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高三复习13《磁 场1》

高三复习13《磁 场1》
高三复习13《磁 场1》

高三复习13《磁场1》08.12

知识点一:磁场、安培定则

1.磁场:磁场是_________和_______周围一种特殊的物质,小磁针______极受力方向为该点的磁场的方向.

2.磁感线:是人们为了形象描述磁场而假想的一簇________曲线,磁体的外部是从_____极到______极;内部是从______极到______极;磁感线的密疏表示磁场的________,磁感线上某点的_____________表示该点的磁场方向.

3.电流的磁场:(安培定则)

①右手直导线定则:如图用右手握住通电直导线,让伸直的大拇指

所指的方向跟______的方向一致,那么弯曲的四指所指的方向就是

____________的环绕方向.

②右手螺线管定则:用右手握住通电螺线管,让弯曲的四指所指的

方向跟__________的环绕方向一致,那么伸直的大拇指所指的方向就是

中心轴线上__________的方向.

③磁铁和电流的磁场本质都是由_____________而产生的.

4.地球的磁场:如图地球的磁场与条形磁铁的磁场相似,地磁场

的N极在地球的___________附近,S极在地球的___________附近,北

半球的磁感线方向___________,在南半球磁感线方向___________,在

赤道平面上磁感线方向___________.

知识点二:磁感应强度B、磁通量Φ

1.磁感应强度:(1)物理意义:表示磁场______和______的物理量;(2)定义:在磁场中垂直______方向的____________的磁感线条数;(3)比值表达式:B=_________;(4)矢量:方向为该点的________方向,(5)单位:________ (T)

2.磁通量Φ:(1)定义:在磁场中穿过某一定面积S的____________条数为该面积S 的磁通量;(2)表达式:Φ=_________;(3)磁通量有正穿和反穿两个方向,但为______量;

(4)单位:________ (Wb)

知识点三:磁场对电流的作用力-安培力

1.安培力的大小:F=__________,θ为B的方向与电流方向的夹角;θ=0ο时,磁场方向与电流方向平行,安培力F为_________;θ=90ο时,磁场方向与电流方向垂直,安培力F为_________.

2.安培力的方向:左手定则:伸开左手,让拇指与其余四指_______,并且都与手掌在同一个平面内.让磁感线从掌心进入,并使四指指向________,这时_______所指的方向就是通电导线在磁场中所受安培力的方向;注意:F一定和B、I组成的平面_______.

例1.如图所示,直导线AB、螺线管C、电磁铁D三者相距

较远,它们的磁场互不影响,当开关S闭合稳定后,则图中小磁针

的北极N(黑色的一端)指示出磁场方向正确的是( )

A.a B.b C.c D.d

例2.如图所示,在倾角为 的光滑斜面上,垂直纸面放置一根

长为L、质量为m的直导体棒.当导体棒中的电流I垂直纸面向里

时,欲使导体棒静止在斜面上,可将导体棒置于匀强磁场中,当外

加匀强磁场的磁感应强度B的方向在纸面内由竖直向上逆时针转

至水平向左的过程中,关于B的大小的变化,正确的说法是( )

A.逐渐增大B.逐渐减小

C.先减小后增大D.先增大后减小

例3.如图所示,把一重力不计的通电直导线水平放在蹄形磁

铁磁极的正上方,导线可以自由转动,当导线通入图示方向电流I

时,导线的运动情况是(从上往下看) ( )

A.顺时针方向转动,同时下降

B.顺时针方向转动,同时上升

C.逆时针方向转动,同时下降

D.逆时针方向转动,同时上升

例4.如图所示,在与水平方向成60o角的光滑金属导轨间连一电源,在相距1 m的平行导轨上放一重为3 N的金属棒ab,棒上通过3 A的电流,磁场方向竖直向上,这时棒恰好静止,求:(1)匀强磁场的磁感应强度.(2)ab棒对导轨的压力.(3)若要使B取值最小,其方向应如何调整?并求出最小值.

例5.如图所示,用三条细线悬挂的水平圆形线圈共有n匝,线圈由粗细均匀、单位长度的质量为2.5 g的导线绕制而成,三条细线呈对称分布,稳定时线圈平面水平,在线圈正下方放有一个圆柱形条形磁铁,磁铁的中轴线00’垂直于线圈平面且通过其圆心0,测得线圈的导线所在处磁感应强度大小为0.5 T,方向与竖直线成30o角,要使三条细线上的张力为零,线圈中通过的电流至少为多少?

训 练 13

1.下列关于磁感应强度大小的说法正确的是( )

A .通电导线受磁场力大的地方磁感应强度一定大

B .通电导线在磁感应强度大的地方受力一定大

C .放在匀强磁场中各处的通电导线,受力大小和方向处处相同

D .磁感应强度的大小和方向跟放在磁场中的通电导线受力的大小和方向无关

2.如图所示,平行于纸面水平向右一的匀强磁场,磁感应强度B 1=1 T .位于一纸面内的细直导线,长L =1 m ,通有I =1 A 的恒定电流.当导线与B 1成60o 夹角时,发现其受到的安培力为零.则该区域同时存在的另一匀强磁场的磁感应强度B 2的可能值为 ( )

A .21T

B .T

C .3 T

D .2

3T

3.如图所示,A 、B 为2个通电圆环,B 垂直纸面固定不动,A 位于纸面上可以自由移动,两环中电流的方向如图所示,则A 环的运动情况是( )

A. 俯视顺时针转动,同时靠近B

B. 俯视顺时针转动,同时远离B

C. 俯视逆时针转动,同时靠近B

D .俯视逆时针转动,同时远离B

4.一定质量的导体棒放在光滑的倾斜导轨上,如图所示,若给导体棒通电,并在此区域加上强度一定的匀强磁场,则下列有可能使导体棒保持静止状态的有( )

5.如图所示,有一根竖直长直通电导线和一个通电三角形金属框处在

同一平面,直导线和ab 平行,当长直导线内通以向上的电流时,若不计

重力,则三角形金属框架将会( )

A .水平向左运动

B .水平向上运动

C .处于静止状态

D .会发生转动

6.在地磁场作用下处于静止的小磁针上方,平行于小磁针水平放置

一直导线,当该导线中通有电流时,小磁针会发生偏转;当通过该导线电流

为I 时,小磁针左偏30o (如图所示),则当小磁针左偏60o 时,通过导线的电

流为(已知直导线在某点产生的磁场与通过直导线的电流成正比) ( )

A .2I

B .3I

C .3I

D .无法确定

7.赤道上某处,有一竖直的避雷针,当带有正电的乌云经过避雷针上空通过避雷针

放电时,地磁场对避雷针的作用力的方向为( )

A.正南B.正东C.正西D.正北

8.如图所示,A为被固定的长直导线,abcd为能绕与A平

行的固定转轴00’自由转动的矩形线框,若直导线和线框分别通以

图示方向的电流I1、I2,则线框的运动情况为( )

A.顺时针旋转,最终停在线框内磁通量最小的位置

B.逆时针旋转,最终停在线框内磁通量最大的位置

C.顺时针旋转,最终停在ad边和bc边与直导线A等距离的位置

D.逆时针旋转,最终停在ad边和bc边与直导线A等距离的位置

9.如图所示,台秤上放一光滑平板,其左边固定一挡板,一轻质

弹簧将挡板和一条形磁铁连接起来,此时台秤读数为T1,现在磁铁上

方中心偏左位置固定一导体棒,当导体棒中通以方向如图所示的电流

后,台秤读数为T2,则以下说法正确的是( )

A.弹簧长度将变长B.弹簧长度将变短

C.T1>T2 D.T1

10.如图所示,两根平行放置的长直导线a和b载有大小相同、方向相

反的电流,a受到的磁场力大小为F1.当加入一与导线所在平面垂直的匀强

磁场后,a受到的磁场力大小变为F2,则此时b受到的磁场力大小变为( ) A.F2B.F l-F2

C.F1+F2D.2F1-F2

11.电磁炮是利用磁场对电流的作用力,把电能转变成机械能,将炮弹发射出去的,如图所示,把两根长为s,互相平行的铜制轨道放在磁场中,轨道之间。放有质量为m的炮弹,炮弹架在长为l、质量为M的金属杆上,当有大的电流I1通过轨道和炮弹时,炮弹与金属架在磁场力的作用下,获得速度v1的时刻加速度为a,当有大的电流I2通过轨道和炮弹时,炮弹最终以最大速度v2脱离金属架并离开轨道,设炮弹运动过程中受到的阻力与速度的平方成正比,求垂直于轨道平面的磁感应强度多大?

12.金属棒质量为m,导轨宽为L,通过的电流为I,处在磁感应强度为B的匀强磁场中,结果ab静止且紧压在水平导轨上,若磁场方向与导轨平面成 角,如图所示,求:

(1)棒受到的摩擦力;

(2)棒对导轨的压力.

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擦力近似等于最大静摩擦力),下列说法中正确的是() A . 木块开始滑动前,其所受的摩擦力先增大后减小 B . 木板从水平变成接近竖直方向过程中木块所受的摩擦力一直在增大 C . 测得的动摩擦因数μ=tanθ D . 测得的动摩擦因数μ=sinθ 4. (2分)(2017·乌鲁木齐模拟) 冰壶比赛场地如图,运动员在投掷线MN处放手让冰壶滑出,为了使冰壶滑行的更远,运动员可用毛刷擦冰壶滑行前方的冰面,使冰壶与冰面间的动摩擦因数减小到原来的一半,一次比赛中,甲队要将乙队停在营垒(半径为1.83m)中心O的冰壶A(可看作质点)击出营垒区,甲队将冰壶B(与A质量相同)以某一初速度掷出后,若不擦冰,冰壶B与A发生正碰(无机械能损失)后,A将停在距O点1m处,冰壶B 掷出后,通过下列擦冰方式不能将A击出营垒区的是() A . 在冰壶B滑行5m后,在其滑行前方擦冰1.7m B . 在冰壶B与A正碰后,立即紧贴A在其滑行前方擦冰1.7m C . 先在冰壶B前方擦冰1m,正碰后,再从距O点1m处开始在A前方擦冰0.7m D . 先在冰壶B前方擦冰0.8m.正碰后,再从距O点1m处开始在A前方擦冰0.9m 5. (2分) (2019高二下·汕头月考) 有一种调压变压器的构造如图所示.线圈AB绕在一个圆环形的铁芯上, C、D之间加上输入电压,转动滑动触头P就可以调节输出电压.图中A为交流电流表,V为交流电压表,R1、R2为定值电阻,R3为滑动变阻器,C、D两端接正弦交流电源,变压器可视为理想变压器,则下列说法正确的是()

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