大学英语语言学练习题
I. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first
letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only.
1. Clear ［1］and dark [?] are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same
position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c omplementary distribution. (P24)
2. M orphology is the smallest meaningful unit of language. (P32)
3. Consonant sounds can be either?voiceless or voiced, while all v owel sounds are voiced. (P16)
4. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is
called the C ooperative?principle proposed by J. Grice. (P86-87)
5.??Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point
of time is called a s ynchronic study of language. (P4)
6.?An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the
lungs meets with any o bstruction when a sound is produced. (P18)
7.?XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP “the boy who likes this puppy”consists
of Det, N and S, with Det being the s pecifier, N the head and S the complement. (P46) 9.??While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an
u tterance is
concrete and context-dependent. (P70)
11. P sycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions
as how the human mind works when people use language. (P70)
12. A d iachronic study of language is a historical study, it studies the historical development of
language over a period of time. (P70)
13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level,
there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of
meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called d uality. (P70)
14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas: the
pharyngeal cavity, the o ral cavity and the nasal cavity. (P15)
16. S uprasegmental features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretation of
meaning. (P70)
18. H omonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in
sound or spelling, or in both. (P70)
19. The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a rticulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and
acoustic phonetics respectively. (P15)
21.?S yntax_ studies the sentence structure of language. (P70)
22.?The noun “tear”and the verb “tear”are h omonymy. (P70)
23. S peech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. (P70)
24. The modern linguistics is d escriptive, not prescriptive, and its investigations are based on
authentic and mainly spoken language data. (P70)
25. Langue refers to the language system shared by a community of speaker while
p arole contrasted
with langue is the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker. (P70)
26. In semantic triangle, the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct, and it is
mediated by c oncept. (P70)
27. H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b road transcription. (P70)
28. In the cooperative principle, Grice introduced four categories of maxims. They are maxim of
quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of r elation and maxim of manner. (P70)
29. P ragmatics is the study of language in use. (P70)
30. H istorical linguistics studies language change or historical development of language. (P70)
II. Directions：Decide whether each of the following
statements is true or false. Put a T for true
or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. ( T )1. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and
what these words actually refer to.
( T ) 2. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the
number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
( T ) 3. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the same
regional
dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors.
( T ) 4. In modern linguistic studies, the spoken form of language is given more emphasis than the
written form for a number of reasons.
( F ) 5. The compound word “reading-room”is the place where a person can read books. This
indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.
( T ) 6. Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows
that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.
( T ) 7. In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel
such as /i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.
( T ) 8. An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study
of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage
people to imitate the “best authors”for language usage.
( T ) 9. The open-class words include prepositions.
( T ) 10. According to semantic triangle, there is no direct link between a symbol and referent, .
between a word and a thing it refers to.
( T ) 11. The relationship of “flower”, “violet”, “rose”and “tulip”is hyponymy. ( F ) 12. Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds. (sunrise)
( T ) 13. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and
analyzed in their investigation.
( F ) 14. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be generalized into the
study of another language.
( F ) 15. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in English because
English, unlike Chinese, is a typical tone language.
( F ) 16. When we think of a concept, we actually try to see the image of something in our mind's
eye every time we come across a linguistic symbol.
( F ) 17. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Good morning！”can
be restored to “I wish you a good morning.”
( T ) 18. Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of
acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly.
( F ) 19. According to N. Chomsky,?”competence”is the actual realization of his knowledge in
utterance.
( F ) 20. The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.
( F ) 21. All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed. ( T ) 22. Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.
( F )?23. An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by
the utterance.
( T ) 24. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
( T ) 25. The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus
there are still many languages in today's world that can only be spoken, but not written.
( F ) 26. In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.
speech
a of members the all by shared system linguistic abstract the to refers Parole 27. ) F ( community.
( T ) 28. Conversational implicature is a kind of implied meaning, deduced on the basis of the
conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its
maxims.
( F ) 29. Pragmatic failure may occur in cross-cultural communication, . between speakers of
different cultural backgrounds, but not occur in intra-cultural communication . between speakers of
the same cultural background.
( T ) 30. Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning. III. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or
two examples for illustration when
necessary.
1. diachronic linguistics
Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, . the
study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.
2. synchronic linguistics
Linguistics that studies language at one particular point of time, . the study of the kind of English
used during Shakespeare's time.
3. Language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
4. context
Context is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the
hearer.
5. blending
A process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words. . smog--- smoke + fog.
6. reference
Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship
between the form and the reality.
7. broad transcription
Broad transcription is the transcription with letter symbols only. It is the transcription normally used
in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.
8. a minimal pair
A pair of sound combinations which are identical in every way except one sound segment which
occurs in the same position in the strings, . /pit/ and /bit/.
9. homonymy
Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound
or spelling, or in both. eg. night / knight; lead v. / lead n.; fast adj. / fast v.
10. hyponymy
It refers to meaning inclusiveness,?that is, the sense relation between a more general, more
inclusive word and a more specific word. . The relationship of “flower”, “violet”, “rose”and “tulip”
is hyponymy.
11. cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language) One of the major defining features of human language. Humans are born with the ability to acquire
a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically
transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, . it has to be taught and learnt.
12. allophones
Allophones are the different phones that represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments.
13. morphology
Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by
which words are formed.
14. duality
Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level,
there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of
meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called duality.
15. pragmatics
It refers to the study of language in use.
16. bound morpheme
The morphemes that do not occur alone.
17. arbitrariness
The forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
18. syntax
Syntax studies the sentence structure of language.
IV. Answer the following questions.?
1. What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle? （P86-87）
According to Grice, there are four maxims under the cooperative principle:
A. The maxim of quantity
1) Make your contribution as informative as required
(for the current purpose of the exchange) .
2) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
B. The maxim of quality
1) Do not say what you believe to be false.
2) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
C. The maxim of relation
Be relevant.
D. The maxim of manner
1) Avoid obscurity of expression.?????????????????????????????
2) Avoid ambiguity.
3) Be brief ( avoid unnecessary prolixity) .??????
4) Be orderly.
2.?How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related, and how do they differ? (P79)
The meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized, while the meaning of an utterance is
concrete and context-dependent. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning, and it is the
realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a
context.
3. How is Saussure's distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky's distinction
between competence and performance? What do they differ? ( P4-5)
1) Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community,
and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Chomsky defines competence as the
ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this
knowledge in linguistic communication.
2) Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the
actual use of language. Their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study. Similar
to Saussure, Chomsky thinks what linguist should study is the ideal speaker's competence, and the
task of linguists is to discover and specify the rules of language.
3) Two linguists differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, while Chomsky looks
at language from a psychological point of view.
4. What are the differences between modern linguistics and traditional grammar? (P5-6)
A. Linguistics is descriptive, not prescriptive
B. Linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.
C. Linguistics differs from traditional grammar in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based
framework.
5. What is the speech act theory advanced by John Austin? (P80-81)
Speech act theory is the first major theory in the pragmatic study of language, which was originated
with John Austin and aims to answer the question “What do we do when using language”. First, he
made a distinction between “constatives”and “performatives”. Later on, he （行事话语）（述事话语）set up another model to explain the way acts were performed by means of language. According to
his new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: that is,
The locutionary act----an act of saying something, . an act of conveying literal meaning （言内行为）by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.
The illocutionary ac----an act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act （言外
英语语言学概论复习
《英语语言学概论》复习纲要 1.复习的基本原则：第一，理解和吃透各章的重点内容。第二，以 各章的题目为统领，理解各章节下的具体内容。第三，动手书写和记忆重要内容，部分语言学理论会应用到实际中。 2.各章节复习要点如下 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Definitions of the following terms: language, linguistics, arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, descriptive VS prescriptive, synchronic VS diachronic, langue VS parole, competence VS performance Study of the origin of language What are the functions of language Which subjects are included in macrolinguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds Definitions of the following terms: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, phonetics, phonology, consonants, vowels, allophones, broad transcription VS narrow transcription Analyze the complementary distribution, free variation with examples The classification of English consonants and English vowels and the features involved in the classification Understand some processes of phonology: nasalization, dentalization, velarization
英语语言文学专业基础
英语语言文学专业基础 本科目包括英语语言学基础、英美文学基础知识、英语国家概况、英汉互译四部分内容，总分150分，其中英语语言学基础15分，英美文学基础知识70分，英语国家概况15分，英汉互译50分。 I、英语语言学基础（15分） 一、考试要求和内容 该部分主要考查普通语言学的基本概念和基本理论。 二、考试题型 填空题、选择题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《新编简明英语语言学教程》，戴炜栋、何兆熊主编，上海外语教育出版社，2002。 II、英美文学基础知识（70分） 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对有关英美文学的基本概念、主要流派、基础知识的理解和掌握情况，以及运用所学的基础理论知识分析、评论简单的文学文本。 二、考试内容 1、英国文学部分 1）古英语诗歌的形成、发展及主要文本。 2）英国中世纪文学的形成和发展、主要诗人及其作品。 3）英国文艺复兴时期的文学：“文艺复兴”产生的历史背景、定义及其主要特征、对英国文学的影响、主要作家及其作品。 4）新古典主义时期（十八世纪）英国文学：启蒙运动形成的原因、启蒙运动的定义、特征及其对英国文学的影响、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 5）浪漫主义时期（十九世纪早期）英国文学：英国浪漫主义文学形成的历史背景、浪漫主义诗歌的主要作家及其作品、浪漫主义小说的主要作家及其作家品、浪漫主义散文的主要作家及其作品。 6）维多利亚时期（十九世纪中后期）英国文学：英国现实主义文学形成发展的历史背景、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 7）现代时期（二十世纪）英国文学：英国现代主义文学形成的历史背景、现代主义文学的主要流派、这一时期主要作家及其作品。 2、美国文学部分 1）早期的美国文学：清教主义文学形成与发展、早期美国文学的主要作家及其作品。 2）浪漫主义时期的美国文学：早期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品、超验主义时期的主要作家几作品、后期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品。 3）现实主义时期的美国文学：美国现实主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、美国现实主义文学与自然主义文学的异同、这一时期主要的作家及作品。 4）现代时期的美国文学：美国现代主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、战后美国文学的形成与发展、现代时期美国文学的主要作家及作品。 三、考试题型 填空题、单项选择题、匹配题、名词解释题、文本分析题。 四、参考书 《英国文学简史》（新增订本），刘炳善，河南人民出版社，2007； 《美国文学简史》（第2版），常耀信，南开大学出版社，2003 III、英语国家概况（15分） 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对英美国家的地理、历史、政治、文化、社会习俗、宗教群体、价值观念以及该国人民的思想态度和生活方式的掌握情况。 二、考试题型 填空题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《英美概况》（上、下册），张奎武主编，吉林科学技术出版社，2003 IV、英汉互译（50分）
英语语言学试题及答案
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
英语语言学概论精选试题学生版
《英语语言学概论》精选试题1 1. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true A. Language is a system B. Language is symbolic C. Animals also have language D. Language is arbitrary 2. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language A. Symbolic B. Duality C. Productive D. Arbitrary 3. What is the most important function of language A. Interpersonal B. Phatic C. Informative D. Metalingual 4. Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole A. Saussure B. Chomsky C. Halliday D. Anonymous 5. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language A. competence B. parole C. performance D. langue 6. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it" is . A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative 7. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies . A. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech B. the perception of sounds C. the combination of sounds D. the production of sounds 8. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in . A. the place of articulation B. the obstruction of airstream C. the position of the tongue D. the shape of the lips 9. Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription A. Phonetics B. Phonology C. Semantics D. Pragmatics 10. Which studies the sound systems in a certain language A. Phonetics B. Phonology C. Semantics D. Pragmatics 11. Minimal pairs are used to . A. find the distinctive features of a language B.find the phonemes of a language C. compare two words D. find the allophones of language 12. Usually, suprasegmental features include ___ ,length and pitch. A. phoneme B. speech sounds C. syllables D. stress 13. Which is an indispensable part of a syllable A. Coda B. Onset C. Stem D. Peak 三、判断
英语语言学导论
Is language a system? Yes. Is there intrinsic connection between form and meaning? No. It’s arbitrary . Language is a system whose parts can and must be considered in their synchronic solidarity. (de Saussure, 1916) [Language is] a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. (Chomsky, 1957) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. A system ----elements in it are arranged according to certain rules. They cannot be arranged at will. e.g. He the table cleaned. bkli Arbitrary ----there is no intrinsic (logic) connection between a linguistic form and its meaning. Vocal --------the primary medium for all languages is sound, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. Writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms. People with little or no literacy can also be competent language users. Symbols ----words are just the symbols associated with objects, actions, and ideas by convention. Human ----language is human-specific. Human beings have different kinds of brains and vocal capacity. “Language Acquisition Device” (LAD) 语言习得机制 Origin of language 1.The divine theory 神论说--- God created language for human beings. 2.The bow-wow theory 拟声说--- Language developed from the imitation of the calls of animals. 3.The pooh-pooh theory 感叹说--- Language developed from instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy of human beings. 4.The “yo-he-ho” theory 韵律说--- Language developed from rhythmic grunts of people when they worked together. Properties of Language -Design features Arbitrariness [‘a:bi,tr?rinis] 任意性 ?The arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between sounds and meanings (form and meaning). Arbitrariness ◆Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning ◆Arbitrariness at the syntactic level The sentence is less arbitrary than words.
《英语语言学》答案完整版
《英语语言学概论》答案完整版 考核方法：闭卷考试 时间：100分钟 题型： I. 单项选择(15×1?=15?) II．判断(15×1?=15?) III．填空(10×1?=10?) IV．术语解释(5×2? =10?) V．简答题(4×5? =20?) VI. 分析题（30’） 重点掌握的术语： 1. Linguistics语言学 The study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. 2. design features设计特点 They are a series of features which are uniquely a part of human language and unlikely to be found in the communication system of other creatures. They are displacement, productivity, cultural transmission, arbitrariness, discreteness and duality. 3. Displacement移位 Language can be used to refer to things which are in the past, present or future, real or imagined,or in far-away places. 4. Duality二元性 It is generally the case that language is organized at two levels or layers which is known as the physical level and meaningful level simultaneously. 5. Arbitrariness任意性 It is generally the case that there is no …natural? connection between a linguistic form and its meaning. 6. Manner of articulation发音方法 It is the case that we describe the consonant sounds in terms of how they are articulated. 7. Place of articulation发音部位 It focuses on describing consonant sounds in terms of where they are articulated. 8. articulatory phonetics发音语言学 The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics. And the study of how speech sounds are made, or …articulated? is articulatory phonetics. 9. Phonology音系学 The description of the systems and patterns of the speech sounds in a language. 10. Assimilation同化 It is the process when two phonemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one phoneme is taken or …copied? by the other. For example, the word …can? in the sentence …I can go.?may pronounce as [k??] instead of [k?n] because of the influence of the following sound [g]. 11. Back-formation逆构法，逆序构词 A word of one type is reduced to form another word of different type. For example, the word …donation? first came into use and then the verb …donate? was created from it.
英语语言学讲解
《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明: 《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。 《语言学概论》研究始于20世纪初，其目的是揭示人类深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。语言学研究社会 学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。 对于主修语言学的学生来说，了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完 全必要和有益的。 本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生，在本科阶段第６学期和第７学期开设。其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修，其 余章节为选修。 二、教学目的及要求: 本课程的具体要求是：比较全面，系统地了解《语言学概论》这 一领域的研究成果，以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则， 从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。 本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。在教学过程中，应重点讲授 主要理论、原则、和研究方法，使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论，在理解消化的基础上记忆。 本课程的对象是英语专业学生，在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范 例，但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。应鼓
励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论，以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。 三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论，语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。 本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。 四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程，如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支，属于选修课程。 五、学时与学分: 学时：７２学时 学分：４学分 六、教学内容： 第一章绪论 本章主要教学内容: 1．语言学习的意义。 2．语言的定义。 3．语言的定义特征。 4．语言的起源。 5．语言的功能。 6．语言学的定义。
2016-英语语言学期末试题练习-+答案
英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6a4985158.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6a4985158.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6a4985158.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6a4985158.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18
英语语言学导论
Course Name: Introduction to Linguistics Sept. 2012, for Grade 2010 Classes 1-6 English Undergraduate Program Department of English School of Foreign Language Studies Nanchang University (NCU) Course Instructor: Prof./Dr. JIANG Syllabus Course Description: This course aims at providing undergraduate juniors of English major with a fundamental and systematic account of the basic knowledge of the studies of linguistics at the modern time with explanations, illustrations, and necessary examples from the course book and also from present English and Chinese language uses, to help develop the students’ interest in this study, to facilitate their understanding of the linguistic terms and theories, and to build a systematic knowledge of the said study. Major Books Used for this Course: 1)Hu, Zhuanglin 2006.Linguistics. A Course Book (Third Edition). Beijing University Press, used as students’ course book. 2) Robins, R. H. 1967/1997. A Short History of Linguistics (4th edn). London, New York: Longman. 4) Yule, George. 2000. The Study of Language. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 5) Keith Brown et al. (eds.) 2006. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd edn), Oxford: Elsevier. 6) Collinge, N. E. (ed.) 2005. An Encyclopaedia of Language. London, New York: Routledge. 7) Strazny, Philipp (ed.) 2005. An Encyclopedia of Linguistics.New York, Oxon: Fitzroy Dearborn. 8) Wikipedia. 9) Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2007. the electronic edition can be accessible on the internet. Course Requirements: 1)Attentive listening, active participation, quick note-taking and understanding,
浅谈高校英语语言学教学问题及对策分析
第30卷第2期湖北广播电视大学学报V ol.30, No.2 2010年2月 Journal of HuBei TV University February. 2010, 128～129 浅谈高校英语语言学教学问题及对策分析 张 廷 （陇东学院 英语系，甘肃 庆阳 745000） [内容提要]语言学是英语专业的一门基础学科，但是由于其理论性较强，语言学的教学存在教师和学生双方面的问题，本文分析当前高校英语语言学教学的现状及存在的问题并结合笔者的教学实践提出了相应的教学方法与对策。 [关键词] 英语语言学；教学问题；对策 [中图分类号] G42 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1008-7427（2010）02-0128-02 1．引言 英语语言学是英语专业一门重要的课程，其主要目标是研究语言现象和语言现象之间的联系和规律，帮助学生了解语言的本质，结构和规律，从而运用语言学知识解释各种语言活动。随着社会经济的发展，社会对外语人才的要求标准不再是专业化，而是实用性，由于语言学过于理论化，语言学课程面临着教师望而却步，学生束手无策的考验。本文通过分析当前英语语言学教学的现状及存在的主要问题，结合笔者几年来的教学情况，总结和分析了英语专业语言学教学存在的主要问题，并提出了教学改进的方法与对策。 2．国内语言学教学现状及存在的问题 目前，英语语言学的教学存在许多有待解决的问题，如教学内容相对陈旧，教学忽视对学生创新精神的培养，对学生的评价只注重单一的考试形式，学生的语言学学习方式比较单一，缺乏自主探究和合作学习的时间和机会，对他们的情感和态度关注较少等等。 国内编著的英语语言学教材较少，并且有的教材内容相对陈旧，没有涉及到很多最新的研究成果；有的教材虽然内容较全，被各大学英语系广泛使用，例如，胡壮麟教授主编的《语言学教程》一书，此书虽然好，但在教学过程中，很多学生反映教材较难，生词和术语较多，许多概念很难理解；很多老师也感到不好教，感到用英语理解、讲解和表达有一定的难度、对老师知识的深度和广度要求比较高，因此语言学教学的经验和相关教学信息也较少。 以上现象导致了两方面的问题：一是教师不满意教学效果，尽管费了很大的力，他们对语言学理论的解释达不到《高等学校英语专业教学大纲》（以下简称《大纲》）的要求；二是学生对学习目的很茫然，大部分学生忙于记忆生单词、背诵术语和定义，时间和精力用了很多，但是最终没有明白语言学学习目的的所在。 下面作者从教师必备的知识体系入手，试着找出导致以上问题的原因： 2.1 教师所具备的理论知识较片面，不能有效指导教学实践根据Cochran-Smith和Lytle（1999）的观点，理论知识（knowledge for practice）是研究人员和学者研究的成果和理论，包括专业知识、教育理论知识、关于人类发展的只是、指导课堂组织的理论知识、教学法知识、评价理论知识、社会文化知识等；理论知识为教师的实践提供指导。 然而，教师往往只注重专业知识的积累和提高，对教育理论知识、心理学知识等却有所忽视，因此，教师在课程教学中只传递语言学知识，却没有注意学生的接受情况，没有与学生进行双向互动交流。换言之，整个授课过程以课程知识为中心，而没有以学生为中心，忽视了学生的主观能动性。 2.2 教师对实践知识的积累缺乏敏感性 Cochran-Smith和Lytle（1999）把实践知识（knowledge in practice）定义为教师个人反思自己的教学实践而得出的知识，如教师通过行动研究得出的体会等。由于对这方面的积累缺乏敏感性，教师在实践过程中没有及时反思教学得失，因此，其实践知识的积累也受到了影响。 2.3 教师缺乏团队合作精神，实践知识没有提升 在实践教学中，教师需要组成学习团体，对理论知识在应用过程中所产生的问题进行探讨，提升为新的知识体系，并以此来支持大纲的修订、课程的设置等。平时教学中教师之间缺乏交流与合作，因此缺少对个人经验的提升，影响了教师知识体系的更新，直接影响了教学效果。 2.4 教学没有注意联系实际，与《大纲》所规定的“培养学生分析语言现象的能力”相违背 从学科特点看，语言学是一门学术性、理论性较强的专业知识课，其内容的开放性决定了它是一门信息含量很大的课程。但由于授课时数的限制，教师在讲授时只能抽象简略地对一些基本理论进行概述，而没有训练学生分析语言现象的基本能力。 3．教学方法与对策 现有语言学教学方法主要采取满堂灌的方式，因此导致学生缺乏学习兴趣。而教师的角色任务是根据某一社会所规定的教育目的和学生身心发展的特点去培养人才（周国韬等，1998）。为了提高学生的语言学学习效率，取得良好的教学效果，教师必须扮演好自己的角色，积极探讨新的教学方法，调动学生的学习积极性，促进其智力因素的发展，帮助学生构建自己的语言学知识体系，培养学生的思维能力和创新能力。 针对以上问题，在教师方面，应当尽量做到： （1）转变教学理念，从以内容、知识为中心的教学转向以学习为中心的教学模式，从传授知识为中心转向以培养能力为中心的模式。 （2）经常对自己的教学内容进行反思：希望自己的学生 [收稿日期]2009-11-18