoftenempty.

TheapartmentsintheeleganttowersMiesbuiltonChicago’sLakeShoreDrive,forexampl e,weresmaller-two-bedroomunitsunder1,000squarefeet-thanthoseintheirolderneighbo rsalongthecity’sGoldCoast.Buttheywerepopularbecauseoftheirairyglasswalls,thevie wstheyaffordedandtheeleganceofthebuildings’detailsandproportions,thearchitectur alequivalentoftheabstractartsopopularatthetime.

Thetrendtoward“less”wasnotentirelyforeign.Inthe1930sFrankLloydWrightstarted buildingmoremodestandefficienthouses-usuallyaround1,200squarefeet-thanthespread ingtwo-storyoneshehaddesignedinthe1890sandtheearly20thcentury.

The“CaseStudyHouses”commissionedfromtalentedmodernarchitectsbyCaliforniaArt s&Architecturemagazinebetween1945and1962wereyetanotherhomegrowninfluenceonthe“l essismore”trend.Aestheticeffectcamefromthelandscape,newmaterialsandforthrightde tailing.InhisCaseStudyHouse,Ralpheverydaylife-fewAmericanfamiliesacquiredhelico pters,thoughmosteventuallygotclothesdryers-buthisbeliefthatself-sufficiencywasb othdesirableandinevitablewaswidelyshared.

31.ThepostwarAmericanhousingstylelargelyreflectedtheAmericans’.

[A]prosperityandgrowth

[B]efficiencyandpracticality

[C]restraintandconfidence

[D]prideandfaithfulness

32.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3aboutBauhaus?

[A]ItwasfoundedbyLudwigMiesvanderRohe.

[B]ItsdesigningconceptwasaffectedbyWorldWarII.

[C]MostAmericanarchitectsusedtobeassociatedwithit.

[D]IthadagreatinfluenceuponAmericanarchitecture.

33.Miesheldthateleganceofarchitecturaldesign.

[A]wasrelatedtolargespace

[B]wasidentifiedwithemptiness

[C]wasnotreliantonabundantdecoration

[D]wasnotassociatedwithefficiency

34.WhatistrueabouttheapartmentsMiesbuildingChicago’sLakeShoreDrive?

[A]Theyignoreddetailsandproportions.

[B]Theywerebuiltwithmaterialspopularatthattime.

[C]Theyweremorespaciousthanneighboringbuildings.

[D]Theysharedsomecharacteristicsofabstractart.

35.Whatcanwelearnaboutthedesignofthe“CaseStudyHouse”?

[A]Mechanicaldeviceswerewidelyused.

[B]Naturalscenesweretakenintoconsideration

[C]Detailsweresacrificedfortheoveralleffect.

[D]Eco-friendlymaterialswereemployed.

Text4

WilltheEuropeanUnionmakeit?Thequestionwouldhavesoundedstrangenotlongago.Now eventheproject’sgreatestcheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacinga“Bermudatriangle”ofd ebt,populationdeclineandlowergrowth.

Aswellasthosechronicproblems,theEUfaceanacutecrisisinitseconomiccore,the16c ountriesthatusethesinglecurrency.Marketshavelostfaiththattheeurozone’seconomies ,weakerorstronger,willonedayconvergethankstothedisciplineofsharingasinglecurren cy,whichdeniesuncompetitivemembersthequickfixofdevaluation.

YetthedebateabouthowtosaveEurope’ssinglecurrencyfromdisintegrationisstuck.I tisstuckbecausetheeurozone’sdominantpowers,FranceandGermany,agreeontheneedforgr eaterharmonizationwithintheeurozone,butdisagreeaboutwhattoharmonies.

Germanythinkstheeuromustbesavedbystricterrulesonborrowspendingandcompetitiv eness,barkedbyquasi-automaticsanctionsforgovernmentsthatdonotobey.Thesemightinc ludethreatstofreezeEUfundsforpoorerregionsandEUmega-projectsandeventhesuspensio nofacountry’svotingrightsinEUministerialcouncils.Itinsiststhateconomicco-ordina tionshouldinvolveall27membersoftheEUclub,amongwhomthereisasmallmajorityforfree-marketliberalismandeconomicrigour;intheinnercorealone,Germanyfears,asmallmajori tyfavourFrenchinterference.

A“southern”campheadedbyFrenchwantssomethingdifferent:”Europeaneconomicgover nment”withinaninnercoreofeuro-zonemembers.Translated,thatmeanspoliticiansinterv eninginmonetarypolicyandasystemofredistributionfromrichertopoorermembers,viache aperborrowingforgovernmentsthroughcommonEurobondsorcompletefiscaltransfers.Fina lly,figuresclosetotheFrancegovernmenthavemurmured,curo-zonemembersshouldagreeto somefiscalandsocialharmonization:e.g.,curbingcompetitionincorporate-taxratesorl abourcosts.

ItistoosoontowriteofftheEU.Itremainstheworld’slargesttradingblock.Atitsbest ,theEuropeanprojectisremarkablyliberal:builtaroundasinglemarketof27richandpoorc

ountries,itsinternalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods,capitalandlabourthananycompara bletradingarea.Itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesofglobalization,and makecapitalismbenign.

36.TheEUisfacedwithsomanyproblemsthat.

[A]ithasmoreorlesslostfaithinmarkets

[B]evenitssupportersbegintofeelconcerned

[C]someofitsmembercountriesplantoabandoneuro

[D]itintendstodenythepossibilityofdevaluation

37.ThedebateovertheEU’ssinglecurrencyisstuckbecausethedominantpowers.

[A]arecompetingfortheleadingposition

[B]arebusyhandlingtheirowncrises

[C]failtoreachanagreementonharmonization

[D]disagreeonthestepstowardsdisintegration

38.Tosolvetheeuroproblem,Germanyproposedthat.

[A]EUfundsforpoorregionsbeincreased

[B]stricterregulationsbeimposed

[C]onlycoremembersbeinvolvedineconomicco-ordination

[D]votingrightsoftheEUmembersbeguaranteed

39.TheFrenchproposalofhandlingthecrisisimpliesthat____.

［A］poorcountriesaremorelikelytogetfunds

［B］strictmonetarypolicywillbeappliedtopoorcountries

［C］loanswillbereadilyavailabletorichcountries

［D］richcountrieswillbasicallycontrolEurobonds

40.RegardingthefutureoftheEU,theauthorseemstofeel____.

［A］pessimistic［B］desperate

［C］conceited［D］hopeful

PartB

Directions: Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtherightcolumn thatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintheleftcolumn.Therearetwoextracho icesintherightcolumn.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

SuchamovecouldaffectfirmssuchasMcDonald’s,whichsponsorstheyouthcoachingsche merunbytheFootballAssociation.Fast-foodchainsshouldalsostopoffering“inducements ”suchastoys,cuteanimalsandmobilephonecredittolureyoungcustomers,Stephensonsaid.

ProfessorDineshBhugra,presidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPsychiatrists,said:“Ifchi ldrenaretaughtabouttheimpactthatfoodhasontheirgrowth,andthatsomethingscanharm,a tleastinformationisavailableupfront.”

Healsourgedcouncilstoimpose“fast-food-freezones”aroundschoolandhospitals-ar easwithinwhichtakeawayscannotopen.

ADepartmentofHealthspokespersonsaid:“Weneedtocreateanewvisionforpublichealt hwhereallofsocietyworkstogethertogethealthyandlivelonger.Thisincludescreatingan ew‘responsibilitydeal’withbusiness,builtonsocialresponsibility,notstateregulatio https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6012183473.html,terthisyear,wewillpublishawhitepapersettingoutexactlyhowwewillachievethis.”

Thefoodindustrywillbealarmedthatsuchseniordoctorsbacksuchradicalmoves,espec

2010考研英语二真题以及答案

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points） The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic __1__ by the World Health Organization in 41 years. The heightened alert __2__ an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that assembled after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising __3__ in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere. But the epidemic is "__4__" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general, __5__ the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the __6__ of any medical treatment. The outbreak came to global __7__ in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noted an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths __8__ healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to __9__ in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world. In the United States, new cases seemed to fade__10__ warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was __11__ flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the __12__ tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has __13__ more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations. Federal health officials __14__ Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began __15__ orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is __16__ ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October, 2009, though most of those __17__ doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not __18__ for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other __19__. But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk groups: health care workers, people __20__ infants and healthy young people. 1. [A] criticized [B] appointed [C]commented [D] designated 2. [A] proceeded [B] activated [C] followed [D] prompted 3. [A] digits [B] numbers [C] amounts [D] sums 4. [A] moderate [B] normal [C] unusual [D] extreme 5. [A] with [B] in [C] from [D] by 6. [A] progress [B]absence [C] presence [D] favor 7. [A] reality [B] phenomenon [C] concept [D] notice 8. [A] over [B] for [C] among [D] to 9. [A] stay up [B] crop up [C] fill up [D] cover up

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Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations. 1 , when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it 2 . As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing 3 on the scale. That was bad to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of 4 the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to 5 my goals. I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6 of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight 7 altering your training program. The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost. For these 9 , I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule 10 . Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to 11 my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and 12 any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to 13 my training program. I use my bimonthly weigh-in 14 to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly 15 and dropping weight, this is a 16 that I need to increase my daily caloric intake. The 17 to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I’m experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a 18 morning weigh-in. I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, 19 I’m training according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale. Rather than 20 over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel, how your clothes fit and your overall energy level. 英语（二）试题-1-（共14 页）

2019年MBA考研英语(二)真题及答案

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