新编英语语法教程_复习资料全

1.主谓一致

主谓一致Subject-Verb Concord即谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语保持一致，主谓一致包括语法一致、意义一致和就近一致。

1.1指导原则

(1)语法一致

语法一致即谓语动词在单复数形式上要和主语保持一致

eg.

A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language. (主语是单数形式，

谓语也采取单数形式）

语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则.

Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language. (主语是复数形式，谓语也采取复数形式）

语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则.

(2)意义一致和就近原则

意义一致就是谓语动词要和主语意义上的单复数保持一致。

补充解释和例句见书P22

就近一致就是谓语动词要和靠近它的主语部分保持一致。

常出现在这类句子中的连词有：or, either…or…，neither… nor …，not only… but also …等.

例句见书P23

英语中，有时几个名词或代词有某些此连接起来一起作句子的主语，此时，谓语动词的形式就须有与之最接近的名词或代词的人称和数决定。如：

(1) There is a desk and five chairs in his room. 他房间里有一张办公桌和五把椅子。

There are five chairs and a desk in his room. 他房间里有五把椅子和一张办公桌。

(2) Either you or Li Lei is going to be sent there. 要么是你要么是李蕾将被派到那里去。

Are either you or Li Lei going to be sent there? 是你将被派到那里去还是李蕾将被派到那里去？

1.2-s结尾的名词作主语

(1)以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称

(2)以-ics结尾的学科名称

(3)以-s结尾的地理名称

(4)其他以-s结尾的名词

1.3以集合名词作主语

(1)通常作复数的集体名词

见书P27

【注】goods(货物), clothes(衣服)只有复数形式，且只表示复数意义：

Such clothes are very cheap. 那样的衣服很便宜。

All the goods have been sent to them. 所有的货物都给他们送去了。

(2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词

clothing(衣服)，poetry(诗歌)，baggage / luggage(行李)，furniture(家具)，machinery(机械)，scenery(景色)，jewelry(珠宝)，equipment(设备)等集合名词通常只用作不可数名词，表示单数意义，用作主语时，其后谓语动词用单数形式。

(3)既可做单数也可作复数的集体名词

family(家庭)，team(队，队员)，class(班，班上的全体学生)，crowd(人群)，government(政府)，crew(乘务员)，committee(委员会)，audience(听众)，public(公众)等集合名词，当它们表示整体意义时，表单数意义，当它们强调个体意义时，表示复数意义。

【注】有时没有特定的语境，用单复数谓语均可以：

The audience was (were) very excited by the show. 观众对演出甚感激动。

The public has (have) a right to know what’s in the report. 公众有权知道这篇报告的内容。

如将侧重点放在组成集体的成员上，动词用复数。

(4)a committee of 等+复数名词

见书P27

1.4 以并列结构作主语

(1)由and和both...and连接的并列主语

【注意】

a)当由and连接的两个并列主语受each, every, no的修饰时，谓语用单数：

Every boy and (every) girl likes the book. 每个男孩女孩都喜欢这本书。

No desk and (no) chair was seen in the room. 房间里不见桌椅。

b)当and连接两个数相加时，谓语动词可用单数或复数：

Six and eight makes [make] fourteen. 六加八等于十四。

c)当and连接的两个的词语指同一个人或事物时，谓语通常要用单数：

A cart and horse was seen in the distance. 远处看见一辆马车。

(2)由or, nor, either...or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but等连接的并列主

语

就近原则处理

The teacher as well as the students has read it 不仅学生读过它，老师也读过。

The teacher rather than the students is to blame. 应受责备的是老师而不是学生。

(3)主语+as much as等书P30

(4)主语+as well as等书P30

1.5 以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语

(1)以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语

a)表时间长度、钱数、速度等的词组作主语

此时通常将其视为整体，谓语用单数。

eg. Twenty years is a long time. 20年是很长的时间。

Ten dollars is all I have left. 我只剩下10美元。

如果看作组成该数量的一个个的个体，谓语用复数。

eg. There are six silver dollars in each of the stockings.

b)“分数(百分数)+of+名词”结构作主语

谓语动词形式依of-词组中的名词类别而定。

例句见书P32

【注意】

在现代英语中，有时即使该结构中的名词为复数，其谓语也可用单数(即将其视为整体)：

Over sixty per cent of families own [owns] a television. 百分之六十以上的家庭已拥有电视机。

c)两数相减或相除，动词用单数；两数相加或相乘，动词可以用单数，也可以用复数。

例句见书P32

d)“one in /one out of +复数名词”作主语

在正式语体中，动词用单数；在非正式语体中，动词也可按“就近原则”用复数。

例句见书P32

(2)以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语

a)主语是all of…，some of…，none of…，half of…，most of…等表示非确定数量的名词词组，其

后的动词形式依of- 词组的名次类别而定。

例句见书P32

b)主语是由“lots of，heaps of, loads of, scads of, plenty of+名词”构成，表示“许许多多”

等概念时，随后动词的单复数形式也依of- 词组的名次类别而定。

c)主语是由"a portion of，a series of，a pile of，a panel of+名词"构成，不管名词类别如

何，动词通常用单数。

d)主语是由“限定词+a kind/ sort/ type of +名词”构成，随后的动词形式按以下规则：

在a kind/ sort/ type of，this kind/ sort/ type of之后通常加单数或不可数名词，动词用单数。

如果要用复数名词：名词复数+of this kind/ sort/ type

Roses of this kind are very sweet

出现在these kinds of，many/several kinds of 后的名词，既可以是单数或不可数名词。也可以是复数名词，动词用复数。

在非正式语体中，常见“these/those kind of +复数名词”作主语，随后的动词用复数。

e)主语是由"many a+名词"或"more than one+名词"构成，其意义虽属多数，但随后的动词仍遵循"

语法一致"原则，用单数。

f)如果主语由"an average of/a majority of+复数名词"构成，而且明确表示多数个体概念，随后

的谓语动词用复数;如果这类主语不表示多数个体概念，随后的谓语动词用单数。

1.6 其他方面的主谓一致问题

(1)名词性分句作主语时的主谓一致

名词性分句作主语时，随后的动词一般使用单数，但有时也会有主谓一致的问题：

由what，who，why，how，whether等wh-词引导的名词性分句作主语，其后的动词通常用单数。

两个由and连接的并列名词性分句作主语，如果主语表示两件事，动词用复数。

在以what-分句作主语的SVC结构中，如果主语补语是复数名词，主语谓语动词可用复数。如果what-分句本身明显表示富士意义，那么主句动词也可用复数。

(2)以非限定分句作主语的主谓一致

以非限定分句（主要是不定式分句和ing分词分句）作主语，随后动词通常用单数

由and连接的并列非限定分句作主语，如果指两件事，动词用复数；如果指一件事，动词用复数。

(3)关系分句中的主谓一致

在"one of+复数名词+who/that/which"引导的定语从句中，从句谓语的单复数取决于one前是否有the only, the very。如果有，从句的谓语动词用单数，如没有，就用复数形式。

(4)分裂句中的主谓一致

在强调句中，由that/who引导的从句的动词形式通常依先行词而定。在"It is I+ who从句"+的动词现在时在人称和数的形式上应与I保持一致。

(5)存在句中的主谓一致

在存在句中，要使用就近原则，即谓语动词的单复数形式一般取决于离谓语最近的那个名词或词组的单复数形式。

2.名词属格

2.1 名词属格的构成、意义和用法

（1）名词属格的构成（加-’s）

A）单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词一般在词尾加-’s

如：Milltown's poems，my mother’s arrival， women’s clothes。

B) 以-s 结尾的复数名词在词尾只加-'，

如：the girls’ dormitory。

C）复合名词和作为一个整体的名词词组构成属格时，在最后一个词的结尾加's

如：my mother-in-law’s death，

an hour and a half’s talk，

somebody else’s opinion

* 以 -s 结尾的普通名词后加’s，或者只加’。

D）并列名词表示各自的所有关系时，要在各个名词之后加-'s

如Mary’s and Bob’s book。如果仅在第二个名词之后加-‘s（Mary and Bob’s），则指两人共有的书。

E）“名词词组+同位语”构成属格时，-‘s加在同位语名词之后

如：his schoolmate Johnson’s，Basel the bookseller’s，也可以前后都加-'s，如Basel’s，the bookseller’s。

F）以咝音/z/结尾的人名，其属格加-‘s或-’均可

如Dickens’/Dickens’s，Jones’。

但以其他咝音结尾的人名，属格用-’s，如Marx’s，Ross’s等。

（2）结构二: of +名词

1）表示无生命东西的名词所有关系时，用 of +名词

the legs of the table the title of the book

the cover of the book the importance of the plan

the window of the house the strength of the envelope

2) 表示有生命的东西的属格，当该名词有较长的定语或者为了表达某种感情色彩时，亦可用of +名

词结构：

the classroom of the first-year students

the wedding of the Prince of Wales

the death of the king

+书p55

Genitive nouns are sometimes interchangeable with of- phrase.

e.g.:

the visitor’s arrival the arrival of the visitor

an elephant’s trunk the trunk of the elephant

men’s shoes shoes for men

* shoes of men

Collective nouns can also take both forms:

the family’s objection the objection of the family

the committee’s task the task of the committee

Both the genitive and of-phrase can be used with geographical proper nouns and nouns re-ferring to places, institutions, etc.

China’s foreign policy the foreign policy of China

Britain’s resistance the resistance of Britain

the city’s problems the problems of the city

the hospital’s entrance the entrance of the hospital

the village’s population t he population of the village

（3）名词属格的意义Meanings of genitive nouns

A) Possessive genitive (所有关系)

China’s territory

my son’s wife

the Young Pioneer’s red scarf

B) Subjective genitive (主谓关系, 其中的名词大多由动词转化而来) (动作的执行者)

the teacher’s praise

the student’s application (= The student applied.)

the Party’s call

C) Objective genitive (动宾关系,名词由动词转化而来) (动作的承受者)

the younger generation’s education

the president’s assassination

the war prisoners’ release

D) Genitive of origin (来源)

Remin Ribao’s edit orials

Newton’s law

※ the girl’s story=a story told by the girl

E) Descriptive genitive (类别)

women’s magazines

children’s language

a doctor’s degree

F) Genitive of time, distance, measure, value, etc. 表示时间、度量、价值等

ten minutes’ break

two or three minutes’ absence

a mile’s distance

50 kilograms’ weight

twenty dollars’ value

two pounds’ worth of stamps

（4）名词属格的用法Uses of genitive nouns

a.作限定词和前置修饰语

(1) 名词 -s 属格主要用于表示人的名词后。

e.g.: the girl’s skirt Elizabeth’s hair

men’s room teachers’ office

(2) 名词 -s 属格也用于表示除人外的高等动物的名词后。

e.g.: the cat’s paw the dog’s tail

the snake’s teeth ewe’s milk 羊奶

(3) 名词-s属格也用于表示某些无生命的东西之后。

a. 用于由人组成的集体名词后。

e.g.: the class’s monitor the team’s leader

the club’s members the government’s policy

the delegate’s visit our Party’s stand

the majority’s view the family’s objection

b. 用于表示时间的名词之后。

e.g.: today’s newspaper two days’ leave

a month’s holiday a moment’s thought

o ne minute’s talk a day or two’s delay c. 用于表示距离的名词之后。

e.g.: one meter’s length three miles’ drive

two centimeters’ width ten cables’ length

d. 也用于表示价值、重量等的名词之后。

e.g.: a dollar’s/ shilling’s worth of stamp

a ton’s weight

e. 用于表示地理、国家、城市、地域等名称的名词后。

e.g.: Africa’s features China’s future

the island’s southern tip Europe’s development

the United States’ attitude New York’s population f. 用于表示天体名称的名词后。

e.g.: the earth’s surface the moon’s light

the sun’s heat Jupiter’s (木星) orbit

g. 用于表示工业、科技等名称的名词后。

e.g.: industry’s pollution problem

science’s contribution

h. 表示人家、店铺等工作、生活处所的所有格后的名词常省略。

e.g.: I’m going to the barber’s. (barber shop)

We visited St. Paul’s. (St. Paul Cathedral)

新编英语语法教程(第6版)练习参考答案

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第3讲主谓一致（二） 3.1 以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题 1）由and/both... And 连接的并列主语 2）由or/nor/either...or 等连接的并列主语 3）主语+as much as 等 4）主语+as well as 等 3.2 以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一直问题1）以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语 2) 以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语 3.3 其他方面的主谓一致问题 1）以名词性分句作主语的主谓一致问题 2）以非限定分句作主语的主谓一致问题 3）关系分句中的主谓一致问题 4）分裂句中的主谓一致问题 5）存在句中的主谓一致问题 第4讲 4.1 名词分类和名词词组的句法功能 1）名词分类 2）名词词组的句法功能 4.2 名词的数 1）规则复数和不规则复数 2）集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词的数4.3 单位词 1）一般表示个数的单位词 2）表示形状的单位词 3）表示容积的单位词 4）表示动作状态的单位词 5）表示成双、成对、成群的单位词 第5讲 5.1 名词属格的构成、意义和用法 1）名词属格的构成 2）名词属格的意义 3）名词属格的用法 5.2 独立属格和双重属格 1）独立属格 2）双重属格 第6讲限定词（一） 6.1限定词与三类名词的搭配关系 1）能与三类名词搭配的限定词 2）只能与单数名词搭配的限定词 3）只能与复数名词搭配的限定词

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14. …are practically impossible to … 15. This is hardly my business / This hardly is… 16. I can hardly hear you. 17. I can just hear you. 1 18. …is only for your ears / … is for your ears only. 19. …for your ears alone. 20. Will you kindly come this way? 21. …spoke to her kindly. 22. I also spoke to her mother. / I s poke al so… / Also, I spoke… 23. I spoke to her mother as well. 24. The house badly needs repainting / …repainting badly. 25. …painted it badly. 26. …badly painted / …painted badly. 27. …live economically. 28. Somehow we have to manage / We have to manage somehow.

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