制造业国际化背景下机械专业英语教学研究
·国际观察
－ １３４ －
2018年4月下 第08期（总第434期）
10.3969/j.issn.1671-489X.2018.08.134
制造业国际化背景下机械专业英语教学研究
*
◆陈晓 王红军
摘 要 考虑到制造领域飞速发展与专业英语教学内容相对滞后的不足，将互联网技术与流媒体应用于机械工程英语教学课堂中，一方面革新了传统的信息交流和共享模式，加快学生知识更新的速度，开拓学生与教师之间的新型交互场所；另一方面，利用社交网络、游戏、智慧手机应用软件支持点对点的学习网络，将在线视频、播客、网页小测、网络平台以及网络研讨会用于教学中，对激发学生的学习兴趣以及增强师生交互发挥积极作用。此外，运用国际优质教育资源交流合作平台，进一步拓展学习路径，丰富教学资源。
关键词 机械工程；专业英语；网络教学；网络资源；开放课
mechanical English teaching content is relatively lag behind, the Internet technology and streaming media are used in mechanical engineering English teaching. On the one hand, the traditional mode of information exchanging and sharing has been innovated, the speed of students knowledge updating has been accelerated, and a new type of interaction between students and teachers has been opened up. On the other hand, using social networks, game, and smart phones apps to support point-to-point learning networks, integrating various web resources(online videos, podcasts, web quizzes, webs platforms and webinars) for teaching, they all play a positive role in stimulating 其次是环境。环境的选择偏向于高端、舒适，让顾客享受到现包现煮的鲜明特色。
最后是战略。喜家德水饺坚持只有把这个特色城市做强做大以后，才考虑在这个省内发展下一个城市的发展战略。
６ 结语
喜家德水饺的成功发展，不仅为人们展示了品牌形成过程的扎实基础，而且让人们认识了其内在价值的坚持。品牌的形成，并非是外在包装能够掩饰其内在价值，更多的是内在价值的外显化。喜家德连锁店从在东北建立，到进军华南地区，成功实现价值差异化以及文化的兼容并蓄。不管是其管理模式的优异，还是其品质保障，都值得深入
参考文献
[1]中华人民共和国中央人民政府网.国务院关于大力推进大众创业万众创新若干政策措施的意见[DB/OL].[2015-06-16].https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6012557751.html,/zhengce/content/2015-06/16/content_9855.htm.
[2]十九大报告全文[DB/OL].[2017-10-18].https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6012557751.html,/2017-10-18/101158185.html.
[3]喜家德.知乎[DB/OL].[2017-10-10].https://www.zhi https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6012557751.html,/collection/125193646.
[4]白雪杰.关于喜家德水饺服务质量的一些思考[J].中小企业管理与科技,2015(20):114.
国际观察·
－ １３５ －
2018年4月下 第08期（总第434期）
ning; streaming media
１ 引言
《中国制造2025》指出，制造业是国民经济的主体，是立国之本、兴国之器、强国之基。经过几十年的快速发展，我国制造业规模跃居世界第一位。但是我国仍处于工业化进程中，与先进国家相比还有较大差距，制造业大而不强，自主创新能力弱，关键核心技术与高端装备对外依存度高，产业国际化程度不高[1]。人才培养投入不足，人才发展的环境有待改善等问题，制约着我国制造业的升级。人才作为实施制造业发展战略的重要支撑，需要加大人力资本投资，改革创新教育与培训体系。
《制造业人才发展规划指南》指出我国制造业人才队伍的现状和发展。2015年，高等职业学校制造大类专业点数约6000个，在校生136万人；中等职业学校加工制造类专业点数约1.1万个，在校生186万人。制造业企业可依托高等学校、职业学校和各类培训机构积极开展职工继续教育，创新线上线下相结合的混合式人才培养培训模式。积极培养国际化视野，推进国际化应用技能型人才培养，引导职工学习新知识、钻研新技术、使用新方法[2]。
英国、美国、德国及日本等国家仍是现阶段机械工程领域的领头羊。在我国制造技术仍有待紧跟欧美脚步的环境下，学习机械工程专业英语，通过该课程的学习，学生将掌握工程材料、加工方法、公差、数控技术、计算机辅助设计与制造等方面的英语常用词汇、句型及有关表达方式，并且在机械工程方面具有较熟练的英译汉能力及一定的汉译英能力与听、说能力，从而能够更好地进行专业文献阅读与学术交流，积极推动人才国际化视野的培养。因此，机械工程专业英语是机械设计制造及其自动化专业本科不可或缺的专业课之一[2]。
２ 机械专业英语教学存在的问题
专业英语与大学英语相比，其对听说读写译的侧重点不同，主要要求在于读和译。通过大量的阅读对外文资料进行正确理解和翻译，在读和译的基础上，对听、说、写进行必要的训练
[3]
。专业英语教材内容基本取自欧美文献
原著，但是由于教材出版发行周期长，而目前制造业高速发展，因此，单纯依赖课程教材无法完全满足专业知识更新的速度。
此外，专业外文资料由于涉及科技内容而往往极为复杂，难以理解，加之这类文章的篇幅通常很长，所以只有经过一定的机械专业英语训练，才能完成从基础英语到专业英语的过渡，达到英语学以致用的最终目的[3-4]。作为工程技术人员，阅读专业英语文献的目的是理解掌握文献所叙述的理论或方法，以便在科研或生产实践中实践这些理论方法，或是进一步发展改进这些理论方法。客观来讲，教材中引自欧美文献的科技文章大多抽象深奥。
３ 基于“互联网＋”的机械专业英语教学资源拓展
通过运用互联网以及流媒体丰富的专业资源，能够将课本中抽象、枯燥的机械工程领域学术文章，通过更加新颖、形象、生动的方式加以体现，为学生学习专业英语提供大量素材，以及获得所学能有所用的机会[5-6]。在吸引学生积极学习专业英语的同时，使其了解机械工程行业发展前沿，以弥补专业课程教学内容滞后于科技发展的不足；并促使学生成长为有符合开放与发展趋势观念，具备国际视野。学生通过参与机械工程专业学科知识的英语学习，提高在制造行业中求取职位的竞争力。
信息源之跨国公司网络资源 德国、美国以及日本等国家是机械工程领域的领头羊，在过去的20多年里，大量跨国公司在中国市场开设合资公司，使我国成为吸引外资最多的发展中国家。各大国际公司网页均配备了丰富的专业资源，通过文字、图片、视频等多元化地介绍如设备参数、设备工作原理、设备运作等信息。
如在工程材料与金属切削部分，山特维克是世界领先的金属切削刀具供应商，其公司主页介绍了车削、铣削、钻削、镗削、螺纹加工、攻丝等刀具，以及加工中心中所用的刀具系统，如整体式刀柄等。在介绍先进工程材料与金属切削章节时，均涉及刀具材料，以及切削质量等介绍。山特维克还提供了金属切削的E-learning，采用逼真的动画教学详细介绍车削、铣削、钻削、镗削、螺纹加工、攻丝等加工原理、刀具选择等知识。而瓦尔特是金属加工行业的全面供应商，产品样本中包括铣削、孔加工、车削和螺纹加工等约49 000种刀具。瓦尔特主页除了介绍其刀具产品之外，还介绍了其刀具系统在汽车、航空航天、能源、轨道交通和通用机械等行业的解决方案。
在介绍车削、钻削等切削加工时，德马吉等国际公司的网站不仅有常见数控机床产品的介绍（如车削中心与铣削中心，以及加工中心的参数、所加工零件的范例以及加工演示视频），而且有超声波加工、激光加工等特种加工设备的介绍，以及自动化装备的介绍（如自动换刀设备、托盘运输、全自动生产线、柔性制造单元、刀具预调装置、刀具平衡装置等）；美国福禄公司是超高压（UHP）水刀技术开发和制造领域的领导者，也是机器人和装配设备的领先供应商，其主页则对水切割工作原理、水刀类型与使用挑选以及水切割系统有着详细介绍；埃马克公司拥有车、铣、钻、镗、激光焊接等加工工艺和机床，以及电化学加工等特种加工设备，其主页详细介绍了机床技术参数、相应加工案例等。
信息源之开放课程平台 流媒体是指采用流式传输的方式在网络中传输音频、视频和多媒体的形式。它将视频与音频文件发布于网上，学生能够下载、分享甚至上传这些资源。一方面，通过流媒体发布授课过程，缺课的学生补习授课内容，授课对象可得到更大范围的拓展，学习者可在任何时间、任何地点浏览；另一方面，教师能够利用已发布的流媒体资源补充自身的教学内容，将其作为课前
·国际观察
－ １３６ －
2018年4月下 第08期（总第434期）
预习内容或是课后的拓展资源。
目前被各大知名高校推广的开放课程平台如中国大学MOOC、Coursera 等，拓宽了优秀教育资源的辐射面，让更多的学生有机会享用清华、北大、麻省理工、牛津、哈佛等一流高校的授课资源。麻省理工学院的“开放式课程网页”作为一个免费、开放的教育资源，将麻省理工的教学资源提供给全世界各地的学生使用，它们是麻省理工学院教材的网络版。其中包含机械工程学院的视频或音频课程，如机械如何动作、设计与制造、机械设计的基本原则、机械装配等课程视频。
此外，TED 以及The BIG Talk 等以“用思想的力量来改变世界”为主旨，召集科学与设计等领域的杰出人物，分享关于他们的技术、思考与探索。其中不乏工程领域先进技术的介绍，如Klaus Stadlmann 的世界上最小的3D 打印机、Péter Fankhauser 的跳舞的球形机器人、Paul Moller 的梦想中飞行的车、数字时代的制造革命、3D 打印颠覆狂潮等。美国航空航天局（NASA）的林顿·约翰逊太空中心主页中，介绍了制造技术在航空领域的应用，包括先进设备、工艺及制造和装配等技术，如电子束自由成型技术EBF3（electron-beam freeform fabrication）等先进工艺。此外，德马吉、马扎克、法拉克、ABB、FANUC、NASA、DARPA 等国际公司与研究机构都在YouTube 设有官网，定期更新最新产品或技术的相关流媒体资源。
信息源之学习交流平台 网络交流目前已成为人们相互交流的主要方式，社交网络提供了基于网络的交流的环境与平台，人们能够通过邮件、即时通信、发帖分享彼此的观点、兴趣与信息[5-6]。网络交流提供了有别于课堂正式讨论与请教的环境，给予轻松的氛围以及不对时间与地点设限。学生作为年轻一代，始终走在时代前端，接收并崇尚最前沿的资讯与技术，因此对社交网络式交流平台有更高的接受度。由此，社交网络也成为教师传道授业的途径之一。
利用社交网络、智能手机的应用软件支持的点对点的学习网络，将在线视频、播客、网页小测、网络平台以及网络研讨会用于教学中，对激发学生的学习兴趣以及增强师生交互度发挥着积极作用。
４ 基于“互联网＋”的新型学习模式探索
教学过程中，教师通常需要运用不同的教学方法施教，因此，教师持续学习并汲取更为新颖的教学方法，能够提升教学品质与学生学习成效。而教学方法的来源，不限于教学领域，也可以吸取其他领域的方法并加以改良。通过网络与流媒体的引入，能够基于各类学习模式及其特点，根据机械工程英语教学特点，选择最佳学习模式组合，并将其运用于教学过程，促进高效教学过程的形成。
与问题导向式学习的结合 问题导向式学习的核心在于以现实中存在的复杂问题为引子，整合与组织学习信息，并将其用于未来可能遇见的问题。在引入专业知识之前，
提出可能存在的问题，通过鼓励学生利用周遭学术资源，特别是丰富的互联网资源，积极研究并解决问题，培养其发现信息、明确所需信息以及可能获取信息的途径的能力，培养学生自行探索与求知的学习习惯。此外，也能够使得学生将课堂中所学与生活实例相联系，通过流媒体直观地信息展示，简化及深化学生对专业文献的理解。
与混合学习的结合 自互联网在校园内普及后，将传统面对面教学与各类基于网络的教学方式结合，催生了混合式教学，它充分考虑了各种教学手段的优缺点并加以融合。从早期的开放性课程，到现在网络在线学习的突起，混合学习将课堂学习与在线学习相结合，师生的交流不再限于课堂面对面，而是可以通过网络学习室、电子邮箱、在线公告栏等各类网络交流手段实现。
网络学习所提供的资料、视频、音频等多元化资源也为学生提供了相对完备的自学条件。如TED 以及The BIG Talk 等集成了众多国际科技大师的网络授课，内容囊括了制造与科技领域的未来定位，让学生能够根据自身外语条件与兴趣，立足于制造业发展的前沿，优化安排机械工程英语的课内外学习计划，丰富学习内容，以及利用网络学习加快节奏。
５ 结语
综上所述，在机械工程专业英语教学中，互联网与流媒体的引入，能够提升专业英语的教学质量，重构专业英语课堂教学模式。在现有课程学时有限的条件下，通过流媒体的多方位学习资源的注入，促进对枯燥深奥专业英语文献的理解；利用互联网补充最新信息，弥补现行专业英语课程教学滞后于科技发展的不足，从而最终丰富专业英语教学过程，提升专业英语教学质量。通过教学资源获取途径和学习模式的多元化，及增强教学过程中师生交互等具体实施方案，探索制造业国际化背景下机械专业英语教学新模式。■
（感谢北京市高师培训中心提供的国外访学机会，让笔者有机会学习接触加拿大严谨的教师培养与发展机制。）参考文献
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[5]赵霞.简析网络教学在大学英语教改中的运用[J].理论月刊,2009(9):104-106.
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[7]黃荣怀,张进宝,胡永斌,等.智慧校园:数字校园发展的必然趋势[J].开放教育研究,2012(4):12-17.
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